CN105284590B - The breeding method of precocity shape sponge gourd with a tight waist - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of breeding method of precocious shape sponge gourd with a tight waist, belong to sponge gourd breeding technical field.This method is so that in sponge gourd 2, for source material, so that fruit bunches kidney-shaped, meat be tender, that early and many, continuous ability of bearing fruit occurs for female flower is strong for breeding objective, and height is selected for self-mating system in A 01 through 10 generations；It is strong, low temperature resistant for breeding objective with fruit extremely early mature, disease resistance with early miscellaneous No. 1 for source material, height is selected for self-mating system in B 01 through 12 generations；It is female parent to stay A 01 for self-mating system again with height, and height is cross-breeding for self-mating system in B 01 for male parent, obtains first-filial generation in sponge gourd 10.The Hybrid well developed root system, growth potential is strong, and main, lateral bine can tie melon, and extremely early mature, lasting picking time is long, and every plant of 8~10, melon of extension of early stage, fruit bunches kidney-shaped, color of the leather is fine and smooth, strong stress resistance, wide adaptability.

Description

The breeding method of precocity shape sponge gourd with a tight waist

Technical field

The present invention relates to a kind of breeding method of precocious shape sponge gourd with a tight waist, belong to sponge gourd breeding technical field.

Background technology

Sponge gourd is the annual climber herbaceous plant of Curcurbitaceae Luffa, there is 8 kinds, has luffa-smooth loofah in China and has 2 kinds of rib sponge gourd, wherein luffa-smooth loofah are distributed in the whole nation, and angular sponge gourd is only in some place plantations of south.Sponge gourd has good Healthcare function, with pay attention to day by day of the people to diet conservancy, vegetables and health care dish of the sponge gourd as a kind of herbal cuisine dual-purpose, need The amount of asking constantly is increasing, and cultivated area is also expanding day by day.

In China, sponge gourd breeding is started late, and just carries out the seed selection work of sponge gourd new varieties in recent years.At present on sponge gourd The fundamental research and technical research of genetic breeding are less, and the excellent variety of luffa of the Comprehensive Traits selected is less.But It is that can not blindly introduce a fine variety, plant experimentally, it will cause variety of luffa adaptability to be deteriorated, pest and disease damage aggravation, yield reduction.

At present, exist the variety of luffa of the northern area of China plantation more easy aging, yield poorly, maturity evening, female-flower rate it is low, no The problems such as disease-resistant, resistance and poor quality, and vegetable grower to more than the selection of variety of luffa according to favor journey of the market to item property Degree, such as pericarp green, sugar-preserved gourd shape with a tight waist, well-balanced, precocious, moderate length sponge gourd pouplarity are high, then plant the kind Sponge gourd.Two kinds of factors of summary, it is necessary to carry out girdled the waist to sugar-preserved gourd shape, precocity, fruit is non-aging, yield is high, quality The seed selection work for the variety of luffa that good, resistant to diseases and insects is strong, commodity is good.

The content of the invention

It is an object of the invention to provide a kind of breeding method of precocious shape sponge gourd with a tight waist, the sponge gourd selected has fruit bunches Kidney-shaped, extremely early mature, the features such as ability of bearing fruit is strong, disease resistance is strong, low temperature resistant, meat is tender.

In order to realize the above object the technical solution adopted in the present invention is：

The breeding method of precocity shape sponge gourd with a tight waist, comprises the following steps：

1) A-01 seed selection is stayed：With in sponge gourd 2 for source material, so that fruit bunches kidney-shaped, meat be tender, female flower occur it is early And many, continuous ability of bearing fruit is breeding objective by force, and height is selected for self-mating system in A-01 through 10 generations；

2) B-01 seed selection is stayed：It is strong, low temperature resistant for breeding with fruit extremely early mature, disease resistance with early miscellaneous No. 1 for source material Target, height is selected for self-mating system in B-01 through 12 generations；

3) crossbreeding：A-01 is stayed as female parent for self-mating system using height, height carries out hybridization for male parent in B-01 for self-mating system and educated Kind, first-filial generation is obtained in sponge gourd 10.

Step 1), 2) described in seed selection be using early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection and summer sowing open country plantation seed selection.

The early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection, comprises the following steps：

1) seeding and seedling raising：Mid-January, by the seed that vernalization shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally matrix hole plate seedling growth；

2) field planting and field management：Mid or late Febuary, sponge gourd seedling length is treated to 2~3 true leaves, field planting treats the climing length of sponge gourd extremely 45~55cm, extracts all lateral bines, and Post flowering applies fertilizer, watered；

3) selfing is purified：The male flower on same plant is taken to pollinate female flower, 2~3 fruits of every plant of seat；

4) selfed seed is harvested：Treat that sponge gourd is ripe, take fruit and drying, obtain selfed seed.

Step 1) in the preparation method of seed that shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally of vernalization be：Sponge gourd seed is placed in 50~55 DEG C of water and stirred, Treat that water temperature drops to 25~35 DEG C and stops stirring, soaked seed 5~8h, and then the vernalization at 28~30 DEG C, is produced.

Step 1) mesostroma be turf, vermiculite and perlite mixture, its volume ratio 3:1:1.Before nursery, first in matrix Middle addition bactericide, adds water stirring after fully mixing, and gently holds agglomerating to there is water droplet between webs with hand, and lid film vexed 8~ 12h, sabot, 1.2~1.5cm of seed dressing depth.The bactericide is carbendazim, and its addition is the 0.1% of matrix quality.

Step 1) in the method for nursery be：Hole tray is put into the seed that 1 vernalization shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally per cave, and hole tray after planting is placed in On seedbed in heliogreenhouse, day temperature keeps 28~30 DEG C, 20~22 DEG C of night.Temperature is reduced after emerging, is kept daytime In 25 DEG C~28 DEG C, 15 DEG C~18 DEG C of night, in favor of nurturing staff.

Step 2) in field planting be：In the field planting of furrow face single file, furrow wide 1.5m, spacing in the rows 50cm.

Step 2) in fertilising, water for：To the every 667m of sponge gourd of flowering and fruit bearing²Spread manuer in holes 20~25kg of composite fertilizer, pours immediately Water 1 time, is imposed 2~3 times (being applied every 15~20 days 1 time).The composite fertilizer is little Hong Ma boards composite fertilizer, N-P-K:15-15- 15, purchased from Henan Zhumadian chemical fertilizer factory.

Step 3) in selfing purifying by the way of artificial supplementary pollination.For example select away from ground 0.9m~1.5m sections position Female flower, in the morning (such as 4 of fine day:00~9:00) being pollinated before insect activity, (such as greenhouse gardening can control temperature 23 Between~26 DEG C).Artificial supplementary pollination is specially：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, wins the same day on same plant The female flower pollination that male flower in full bloom will be bloomed to the same day, gently smears the pistil of male flower on the column cap of female flower, 1 male flower Only to 1 female flower pollination, pollen is uniformly covered with column cap, tie female flower corolla, and listing mark after pollination with rope.

Step 4) in selfed seed harvest be：Bloom after pollination, by 45~50 days grow, pluck sponge gourd, dry, Obtain selfed seed.

Described summer sowing open country plantation seed selection, comprises the following steps：

1) sow：Mid or late June is sowed；

2) field management：After seedling length to 4~6 true leaves, fertilising, field management；

3) selfing is purified：The male flower on same plant is taken to pollinate female flower, 2~3 fruits of every plant of seat；

4) selfed seed is harvested：Treat that sponge gourd is ripe, take fruit and drying, obtain selfed seed.

Step 1) middle seed (namely sponge gourd selfing based material of early spring plastic greenhouse harvest) use sowed as early spring breeding Single file double grains are live, line-spacing 1.4m, and spacing in the rows 60cm after planting waters.

Step 2) middle fertilising is first to impose night soil 1 time, then impose composite fertilizer 1~2 time (composite fertilizer is with above-mentioned).

Step 2) in field management be use cymoxanil mancozeb and Imidacloprid Contol ofCotton sponge gourd pest and disease damage, mainly have downy mildew, epidemic disease Disease and the harm of aphid.

Step 3) in selfing purifying by the way of artificial supplementary pollination.For example select away from ground 1.2m~1.7m sections position Female flower, in the morning (such as 4 of fine day:00~9:00) being pollinated before insect activity, (such as greenhouse gardening can control temperature 23 Between~26 DEG C).Artificial supplementary pollination is specially：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, wins the same day on same plant The female flower pollination that male flower in full bloom will be bloomed to the same day, gently smears the pistil of male flower on the column cap of female flower, 1 male flower Only to 1 female flower pollination, pollen is uniformly covered with column cap, tie female flower corolla, and listing mark after pollination with rope.

Step 4) in selfed seed harvest be：Bloom after pollination, through 45~50 days grow, pluck sponge gourd, dry, obtain Selfed seed.

Described crossbreeding, comprises the following steps：

1) space isolation and sowing：In the seed farm production of hybrid seeds, male parent presses male parent than maternal early sowing 8~10 days, Parent ratio Plant:Maternal plant=1:4~8 kinds of plants；

2) field management：Florescence removes all female flowers and maternal all male flowers in male parent；

3) pollinate：The male flower in male parent is taken to pollinate the female flower on female parent, 2~3 fruits of every plant of seat；

4) cenospecies harvests：Treat that sponge gourd is ripe, take fruit and drying, obtain cenospecies.

Step 1) in production of hybrid seeds selection plains region, sponge gourd must not be planted in seed farm surrounding 1000m, the purpose is to prevent elder brother Worm or wind pollination, cause maternal female flower to receive other pollen.

Step 3) in pollination by the way of artificial supplementary pollination.For example select away from the female of ground 1.2m~1.7m sections position Flower, in the morning (such as 4 of fine day:00~9:00) pollinated before insect activity (such as greenhouse gardening can control temperature 23~ Between 26 DEG C).Artificial supplementary pollination is specially：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, wins what the same day in male parent bloomed Male flower is pollinated to the female flower that will be bloomed on the day of female parent, and the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes pollen equal It is even to be covered with column cap.To ensure that pollination amount is sufficient, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Female flower corolla, to prevent the pollination of insect and wind-force, causes the pollen for receiving other propagation.2~3 fruits of every plant of seat, other Female flower is all removed, to ensure the plumpness of seed kernel.

Step 4) in cenospecies harvest be：Bloom after pollination, through 45~50 days grow, pluck cenospecies sponge gourd, Dry, obtain cenospecies.

Also include the cultivation in sponge gourd 10 after the crossbreeding, step is as follows：

1) sow：Sowing can take summer open field live broadcast (early and middle ten dayses sowing in June), or spring open country (mid-March, educated by sowing Seedling, is colonized by the end of April), protecting field early spring (early Febuary seeding and seedling raising, mid-March field planting), autumn delay protecting field (early July broadcast It is colonized at the beginning of planting nursery, August) culturing and transplanting seedlings；

2) nurturing staff：Protecting field culturing and transplanting seedlings are delayed for spring open country, protecting field early spring, autumn, matrix hole tray can be used Nursery, i.e., by the seed that vernalization shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally matrix hole plate seedling growth, treat sponge gourd seedling length to 2~3 true leaves, field planting；

3) site preparation field planting, fertilising：For outdoor cropping, the wide 1.4m of furrow, 30~35cm of spacing in the rows, mu plants 1300~1600 plants； For Protectorate cultivation, it is colonized using wide-and narrow-row, wide row space 80~90cm, small line-spacing 60cm, spacing in the rows 40cm, mu cultivation 2200~ 2400 plants；

4) rich water quality management；

5) draws climing：Climing 30~40cm of length is treated, draws climing simultaneously plucks lateral bine；

6) harvest.

Step 2) in the preparation method of seed that shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally of vernalization be：Sponge gourd seed is placed in 50~55 DEG C of water and stirred, Treat that water temperature drops to 25~35 DEG C and stops stirring, soaked seed 5~8h, and then the vernalization at 28~30 DEG C, is produced.

Step 2) mesostroma be turf, vermiculite and perlite mixture, its volume ratio 3:1:1.The depth of matrix seed dressing For 1.2~1.5cm, the seed that 1 vernalization shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally is put into per cave.

Step 3) in fertilising be per 667m²Apply the 2000~3000kg of organic fertilizer fully become thoroughly decomposed, composite fertilizer (with above-mentioned) 30kg, urea 10kg.

Step 4) in rich water quality management should be noted：Sponge gourd seedling stage moisture can not be too many, is otherwise unfavorable for root growth.Stretch climing open Need water more after spending, water 1 time within every 5~7 days.In initial bloom stage per 667m²Composite fertilizer (with above-mentioned) 15kg is imposed, later every half The moon topdresses 1 time.

Step 5) in draws climing mode for built draws climing or hang it is climing rope lead rattan hang it is climing, open country plant when set in brickwork frame it is a height of 2m, when thering is the female flower to occur again upward draws climing or fall it is climing, during Greenhouse using hang climing rope lead rattan hang it is climing.Sponge gourd master, lateral bine are all Melon can be tied, but nutrient growth is excessively prosperous, is difficult to tie melon, should pluck lateral bine.The best fruiting period removes overstocked old leaf and excessive male flower, So as to ventilation and penetrating light and reduction nutrient consumption.

Step 6) in harvest time be：It is 12d or so to be typically open into harvesting from female flower, and harvesting standard is：Fruit is soft, Fruit color is green, and White flesh is reduced.The continuous result of sponge gourd is strong, and best fruiting period fruit growth is fast, should be harvested 1 time every 1~2 day.

Beneficial effects of the present invention：

Mid-early maturity of the present invention is girdled the waist the breeding method of shape sponge gourd, and A-01 is stayed to be maternal using the 10 generation self-mating systems in sponge gourd 2, It is cross-breeding using 12 early miscellaneous No. 1 generation self-mating systems in B-01 as male parent, obtains first-filial generation in sponge gourd 10.The hybridization product Well developed root system is planted, main root gos deep into soil layer up to 1m, and main Root Distribution is in the topsoil within 40cm；Plant overgrows, Growth potential is strong, and branch ability is strong, and internode is shorter, stem prismatic, long more than the 5m of stem；Leaf green, palmate drastic crack shape；Bearing capacity By force, main, lateral bine can tie melon, based on main stem knot melon, and female flower occurs early, and general first female flower section position starts from the 6th~7 section, Female flower is more and ability of continuously bearing fruit is strong；Extremely early mature, is received 58 days or so from sowing to first, and lasting picking time was long, up to 55~65 days； Hang 8~10, melon for every plant in early days, position is often saved in the case that rich water is in liberal supply can be into 1 melon；Fruit bunches kidney-shaped, color of the leather is fine and smooth, Green, commodity fruit length about 33~38cm, the wide 3.5~4.0cm of fruit, single fruit weighs about 300g；Fruit thin skin, fiber is few, and meat is soft It is tender, it is difficult thick old, storage tolerance, resistance to transport；Strong stress resistance, it is low temperature resistant, to powdery mildew, downy mildew, virosis better resistance；It is suitable Ying Xingguang, suitably does that spring and summer broadcasts outdoor cropping and early spring, autumn delay Protectorate cultivation in the Changjiang river and Huanghuai Area and North China. Early yield is per 667m²1500~2000kg is produced, total output is per 667m²Produce 4500~5500kg.

The present invention enriches variety of luffa, improves sponge gourd quality, can cater to the market demand.

Embodiment

Following embodiments are only described in further detail to the present invention, but do not constitute any limitation of the invention.

Embodiment 1

The breeding method of the present embodiment mid-early maturity shape sponge gourd with a tight waist, comprises the following steps：

(1) the high seed selection that A-01 is stayed for self-mating system

In sponge gourd, No. 2 have Fruit skin color fine and smooth, and fruit bunches kidney-shaped, length about 30~40cm, fruit width 3.5cm, pericarp is green Color, plants the long 57cm of melon, plants the wide 8.4cm of melon and fruit；Bearing capacity is strong, and female flower generation is early and many, and ability of continuously bearing fruit is strong；Blade palmate Drastic crack, fruit thin skin, fiber is few, and meat is tender, is difficult thick old, storage tolerance, resistance to transport；

, for source material, to add generation and summer sowing open country to plant in sponge gourd 2 using the early spring plastic greenhouse of 5 years, be selected through 10 generations Bring out height and stay A-01 for self-mating system, strain fruit skin green, fruit bunches kidney-shaped, bearing capacity is strong, and female flower generation is early and more, even Continuous ability of bearing fruit is strong, and meat is tender；

Breeding Process is specific as follows：

1st, early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection

1) seeding and seedling raising：Mid-January, first, seed presoaking and germinating is carried out before sowing, 55 will be put into No. 2 seeds of sponge gourd Stirred rapidly in DEG C water, when water temperature drops to 30 DEG C, stop stirring, soak seed 8h, and then the vernalization at a temperature of 28 DEG C, obtains vernalization The sponge gourd seed showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally；Matrix hole tray is prepared, by turf, vermiculite and perlite turf by volume:Vermiculite:Perlite=3:1: 1 mixing, plus the carbendazim of matrix quality 0.1% are fully mixed, and add water stirring, and grasp gently holds agglomerating with hand, has between webs and drips , the vexed 10h of lid film fills 50 hole disks；Finally, the sponge gourd seed showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally through vernalization is sowed in seedling culture hole plate matrix, Depth of planting is 1.2cm, per 1, cave seed；Matrix hole tray after planting is placed on the seedbed in heliogreenhouse, to make guarantor Temperature, in seedbed upper berth ground hot line capping Small plastic shed, day temperature is kept for 28 DEG C, at 20 DEG C of night, reduces temperature after emerging, and daytime protects Hold at 25 DEG C, at 15 DEG C of night, in favor of nurturing staff, when sponge gourd seedling length to 2 true leaves, be colonized；

2) field planting and field management：Mid or late Febuary, covering film single file is colonized in furrow face in canopy, the wide 1.5m of furrow, spacing in the rows 50cm；Small plastic shed and overlay film are capped after field planting in furrow face, in favor of insulation, when climing length of sponge gourd to 35cm or so, removes lid Small plastic shed on furrow, hangs climing, extracts after all lateral bines, flowering and fruit bearing per 667m with hanging climing rope and leading rattan²Composite fertilizer 21kg is applied, Water 1 time, impose 2 times (being applied every 16 days 1 time) immediately, composite fertilizer is little Hong Ma boards composite fertilizer, N-P-K:15-15-15, is purchased from Henan Zhumadian chemical fertilizer factory；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 7 of fine day:15 (23 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 1.0~1.4m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) selfed seed is harvested：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 50 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium is dried, Seed maturity, selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation, It is spontaneously dried, seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then is dried, Packaging and Labeling is carried out；

2nd, summer sowing open country plantation seed selection

1) sow：Mid or late June, the sponge gourd selfing based material harvested in early spring plastic greenhouse is proceeded into summer sowing open country kind Plant, the area for preferably selecting fertile soil, irrigation condition excellent takes the dry seed of single file double grains live, line-spacing 1.4m, spacing in the rows 60cm, After planting water in time；

2) field management：Night soil is applied when seedling grows to 5 leaves 1 time, 1 time (composite fertilizer is ibid for later Zai Shi composite fertilizers State), for convenience of pollinating, upright sponge gourd frame is built, summer pest and disease damage is more serious, the disease of harm sponge gourd mainly has downy mildew Disease, epidemic disease and aphid, are prevented and treated with cymoxanil mancozeb and imidacloprid；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 5 of fine day:30 (25 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 1.0~1.4m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) harvest of selfed seed：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 48 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium becomes Dry, seed maturity selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation Place, spontaneously dries it, and seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then dries, and carries out Packaging and Labeling；

(2) the high seed selection that B-01 is stayed for self-mating system

Early miscellaneous No. 1 dark green leaf color, leaf palmate drastic crack；Extremely early mature, is received 63 days, general main stem the 5th~6 is saved from sowing to first Raw first female flower, often save later raw female flower；How young fruit elongated cylindrical, long 30~35cm, thick 5cm, pericarp green, fruit face is Small wrinkle, thin skin, fiber are few, meat is thick, storage tolerance；

With early miscellaneous No. 1 for source material, generation and summer sowing open country is added to plant using the early spring plastic greenhouse of 6 years, through the seed selection of 12 generations Go out it is high stay B-01 for self-mating system, the strain is opened 50 days from sowing to first female flower, extremely early mature, downy mildew resistance and epidemic disease, resistance to Low temperature, meat are close tender；

Breeding Process is specific as follows：

1st, early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection

1) seeding and seedling raising：Mid-January, first, presprouting of seeds is carried out before sowing, early miscellaneous No. 1 seed is put into 53 DEG C of water Rapid stirring, when water temperature drops to 30 DEG C, stops stirring, and soak seed 7h, and the then vernalization at a temperature of 28 DEG C obtains what vernalization showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally Sponge gourd seed；Matrix hole tray is prepared, by turf, vermiculite and perlite turf by volume:Vermiculite:Perlite=3:1:1 mixing, Plus 0.1% carbendazim of matrix quality is fully mixed, add water stirring, and grasp gently holds agglomerating with hand, has between webs and drips, The vexed 10h of lid film, sabot；Finally, the sponge gourd seed showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally through vernalization is sowed, depth of planting is 1.2cm, per 1, cave Seed；Matrix hole tray after planting is placed on the seedbed in heliogreenhouse, to make insulation, seedbed upper berth hot line capping it is small Shed, day temperature is kept for 30 DEG C, at 22 DEG C of night, temperature is reduced after emerging, and is maintained at 27 DEG C daytime, 18 DEG C of night, in favor of Nurturing staff, when sponge gourd seedling length to 3 true leaves, field planting；

2) field planting and field management：Mid or late Febuary, carry out plastic greenhouse film culture underglass, the single file in furrow face in canopy Field planting, furrow wide 1.5m, spacing in the rows 50cm；Small plastic shed and overlay film are capped in furrow face after field planting, in favor of insulation, when the climing length of sponge gourd extremely During 35cm or so, remove the Small plastic shed covered on furrow, hang climing with hanging climing rope and leading rattan, extract every after all lateral bines, flowering and fruit bearing 667m²Composite fertilizer (with above-mentioned) 21kg is applied, is watered immediately 1 time, is imposed 2 times (being applied every 16 days 1 time)；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 7 of fine day:30 (23 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 1.0~1.5m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) selfed seed is harvested：After pollination, through 50 days grow, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium is dried, seed into It is ripe, select excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation, make it certainly So dry, seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then dry, carry out Packaging and Labeling；

2nd, summer sowing open country plantation seed selection

1) sow：Mid or late June, the sponge gourd selfing based material harvested in early spring plastic greenhouse is proceeded into summer sowing open country kind Plant, the area for preferably selecting fertile soil, irrigation condition excellent takes the dry seed of single file double grains live, line-spacing 1.4m, spacing in the rows 60cm, After planting water in time；

2) field management：Night soil is imposed when seedling grows to 5 leaves 1 time, impose composite fertilizer (with above-mentioned) 1 again later It is secondary, for convenience of pollinate, build upright sponge gourd frame, summer pest and disease damage is more serious, harm sponge gourd disease mainly have downy mildew, Epidemic disease and aphid, are prevented and treated with cymoxanil mancozeb and imidacloprid；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 5 of fine day:30 (26 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 1.0~1.4m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) harvest of selfed seed：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 46 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium becomes Dry, seed maturity selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation Place, spontaneously dries it, and seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then dries, and carries out Packaging and Labeling；

(3) crossbreeding of sponge gourd 10 is stayed

A-01 is stayed as female parent for self-mating system using height, is cross-breeding using height for self-mating system in B-01 as male parent, obtains silk Melon first-filial generation stays sponge gourd 10；

1) sow：In the plains region production of hybrid seeds, seed farm surrounding 1000m, sponge gourd must not be planted；Male parent is than maternal early sowing 8 My god；The ratio of Parent presses male parent:Maternal=1:4 kinds of plants, Parent will carry out mark；

2) field management：Female flowers all in male parent and male flower all on female parent, remaining field are removed in florescence Manage same Production of Large Fields；

3) pollinate：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 5 of fine day:50 (25 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific method It is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, win in male parent it is that same day male flower in full bloom will be bloomed to the same day, away from ground The maternal female flower pollination of 1.2~1.6m sections position, gently smears the pistil of male flower on the column cap of female flower, pollen is uniformly covered with Column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and ties female flower only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 3 fruits, and remaining female flower is complete Remove in portion；

4) harvest of cenospecies：After pollination, by 48 days grow, plant that melon and fruit peel turns yellow, carpopodium is dried, seed into It is ripe, select excellent, full seed progress to harvest；Fruit after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation, it is done naturally It is dry；Seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then is dried, Packaging and Labeling is carried out；

(4) cultivation of sponge gourd 10 is stayed

1) selection in plot：Sponge gourd requires not strict to soil, to obtain high yield high-quality, preferably selects that soil layer is deep, water conservation Fertilizer conservation, the plot that irrigation is convenient, preceding stubble is non-melon crop are planted；

2) sow：Spring outdoor cropping seeding and seedling raising by the end of March, late April field planting；

3) nurturing staff：Use matrix hole plate seedling growth more nursery, seed is put into 55 DEG C of water before sowing and stirred rapidly, is treated Water temperature is soaked seed 7.5h when dropping to 30 DEG C, and vernalization under 29 DEG C of constant temperature is placed on after seed soaking, is sowed when seed shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, and sowing is used Plug media add 1 part of vermiculite, 1 part of perlite to prepare by 3 parts of turfs, plus the carbendazim of matrix quality 0.1% is fully mixed, plus Water is stirred, and gently holds agglomerating with hand, has between webs and drip, and dress seed depth 1.3cm, per 1, cave, determines when 2 true leaves of young plant Plant crop field；

4) site preparation field planting and fertilising：Per 667m²The organic fertilizer 2500kg fully become thoroughly decomposed, composite fertilizer 40kg, urea 10kg are applied, Carry out single file field planting, furrow wide 1.3m, spacing in the rows 35cm；

5) rich water quality management sponge gourd seedling stage moisture can not be too many, is otherwise unfavorable for root growth, and fruiting period needs water more, is opening Per 667m after spending²Composite fertilizer (with above-mentioned) 20kg is imposed, is imposed 2 times, later stage foliage-spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 times；

6) built draws climing：As climing long 35cm, timely built, the high 2m of frame, upward draws climing, and making climing again when thering is the female flower to occur It is uniformly distributed, sponge gourd master, lateral bine can tie melon, but nutrient growth is excessively prosperous, is difficult to tie melon, lateral bine should be plucked, the best fruiting period removes Overstocked old leaf and excessive male flower is so as to ventilation and penetrating light and reduces nutrient consumption；

7) harvest：It is 10d to be open into harvesting from female flower, and harvesting standard is：Fruit is soft, and fruit color is green, and White flesh is reduced, The continuous result of sponge gourd is strong, and best fruiting period fruit growth is fast, should be harvested 1 time every 1 day.In sponge gourd 2, miscellaneous No. 1 of morning, in sponge gourd 10 The yield of number spring outdoor cropping see the table below 1.

The yield traits of each kind of table 1 spring outdoor cropping compares

Kind	Receipts phase beginning (moon/day)	Single fruit weight (g)	Per mu yield (kg)
				In sponge gourd 2	6/3	285	3991.2
Early miscellaneous No. 1	5/30	305	3770.7
				In sponge gourd 10	5/27	297	4536.8

Embodiment 2

The breeding method of the present embodiment mid-early maturity shape sponge gourd with a tight waist, comprises the following steps：

(1) the high seed selection that A-01 is stayed for self-mating system

In sponge gourd, No. 2 have Fruit skin color fine and smooth, and fruit bunches kidney-shaped, length about 30~40cm, fruit width 3.5cm, pericarp is green Color, plants the long 57cm of melon, plants the wide 8.4cm of melon and fruit；Bearing capacity is strong, and female flower generation is early and many, and ability of continuously bearing fruit is strong；Blade palmate Drastic crack, fruit thin skin, fiber is few, and meat is tender, is difficult thick old, storage tolerance, resistance to transport；

, for source material, to add generation and summer sowing open country to plant in sponge gourd 2 using the early spring plastic greenhouse of 5 years, be selected through 10 generations Bring out height and stay A-01 for self-mating system, strain fruit skin green, fruit bunches kidney-shaped, bearing capacity is strong, and female flower generation is early and more, even Continuous ability of bearing fruit is strong, and meat is tender；

Breeding Process is specific as follows：

1st, early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection

1) seeding and seedling raising：Mid-January, first, presprouting of seeds is carried out before sowing, 54 DEG C will be put into No. 2 seeds of sponge gourd Stirred rapidly in water, when water temperature drops to 30 DEG C, stop stirring, soak seed 7.6h, and then the vernalization at a temperature of 29 DEG C, obtains vernalization The sponge gourd seed showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally；Matrix hole tray is prepared, by turf, vermiculite and perlite turf by volume:Vermiculite:Perlite=3:1: 1 mixing, plus 0.1% carbendazim of matrix quality are fully mixed, and add water stirring, and grasp gently holds agglomerating with hand, there is drop between webs Water, the vexed 9h of lid film, sabot；Finally, the sponge gourd seed showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally through vernalization is sowed in seedling culture hole plate matrix, broadcast It is 1.5cm to plant depth, per 1, cave seed；Matrix hole tray after planting is placed on the seedbed in heliogreenhouse, to make insulation, In seedbed upper berth ground hot line capping Small plastic shed, day temperature is kept for 30 DEG C, at 22 DEG C of night, reduces temperature after emerging, and daytime keeps At 26 DEG C, at 17 DEG C of night, in favor of nurturing staff, it is colonized when sponge gourd seedling length to 3 true leaves；

2) field planting and field management：Mid-February, covering film single file is colonized in furrow face in canopy, the wide 1.5m of furrow, spacing in the rows 50cm；Small plastic shed and overlay film are capped after field planting in furrow face, in favor of insulation, when climing length of sponge gourd to 35cm or so, removes lid Small plastic shed on furrow, hangs climing, extracts after all lateral bines, flowering and fruit bearing per 667m with hanging climing rope and leading rattan²Apply composite fertilizer (ibid State) 24kg, waters 1 time, imposes 3 times (being applied every 15 days 1 time) immediately；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 7 of fine day:00 (23 DEG C of temperature) is pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, male flower in full bloom will be contained to the same day on same plant on the day of winning male parent Female flower pollination open, that position is saved away from 1.1~1.5m of ground, gently smears the pistil of male flower on the column cap of female flower, makes pollen Uniformly it is covered with column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower is only to 1 female flower pollination, listing mark and with restricting after pollination Female flower corolla is tied, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining Female flower all remove；

4) selfed seed is harvested：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 49 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium is dried, Seed maturity, selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation, It is spontaneously dried, seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then is dried, Packaging and Labeling is carried out；

2nd, summer sowing open country plantation seed selection

1) sow：Mid or late June, the sponge gourd selfing based material harvested in early spring plastic greenhouse is proceeded into summer sowing open country kind Plant, the area for preferably selecting fertile soil, irrigation condition excellent takes the dry seed of single file double grains live, line-spacing 1.4m, spacing in the rows 60cm, After planting water in time；

2) field management：Night soil is imposed when seedling grows to 5 leaves 1 time, impose composite fertilizer (with above-mentioned) 1 again later It is secondary, for convenience of pollinate, build upright sponge gourd frame, summer pest and disease damage is more serious, harm sponge gourd disease mainly have downy mildew, Epidemic disease and aphid, are prevented and treated with cymoxanil mancozeb and imidacloprid；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 6 of fine day:00 (25 DEG C of temperature) is pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 1.2~1.6m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) harvest of selfed seed：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 47 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium becomes Dry, seed maturity selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation Place, spontaneously dries it, and seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then dries, and carries out Packaging and Labeling；

(2) the high seed selection that B-01 is stayed for self-mating system

Early miscellaneous No. 1 dark green leaf color, leaf palmate drastic crack；Extremely early mature, is received 63 days, general main stem the 5th~6 is saved from sowing to first Raw first female flower, often save later raw female flower；How young fruit elongated cylindrical, long 30~35cm, thick 5cm, pericarp green, fruit face is Small wrinkle, thin skin, fiber are few, meat is thick, pure white delicacy, storage tolerance；

With early miscellaneous No. 1 for source material, generation and summer sowing open country is added to plant using the early spring plastic greenhouse of 6 years, through the seed selection of 12 generations Go out it is high stay B-01 for self-mating system, the strain is opened 50 days from sowing to first female flower, extremely early mature, downy mildew resistance and epidemic disease, resistance to Low temperature, meat are close tender；

Breeding Process is specific as follows：

1st, early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection

1) seeding and seedling raising：Mid-January, first, presprouting of seeds is carried out before sowing, early miscellaneous No. 1 seed is put into 55 DEG C of water In stir rapidly, when water temperature drops to 30 DEG C, stop stirring, soak seed 6.5h, the then vernalization at a temperature of 29 DEG C, obtain vernalization dew White sponge gourd seed；Matrix hole tray is prepared, by turf, vermiculite and perlite turf by volume:Vermiculite:Perlite=3:1:1 Mixing, plus the carbendazim of matrix quality 0.1% are fully mixed, and add water stirring, and grasp gently holds agglomerating with hand, has between webs and drips i.e. Can, the vexed 8h of lid film, sabot；Finally, the sponge gourd seed showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally through vernalization is sowed, depth of planting is 1.5cm, per cave 1 Grain seed；Matrix hole tray after planting is placed on the seedbed in heliogreenhouse, to make insulation, seedbed upper berth hot line capping Small plastic shed, day temperature is kept for 29 DEG C, at 20 DEG C of night, temperature is reduced after emerging, is maintained at 25 DEG C, 16 DEG C of night, with profit daytime In nurturing staff, it is colonized when sponge gourd seedling length to 3 true leaves；

2) field planting and field management：Mid-February, plastic greenhouse film culture underglass is carried out, single file is determined in furrow face in canopy Plant, furrow wide 1.5m, spacing in the rows 50cm；Small plastic shed and overlay film are capped in furrow face after field planting, in favor of insulation, when the climing length of sponge gourd extremely During 35cm or so, remove the Small plastic shed covered on furrow, hang climing with hanging climing rope and leading rattan, extract every after all lateral bines, flowering and fruit bearing 667m²Composite fertilizer (with above-mentioned) 25kg is applied, is watered immediately 1 time, is applied 3 times；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 7 of fine day:00 (25 DEG C of temperature) is pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 1.1~1.4m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) selfed seed is harvested：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 50 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium is dried, Seed maturity, selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation, It is spontaneously dried, seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then is dried, Packaging and Labeling is carried out；

2nd, summer sowing open country plantation seed selection

1) sow：Mid or late June, the sponge gourd selfing based material harvested in early spring plastic greenhouse is proceeded into summer sowing open country kind Plant, the area for preferably selecting fertile soil, irrigation condition excellent takes the dry seed of single file double grains live, line-spacing 1.4m, spacing in the rows 60cm, After planting water in time；

2) field management：Night soil is applied when seedling grows to 5 leaves 1 time, later Zai Shi composite fertilizers (with above-mentioned) 1 time are Convenient pollination, builds upright sponge gourd frame, summer pest and disease damage is more serious, and the disease of harm sponge gourd mainly has downy mildew, epidemic disease And aphid, prevented and treated with cymoxanil mancozeb and imidacloprid；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 6 of fine day:15 (26 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 1.3~1.7m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) harvest of selfed seed：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 48 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium becomes Dry, seed maturity selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation Place, spontaneously dries it, and seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then dries, and carries out Packaging and Labeling；

(3) crossbreeding of sponge gourd 10 is stayed

A-01 is stayed as female parent for self-mating system using height, is cross-breeding using height for self-mating system in B-01 as male parent, obtains silk Melon first-filial generation stays sponge gourd 10；

1) sow：In the plains region production of hybrid seeds, seed farm surrounding 1000m, sponge gourd must not be planted；Male parent is than maternal early sowing 9 My god；The ratio of Parent presses male parent：Maternal=1:4 kinds of plants, Parent will carry out mark；

2) field management：Female flowers all in male parent and male flower all on female parent, remaining field are removed in florescence Manage same Production of Large Fields；

3) pollinate：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 5 of fine day:30 (24 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific method It is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, win in male parent it is that same day male flower in full bloom will be bloomed to the same day, away from ground The maternal female flower pollination of 1.2~1.7m sections position, gently smears the pistil of male flower on the column cap of female flower, pollen is uniformly covered with Column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and ties female flower only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 3 fruits, and remaining female flower is complete Remove in portion；

4) harvest of cenospecies：After pollination, by 50 days grow, plant that melon and fruit peel turns yellow, carpopodium is dried, seed into It is ripe, select excellent, full seed progress to harvest；Fruit after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation, it is done naturally It is dry；Seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then is dried, Packaging and Labeling is carried out；

(4) cultivation of sponge gourd 10 is stayed

1) selection in plot：Sponge gourd requires not strict to soil, to obtain high yield high-quality, preferably selects that soil layer is deep, water conservation Fertilizer conservation, the plot that irrigation is convenient, preceding stubble is non-melon crop are planted；

2) sow：Protecting field early spring cultivates early Febuary seeding and seedling raising, field planting mid-March；

3) nurturing staff：Use matrix hole plate seedling growth more nursery, seed is put into 55 DEG C of water before sowing and stirred rapidly, is treated Water temperature is soaked seed 8h when dropping to 30 DEG C, and vernalization under 30 DEG C of constant temperature is placed on after seed soaking, is sowed when seed shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally, sowing Plug media adds 1 part of vermiculite, 1 part of perlite to prepare by 3 parts of turfs, plus the carbendazim of matrix quality 0.1% is fully mixed, and is added water Stirring, gently holds agglomerating with hand, has between webs and drip, depth of planting 1.4cm, per 1, cave, is colonized when 3 true leaves of young plant Crop field；

4) site preparation field planting and fertilising：Per 667m²The organic fertilizer 2800kg fully become thoroughly decomposed, composite fertilizer 40kg, urea 10kg are applied, Carry out wide-and narrow-row field planting, wide row space 90cm, small line-spacing 60cm, spacing in the rows 40cm；

5) rich water quality management：Sponge gourd seedling stage moisture can not be too many, is otherwise unfavorable for root growth, and fruiting period needs water more, Post flowering is per 667m²Composite fertilizer 25kg is imposed, is imposed 3 times, later stage foliage-spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate 2 times；

6) hang climing：As climing long 35cm, hang climing with hanging climing rope and leading rattan, sponge gourd master, lateral bine can tie melon, but nutrient growth Cross prosperous, be difficult to tie melon, should pluck lateral bine, the best fruiting period removes overstocked old leaf and excessive male flower is so that ventilation and penetrating light and reducing is supported Divide consumption；

7) harvest：It is 12d to be open into harvesting from female flower, and harvesting standard is：Fruit is soft, and fruit color is green, and White flesh is reduced, The continuous result of sponge gourd is strong, and best fruiting period fruit growth is fast, should be harvested 1 time every 1 day.In sponge gourd 2, miscellaneous No. 1 of morning, in sponge gourd 10 The yield of number early spring Plastic canopy culture see the table below 2.

The yield traits of each kind of table 2 early spring Plastic canopy culture compares

Kind	Receipts phase beginning (moon/day)	Single fruit weight (g)	Per mu yield (kg)
				In sponge gourd 2	4/20	279	4811.7
Early miscellaneous No. 1	4/18	293	4545.2
				In sponge gourd 10	4/13	301	5306.2

Embodiment 3

The breeding method of the present embodiment mid-early maturity shape sponge gourd with a tight waist, comprises the following steps：

(1) the high seed selection that A-01 is stayed for self-mating system

In sponge gourd, No. 2 have Fruit skin color fine and smooth, and fruit bunches kidney-shaped, length about 30~40cm, fruit width 3.5cm, pericarp is green Color, plants the long 57cm of melon, plants the wide 8.4cm of melon and fruit；Bearing capacity is strong, and female flower generation is early and many, and ability of continuously bearing fruit is strong；Blade palmate Drastic crack, fruit thin skin, fiber is few, and meat is tender, is difficult thick old, storage tolerance, resistance to transport；

, for source material, to add generation and summer sowing open country to plant in sponge gourd 2 using the early spring plastic greenhouse of 5 years, be selected through 10 generations Bring out height and stay A-01 for self-mating system, strain fruit skin green, fruit bunches kidney-shaped, bearing capacity is strong, and female flower generation is early and more, even Continuous ability of bearing fruit is strong, and meat is tender；

Breeding Process is specific as follows：

1st, early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection

1) seeding and seedling raising：Mid-January, first, presprouting of seeds is carried out before sowing, 52 DEG C of heat will be put into No. 2 seeds of sponge gourd Stirred rapidly in water, when water temperature drops to 30 DEG C, stop stirring, soak seed 8h, the then vernalization at a temperature of 30 DEG C, obtain vernalization dew White sponge gourd seed；Matrix hole tray is prepared, by turf, vermiculite and perlite turf by volume:Vermiculite:Perlite=3:1:1 Mixing, plus the carbendazim of matrix quality 0.1% are fully mixed, and add water stirring, and grasp gently holds agglomerating with hand, has between webs and drips i.e. Can, the vexed 9h of lid film fills 50 hole disks；Finally, the sponge gourd seed showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally through vernalization is sowed, depth of planting is 1.5cm, Per 1, cave seed；Matrix hole tray after planting is placed on the seedbed in heliogreenhouse, to make insulation, in seedbed upper berth underground heat Line is capped Small plastic shed, and day temperature is kept for 29 DEG C, at 20 DEG C of night, temperature reduced after emerging, be maintained at 26 DEG C, night 16 daytime DEG C, in favor of nurturing staff, it is colonized when sponge gourd seedling length to 2 true leaves；

2) field planting and field management：Mid-February, carry out the film mulching and planting of vinyl house 3, the covering film list in furrow face in canopy Row field planting, furrow wide 1.5m, spacing in the rows 50cm；Small plastic shed and overlay film are capped after field planting in furrow face, in favor of insulation, when the climing length of sponge gourd During to 35cm or so, remove the Small plastic shed covered on furrow, hang climing with hanging climing rope and leading rattan, extract after all lateral bines, flowering and fruit bearing Per 667m²Composite fertilizer (with above-mentioned) 30kg is applied, is watered immediately 1 time, is imposed 2 times；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 7 of fine day:20 (23 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 12~1.6m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) selfed seed is harvested：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 48 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium is dried, Seed maturity, selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation, It is spontaneously dried, seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then is dried, Packaging and Labeling is carried out；

2nd, summer sowing open country plantation seed selection

1) sow：Mid or late June, the sponge gourd selfing based material harvested in early spring plastic greenhouse is proceeded into summer sowing open country kind Plant, the area for preferably selecting fertile soil, irrigation condition excellent takes the dry seed of single file double grains live, line-spacing 1.4m, spacing in the rows 60cm, After planting water in time；

2) field management：Night soil is imposed when seedling grows to 5 leaves 1 time, impose composite fertilizer (with above-mentioned) 1 again later It is secondary, for convenience of pollinate, build upright sponge gourd frame, summer pest and disease damage is more serious, harm sponge gourd disease mainly have downy mildew, Epidemic disease and aphid, are prevented and treated with cymoxanil mancozeb and imidacloprid；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 5 of fine day:40 (25 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 1.1~1.5m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) harvest of selfed seed：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 48 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium becomes Dry, seed maturity selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation Place, spontaneously dries it, and seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then dries, and carries out Packaging and Labeling；

(2) the high seed selection that B-01 is stayed for self-mating system

Early miscellaneous No. 1 dark green leaf color, leaf palmate drastic crack；Extremely early mature, is received 63 days, general main stem the 5th~6 is saved from sowing to first Raw first female flower, often save later raw female flower；How young fruit elongated cylindrical, long 30~35cm, thick 5cm, pericarp green, fruit face is Small wrinkle, thin skin, fiber are few, meat is thick, pure white delicacy, storage tolerance；

With early miscellaneous No. 1 for source material, generation and summer sowing open country is added to plant using the early spring plastic greenhouse of 6 years, through the seed selection of 12 generations Go out it is high stay B-01 for self-mating system, the strain is opened 50 days from sowing to first female flower, extremely early mature, downy mildew resistance and epidemic disease, resistance to Low temperature, meat are close tender；

Breeding Process is specific as follows：

1st, early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection

1) seeding and seedling raising：Mid-January, first, presprouting of seeds is carried out before sowing, early miscellaneous No. 1 seed is put into 50 DEG C of water In stir rapidly, when water temperature drops to 30 DEG C, stop stirring, soak seed 8h, and the then vernalization at a temperature of 30 DEG C obtains vernalization and show money or valuables one carries unintentionally Sponge gourd seed；Then, matrix hole tray is prepared, by turf, vermiculite and perlite turf by volume:Vermiculite:Perlite=3: 1:1 mixing, plus the carbendazim of matrix quality 0.1% are fully mixed, and add water stirring, and grasp gently holds agglomerating with hand, there is drop between webs Water, the vexed 9h of lid film fills 50 hole disks；Finally, the sponge gourd seed showed money or valuables one carries unintentionally through vernalization is sowed, depth of planting is 1.3cm, per 1, cave seed；Matrix hole tray after planting is placed on the seedbed in heliogreenhouse, to make insulation, on seedbed Floor file hot line is capped Small plastic shed, and day temperature is kept for 30 DEG C, at 21 DEG C of night, temperature reduced after emerging, 26 DEG C, night are maintained at daytime In 16 DEG C of evening, in favor of nurturing staff, it is colonized when sponge gourd seedling length to 3 true leaves；

2) field planting and field management：Mid or late Febuary, single file is colonized in furrow face in canopy, furrow wide 1.5m, spacing in the rows 50cm；It is fixed Small plastic shed and overlay film are capped in furrow face after plant, in favor of insulation, when climing length of sponge gourd to 50cm or so, removes and covers on furrow Small plastic shed, hangs climing, extracts after all lateral bines, flowering and fruit bearing per 667m with hanging climing rope and leading rattan²Composite fertilizer (with above-mentioned) 30kg is applied, Water 1 time, impose 3 times immediately；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 7 of fine day:20 (23 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 1.3~1.6m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) selfed seed is harvested：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 50 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium is dried, Seed maturity, selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation, It is spontaneously dried, seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then is dried, Packaging and Labeling is carried out；

2nd, summer sowing open country plantation seed selection

1) sow：Mid or late June, the sponge gourd selfing based material harvested in early spring plastic greenhouse is proceeded into summer sowing open country kind Plant, the area for preferably selecting fertile soil, irrigation condition excellent takes the dry seed of single file double grains live, line-spacing 1.4m, spacing in the rows 60cm, After planting water in time；

2) field management：Night soil is applied when seedling grows to 5 leaves 1 time, later Zai Shi composite fertilizers (with above-mentioned) 1 time are Convenient pollination, builds upright sponge gourd frame, summer pest and disease damage is more serious, and the disease of harm sponge gourd mainly has downy mildew, epidemic disease And aphid, prevented and treated with cymoxanil mancozeb and imidacloprid；

3) selfing is purified：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 6 of fine day:00 (25 DEG C of temperature) is pollinated；Specific side Method is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, that the male flower bloomed on the day of winning will be bloomed to the same day on same plant, The female flower pollination of position is saved away from 1.3~1.6m of ground, the pistil of male flower is gently smeared on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 2 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) harvest of selfed seed：After pollination, sponge gourd plant grew through 50 days, when sponge gourd pericarp turns yellow, carpopodium becomes Dry, seed maturity selects excellent, full seed kind melon to be harvested, the kind melon after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation Place, spontaneously dries it, and seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then dries, and carries out Packaging and Labeling；

(3) crossbreeding of sponge gourd 10 is stayed

A-01 is stayed as female parent for self-mating system using height, is cross-breeding using height for self-mating system in B-01 as male parent, obtains silk Melon first-filial generation stays sponge gourd 10；

1) sow：In the plains region production of hybrid seeds, seed farm surrounding 1000m, sponge gourd must not be planted；Male parent is than maternal early sowing 10 My god；The ratio of Parent presses male parent：Maternal=1:4 kinds of plants, Parent will carry out mark；

2) field management：Female flowers all in male parent and male flower all on female parent, remaining field are removed in florescence Manage same Production of Large Fields；

3) pollinate：Artificial supplementary pollination is taken, in the morning 5 of fine day:30 (23 DEG C of temperature) are pollinated；Specific method It is：The plant of growth selection stalwartness no disease and pests harm, win in male parent it is that same day male flower in full bloom will be bloomed to the same day, away from ground The maternal female flower pollination of 1.4m~1.7m sections position, gently smears the pistil of male flower on the column cap of female flower, makes the uniform cloth of pollen Full column cap；In order to ensure the abundance of pollen amount, 1 male flower listing mark and is tied female only to 1 female flower pollination, after pollination with rope Flower corolla, with protection against insect and wind pollination, causes to receive other pollen transmissions；Every plant only sits 3 fruits, remaining female flower All remove；

4) harvest of cenospecies：After pollination, by 49 days grow, plant that melon and fruit peel turns yellow, carpopodium is dried, seed into It is ripe, select excellent, full seed progress to harvest；Fruit after harvesting is suspended on bamboo pole and is placed on ventilation, it is done naturally It is dry；Seed is taken out after kind of melon is dried, then is dried, Packaging and Labeling is carried out；

(4) cultivation of sponge gourd 10 is stayed

1) selection in plot：Sponge gourd requires not strict to soil, to obtain high yield high-quality, preferably selects that soil layer is deep, water conservation Fertilizer conservation, the plot that irrigation is convenient, preceding stubble is non-melon crop are planted；

2) site preparation and fertilization：Per 667m²Apply the organic fertilizer 2600kg fully become thoroughly decomposed, composite fertilizer 30kg, urea 10kg；

3) sow：June, early and middle ten dayses, took the dry seed direct-seeding cultivation of summer open country, furrow wide 1.4m, spacing in the rows 35cm；

4) rich water quality management：Sponge gourd seedling stage moisture can not be too many, is otherwise unfavorable for root growth, and fruiting period needs water more, Post flowering is per 667m²Composite fertilizer 25kg is imposed, is imposed 2 times, later stage foliage-spray potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3 times；

5) built draws climing：As climing long 35cm, timely built, the high 2m of frame, upward draws climing, and making climing again when thering is the female flower to occur It is uniformly distributed, sponge gourd master, lateral bine can tie melon, but nutrient growth is excessively prosperous, is difficult to tie melon, lateral bine should be plucked, the best fruiting period removes Overstocked old leaf and excessive male flower is so as to ventilation and penetrating light and reduces nutrient consumption；

6) harvest：It is 11d to be open into harvesting from female flower, and harvesting standard is：Fruit is soft, and fruit color is green, and White flesh is reduced, The continuous result of sponge gourd is strong, and best fruiting period fruit growth is fast, should be harvested 1 time every 2 days.In sponge gourd 2, miscellaneous No. 1 of morning, in sponge gourd 10 The yield of number summer outdoor cropping see the table below 3.

The yield traits of each kind of table 3 summer outdoor cropping compares

Kind	Receipts phase beginning (moon/day)	Single fruit weight (g)	Per mu yield (kg)
				In sponge gourd 2	8/18	289	3971.5
Early miscellaneous No. 1	8/14	300	3826.9
				In sponge gourd 10	8/10	295	4510.3

Claims (7)

1. the breeding method of precocity shape sponge gourd with a tight waist, it is characterised in that：Comprise the following steps：

1) A-01 seed selection is stayed：With in sponge gourd 2 for source material, so that fruit bunches kidney-shaped, meat be tender, female flower occur it is early and Many, ability of continuously bearing fruit is breeding objective by force, and height is selected for self-mating system in A-01 through 10 generations；

2) B-01 seed selection is stayed：It is strong, low temperature resistant for breeding mesh with fruit extremely early mature, disease resistance with early miscellaneous No. 1 for source material Mark, height is selected for self-mating system in B-01 through 12 generations；

3) crossbreeding：A-01 is stayed as female parent for self-mating system using height, height is cross-breeding for male parent in B-01 for self-mating system, obtained Sponge gourd 10 is stayed to first-filial generation；It is described stay sponge gourd 10 have that fruit bunches kidney-shaped, extremely early mature, ability of bearing fruit are strong, disease resistance is strong, The tender character of low temperature resistant, meat；

Above-mentioned steps 1), 2) in seed selection using early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection and summer sowing open country plantation seed selection；

The early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection, comprises the following steps：

1) seeding and seedling raising：Mid-January, by the seed that vernalization shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally matrix hole plate seedling growth；

2) field planting and field management：Mid or late Febuary, treat sponge gourd seedling length to 2~3 true leaves, field planting, treat the climing length of sponge gourd to 45~ 55cm, extracts all lateral bines, and Post flowering applies fertilizer, watered；

3) selfing is purified：The male flower on same plant is taken to pollinate female flower, 2~3 fruits of every plant of seat；

4) selfed seed is harvested：Treat that sponge gourd is ripe, take fruit and drying, obtain selfed seed；

Described summer sowing open country plantation seed selection, comprises the following steps：

1) sow：Mid or late June is sowed；

2) field management：After seedling length to 4~6 true leaves, fertilising, field management；

3) selfing is purified：The male flower on same plant is taken to pollinate female flower, 2~3 fruits of every plant of seat；

4) selfed seed is harvested：Treat that sponge gourd is ripe, take fruit and drying, obtain selfed seed.

2. breeding method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The step 1 of the early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection) in The preparation method for the seed that vernalization shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally is：Sponge gourd seed is placed in 50~55 DEG C of water and stirred, treats that water temperature drops to 25~35 DEG C stop stirring, soak seed 5~8h, then the vernalization at 28~30 DEG C, is produced.

3. breeding method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：The step 1 of the early spring plastic greenhouse additive selection) in Matrix is the mixture of turf, vermiculite and perlite, its volume ratio 3:1:1.

4. breeding method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Described crossbreeding, comprises the following steps：

1) space isolation and sowing：In the seed farm production of hybrid seeds, male parent presses paternal plant than maternal early sowing 8~10 days, Parent ratio: Maternal plant=1:4~8 kinds of plants；

2) field management：Florescence removes all female flowers and maternal all male flowers in male parent；

3) pollinate：The male flower in male parent is taken to pollinate the female flower on female parent, 2~3 fruits of every plant of seat；

4) cenospecies harvests：Treat that sponge gourd is ripe, take fruit and drying, obtain cenospecies.

5. breeding method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that：Also include in sponge gourd 10 after the crossbreeding Cultivation, step is as follows：

1) sow：Summer open field live broadcast is taken in sowing, or spring open country, protecting field early spring, autumn delay protecting field culturing and transplanting seedlings；

2) nurturing staff；

3) site preparation field planting, fertilising；

4) rich water quality management；

5) draws climing：Climing 30~40cm of length is treated, draws climing simultaneously plucks lateral bine；

6) harvest.

6. breeding method according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：Spring open country, protecting field early spring or autumn delay protecting field Culturing and transplanting seedlings use matrix hole plate seedling growth, by the seed that vernalization shows money or valuables one carries unintentionally matrix hole plate seedling growth, treat sponge gourd seedling length to 2~3 True leaf, field planting.

7. breeding method according to claim 5, it is characterised in that：Spring open country or summer outdoor cropping, the wide 1.4m of furrow, spacing in the rows 30~35cm, mu plants 1300~1600 plants；For Protectorate cultivation, it is colonized using wide-and narrow-row, 80~90cm of wide row space, small line-spacing 60cm, spacing in the rows 40cm, mu plant 2200~2400 plants.