CN104351006B - A kind of apple dwarf is from root anvil garden building method - Google Patents
A kind of apple dwarf is from root anvil garden building method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104351006B CN104351006B CN201410705585.7A CN201410705585A CN104351006B CN 104351006 B CN104351006 B CN 104351006B CN 201410705585 A CN201410705585 A CN 201410705585A CN 104351006 B CN104351006 B CN 104351006B
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of apple dwarf and include the garden building method of the aspects such as the selection of nursery stock, wide row dense planting, pitting field planting, pergola cultivation and pruning from root anvil garden building method, proposition.Select seedling age be biennial or life in 3 years, more than seedling height 1.5m build garden without dominant virosis from root anvil nursery stock, by selected from root anvil nursery stock by 1～1.2m × 3.5m seeding row spacing pitting field planting, one 3～the stake of 4m length is found every 10m, dry in by tie up on steel wire with dry in fostering, after planting by tree-like pruning, be trimmed to downgrade tree-like.Owing to being mainly distributed on surface layer from root anvil root system, superficial roots is many, and the basic element of cell division of secretion is many, and pitting field planting is highly advantageous to precocity fruiting.The set up apple orchard of the present invention has that investment is little, result morning, yield height, high efficiency, the advantage of convenient management.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to building techniques field, apple orchard, relate to a kind of apple dwarf from root anvil garden building method.
Background technology
Along with the fast development of China's economy and constantly reducing and the appearance of rural area aging of rural laborer, causing China's labour cost in recent years to rise quickly, the agricultural industry decline that labour cost is high, prospect causes anxiety.Semen Tritici aestivi, beautiful m, Oryza sativa L. realize mechanization the most comprehensively, these industry stable developments；Brassica campestris L, Cotton Industry mechanization not yet solve, and develop limited.Wherein China's edible oil 60% is by import；Cotton area significantly declines, and 30-40% leans on import.Orchard is labor-intensive production, and Labor-saving, mechanization are the major trends of apple industry.It addition, along with the increase of apple production, consumer is more and more higher to prescription, but the big hat of Fructus Mali pumilae is tree-like, and to often result in thorax and upper and lower part quality discrepancy inside and outside Fructus Mali pumilae tree crown big, has a strong impact on the raising of Fructus Mali pumilae total quality.European countries, by studying for many years and demonstrating, propose development Dwarf rootstocks apple orchard, and European countries' newly-built apple orchard almost all use apple dwarf from root anvil at present.This apple dwarf is easy to do mechanization operation from root anvil orchard, raises labour efficiency；Tree crown is narrow simultaneously, and orchard illumination condition is good, and fruit quality concordance is high.One mu of Dwarf rootstocks apple orchard of general European countries' management needs 5-8 work day, and one mu of Qiaoization seedling rootstock apple orchard of China's management is minimum needs 30-50 work day.A kind of applicable China of visible needs apple dwarf cropping system from root anvil orchard is promoted.
Summary of the invention
Present invention solves the problem in that a kind of apple dwarf of offer, from root anvil garden building method, is a kind of high density apple dwarf garden building method, has especially adapted to the feature of planting from root anvil nursery stock, have that investment is little, result early, yield is high, the advantage of high efficiency.
The present invention is to be achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of apple dwarf is from root anvil garden building method, including following operation:
1) stock be M9-T337 or B9, with Tree Crown Volume be Qiaoization seedling rootstock 30～40% the grafting that carries out for scion of kind in root anvil seedlings, select seedling age be biennial or at life in 3 years, more than seedling height 1.5m, the above 10cm of grafting mouth trunk diameter 1.2～1.5cm, with some branches and build garden without dominant virosis from root anvil nursery stock；
2) by selected from root anvil nursery stock by 1～1.2m × 3.5m seeding row spacing pitting field planting: dig length and width, the pitting of deep each 30cm, putting into hole, grafting mouth 8cm above ground level, having peace of mind of then banketing from root anvil nursery stock, and water in time；Height 10cm, the ridge of width 6～8cm is repaiied again, in the wide black mulch film of ridge overlying 0.8～1m or the cloth soil moisture conservation of black ground in hole surrounding；
3) currently do not prune in addition to situations below planting: branch or angle branch within 30 degree that branch rugosity exceedes after planting the dry crude degree 1/2 of same position central authorities remove and retain the stub of 2cm, and seal and shear oil to be smeared to the clip removed is protected；In the budding period, the position to more than trunk 0.7m, hinder a bud every a bud mesh or on bud, smear a branch element, improve germination rate and become branch rate；
4) found one 3～the stake of 4m length, the wherein buried 70cm in underground every 10m, between stake, draw 3～4 road steel wires, by dry tie up on steel wire with dry in fostering.
5) after planting by tree-like pruning, be trimmed to downgrade tree-like；Wherein, downgrade and tree-like include cylinder, Salix babylonica L. shape or Y word Salix babylonica L. shape.
If minimum temperature builds garden more than the area of-23 DEG C in the winter time, then select with M9-T337 as stock from root anvil seedlings；If less than-23 DEG C and garden is built in the area that can feed water to minimum temperature in the winter time, then select with B9 as stock from root anvil seedlings.
Described garden of building with from root anvil nursery stock also carry out following preferably: stock segment length is 25～32cm, and part of taking root and part of not taking root respectively account for half, and part of taking root has more than 30, the fibrous root of more than diameter 2mm；Overhead there is 6～12 length branch less than 60cm in the shaping strip of more than 70cm, and crotch angle is close to level.
Described when Jian Yuan plants, each orchard select a kind bearing-age tree, and plant 10% the special pollinizers of Fructus Mali pumilae；
To prosperous its spacing in the rows of kind of the growing way with Fuji as representative as 1.2m, draw weak its spacing in the rows of kind of the growing way as representative as 1m to loud, high-pitched sound.
The kind prosperous for the growing way with Fuji apple, Qiao Najin as representative or the good area of cultivation fertilizer and water condition, downgrade and tree-like select cylinder；For drawing with loud, high-pitched sound, the honey weak kind of growing way crisp, that Pink Lady is as representative or the area of cultivation fertilizer and water condition difference, downgrade tree-like selection Salix babylonica L. shape or Y word Salix babylonica L. shape.
Described cylinder is tree-like: overall tree-like cylindrical form state, and after shaping, crown width is little and thin and tall, wherein tree crown top and the bottom even crown diameter 2m, the height of tree 3.5～4.0m, trunk high 0.8～0.9m；Central authorities leader is dry goes up the little major branch giving birth to 30～50 helical arrangement, fruitful branch directly raw on little major branch, little major branch average length is 1m, the average angle dry with central authorities is 115 °, and the little major branch of homonymy is between the upper and lower away from for 0.25m；Being distributed long, medium and short branch on fruitful branch, apple tree cylindrical after the shaping every strain of branch amount of staying in the fall is 1000～1200, long, medium and short branch ratio 1:1:8.
Described Y word Salix babylonica L. shape: including that two on trunk and trunk are done towards central authorities leader in the ranks, the angle between central authorities leader is dry is 25～35 degree, and trunk, two central authorities leaders do in Y-shaped；20～30 major branches are had on described central authorities leader is dry, major branch angle average out to 120～130 degree, at least spacing 25cm between the major branch of differing heights；On major branch directly raw fruitful branch, fruitful branch after bearing fruit under gravity in hang, similar Salix babylonica L..
Described Y word Salix babylonica L. shape, trunk high 0.8～0.9m, the overall height of tree 2.5～2.8m；The average 0.6m of major branch length, the wherein a length of 0.8m of the major branch of tree crown bottom, a length of 0.6m of major branch in the middle part of tree crown, a length of 0.4m of major branch on tree crown top；Angle between two described central authorities leaders are dry is 30 degree, and the dry ratio 5～6:1 with same position major branch rugosity of central authorities leader, major branch rugosity base diameter is less than 2.5cm.
The pruning of described Y word Salix babylonica L. shape includes following operation:
1) overhead fixed dry at 0.3～0.4m after planting, require when surely doing that under clip, the first bud direction is stayed in the ranks；After fixed dry, first 20 days of rudiment is from the second bud under clip, respectively in both sides towards respectively selecting a bud in bud in the ranks, and carries out carving bud above selected bud at 0.2～0.3cm or smears and send out branch element, promoting that this bud is sprouted；After rudiment, when young sprout grows to 15～20cm, select and remain to cultivate towards two strong young sprouts in the ranks and do for central authorities leader；When two young sprouts selected grow into more than 55cm, drawing branch to make young sprout oblique in the ranks between direct motion, two young sprouts are 25～25 degree of angles, and by fixing for young sprout auxiliary so that its angle is fixed up；
2) the Second Year spring, other branches in addition to central authorities leader is dry sent on trunk are removed；Do not take the lead to two central authorities leaders are dry, allow it naturally grow, and from the highest 60cm, central authorities leader is dry upper every 3 buds, above bud, carry out bud at quarter at 0.2～0.3cm or to smear a branch plain, promote that this bud is sprouted；
When the young sprout sent after carving bud grows to more than 18cm, do its distance central authorities leader and carry out at 2.8～3.2cm turning round branch or drawing branch, branch is turned round in or draws in 130 degree；When these young sprouts grow to more than 40cm, again do and at 20～22cm, turn round branch or draw branch newly growing partial distance central authorities leader, this section newly grown is turned round in or drawn in 130 degree；Again when a period of time young sprout grows to 60～80cm, it is stained with young sprout top, suppression young sprout growth with growth inhibitor, promotes to form bud then；
3) the 3rd year spring, do not take the lead to central authorities leader is dry, use the method identical with Second Year pruning to promote dry upper the branch of central authorities leader；
The annual shoot sending last year, base diameter exceedes removing of the same dry diameter of position central authorities leader 1/5, retains other annual shootes；The angle annual shoot less than 130 degree draws up to 130 degree；To same side, the branch that central authorities leader does, between the upper and lower away from more than 25cm to be retained, removes unnecessary branch；
3rd year autumn, the height of tree reached 2.5～2.8m, had branch 20～30 on each central authorities leader is dry, and shaping is basically completed, and fruit tree enters the just fruit phase；
4) the 4th year and be updated the pruning of rejuvenation later, when the winter cuts central authorities leader dry on life in 4～5 years major branch will rotation year by year, go to stay greatly little；Remove central authorities leader and do too much branch, make each central authorities leader 20～30 major branches of dry reservation；Weak sagging fruitful branch, rejuvenating fruitful branch: direct cultivation results branch on major branch, Salix babylonica L. formula solid result, fruitful branch 4～rotation in 5 years 1 time is crossed on retraction major branch；Limit is used to cultivate the mode that cincture changes, fruitful branch holding spreading angle 135～140 degree, homonymy column pitch 20cm.
When the described leader of centre in selecting is dry, if both sides respectively can be selected one and then the first young sprout under clip cut or to turn round branch sagging towards the dry young sprout of central authorities leader in the ranks, suppress it grow under first, two young sprouts selected by promotion grow；If can not select below the first young sprout as the young sprout done of central authorities leader, then using the first young sprout as central authorities leader's branch, select a young sprout again at opposite side；
After the young sprout being set for doing for central authorities leader to be selected, retain other branches being weaker than selected young sprout sent, remove, cutting back or draw branch other branches being better than selected young sprout sent sagging.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has a following useful technique effect:
The apple dwarf that the present invention provides is from root anvil garden building method, it it is a kind of high density apple dwarf garden building method, especially adapt to the feature of planting from root anvil nursery stock, propose to include the garden building method of the aspects such as the selection of nursery stock, wide row dense planting, pitting field planting, pergola cultivation and pruning, set up apple orchard have investment not quite, result morning, yield height, high efficiency, the advantage of convenient management.
The apple dwarf that the present invention provides, from root anvil garden building method, has selected two kinds of stocks of M9-T337 and B9, and the two stock is all taken root easily, and early fruiting character is strong, and it the most clearly, and is distinguished by dwarfing effect according to year absolute low temperature.Further, for improving from the planting survival rate of root anvil nursery stock and global illumination effect and the consideration of convenient management after building garden, propose concrete requirement to build garden from root anvil nursery stock and seeds；And in order to carry out chemistry flower and fruit thinning, a kind is preferably cultivated in orchard, the florescence is consistent, convenient management；Pollinizers select special pollinizers, such as Caulis et folium euphorbiae milii class；By selecting these from root anvil nursery stock and the selection of kind, at the beginning of Jian Yuan, just there is basic guarantee, significantly improved the survival rate of nursery stock, contributed to setting up high-quality apple dwarf orchard.
The apple dwarf that the present invention provides is from root anvil garden building method, the mode using pitting field planting carries out plant (pitting refers to dig length and width, the hole, side of deep 30 centimetres), and this is entirely different with hollow place field planting in the past (hollow place refers to dig length and width, the hole, side of deep 80 centimetres).Pitting field planting shows compared with hollow place field planting: 6 fruits are hung in the Fuji apple of hollow place field planting every strain in the 3rd year, and pitting field planting reaches 60～70 fruits, and pitting field planting phase of bearing fruit substantially shifts to an earlier date；Carry out soil investigation again, distance 80 centimetres from trunk digs 80 centimetres of deep, 60 centimetres wide, grooves of 100 centimeter length, taking the soil block of 20 cm x 20 cm x 100 centimetres, investigation 0-80 cm layer of soil root system is dynamic, finds that 0-20 centimetre of pitting field planting root system fresh weight is 23 times of hollow place.This is that superficial roots is many, and the basic element of cell division of secretion is many owing to being mainly distributed on surface layer from root anvil root system, and pitting field planting is highly advantageous to precocity fruiting.And if hollow place field planting, Root Distribution is deep, and deep soil aeration is poor, nutrition is few, and root volume is few, and the basic element of cell division of secretion is few, is unfavorable for flower_bud formation.The also saving of labor of pitting field planting simultaneously, laborsaving, improve and build garden efficiency.
The apple dwarf that the present invention provides, from root anvil garden building method, has selected that dwarfing is tree-like prunes, and the height of tree, typically at about 3m, greatly reduces labor intensity, and is conveniently managed.Research shows, the height of orchard tree below height of tree 5m is typically the most proportional with yield, labor intensity and the amount of labour used, wherein tree body is the highest, yield is the highest, set body the highest simultaneously, the amount of labour used is the biggest, and labor intensity is the biggest.Below height of tree 2.5m, the orchard amount of labour used reduces 40% than 3.5～4.5m orchards, and work labor intensity significantly alleviates, stand in because behaving prunings on ladder, flower thinning, fruit thinning, bagging speed slowly, sweat, the safest.And this several years rural laborers of China tend in short supply, labor cost constantly raises, and each work day, by 20～30 yuan of 2008, is increased to current 80～100 yuan.Contribute to reducing orchard labor intensity and the amount of labour used by setting up dwarfing orchard, it is possible to significantly improve orchard economic benefit.
The apple dwarf that the present invention provides improves the tree-like of fruit quality from root anvil garden building method, tree-like the contributing to of downgrading provided.It is strong that the Y word Salix babylonica L. provided forms the tree crown bearing capacity after age, exists without scaffold limb, and illumination is abundant, the efficiency of light energy utilization is high, does and see sunlight in can guarantee that, i.e. in tree crown, thorax illumination condition is fabulous, inside and outside tree crown, thorax fruit size is consistent, fruit quality consistent, and high quality fruit rate is high.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, and the explanation of the invention is not limited.
The apple dwarf that the present invention provides is from root anvil garden building method, including following operation:
1) stock be M9-T337 or B9, with Tree Crown Volume be Qiaoization seedling rootstock 30～40% the grafting that carries out for scion of kind in root anvil seedlings, select seedling age be biennial or at life in 3 years, more than seedling height 1.5m, the above 10cm of grafting mouth trunk diameter 1.2～1.5cm, with some branches and build garden without dominant virosis from root anvil nursery stock；
2) by selected from root anvil nursery stock by 1～1.2m × 3.5m seeding row spacing pitting field planting: dig length and width, the pitting of deep each 30cm, putting into hole, grafting mouth 8cm above ground level, having peace of mind of then banketing from root anvil nursery stock, and water in time；Height 10cm, the ridge of width 6～8cm is repaiied again, in the wide black mulch film of ridge overlying 0.8～1m or the cloth soil moisture conservation of black ground in hole surrounding；
3) currently do not prune in addition to situations below planting: branch or angle branch within 30 degree that branch rugosity exceedes after planting the dry crude degree 1/2 of same position central authorities remove and retain the stub of 2cm, and seal and shear oil to be smeared to the clip removed is protected；In the budding period, the position to more than trunk 0.7m, hinder a bud every a bud mesh or on bud, smear a branch element, improve germination rate and become branch rate；
4) found one 3～the stake of 4m length, the wherein buried 70cm in underground every 10m, between stake, draw 3～4 road steel wires, by dry tie up on steel wire with dry in fostering.
5) after planting by tree-like pruning, be trimmed to downgrade tree-like；Wherein, downgrade and tree-like include cylinder, Salix babylonica L. shape or Y word Salix babylonica L. shape.
Below to explanation further details of to garden building method in conjunction with specific embodiments.
Select from root anvil seedlings time carry out following preferably:
Select dwarfing rootstock.The Dwarf Stocks For Apple Trees that China mainly applies at present has M9, M26, M7, MM106, SH40, SH38, SH1, SH6, GM256 etc., but to cultivating from root anvil Seedling, selects M9-T337 and B9 effect best, and layering seedling growth is easily taken root, plant orchard early bearing, high yield.Dwarfing rootstock is selected to be M9-T337 in negative more than 23 degree areas, orchard of planting winter low temperature.If have irrigation conditions in negative less than 23 degree areas or have accumulated snow winter, the stock B9 of optional anti-negative 30 degree.The two stock is all taken root easily, and early fruiting character is strong, and the most clearly, Grafted Variety Tree Crown Volume is the 30-40% of Qiaoization seedling rootstock in dwarfing effect.
Select from root anvil seedlings.Seedling age is two raw or 3 years seedlings, more than seedling height 1.5cm, and at the above 10cm of grafting mouth, trunk diameter is at 1.2-1.5cm；Wherein about stock segment length 30cm, part of taking root and part of not taking root respectively account for about half.Overhead there is the 6-12 bar length branch less than 60 centimetres in the shaping strip of more than 70 centimetres, and crotch angle is close to level；There is direct more than 2mm fibrous root 30 a plurality of.And detect without dominant virosis through national authentication department.
When carrying out garden of building and planting:
Wide row dense planting.The seeding row spacing building garden is 1-1.2 rice × 3.5 meter, every 158-190 strain.The kind spacing in the rows 1.2 meters that wherein growing way such as Fuji is prosperous, loud, high-pitched sound such as draws at the kind spacing in the rows 1 meter that growing way is weak.In order to carry out chemistry flower and fruit thinning, it is proposed that a kind is preferably cultivated in orchard, the florescence always, management aspect.Pollinizers select special pollinizers, such as Caulis et folium euphorbiae milii class, typically constitute from 10%.
Pitting field planting.When planting, dig length and width, the pitting of the most each 30 centimetres, and soil is put into outside hole, then putting into hole from root anvil nursery stock, 8 centimetres above ground level of the grafting mouth of stock and kind, then having peace of mind of banketing, and water in time.Repairing height 10 centimetres again, the micro-ridge of width 6-8 centimetre, in the ridge wide black mulch film of overlying 0.8-1 rice or the cloth soil moisture conservation of black ground.Pitting field planting saving of labor, laborsaving, improve and build garden efficiency.
Pitting field planting is entirely different with hollow place field planting in the past (hollow place refers to dig length and width, the hole, side of deep 80 centimetres), and hollow place compares with pitting field planting, and 6 fruits are hung in the Fuji apple of hollow place field planting every strain in the 3rd year, and pitting field planting reaches 60-70 fruit.80 centimetres of deep, 60 centimetres wide, grooves of 100 centimeter length are dug again by 80 centimetres from trunk, remove the soil block (as shown in table 1) of 20 cm x 20 cm x 100 centimetres, investigation 0-80 cm layer of soil root system is dynamic, finds that 0-20 centimetre of pitting field planting root system fresh weight is 23 times of hollow place.Because being mainly distributed on surface layer from root anvil root system, superficial roots is many, and the basic element of cell division of secretion is many, and be highly advantageous to precocity fruiting.If hollow place field planting, Root Distribution is deep, and deep soil aeration is poor, nutrition is few, and root volume is few, and the basic element of cell division of secretion is few, is unfavorable for flower_bud formation.
The soil block Root Distribution of table 1 20 cm x 20 cm x 100 centimetres
| Soil depth (cm) | Fresh weight (g) of the hollow place of 80 cubic metres | Fresh weight (g) of the pitting of 30 cubic metres |
| 0-20 | 0.42 | 9.94 |
| 20-40 | 3.93 | 2.24 |
| 40-60 | 3.37 | 3.23 |
| 60-80 | 0 | 0.91 |
| Add up to | 7.72 | 16.32 |
Pruning.The seedlings of planting belt branch, do not prune, but branch rugosity exceed the same position central authorities bough of dry crude degree 1/2 or angle branch within 30 degree to stay 2 centimetres of stubs to remove, and seal and shear oil to be coated with to clip is protected.In the budding period, dry 0.7 meter with upper bit, preferably hinder a bud every a bud mesh, it is possible to smear on bud and send out branch element, improve germination rate and become branch rate.
Pergola cultivation.General about 10 meters are found a long concrete stake of 3-4 rice, and wherein underground buries 70 centimetres, draws 3-4 road 12 steel wire, dry in fostering.The treelet phase can also plant that cheap bamboo is dry does column every strain tree is other, dry in fostering.The dry extending head of central authorities leader is fixed on bamboo and does or on frame.
When carrying out pruning:
Selecting the prosperous kind of growing way (such as Fuji apple, Qiao Najin) or the good area of cultivation fertilizer and water condition, Growth status is more prosperous, it is proposed that select cylinder.Overall tree-like cylindrical form state, after shaping, crown width is little and thin and tall, wherein tree crown top and the bottom even crown diameter 2m, the height of tree 3.5～4.0m, trunk high 0.8～0.9m；Central authorities leader is dry goes up the little major branch giving birth to 30～50 helical arrangement, fruitful branch directly raw on little major branch, (on fruitful branch, be distributed long, medium and short branch), little major branch average length is 1m, and the average angle dry with central authorities is 115 °, and the little major branch of homonymy is between the upper and lower away from for 0.25m.Apple tree cylindrical after the shaping every strain of branch amount of staying in the fall is 1000～1200, long, medium and short branch ratio 1:1:8.
Selecting the weak kind of growing way (Ru Gala, crisp, the Pink Lady of honey) or the cultivation poor area of fertilizer and water condition, Growth status is more weak, it is proposed that select Y word Salix babylonica L. shape.Doing towards central authorities leader in the ranks including two on trunk and trunk, the angle between central authorities leader is dry is 25～35 degree, and trunk, two central authorities leaders do in Y-shaped；20～30 major branches are had on described central authorities leader is dry, major branch angle average out to 120～130 degree, at least spacing 25cm between the major branch of differing heights；On major branch directly raw fruitful branch, fruitful branch after bearing fruit under gravity in hang, similar Salix babylonica L..
Y word Salix babylonica L. forms the every 667m of tree in age2Stay branch amount 10～120,000 (before the winter cuts), long, medium and short branch ratio 1:1:8, leaf-area coefficient 2.5～3, Orchard mulch rate about 75%.Trunk high 0.8～0.9m, the overall height of tree 2.5～2.8m；The average 0.6m of major branch length, the wherein a length of 0.8m of the major branch of tree crown bottom, a length of 0.6m of major branch in the middle part of tree crown, a length of 0.4m of major branch on tree crown top；Angle between two described central authorities leaders are dry is 30 degree, and the dry ratio 5～6:1 with same position major branch rugosity of central authorities leader, major branch rugosity base diameter is less than 2.5cm.
Pruning to Y word Salix babylonica L. shape below carries out described further below.
The pruning method of Y word Salix babylonica L. shape apple tree form, comprises the following steps:
(1) fixed dry and First Year is pruned
Determining dry at overhead 0.3～0.4cm, wherein nursery stock is less, surely does relatively low, and nursery stock is more fixed dry higher.
When surely doing, it is desirable under clip, the first bud direction is stayed in the ranks.After fixed dry, within first 20 days, from the second bud under clip, respectively selecting a bud towards both sides in the ranks in rudiment, bud carried out carve bud at 0.2～0.3cm or smear and send out branch element, promoting that this bud is sprouted.
After rudiment, when young sprout grows to 15～20cm, select and remain to cultivate towards two young sprouts in the ranks and do for central authorities leader.If a dry young sprout of central authorities leader respectively can be selected in the both sides in the ranks under first, the first young sprout under clip is cut or to turn round branch sagging, Developing restraint, promote that following two young sprout grows.If can not select suitable young sprout below the first young sprout, a young sprout can be selected using the first young sprout as central authorities leader's branch again at opposite side.
When two young sprouts selected grow into about 60cm, drawing branch to make branch oblique in the ranks between direct motion, two young sprouts are 30 degree of angles.The two young sprout plastic ties is fixed on steel hank knotting, i.e. differences in angle is fixed up.Other Zhiru fruit growing ways sent are more weak than the two branch, no matter retain, and allow vane manufacturing nutrition, promote root growth.If other branch growing ways are stronger than the two branch, to use and remove or cutting back or draw branch sagging, Developing restraint.
Y word Salix babylonica L. shape only stands 3m length stake, draws 3 road steel hank knottings.In the ranks, every 10～15m found concrete stake or the coating steel pipe of a 3m length, and wherein 60cm is buried in underground, on the ground dew 2.4m, respectively draw No. 12 steel hank knottings together the most on the ground, two dry plastic ties of central authorities leader are fixed on steel hank knotting at 0.8m, 1.6m, 2.4m.1 stake is planted, about 20 stakes of every mu of need every 10m；1 stake is planted, about 14 stakes of every mu of need every 15m.Concrete stake requires 15～20cm square rectangles, and there is cold the silk of 4 road diameter 2 milli more than m centre, and wire drawing position is porose on the ground；General 3m long concrete stake cost price about 35 yuan.Coating steel pipe bore is 1 cun of semicanal (40 steel pipe), general each 6m length, and unit price about 80 yuan blocks at 3m and becomes two.Making a call to two holes, each hole cost 0.5～1 yuan on steel pipe, top carves one 1～2cm deep Cao, and beneficially top draws steel wire.Come directly towards on ground, 1 ground cat and 1 orchid will be installed, fix and stretch steel wire.And the most oblique about 15 degree of the stake of top, ground.Making stake with coating steel pipe, top is buried and is fixed with 3～4 shovel cement, sand, small stone around at steel pipe over the ground.Usually each 10～15 yuan of cat, each 5 yuan of flange.Steel hank knotting 30 kilograms every mu, per kilogram 6.5 yuan.Preservative can also be smeared at embedment under ground portion, increases the service life the other thick bamboo planting a diameter 3～5cm of every strain tree is dry or column is done in wood stake.Tie up the crossbeam of a long direct motion of 70cm on the ground at 80cm, two central authorities leaders are done spacing 50～60cm plastic ties fixed thereon.
(2) Second Year is pruned
In the Second Year spring, do not take the lead to two central authorities leaders are dry, allow it naturally grow, but from overhead 60cm, every 3 buds, bud carries out carving bud or smears a branch at 0.2～0.3cm plain, promote that this bud is sprouted.Other branches sent on trunk are all removed.
The young sprout sent after carving bud grows to about 20cm, carries out turning round branch doing about 3cm from central authorities, branch is turned round in 130 degree, it is also possible to do not turn round and draw angle by plastic ties.When these young sprouts grow to about 40cm, again at the 20cm newly grown, turn round branch with hands, it is also possible to do not turn round and draw angle by plastic ties.This section grown also become 130 degree sagging, when a period of time young sprout grows to 60～80cm, be stained with young sprout top with 100 times of PBO growth inhibitors, suppression young sprout growth, promote to form bud then.Autumn, the height of tree reached about 2m.
Within (3) the 3rd years, prune
When within 3rd year, spring prunes, continue not take the lead to central authorities' extending head, inspire branch with the 2nd year identical bud at quarter that carries out of method.
Described bud picking and carve bud and promote branch: one is to 2～3 years raw trees, central authorities leader does not enough can carve buds every 3 buds or smear and send out branch element of little major branch amount.To annual little major branch, if carried out turn round branch no longer carry out carve bud.Without turning round branch, drawn the branch of branch by plastic ties, bud to be carved to both sides, promote to send out branch, suppression shoot elongation growth.The bud time at quarter is generally mid-March to early April.Two is by useless rudiment or sprout the tip and remove after rudiment in spring, to save nutrient, increases effective branch ratio.
The annual shoot sending last year, diameter exceedes removing of the same position dry diameter 1/5 of central authorities, and other retain.But the branch to be drawn that angle is less than 130 degree reaches this angle.To same side, branch is between the upper and lower away from 30cm to be retained, and unnecessary branch removes.Having fruit suitably to retain, strain is produced and is controlled every strain 3～4 kilograms.The height of tree is made autumn to reach 2.5～2.8m, branch 40～60, there are branch 20～30 on the most each central authorities leader is dry.Shaping is basically completed, and fruit tree enters the just fruit phase, if tree vigo(u)r is more weak, removes bud spring, postpones result 1 year.
After (4) the 4th years, renewal pruning is pruned
Retraction removes the pruning with rejuvenating and includes: to becoming orchard in age, and the emphasis one that the winter cuts is the little major branch that removal is excessive, general 4～5 years little major branches of life will rotation year by year, go to stay greatly little；Two is to remove central authorities leader to do too much branch, crosses weak branch, makes each central authorities leader 20～30 little major branches of dry reservation.Three is to cross weak sagging fruitful branch, rejuvenating fruitful branch on the little major branch of retraction.Pruning main method is to remove and grow to put, the mode of employing first-level outcome, direct cultivation results branch on little major branch, Salix babylonica L. formula solid result, fruitful branch 4～rotation in 5 years 1 time.Employing limit is cultivated, the method that cincture changes, and fruitful branch keeps spreading angle about 140 °, homonymy column pitch 20cm.
Along with the age of tree increases, remove the bough that trunk top is long in good time, do not bounce back as far as possible, remove top competitive branch in time.In order to ensure that branch updates, paxilla should be stayed when removing trunk middle and lower part bough, inspire out golden mean of the Confucian school innovation shoot all one's life, cultivate elongated sagging fruit-bearing shoot cluster.Yield controls at 4000～5000 kilograms/666.7m2(mu).If tree is too strong, when the height of tree is more than 2.8m, carries out weak branch and changes head, control the height of tree.If tree head is the most weak, when the height of tree is less than 2.5m, removes top fruit, promotes upper grown.
Also include the pruning balancing tree vigo(u)r: in dry top keep weak branch for head, can the weak branch of rotation every year, but do not fall dead end, and keep tree crown top to have the vertical branch of about 5%, with the absorption to nitrogen of the balanced tree body, balance tree vigo(u)r, keeps golden mean of the Confucian school stalwartness tree vigo(u)r, accomplishes not affect tree vigo(u)r because major branch angle is excessive.
The accounting of building garden cost is given below.
Through investment evaluation, setting up 500 mu and downgrade from root M9-T337 or B9 orchard, the gross investment of construction is 6,960,000 yuan.Wherein, the infrastructure investment including 500 Mu Jian gardens is 4,950,000 yuan, and the operation cost investment (including fixing operation cost and variation operation cost) of the first two year of orchard is 2,010,000 yuan.Its investment project specifically detail is respectively as shown in table 2 below, table 3.
Table 2 500 Mu Jian garden infrastructure investment
The first three years operation cost investment of table 3 orchard
Accounting result shows, average Mei Mujian garden and running cost 1.392 ten thousand yuan, accumulative per mu yield in first 5 years 10000 kilograms after typically planting, per kilogram Fructus Mali pumilae average sales price 5 yuan, and mu takes in 2.5 ten thousand yuan, and the most recoverable complete cost also has residue.From the 6th term, annual per mu yield 0.4 ten thousand kilograms in 20 years, average year mu takes in 20,000 yuan, and mu puts into operation cost 0.6 ten thousand yuan, net income 1.4 ten thousand yuan.
Example given above is to realize the present invention preferably example, the invention is not restricted to above-described embodiment.Any nonessential interpolation that those skilled in the art is made according to the technical characteristic of technical solution of the present invention, replacement, belong to protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. an apple dwarf is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterised in that include following operation:
1) stock be M9-T337 or B9, with Tree Crown Volume for Qiaoization seedling rootstock 30～the kind of 40%
The grafting carried out for scion in root anvil seedlings, selecting seedling age is biennial or 3 years lifes, seedling heights
At more than 1.5m, the above 10cm of grafting mouth, trunk diameter is 1.2～1.5cm, with some branches and without dominant
Virosis build garden from root anvil nursery stock；
Described garden of building with from root anvil nursery stock also carry out following preferably: stock segment length is 25～32cm, raw
Root portion and part of not taking root respectively account for half, and part of taking root has more than 30, the fibrous root of more than diameter 2mm；
Overhead there are 6～12 length branch less than 60cm, and branch in the shaping strip of more than 70cm
Angle is close to level；
2) by selected from root anvil nursery stock by 1～1.2m × 3.5m seeding row spacing pitting field planting: dig long,
The pitting of each 30cm wide, deep, putting into hole from root anvil nursery stock, grafting mouth 8cm above ground level, so
After banket having peace of mind, and water in time；Height 10cm, the ridge of width 6～8cm is repaiied again in hole surrounding,
The wide black mulch film of ridge overlying 0.8～1m or the cloth soil moisture conservation of black ground；
3) do not prune in addition to situations below at that time planting: after planting, branch rugosity is exceeded same position
Branch or the angle branch within 30 degree of the dry crude degree of central authorities leader 1/2 remove and retain the short of 2cm
Stake, seal and shear oil to be smeared to the clip removed is protected；In the budding period, to more than trunk 0.7m
Position, hinders a bud every a bud mesh or smears a branch element on bud, improve germination rate and become branch rate；
4) one 3～the stake of 4m length, the wherein buried 70cm in underground are found every 10m, between stake
Draw 3～4 road steel wires, dry for central authorities leader tying up is done fostering central authorities leader on steel wire；
5) by tree-like pruning after planting, it is trimmed to downgrade tree-like；Wherein, downgrade
Tree-like include cylinder or Y word Salix babylonica L. shape.
2. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 1 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterised in that if in the winter
Season, minimum temperature built garden higher than the area of-23 DEG C, then select with M9-T337 as stock from root anvil seedlings；
If less than-23 DEG C and garden is built in the area that can feed water to minimum temperature in the winter time, then select with B9 as stock
From root anvil seedlings.
3. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 1 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterised in that at Jian Yuan
When planting, each orchard select a kind bearing-age tree, and plant 10% the special pollinizers of Fructus Mali pumilae；
To prosperous its spacing in the rows of kind of the growing way with Fuji as representative as 1.2m, to drawing the growing way as representative with loud, high-pitched sound
Its spacing in the rows of weak kind is 1m.
4. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 1 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterised in that for
Fuji apple, Qiao Najin are the prosperous kind of the growing way of representative or the good area of cultivation fertilizer and water condition, downgrade tree-like
Select cylinder；For drawing with loud, high-pitched sound, the honey weak kind of growing way crisp, that Pink Lady is as representative or cultivation fertilizer
The area of water condition difference, downgrades tree-like selection Y word Salix babylonica L. shape.
5. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 4 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterised in that described
Cylindrical tree-like: overall tree-like cylindrical form state, after shaping, crown width is little and thin and tall, wherein tree crown
Top and the bottom even crown diameter 2m, the height of tree 3.5～4.0m, trunk high 0.8～0.9m；Central authorities leader is dry to go up
The little major branch of raw 30～50 helical arrangement, fruitful branch directly raw on little major branch, little major branch is the longest
Degree is for 1m, and the average angle done with central authorities leader is 115 °, and the little major branch of homonymy is between the upper and lower away from for 0.25m；
Being distributed long, medium and short branch on fruitful branch, apple tree cylindrical after the shaping every strain of branch amount of staying in the fall is
Article 1000～1200, long, medium and short branch ratio 1:1:8.
6. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 4 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterised in that described
Y word Salix babylonica L. shape: including that two on trunk and trunk are done towards central authorities leader in the ranks, central authorities leader does
Between angle be 25～35 degree, trunk, two central authorities leaders are dry in Y-shaped；Described central authorities' neck
Lead and on dry, have 20～30 major branches, major branch angle average out to 120～130 degree, the major branch of differing heights it
Between at least spacing 25cm；On major branch directly raw fruitful branch, fruitful branch after bearing fruit under gravity
In hang, similar Salix babylonica L..
7. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 6 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterised in that described
Y word Salix babylonica L. shape, trunk high 0.8～0.9m, the overall height of tree 2.5～2.8m；The average 0.6m of major branch length,
The wherein a length of 0.8m of the major branch of tree crown bottom, a length of 0.6m of major branch in the middle part of tree crown, tree crown top
The a length of 0.4m of major branch；Angle between two described central authorities leaders are dry is 30 degree, and central authorities leader does
With the ratio 5～6:1 of same position major branch rugosity, major branch rugosity base diameter is less than 2.5cm.
8. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 6 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterised in that described
The pruning of Y word Salix babylonica L. shape includes following operation:
1) overhead fixed dry at 0.3～0.4m after planting, require when surely doing that under clip, the first bud direction is stayed
In the ranks；After fixed dry, first 20 days of rudiment is from the second bud under clip, respectively in both sides towards bud in the ranks
In respectively select a bud, and above selected bud, carry out carving bud at 0.2～0.3cm or smear and send out branch element, promoting
This bud is sprouted；After rudiment, when young sprout grows to 15～20cm, select and remain strong newly towards two in the ranks
The tip is cultivated and is done for central authorities leader；When two young sprouts selected grow into more than 55cm, between direct motion, draw branch
Making young sprout oblique in the ranks, two young sprouts are 25～25 degree of angles, and by fixing for young sprout auxiliary with by its angle
It is fixed up；
2) the Second Year spring, other branches in addition to central authorities leader is dry sent on trunk are removed；To in two
Centre leader is dry not to take the lead, and allows it naturally grow, and from the highest 60cm, central authorities leader is dry every
Every 3 buds, above bud, carry out carving bud at 0.2～0.3cm or smear and send out branch element, promoting that this bud is sprouted；
When the young sprout sent after carving bud or smearing a branch element grows to more than 18cm, at its distance central authorities neck
Lead and carry out at dry 2.8～3.2cm turning round branch or drawing branch, branch is turned round in or draws in 130 degree；When these young sprouts
When growing to more than 40cm, again do and at 20～22cm, turn round branch or draw newly growing partial distance central authorities leader
Branch, turns round this section newly grown in or draws in 130 degree；60～80cm are grown to again every a period of time young sprout
Time, it is stained with young sprout top, suppression young sprout growth with growth inhibitor, promotes to form bud then；
3) the 3rd year spring, do not take the lead to central authorities leader is dry, use the method identical with Second Year pruning to promote
Dry upper the branch of central authorities leader；
The annual shoot sending last year, base diameter exceedes wanting of the same dry diameter of position central authorities leader 1/5
Remove, retain other annual shootes；The angle annual shoot less than 130 degree draws up to 130 degree；To same
One side, the branch that central authorities leader does, between the upper and lower away from more than 25cm to be retained, removes unnecessary branch；
3rd year autumn, the height of tree reached 2.5～2.8m, had branch 20～30 on each central authorities leader is dry,
Shaping is basically completed, and fruit tree enters the just fruit phase；
4) the 4th year and be updated the pruning of rejuvenation later, when the winter cuts central authorities leader dry on 4～5
Year raw major branch will rotation year by year, go to stay greatly little；Remove central authorities leader and do too much branch, make each in
Centre leader is dry retains 20～30 major branches；Weak sagging fruitful branch, rejuvenating result is crossed on retraction major branch
Branch: direct cultivation results branch on major branch, Salix babylonica L. formula solid result, fruitful branch 4～rotation in 5 years 1 time；
Limit is used to cultivate the mode that cincture changes, fruitful branch holding spreading angle 135～140 degree, homonymy column pitch
20cm。
9. apple dwarf as claimed in claim 6 is from root anvil garden building method, it is characterised in that if the
One lower both sides respectively can select one towards the dry young sprout of central authorities leader in the ranks, then new for first under clip
The tip is cut or to turn round branch sagging, suppresses it to grow, two young sprouts growths selected by promotion；If at first
Can not select below as the young sprout done of central authorities leader, then using first as central authorities leader's branch,
Opposite side selects a young sprout again；
After the young sprout being set for doing for central authorities leader to be selected, retain other branches being weaker than selected young sprout sent,
Remove, cutting back or draw branch other branches being better than selected young sprout sent sagging.
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| CN106797860A (en) * | 2016-12-08 | 2017-06-06 | 曾琼 | A kind of implantation methods of red apple |
| CN109479594A (en) * | 2017-09-10 | 2019-03-19 | 山东省果树研究所 | A kind of apple high yield stereo cultivating method |
| CN113068562A (en) * | 2018-08-02 | 2021-07-06 | 辽宁省果树科学研究所 | Grafting method for dwarf apples |
| CN112166920B (en) * | 2020-07-06 | 2022-09-20 | 西安咸恒农业科技有限公司 | Method for cultivating double-dwarf apples without supports |
| CN113906943A (en) * | 2020-07-09 | 2022-01-11 | 山东烟富农业科技有限公司 | Ultrahigh-density apple cultivation method |
| CN112293076A (en) * | 2020-11-10 | 2021-02-02 | 金华职业技术学院 | Grafted pomelo tree form suitable for flat shed frame cultivation and cultivation method thereof |
| CN113924914B (en) * | 2021-10-05 | 2022-09-23 | 李荣连 | Dwarfing high-efficiency close planting cultivation method for apples |
| CN113875479A (en) * | 2021-10-26 | 2022-01-04 | 新疆农业科学院园艺作物研究所 | Cultivation method suitable for dwarf and close planting of Korla bergamot pears |
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