CN112166920B

CN112166920B - Method for cultivating double-dwarf apples without supports

Info

Publication number: CN112166920B
Application number: CN202010642211.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 孟同根; 侯怀斌
Original assignee: Xi'an Xianheng Agricultural Technology Co ltd
Current assignee: Xi'an Xianheng Agricultural Technology Co ltd
Priority date: 2020-07-06
Filing date: 2020-07-06
Publication date: 2022-09-20
Anticipated expiration: 2040-07-06
Also published as: CN112166920A

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for cultivating a support-free double-dwarf apple, which comprises the steps of selecting a non-fusion dwarfing self-rooted rootstock, grafting a double-dwarf self-rooted rootstock seedling combined with a short-technology type variety at a height of 40-50 cm, carrying out branch-bearing strong seedling, selecting a sound seedling with 5-8 branches, a height of more than 180 cm and a complete root system, constructing a garden, carrying out wide row spacing planting, carrying out high spindle shaping, wherein the planting row spacing of the garden is 3.5 m, the plant spacing is 1.2-1.5 m, the tree height is 3.5 m, the trunk height is 80 cm, the technology group number is 45-50, the branch length is 90 cm, and the crown width is 1.3-1.5 m, and carrying out branch drop pruning. The invention provides a cultivation scheme of a non-support double-short apple, which is characterized in that a dwarfing stock with a developed root system and a stock-ear combination of a short branch type variety are selected, and through a proper tree form, a pruning method and fertilizer and water management, the medium stem is strong, the crown is thin and high, bearing branches are plump and uniform, good land consolidation and strong stress resistance are achieved, the cultivation of the non-support double-short apple is realized, the production cost is reduced, and the cultivation area is enlarged.

Description

Method for cultivating double-dwarf apples without supports

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of apple cultivation, in particular to a method for cultivating a double-short apple without a support.

Background

The dwarf and dense planting cultivation has the advantages of easy flower formation, good management, early fruiting, high yield, convenient mechanized operation and the like, but also has the advantages of high garden building cost, poor stress resistance, strict requirements on the conditions of the farmland and the like. Since the 70 th century, dwarf dense planting cultivation has been applied all over the world, and in the 80-90 th century, the introduction of experimental dwarf cultivation has begun in China, and a dwarf interstock cultivation mode is invented in combination with the national conditions of China, which is the main mode of dwarf cultivation in China at present.

Along with the lapse of time, the dwarf close planting technology is continuously developed, new dwarf stocks continuously appear, the cultivation mode is continuously innovated, in recent years, a dwarf stock intensive and efficient cultivation mode is introduced, the mode is realized by a series of projects of selecting dwarf self-rooted branch seedlings to build a garden, carrying out wide-row narrow-plant close planting, setting a bracket system, preparing a fertilizer-water integrated system and pruning high-spindle-shaped plastic drooping branches, and compared with the former short close planting, the short close planting method has the advantages of earlier result, higher yield, easier management, less labor, more suitability for mechanized operation and large-scale planting standardized production. Meanwhile, the garden building investment is higher, the requirement on opposite site conditions is stricter, a stable water source is required, the garden building cost is high, and a support system and a fertilizer-water integrated system are necessary conditions; dwarfing self-rooted stock seedlings are high in price, weak in stress resistance, shallow in root system and weak in capability of resisting disastrous weather; the requirement of water and fertilizer conditions is strict, and the popularization is limited.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for cultivating a double-short apple without a support, which aims to solve the problems in the background technology.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme: a method for cultivating a non-bracket double-dwarf apple comprises the following steps:

s1: selecting a non-fusion dwarfing self-rooted rootstock, and grafting a short-technology type variety combined double-dwarfing self-rooted rootstock seedling at a high position of 40-50 cm;

s2: carrying out branch-bearing seedling strengthening, and selecting healthy and strong seedlings with 5-8 branches, height of more than 180 cm and complete root systems to build a garden;

s3: planting in wide rows, building a garden, and planting at row spacing of 3.5 m and plant spacing of 1.2-1.5 m;

s4: performing high-spindle shaping, wherein the height of the tree is 3.5 meters, the trunk height is 80 centimeters, the number of technical groups is 45-50, the length of the branch is 90 centimeters, and the crown width is 1.3-1.5 meters;

s5: trimming drooping branches, wherein the branch group is drooping with an opening angle of more than 120 degrees;

s6: and (4) performing integrated water fertilization, and performing topdressing and watering simultaneously.

Preferably, the salty Hengqing rootstock with the branched dwarf seedlings is selected.

Preferably, 7-10 tons of organic fertilizer are applied per mu before planting, and the depth is turned over by 40-70 cm.

Preferably, the planting depth is buried to the original soil mark on the premise of ensuring the consistent height of the overground part of the green stock, meanwhile, a bamboo rod is vertically buried at the position 8-12 cm away from the nursery stock, watering and laminating are carried out in time after planting, and the nursery stock is bound and supported.

Preferably, after the field planting in the first year, the trunk is not dried, branches with the length being less than 80 cm and the thickness being more than one half of the implantation part of the trunk are removed, a chemical agent is coated to protect shearing mouths, lateral branches carried by seedlings are pulled to be more than 120 degrees after the sprouting, when young shoots on the prolonged branches of the middle trunk grow to 10 cm, competing young shoots close to the prolonged branches of the middle trunk are sheared, the sprouting of the middle trunk with the length being less than 70 cm is wiped off at any time, when the young shoots grow to 50 cm, an angle of opening is formed by an angle of opening to be more than 120 degrees, and the winter shearing is delayed until the spring begins in the next year.

Preferably, in the second year from late 2 to late 3 months, branches with the thickness exceeding one half of the periphyton part and branches on the backs of the lateral branches are removed, a medicine is coated to protect pruning openings, when the young shoots grow to 50 cm, the opening angle is larger than 120 degrees, and winter pruning is delayed until beginning spring of the next year.

Preferably, in the third year, in the middle ten (2 months) to the last ten (3 months), branches with the thickness exceeding one half of the main part, branches on the lateral branches and branches within 20 cm from the main part are thinned, the cut is protected by coating a medicine, the tree height is more than 3 meters, the number of the lateral branch groups is more than 40, 20-25 lateral branch groups are distributed in the main part from 80 cm to 2 m, 15 lateral branch groups are distributed in the main part from 2 m to 3m, 3 lateral branches are distributed in the position above 3m, the crown is in a spindle shape, the tree branches with the thickness exceeding one half of the main part and the fruit exceeding two years are updated when the tree is cut in winter every year, the number of the updated branch groups is one fourth to one third of the whole tree, and the opening angle is larger than 120 degrees when the new tips growing behind the main part and the updated branch groups grow to 50 cm.

Preferably, after field planting, when a new tip is extracted for 3-5 cm, topdressing is started, once every 15-20 days till late 8 months, 2-3 years after field planting, and from late 5 months to late 6 months every year, after the spring tip of a fruit tree stops growing, a proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied, and after the spring tip stops growing, water-soluble fertilizer with high phosphorus and potassium content is uniformly applied for promoting flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion.

Preferably, in the second year after planting, all inflorescences on the trees are thinned, fruiting is started in the third year, 2-5 fruits are left in each branch group at intervals of 15-20 cm, thinning and fixing are carried out according to the standard every year, and high yield is achieved in the fifth year.

The invention has the technical effects and advantages that: the invention discloses a cultivation scheme of a non-support double-short apple, which is characterized in that a dwarfing stock with a developed root system and a stock-ear combination of a short branch type variety are selected, and through a proper tree form, a pruning method and fertilizer and water management, the medium stem is strong, the crown is thin and high, bearing branches are plump and uniform, good land consolidation and strong stress resistance are achieved, the cultivation of the non-support double-short apple is realized, the production cost is reduced, and the cultivation area is enlarged.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

The invention provides a method for cultivating a bracket-free double-dwarf apple, which comprises the following steps:

comprises nursery stock planting: selecting saline-alkali soil-less rootstock with branched double short seedlings, planting the seedlings at a plant spacing of 1.2-1.5 m and a row spacing of 3.5 m. Applying 7-10 tons of organic fertilizer per mu before planting, and deeply turning for about 60 cm. The planting depth is buried to the original soil print on the premise of ensuring the consistent height of the overground part of the green stock, and a bamboo pole is vertically buried at a position 10 cm away from the nursery stock. Watering and laminating in time after planting, and tying and supporting seedlings to be dry; shaping and trimming: firstly, after the field planting in the first year, the trunk is not dried, branches with the trunk length of less than 80 cm and branches with the thickness exceeding the implantation position 1/2 are removed, and a medicament is coated to protect the cut. After sprouting, pulling lateral branches carried by the seedlings to over 120 ℃. When the young shoots on the extended branches of the middle trunk grow to 10 cm, cutting off competing young shoots close to the extended branches of the middle trunk, and wiping off sprouts below 70 cm of the middle trunk at any time; when the young sprout grows to 50 cm, the angle is opened to more than 120 degrees by an angle opener; winter pruning is delayed to come year and beginning spring. Secondly, in the second year from the middle 2 months to the first 3 months, branches with the thickness exceeding the implantation position 1/2 and branches with lateral branches are thinned out; the cut is protected by applying the medicine. When the young sprout grows to 50 cm, the opening angle is more than 120 degrees; winter pruning is delayed to come and begin spring. Thirdly, in the third year from the middle ten (2) of the month to the last ten (3) of the month, removing branches with the thickness exceeding the nidation part 1/2, branches on the back upper branches of the lateral branches and branches within 20 centimeters away from the trunk; the cut is protected by applying the medicine. At the moment, the height of the tree is more than 3 meters, the lateral branch groups are more than 40, 20-25 lateral branch groups are distributed in the range from 80 cm to 2 m of the trunk, 15 lateral branch groups are distributed in the range from 2 m to 3m, 3 lateral branches are distributed in the range from 3m to more than 3m, and the crown of the tree is in a spindle shape. After that, the branch groups with the updating thickness exceeding the implantation position 1/2 and fruiting exceeding two years are cut in winter every year, and the number of the updating branch groups is 1/4-1/3 of the whole tree. Opening the angle to be more than 120 degrees when the new shoots growing after the trunk and the updated branch group grow to 50 cm; and (3) fertilizer and water management: after planting, when a new shoot is drawn for 3-5 cm, additional fertilization of nitrogen fertilizer is started: phosphate fertilizer: the potassium fertilizer is 2:1:1, and the weight ratio of 10:1 part of water-soluble fertilizer is added, 1 jin of water-soluble fertilizer is applied to each plant, and the fertilizer is applied once every 15 to 20 days till 8 last ten days. And in 2 and 3 years after planting, applying a proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer after the spring tip of the fruit tree stops growing from 5 late ten days to 6 late ten days every year. After spring shoots stop growing, uniformly applying a water-soluble fertilizer with high phosphorus and potassium content to promote flower bud differentiation and fruit enlargement; flower and fruit management: in the next year after planting, all inflorescences on the trees are removed. And the fruit is obtained in the third year, 2-5 fruits are left in each branch group, and the distance between every two branches is 15-20 cm. Flower thinning and fruit setting are carried out according to the standard every year. High yield in the fifth year.

Finally, it should be noted that: although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made to the embodiments or portions thereof without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating a non-bracket double-dwarf apple comprises the following steps:

s4: performing high spindle shaping, wherein the height of the tree is 3.5 meters, the trunk height is 80 centimeters, the number of technical groups is 45-50, the length of the branch is 90 centimeters, and the crown width is 1.3-1.5 meters;

s5: pruning drooping branches, wherein the branch group opening angle is larger than 120 degrees and the drooping branches are in a drooping shape;

s6: carrying out integrated fertilization and watering simultaneously;

selecting saline-evergreen rootstock with branched double-short seedlings;

applying 7-10 tons of organic fertilizer per mu before planting, and deeply turning over 40-70 cm;

the planting depth is buried to the original soil print on the premise of ensuring the consistent height of the overground part of the green stock, meanwhile, a bamboo pole is vertically buried at a position 8-12 cm away from the nursery stock, watering and film covering are carried out in time after planting, and the nursery stock is bound and supported;

after field planting in the first year, removing branches below 80 cm of a trunk and branches with the thickness exceeding one half of the implantation position, coating a medicament to protect shearing mouths, pulling lateral branches carried by seedlings to be more than 120 ℃ after sprouting, shearing competing young shoots close to the extension branches of the middle trunk when young shoots on the extension branches of the middle trunk grow to 10 cm, wiping off the sprouting below 70 cm of the middle trunk at any time, opening an angle to be more than 120 ℃ by using an angle opener when the young shoots grow to 50 cm, and delaying winter pruning until beginning spring in the next year;

in the second year, in the middle ten days of 2 months to the first ten days of 3 months, removing branches with the thickness exceeding one half of the affected part and branches on the back of lateral branches, coating a medicine to protect pruning wound, opening the angle to be more than 120 degrees when the young shoots grow to 50 cm, and delaying winter pruning until beginning spring in the next year;

in the third year, in the middle ten days of 2 months to the last ten days of 3 months, branches with the thickness exceeding one half of the affected part, back branches on the lateral branches and branches within 20 centimeters from the main trunk are thinned, the cut is protected by coating a medicine, the tree height is more than 3 meters, the number of the lateral branches is more than 40, 20-25 lateral branch groups are distributed in the main trunk from 80 centimeters to 2 meters, 15 lateral branch groups are distributed in the main trunk from 2 meters to 3 meters, 3 lateral branches are distributed over 3 meters, the crown is spindle-shaped, branch groups with the thickness exceeding one half of the affected part and the fruit exceeding two years are updated when the tree is cut in winter every year, the number of the updated branch groups is one fourth to one third of the whole tree, and the opening angle is more than 120 degrees when the new tips of the main trunk and the updated branch groups grow to 50 centimeters;

after planting, when a new shoot is drawn for 3-5 cm, additional fertilization is started, wherein the nitrogen fertilizer: phosphate fertilizer: the potash fertilizer is 2:1:1, water soluble fertilizers are prepared according to the proportion of 10:1, 1 jin of water fertilizer is applied to each plant, the potash fertilizer is applied once every 15-20 days until the late 8 months, the 2-3 years after planting, the late 5 months to the early 6 months every year, after the spring tip of a fruit tree stops growing, a proper amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied, and after the spring tip stops growing, the water soluble fertilizers with high phosphorus and potassium contents are uniformly applied to promote flower bud differentiation and fruit expansion;

in the second year after planting, all inflorescences on the trees are thinned, fruiting begins in the third year, 2-5 fruits are left in each branch group at intervals of 15-20 cm, flower thinning and fruit setting are carried out according to the standard every year, and high yield is achieved in the fifth year, so that the cultivation of the double-dwarf apples without the support is realized.