CN102439805A - 在拉曼激光发射应用中使用的滤波器光纤及其制造技术 - Google Patents
在拉曼激光发射应用中使用的滤波器光纤及其制造技术 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种光波导具有折射率变化,所述折射率变化被构造为使得所述光纤在工作波长范围上具有支持多个斯托克斯频移的有效面积并且在所述工作波长范围内的目标波长下具有负色散值。所述折射率变化还被构造为使得所述光纤在比所述目标波长更长的波长下具有有限LP01截止,从而对于选定的弯曲直径,所述LP01截止波长使得在所述目标波长下的宏弯曲损耗和在比所述目标波长更长的波长下的宏弯曲损耗不同,从而抑制在比所述目标波长更长的波长下的拉曼散射。
Description
对相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2009年5月11日提交的61/177058号美国临时专利申请的优先权,该临时申请由本申请的受让人拥有,并且其全部内容通过引用包含于此。
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及光纤装置和方法,并且更具体地,涉及在拉曼激光发射应用中使用的改进的滤波器光纤以及用于设计和制造这种光纤的技术。
背景技术
光纤激光器和放大器典型地基于掺有激光激活的稀土离子(如镱(Yb)、铒(Er)、钕(Nd)等)的光纤。光纤中的受激拉曼散射是有用的效应,其可被用于在这些掺杂稀土的光纤不工作的波长区域提供非线性增益。当激光束通过拉曼激活光纤传播时发生受激拉曼散射,结果导致称为“斯托克斯频移”的可预知的波长增加。通过在一段拉曼激活光纤的输入端和输出端提供一系列特定波长的反射光栅,可以产生一系列的级联斯托克斯频移,从而将输入波长转换为选定的目标波长。
图1是根据现有技术的示例性***20的图,其中使用受激拉曼散射产生用于泵浦掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)的1480nm的高功率输出80,所述掺铒光纤放大器在1550nm区域提供增益。如所示出的,***20包括两个级:整体的Yb光纤激光器40和级联拉曼谐振器(cascaded Raman resonator,CRR)60。
在激光器40中,由一段在1000nm至1200nm区域内工作的双包层掺Yb光纤42提供激活介质。在光纤输入端44提供高反射光栅HR1,并且在光纤输出端46提供输出耦合光栅OC1。光纤42在高反射器件HR1和输出耦合器OC1之间的部分起到激光器腔体48的作用。由利用锥形光纤束(tapered fiber bundle)TFB1耦合到光纤42的多个泵浦二极管50向光纤42提供泵浦能量。在该示例中,激光器40提供波长为1117nm的单模辐射作为输出52。
该激光器的输出被用于泵浦级联拉曼谐振器60。谐振器60包括拉曼激活光纤62。在该光纤的输入端66提供多个输入光栅64,并且在该光纤的输出端70提供多个输出光栅68。所述多个输入光栅64包括高反射器件HR2-HR6;所述多个输出光栅68包括高反射器件HR7-HR11和输出耦合器OC2。
示出了针对输入高反射器件HR2-HR6、输出高反射器件HR7-HR11和输出耦合器OC2的从1175nm至1480nm的示例性波长。如图1中所示,输入光栅64和输出光栅68包括通过相应的斯托克斯频移分开的一系列嵌套的波长匹配对。输入光栅64、输出光栅68和拉曼光纤62提供一系列嵌套的拉曼腔体72。尽管图1示出了使用光栅64和68构成的级联拉曼谐振器60,但是众所周知,可以使用其它波长选择元件(如熔合光纤耦合器)和其它结构(如WDM环路镜)构成类似的谐振器。
掺Yb光纤激光器40的1117nm的输出52被提供为进入谐振器60的输入,结果导致在宽范围上的一系列级联斯托克斯频移,导致波长从1117nm的输入逐步增加到1480nm的***输出。然后可以将输出80的一个应用用于在基模下泵浦在1530至1590nm区域中提供增益的高功率的硅基掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)。
然而,在***20中,即使在实现目标波长之后,仍继续出现一定量的拉曼散射。因此,对于较高的功率,由于光被转换为下一个不需要的更高阶的斯托克斯频移而可能损失大量的泵浦能量。该不需要的斯托克斯频移限制了在期望的输出波长下能够获得的功率量。此外,如果CRR的输出80被用于泵浦EDFA,那么该不需要的更高阶斯托克斯频移可能潜在地干扰在EDFA中放大的信号波长。
发明内容
本发明解决了现有技术的这些问题以及其它问题,本发明的各方面涉及在拉曼激光发射应用中使用的滤波器光纤以及用于设计和制造这种光纤的技术。
根据本发明的一种实践方式,一种光纤包括具有折射率变化的光波导,所述折射率变化被构造为使得该光纤在工作波长范围上具有支持多个斯托克斯频移的有效面积并且在该工作波长范围内的目标波长下具有负色散值。该折射率变化还被构造为使得该光纤在比该目标波长更长的波长下具有有限LP01截止,从而对于选定的弯曲直径,该LP01截止波长使得在该目标波长下的宏弯曲损耗和在比该目标波长更长的波长下的宏弯曲损耗不同,从而本质上防止在比该目标波长更长的波长下的拉曼散射。
下面描述本发明的更多方面。
附图说明
图1是根据现有技术的级联拉曼谐振器***的图。
图2是根据本发明一方面的未按比例绘出的截面图。
图3、图3A、图3B、图3C示出根据本发明多个方面的四个示例性光纤的近似按比例绘出的折射率分布。
图4和图5是示出分别以75mm和190mm的卷轴直径(spooldiameter)评估的LP01截止波长与在1480nm和1590nm产生的宏弯曲损耗之间关系的一对曲线图。
图6是示出在W形折射率分布中导致在1590nm的恒定LP01截止波长的纤芯半径和纤芯折射率的分布的曲线图。
图7是示出根据本发明的原型滤波器光纤设计中衰减和波长之间关系的曲线图。
图8A-8C是列出四个示例性光纤设计的规格的一系列表格。
图9是根据所描述的本发明各方面的一般方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
现在描述根据本发明各方面的在高功率拉曼激光发射应用中使用的滤波器光纤及设计和制造这种光纤的技术的具体示例。
上面讨论的图1中所示的拉曼激光发射***20用于提供本讨论的背景。特别地,为了本讨论,假定例如可以使用根据本文中描述的技术构造的滤波器光纤,代替CRR 60中的拉曼光纤62。在此情况下,通过提供适当长度的滤波器光纤,并且在该光纤的输入端和输出端提供适当的输入和输出光栅组来制造CRR,该输入和输出光栅组具有配置成产生一系列级联斯托克斯频移的波长,从而将输入波长逐步转换为期望的目标波长。
然而,应该理解,可以关于其它拉曼激光发射***和配置实施当前描述的滤波器光纤和技术。例如,可以结合2009年5月11日提交的61/177058号美国临时专利申请中描述的任意激光发射***或者其变体实施本发明,该临时申请由本申请的受让人拥有,并且其全部内容通过引用包含在本文中。
如下面详细讨论的,根据本发明的滤波器光纤被构造为在工作波长范围上允许多个斯托克斯频移而无超连续谱产生。这种滤波器光纤被构造为防止对由较高阶斯托克斯频移的拉曼散射导致的超过目标波长的波长的有害泵浦能量消耗。
这些期望的特性是通过将滤波器光纤构造为包括以下属性而实现的:
(a)在它的整个工作范围上是正常(即,负的)色散,以避免超连续谱产生;
(b)有在目标波长下的小的有效面积,即,小到足以允许在工作波长范围上的多个斯托克斯频移处于期望的功率水平的有效面积;
(c)对于100米或更长的光纤长度可接受的低损耗;以及
(d)对于比目标波长更长的波长下的有限LP01模式截止,从而对于选定的弯曲直径,该LP01截止波长使得在目标波长下的宏弯曲损耗和在比目标波长更长的波长下的宏弯曲损耗不同。
注意,本讨论使用以ps/(nm-km)为单位的色散参数D。负值的D构成正常色散,而正值的D构成反常色散。在反常色散情况下,出现调制不稳定和孤波形成等现象,这两种现象都不会出现在正常色散情况下。注意,标准单模光纤具有1300nm左右的零色散波长,并且具有在比该零色散波长更长的波长下的反常色散。
根据本发明的一种实践方式,LP01截止位于在超过目标波长一半和一个斯托克斯频率频移之间的波长处,从而对于给定的卷轴直径(例如,75mm、190mm),该选定的LP01模式截止导致在目标波长的宏弯曲损耗(例如,小于0.01dB/km)和在第一斯托克斯频移的宏弯曲损耗(例如,大于300dB/km)之间有很大不同。
根据本发明的一个方面,这些光纤属性是通过使用W形折射率分布实现的。应该理解,本文中描述的本发明的各方面可使用其它折射率分布形状和其它折射率变化来实现。
不能在选定的截止波长以上引导LP01模式的W形滤波器光纤已经被用于S波段掺铒光纤放大器(EDFA)应用中。W形滤波器光纤还被用于在高功率Yb光纤放大器中抑制拉曼散射。在这些较早的应用中,滤波器光纤在宽波长范围上的色散都不是重点的考虑。
拉曼激光发射应用需要在离散的频率的拉曼增益。然而,当足够高的功率以反常色散进入光纤时,由于调制不稳定性,可能出现超连续谱的产生而不是在离散的频率的拉曼增益。因此,根据本发明的光纤被构造为在工作波长范围上展现正常色散。
因为在给定的光纤中的拉曼增益与泵浦功率强度有关,所以拉曼增益与光纤的模式的有效面积成反比。因此,根据本发明的光纤被构造为具有小的有效面积。然而,由于拉曼激光器中的光纤长度趋向于在100米以上的量级,所以光纤的功率损耗也扮演重要角色。
因此,根据本发明的滤波器光纤被构造为明显不同于较早的滤波器光纤以提供具有小有效面积、低损耗和正常色散的光纤,从而促进针对期望的目标波长的拉曼散射。该光纤使用LP01模式截止的滤波特性以阻止在比期望的目标波长更长的波长下的拉曼散射。
现在描述用于设计构造为具有上述属性的滤波器光纤的特定技术。出于讨论的目的,假定期望的目标波长是1480nm,并且在1480nm之后的第一个斯托克斯频移是1590nm。然而,通过本描述将明显看到,所描述的光纤和技术可适用于其它波长。
图2示出根据本发明第一方面的光纤100的示例的未按比例绘出的截面图。光纤100包括由氧化硅(SiO2)或其它适当的材料制成的光波导,该光波导可以被化学掺杂以产生多个不同的同心区域:
纤芯101,其具有外半径r1和折射率n1;
内包层103,其围绕纤芯101,具有外半径r2和折射率n2;以及
外包层105,其围绕内包层103,具有外半径r0和折射率n0。
图2中还示出了纤芯-内包层边界102和内包层-外包层边界104。
每个光纤区域具有相应的“折射率差”Δn,该折射率差是使用外包层折射率n0作为基准值确定的:
对于外包层105,Δn0=n0-n0=0;
对于纤芯101,Δn1=n1-n0;
对于内包层103,Δn2=n2-n0。
图3是根据本发明各方面的第一示范性光纤的近似按比例绘出的折射率分布(refractive index profile,RIP)120。RIP 120以图形形式示出光纤区域101、103、105相应的外半径r0-r2和折射率差Δn0-Δn2。
如图3中所示,RIP 120传统上被称为W形分布。它包括对应于纤芯101的中心峰(spike)121,纤芯101具有相对窄的外半径r1和相对大的正折射率差Δn1。中心峰121被对应于内包层103的沟槽123包围,内包层103具有与纤芯的外半径r1相比相对大的外半径r2,并且具有相对小的负折射率差Δn2(相对于Δn0)。沟槽123被对应于外包层105的相对平坦的外部区域125包围,外部区域125具有外半径r0和折射率差Δn0。
图3A-3C示出根据本发明的更多方面的光纤的第二和第三示例的近似按比例绘出的折射率分布120’和120”。RIP 120’和120”二者都是W形的,包括中心峰121’/121”、沟槽123’/123”和外包层125’/125”,并且具有实现期望的滤波效果的相应值r0’/r0”、r1’/r1”、r2’/r2”、Δn0’/Δn0”、Δn1’/Δn1”以及Δn2’/Δn2”。
现在描述用于针对给定的目标波长达到适当的折射率分布的技术。
在本文中描述的拉曼滤波器光纤设计中,泵浦能量在目标波长提供增益,并且不被超过该目标波长的更高阶斯托克斯散射消耗。出于讨论的目的,假定期望的目标波长是1480nm,并且在1480nm之后的第一斯托克斯频移是1590nm。然而,通过本描述将明显看到,所描述的光纤和技术可适用于其它波长。
根据本发明的滤波器光纤被构造为,与在第一斯托克斯频移波长(即1590nm)的宏弯曲损耗相比较,在目标波长(即1480nm)的宏弯曲损耗具有显著不同。当前描述的拉曼滤波应用利用该衰减不同。
在使用中,拉曼光纤典型地缠绕在具有已知直径的卷轴上。因此,在典型的拉曼激光发射应用中,拉曼光纤受到已知弯曲直径的宏弯曲损耗。
图4和图5是示出分别以75mm(图4)和190mm(图5)的卷轴直径评估的LP01截止波长与在1480nm和1590nm得到的宏弯曲损耗之间关系的一对曲线图140和150。
图4中所示的曲线图140示出当LP01截止波长在1540nm和1610nm之间时,缠绕在75mm直径卷轴上的拉曼光纤预期在1480nm具有小于0.01dB/km的宏弯曲损耗,而在1590nm具有大于100dB/km的宏弯曲损耗。类似地,图5中所示的曲线图150示出当LP01截止波长在1510nm和1590nm之间时,缠绕在190mm直径卷轴上的拉曼光纤预期在1480nm具有小于0.01dB/km的宏弯曲损耗,而在1590nm具有大于100dB/km的宏弯曲损耗。目标波长和斯托克斯波长之间的所述104量级的衰减差提供了显著的滤波效果,以抑制更高阶的拉曼散射。根据本发明的实践方式,在下一斯托克斯阶的功率比先前斯托克斯阶的功率低或者与之相当,先前阶斯托克斯阶比输出波长低20dB。
图6是示出例如图3A-3C中所示的W形折射率分布中导致在1590nm的恒定LP01截止波长的纤芯半径和纤芯折射率的轮廓的曲线图160。在这些W形设计中,纤芯被具有-0.008Δn折射率差和12μm外半径的沟槽区包围。该沟槽区又被未掺杂的氧化硅包围。图6还示出产生1590nm LP01截止波长的光纤设计在1480nm的色散,右侧纵轴上示出标度。还示出在1480nm的有效面积。该图确定了就这种W形折射率分布中的纤芯半径和纤芯折射率来说具有上述属性的设计空间。尽管这些设计是针对1480nm的目标波长以及1590nm的斯托克斯波长的进行的,但是可以针对其它目标波长的应用进行类似设计。当卷轴直径为75mm时,这些设计显示出在1480nm宏弯曲损耗低于0.01dB/km,而在1590nm宏弯曲损耗高于300dB/km。
可以将其它沟槽半径和沟槽折射率用于该W形滤波器光纤设计。一般来说,较小的外沟槽半径和较小的沟槽折射率量值会增加有效面积和宏弯曲损耗。随后的表格示出具有不同沟槽折射率和沟槽外半径、同时保持相同的1590nm LP01截止的设计中的性质比较。通过使用190mm的较大卷轴直径,拉曼滤波器光纤可以具有较大的有效面积,同时在1.48μm保持期望的负色散和低弯曲损耗。还希望选择具有较小纤芯折射率的的设计,较小的纤芯折射率一般会减小光纤衰减。
图7是示出根据本发明的原型滤波器光纤设计中衰减和波长之间关系的曲线图170。针对多个不同外包层直径产生实验数据:120μm(曲线171);121μm(曲线172);122μm(曲线173);125μm(曲线174);130μm(曲线175)和140μm(曲线176)。由于这些光纤是从同一预制品拉出的,所以它们的纤芯直径与包层直径成比例,并且例如140μm的包层直径光纤中的纤芯直径比120μm的包层直径光纤中的纤芯直径大16.7%左右。曲线171-176示出所描述的滤波效果:该滤波器光纤在截止波长之下具有低衰减,并且在截止波长之上具有高衰减。曲线171-176还示出外包层直径是在设计具有期望的截止波长的滤波器光纤时要考虑的附加参数。例如,可以在设计过程要结束时修改外包层直径以对截止波长进行精细调节。
图8A-8C是给出上面关于图3、图3A、图3B和图3C讨论的四个示例性光纤的规格和测得的性能的一系列表格180-182。图8A中给出的表格180给出光纤1(图3)、光纤2(图3A)、光纤3(图3B)和光纤4(图3C)的以下细节:
(a)纤芯半径r1(μm);
(b)纤芯折射率差Δn1;
(c)沟槽半径r2(μm);
(d)沟槽折射率差Δn2;
(e)LP01截止波长(nm);
(f)在1480nm的色散(ps/nm/km);
(g)在1480nm的有效面积Aoff(μm2)
图8B中给出的表格181给出这四个光纤对于75mm的弯曲半径、在1480nm和1590nm的弯曲损耗。图8C中给出的表格182给出这四个光纤对于190mm的弯曲半径、在在1480nm和1590nm的弯曲损耗。如表格181和182中所示,所描述的光纤设计导致在目标波长1480nm的弯曲损耗和在超过该目标波长一个斯托克斯频移的1590nm的弯曲损耗显著不同。
图9是给出用于设计根据本文中给出的本发明的各方面的滤波器光纤的一般方法200的流程图。该方法包括以下部分:
框201:提供具有折射率变化的光波导,该折射率变化被构造为使得该光纤在工作波长范围上具有支持多个斯托克斯频移的有效面积并且在该工作波长范围内的目标波长下具有负色散值。
框202:将该光纤构造为使得该光纤在比所述目标波长更长的波长下具有有限LP01截止,从而对于选定的弯曲直径,该LP01截止波长使得在该目标波长下的宏弯曲损耗和在比该目标波长更长的波长下的宏弯曲损耗不同。
框203:从而抑制在比该目标波长更长的波长下的拉曼散射。
尽管以上描述包括使本领域技术人员能够实现本发明的细节,但是应该理解,本描述本质上是说明性的,并且对于受益于这些教导的本领域技术人员来说,对以上描述的许多修改及改变是显而易见的。因此,希望本发明仅由所附权利要求限定,并且如现有技术所允许的那样宽泛地解释权利要求。
Claims (25)
1.一种光纤,包括:
具有折射率变化的光波导,所述折射率变化被构造为使得所述光纤在工作波长范围上具有支持多个斯托克斯频移的有效面积,并且在所述工作波长范围内的目标波长下具有负色散值,
其中所述折射率变化还被构造为使得所述光纤在比所述目标波长更长的波长下具有有限LP01截止,从而对于选定的弯曲直径,所述LP01截止波长使得在所述目标波长下的宏弯曲损耗和在比所述目标波长更长的波长下的宏弯曲损耗不同,
从而抑制在比所述目标波长更长的波长下的拉曼散射。
2.根据权利要求1所述的光纤,其中所述折射率变化包括方位角折射率变化。
3.根据权利要求1所述的光纤,其中所述折射率变化包括径向折射率变化。
4.根据权利要求3所述的光纤,其中所述光波导包括多个同心区域,所述多个同心区域包括纤芯、围绕所述纤芯的内包层和围绕所述内包层的外包层,每个光纤区域具有相应的外半径和相应的折射率差。
5.根据权利要求1所述的光纤,其中对于选定的弯曲直径,在所述目标波长下的宏弯曲损耗低于0.01dB/km,并且在超过所述目标波长一个斯托克斯频移处的宏弯曲损耗大于300dB/km。
6.根据权利要求5所述的光纤,其中所述选定的弯曲直径对应于所述滤波器光纤缠绕在其上的光纤卷轴的弯曲直径。
7.根据权利要求5所述的光纤,其中折射率分布具有对应于所述纤芯的中心峰和对应于所述内包层的沟槽,其中所述中心峰具有正折射率差,并且所述沟槽具有负折射率差。
8.根据权利要求5所述的光纤,
其中所述外包层具有外半径r0、折射率n0和折射率差Δn=0,
其中所述纤芯具有外半径r1、折射率n1和折射率差Δn1=n1-n0,并且
其中所述内包层具有外半径r2、折射率n2和折射率差Δn2=n2-n0。
9.根据权利要求8所述的光纤,
其中所述目标波长是1480nm,其中所述光纤具有1590nm处的第一斯托克斯频移和1590nm处的LP01截止波长,并且,
其中,在±10%范围内,
r1=2.0μm,
Δn1=0.01308,
r2=12μm,
Δn2=-0.008。
10.根据权利要求8所述的光纤,
其中所述目标波长是1480nm,其中所述光纤具有1590nm处的第一斯托克斯频移和1590nm处的LP01截止波长,并且,
其中,在±10%的范围内,
r1=2.5μm,
Δn1=0.00917,
r2=6μm,
Δn2=-0.008。
11.根据权利要求8所述的光纤,
其中所述目标波长是1480nm,其中所述光纤具有1590nm处的第一斯托克斯频移和1590nm处的LP01截止波长,并且,
其中,在±10%的范围内,
r1=2.0μm,
Δn1=0.01098,
r2=12μm,
Δn2=-0.004。
12.根据权利要求8所述的光纤,
其中所述目标波长是1480nm,其中所述光纤具有1590nm处的第一斯托克斯频移和1590nm处的LP01截止波长,并且,
其中,在±10%的范围内,
r1=1.8μm,
Δn1=0.01529,
r2=8μm,
Δn2=-0.008。
13.一种包括根据权利要求1所述的光纤的拉曼放大器。
14.一种包括根据权利要求1所述的光纤的级联拉曼谐振器。
15.一种制造滤波器光纤的方法,包括:
提供具有折射率变化的光波导,所述折射率变化被构造为使得所述光纤在工作波长范围上具有支持多个斯托克斯频移的有效面积,并且在所述工作波长范围内的目标波长下具有负色散值,
将所述光纤的折射率变化构造为使得所述光纤在比所述目标波长更长的波长下具有有限LP01截止,从而对于选定的弯曲直径,所述LP01截止波长使得在所述目标波长下的宏弯曲损耗和在比所述目标波长更长的波长下的宏弯曲损耗不同,
从而抑制在比所述目标波长更长的波长下的拉曼散射。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法,还包括:
提供包括方位角折射率变化的折射率变化。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法,还包括:
提供包括径向折射率变化的折射率变化。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法,还包括:
提供包括多个同心区域的光波导,所述多个同心区域包括纤芯、围绕所述纤芯的内包层和围绕所述内包层的外包层,每个光纤区域具有相应的外半径和相应的折射率差。
19.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中对于选定的弯曲直径,在所述目标波长下的宏弯曲损耗低于0.01dB/km,并且在超过所述目标波长一个斯托克斯频移处的宏弯曲损耗大于300dB/km。
20.根据权利要求15所述的方法,其中所述选定的弯曲直径对应于所述滤波器光纤缠绕在其上的光纤卷轴的弯曲直径。
21.根据权利要求17所述的方法,其中折射率分布具有对应于所述纤芯的中心峰和对应于所述内包层的沟槽,其中所述中心峰具有正折射率差,并且所述沟槽具有负折射率差。
22.根据权利要求17所述的方法,
其中所述外包层具有外半径r0、折射率n0和折射率差Δn=0,
其中所述纤芯具有外半径r1、折射率n1和折射率差Δn1=n1-n0,并且
其中所述内包层具有外半径r2、折射率n2和折射率差Δn2=n2-n0。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法,
其中所述目标波长是1480nm,其中所述光纤具有1590nm处的第一斯托克斯频移和1590nm处的LP01截止波长,并且,
其中,在±10%的范围内,
r1=2.0μm,
Δn1=0.01308,
r2=12μm,
Δn2=-0.008。
24.根据权利要求22所述的方法,
其中所述目标波长是1480nm,其中所述光纤具有1590nm处的第一斯托克斯频移和1590nm处的LP01截止波长,并且,
其中,在±10%的范围内,
r1=2.5μm,
Δn1=0.00917,
r2=6μm,
Δn2=-0.008。
25.根据权利要求22所述的方法,
其中所述目标波长是1480nm,其中所述光纤具有1590nm处的第一斯托克斯频移和1590nm处的LP01截止波长,并且,
其中,在±10%的范围内,
r1=2.0μm,
Δn1=0.01098,
r2=12μm,
Δn2=-0.004。
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