CN102245536B - 半导体陶瓷以及正特性热敏电阻 - Google Patents

半导体陶瓷以及正特性热敏电阻 Download PDF

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CN102245536B
CN102245536B CN2009801497606A CN200980149760A CN102245536B CN 102245536 B CN102245536 B CN 102245536B CN 2009801497606 A CN2009801497606 A CN 2009801497606A CN 200980149760 A CN200980149760 A CN 200980149760A CN 102245536 B CN102245536 B CN 102245536B
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semiconductive ceramic
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后藤正人
胜勇人
阿部直晃
岸本敦司
中山晃庆
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Murata Manufacturing Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明的半导体陶瓷,以具有由通式AmBO3表示的钙钛矿型结构的BamTiO3类组合物作为主成分,构成A位的Ba的一部分至少被碱金属元素、Bi以及稀土元素取代,并且A位与B位的摩尔比m为0.990≤m≤0.999(优选0.990≤m≤0.995)。另外,Ba的一部分用Ca取代,并且将构成A位的元素的总摩尔数设为1摩尔时的上述Ca的含量,以摩尔比换算为0.042~0.20(优选0.125~0.175)。PTC热敏电阻,部件基体(1)由该半导体陶瓷形成。由此,即使含有碱金属元素,也得到良好的上升特性。

Description

半导体陶瓷以及正特性热敏电阻
技术领域
本发明涉及半导体陶瓷以及正特性热敏电阻,更详细而言,涉及具有正的电阻温度系数(Positive Temperature Coefficient;以下称为“PTC特性”)的半导体陶瓷、以及用于加热器等的正特性热敏电阻(以下称为“PTC热敏电阻”)。 
背景技术
钛酸钡(BaTiO3)类半导体陶瓷通过施加电压而发热,具有超过从正方晶向立方晶相转移的居里点Tc时电阻值急剧增大的PTC特性。 
具有PTC特性的半导体陶瓷,如上所述由于电压施加引起的发热,在超过居里点Tc时,电阻值增大而电流变得难以流动,温度降低。这样,温度降低而电阻值减小时,电流再次变得容易流动,温度上升。半导体陶瓷通过反复进行上述过程,收敛为一定的温度或电流,因此,作为加热器用热敏电阻或发动机启动用热敏电阻广泛使用。 
由于用于例如加热器用途的PTC热敏电阻在高温下使用,因此要求居里点Tc高。因而,一直以来,通过用Pb取代BaTiO3中的Ba的一部分,提高居里点Tc。 
但是,由于Pb为环境负荷物质,因此,考虑到环境方面时,要求开发实质上不含有Pb的非铅类的半导体陶瓷。 
例如,在专利文献1中提出了一种BaTiO3类半导体陶瓷的制造方法,其中,在用Bi-Na取代BaTiO3中的Ba的一部分后的Ba1-2x(BiNa)xTiO3(其中,0<x≤0.15)的结构中,加入Nb、Ta或稀土元素中的任一种或一种以上,在氮气中进行烧结后,在氧化性气氛中进行热处理。 
该专利文献1中,得到非铅类、并且居里点Tc高达140~255℃、电阻温度系数为16~20%/℃的BaTiO3类半导体陶瓷。 
另外,在专利文献2中提出了一种半导体磁器组成物,其中,将组成 式表示为[(A10.5A20.5)x(Ba1-yQy)1-x]TiO3(其中,A1为Na、K、Li中的一种或二种以上,A2为Bi,Q为La、Dy、Eu、Gd中的一种或二种以上),上述x、y满足0<x≤0.2、0.002≤y≤0.01。 
在该专利文献2中也得到为非铅类的半导体陶瓷、并且居里点Tc为130℃以上的组合物。 
现有技术文献 
专利文献 
专利文献1:日本特开昭56-169301号公报 
专利文献2:特别特开2005-255493号公报 
发明内容
发明要解决的问题 
上述专利文献1和专利文献2中,为了提高居里点Tc,将Ba的一部分与碱金属元素进行取代。 
例如在加热器用PTC热敏电阻的情况下,优选在施加电压后在短时间内收敛成一定的温度。因此,优选上升时的电阻温度系数(以下,称为“上升系数”)大,上升特性为大斜率。 
另一方面,半导体陶瓷通常经过称量原材料、湿式下的混合粉碎工序、干燥工序、预煅烧工序、成形工序和烧成工序等来制作。 
但是,在纯水作为溶剂以湿式进行混合粉碎时,混合粉末中的碱金属元素溶解在纯水中,混合粉末在之后的干燥工序中缓慢干燥。因此,碱金属元素在干燥时溶入到水中,干燥后碱金属元素之间容易形成凝聚块,变得难以均匀地分散。在该分散性降低的状态下实施预煅烧工序和烧成工序来制作烧结体时,该烧结体内有可能碱金属元素的浓度高的部位和低的部分混合存在。 
在这样的状况下,烧结体内的组成分布变得不均匀,产生偏差。这样在组成中产生偏差时,在烧结体内的各区域居里点Tc也不同,例如,有可能在碱金属的浓度高的区域内居里点Tc增高,在碱金属的浓度低的区域内居里点Tc降低。 
本发明是鉴于这样的情况而完成的,其目的在于提供即使含有碱金 属元素上升(立ち上がり)特性也良好的半导体陶瓷、以及使用其的PTC热敏电阻。 
解决问题的技术手段 
本发明人对于具有钙钛矿型结构(通式AmBO3)的(Ba,M1,Bi,Ln)mTiO3类材料(M1表示碱金属元素,Ln表示稀土元素),进行了深入的研究,结果得到如下启示:通过将A位与B位的摩尔比m设为与化学计量组成相比B位略微富集的规定范围,可以得到良好的上升特性。 
本发明是基于这样的启示而完成的,本发明的半导体陶瓷,是实质上不含有Pb的非铅类,其特征在于,以具有由通式AmBO3表示的钙钛矿型结构的BamTiO3类组合物作为主成分,构成A位的Ba的一部分至少被碱金属元素、Bi以及稀土元素取代,并且A位与B位的摩尔比m为0.990≤m≤0.999。 
另外,上述“实质上不含有Pb”是指没有有意地添加Pb,本发明中,将这样没有有意地添加Pb的组成体系称为非铅类。 
另外,本发明人进一步深入地研究,结果判明,通过使A位中的Ca的含量以摩尔比换算为0.042~0.20,可以得到上升系数α进一步提高、实现低电阻化的半导体陶瓷。 
即,本发明的半导体陶瓷,优选上述Ba的一部分被Ca取代,并且将上述构成A位的元素的总摩尔数设为1摩尔的情况下,上述Ca的含量以摩尔比换算计为0.042~0.20。 
另外,本发明的半导体陶瓷,优选上述Ca的含量以摩尔比换算计为0.125~0.175。 
另外,本发明的半导体陶瓷,优选上述摩尔比m为0.990≤m≤0.995。 
另外,本发明的半导体陶瓷,优选上述Ca的含量以摩尔比换算计为0.125~0.175、且上述摩尔比m为0.996≤m≤0.999。 
另外,本发明的PTC热敏电阻,在部件基体的表面上形成有一对外部电极,其特征在于,上述部件基体是用上述半导体陶瓷形成的。 
发明效果 
根据本发明的半导体陶瓷,以具有由通式AmBO3表示的钙钛矿型结构的BamTiO3类组合物作为主成分,构成A位的Ba的一部分至少被碱金属 元素、Bi以及稀土元素取代,并且A位与B位的摩尔比m为0.990≤m≤0.999(优选0.990≤m≤0.995),因此,可以得到具有良好的上升特性的半导体陶瓷。 
另外,上述Ba的一部分用Ca取代,并且将上述构成A位的元素的总摩尔数设为1摩尔时的上述Ca的含量,以摩尔比换算为0.042~0.20(优选0.125~0.175),因此,可以得到上升特性良好、并且实现低电阻化的半导体陶瓷。另外,在Ca的含量以摩尔比换算为0.125~0.175、且A位与B位的摩尔比m为0.996≤m≤0.999时,上升特性良好,且实现更进一步的低电阻化。 
另外,根据本发明的PTC热敏电阻,在部件基体的表面上形成有一对外部电极,由于所述部件基体由上述半导体陶瓷形成,因此可以得到确保所期望的PTC特性的同时,具有良好的上升特性、并且通过含有Ca而电阻率低的PTC热敏电阻。 
具体而言,可以得到上升系数α超过20%/℃的PTC热敏电阻,在还含有规定量的Ca时,可以得到上升系数α为30%/℃以上并且电阻率为40Ω·cm以下的PTC热敏电阻。 
附图说明
图1是表示本发明的PTC热敏电阻的一个实施方式的立体图。 
图2试样编号11的TEM图像。 
具体实施方式
以下,对本发明的实施方式进行详细说明。 
作为本发明的一个实施方式的半导体陶瓷,具有主成分为通式(A)表示的钙钛矿型结构。 
(Ba1-w-x-zM1wBixLnz)mTiO3    …(A) 
在此,M1表示以Li、Na、K为代表的碱金属元素。另外,Ln表示作为半导体化剂的稀土元素。作为该稀土元素Ln,只要发挥作为半导体化剂的作用,则没有特别的限定,可以优选使用选自La、Y、Sm、Nd、Dy以及Gd中的一种以上。 
A位(Ba位)与B位(Ti位)的摩尔比m满足式(1)。 
0.990≤m≤0.999    …(1) 
由此,通过将摩尔比m设定在上述式(1)的范围内,可以使电阻值的上升特性变良好。 
即,本实施方式的半导体陶瓷,由于在原材料中含有碱金属化合物和Ti化合物,因此,在混合各原材料进行热处理(预煅烧)时,碱金属元素M1与Ti反应,生成M1-Ti化合物。 
然而,本发明人利用TEM-EDX(透射型电子显微镜-能量分散型X射线分析装置)对烧成后的半导体陶瓷进行分析,结果发现,摩尔比m达到0.999以下时,M1-Ti化合物在晶界比在晶粒内析出的量多(参照后述的实施例)。 
这样,M1-Ti化合物在晶界析出,作为受体的Na的浓度在晶界增高,由此,上升系数α增大,上升特性变成大斜率。 
即,如上(发明要解决的问题)所述,在湿式的混合粉碎工序中碱金属元素M1溶解在纯水中,在之后的干燥工序中混合粉末缓慢干燥,因此,干燥后碱金属元素之间容易形成凝聚快,该碱金属元素M1不能均匀地分散在混合粉末中。结果,在该分散性降低的状态下实施预煅烧和烧成时,在一个半导体陶瓷内生成碱金属的浓度高的部位和低的部位,这认为是上升特性变缓的原因。 
但是,B位富集时,在形成混合粉末中的凝聚块的碱金属元素M1的高浓度区域内,碱金属元素M1与过量含有的Ti反应,生成的M1-Ti化合物大量在晶界析出。由此,进行晶粒内的组成的均匀化的另一方面,作为受体的碱金属元素M1大量在晶界偏析,由此上升系数α增大,得到大斜率的上升特性。 
根据这样的理由,在本实施方式中,以B位富集、即A位与B位的摩尔比m为0.999以下的方式进行组成配合。 
其中,上述摩尔比m低于0.990时,M1-Ti化合物在晶界析出过量,因此晶界电阻上升,进行高电阻化。 
这样,本实施方式中,以A位与B位的摩尔比m为0.990≤m≤0.999、优选0.990≤m≤0.995的方式配合各成分。 
另外,如上所述通过将摩尔比m设为0.990≤m≤0.999,可以得到良好的上升特性,通过使Ca固溶在A位,可以进一步提高上升特性,可以使电阻率降低。 
此时,半导体陶瓷具有主成分由通式(B)表示的钙钛矿型结构。 
(Ba1-w-x-y-zM1wBixCayLnz)mTiO3    …(B) 
即,通过用Ca取代Ba的一部分,结晶轴的c轴与a轴之比增大,结晶的正方晶性提高,强介电性提高。结果,自发极化增大,可以消除晶界障碍,由此,能够进行半导体陶瓷的低电阻化,可以实现适用于例如加热器的PTC热敏电阻。 
另外,用Ca取代Ba的一部分时,通常结晶粒径变小,但在用碱金属元素M1以及Bi取代Ba的一部分的本实施方式中,在烧成时粒子生长,因此,结晶粒径增大。因而,每单位厚度的晶界的个数减少,即使这样,也可以实现电阻值的低电阻化。 
另外通过添加Ca,不仅进行低电阻化,而且也具有上升系数α提高的效果。 
其中,A位中的Ca的摩尔比y优选设定在满足式(2)的范围内。 
0.042≤y≤0.20    …(2) 
即,A位中的Ca的摩尔比y低于0.042时,Ca的含量少,因此,不能充分地提高结晶的正方晶性,结晶粒径也未变大,难以得到具有所期望的低电阻的半导体陶瓷。 
另一方面,Ca的摩尔比y超过0.20时,超过Ca的固溶限界,因此,Ca在晶界析出,从而有可能电阻值上升。 
在本实施方式中,优选以A位中的Ca的摩尔比y达到0.042~0.20的方式配合组成成分。另外,为了实现更进一步的低电阻化和上升系数的提高,更优选上述摩尔比y为0.125~0.175。 
另外,在Ca的摩尔比y为0.125~0.175、且A位与B位的摩尔比m为0.996≤m≤0.999时,上升特性良好,且实现更进一步的低电阻化。 
这样在本实施方式中,通过以A位与B位的摩尔比m、以及A位中的Ca的摩尔比y分别满足上述(1)、(2)的方式配合组成成分,可以得到良好的上升特性,并且实现低电阻化。 
另外,A位中的Na的摩尔比w与Bi的摩尔比x的合计摩尔比(w+x)优选为0.02~0.20。这是由于,合计摩尔比(w+x)低于0.02时,具有居里点Tc降低的倾向,另一方面,合计摩尔比(w+x)超过0.20时,Na和Bi容易挥发,因此,容易产生偏离烧结体的理论组成的组成偏差。 
另外,A位中的稀土元素Ln的摩尔比z优选为0.0005~0.015。即这是由于,稀土元素Ln作为半导体化剂添加,摩尔比z低于0.0005或超过0.015时,有可能难以进行半导体化。 
另外,从PTC特性的提高的观点出发,本发明优选相对于由上述通式(A)或(B)表示的主成分1摩尔份添加0.0001~0.0020摩尔份的Mn。 
此时,半导体陶瓷分别用通式(C)或(D)表示。 
(Ba1-w-x-zM1wBixLnz)mTiO3+nMn    …(C) 
(Ba1-w-x-y-zM1wBixCayLnz)mTiO3+nMn  …(D) 
其中,n为0.0001≤n≤0.0020。 
Mn具有作为受体的作用,因此,通过在上述范围内添加Mn,可以在晶界形成受主能级,由此提高PTC位数,可以使PTC特性进一步提高。作为Mn的添加形式,没有特别的限定,可以使用氧化锰的溶胶和粉末、或者硝酸锰水溶液等任意的锰化合物。 
接着,对于使用上述半导体陶瓷的PTC热敏电阻进行详细说明。 
图1是示意地表示上述PTC热敏电阻的一个实施方式的立体图。 
即,该PTC热敏电阻具备:由上述半导体陶瓷形成的部件基体1、和在该部件基体1的两端部(表面)上形成的一对外部电极2a、2b。另外,外部电极2a、2b由包含Cu、Ni、Al、Cr、Ni-Cr合金、Ni-Cu等导电性材料的一层结构或多层结构形成。 
另外,在该实施方式中,外观形成为圆柱状,也可以为圆板状和长方体形状等。 
接着,说明上述PTC热敏电阻的制造方法。 
首先,作为原材料,准备Ba化合物、含有碱金属元素M1的M1化合物、Bi化合物以及含有所规定的稀土元素Ln的Ln化合物。根据需要准备Ca化合物。以半导体陶瓷的成分组成达到规定比率的方式称量这些原材料,调合,得到混合粉末。 
接着,在该混合粉末中加入作为溶剂的纯水以及高分子类分散剂,与PSZ(部分稳定化氧化锆)球等粉碎介质一起在球磨机内以湿式充分地混合粉碎,使溶剂干燥,之后,使用规定开孔的筛进行选粒。接着,在800~1000℃的范围内进行2小时的热处理,得到预煅烧粉末。在该预煅烧粉末中加入乙酸乙烯酯类有机粘合剂、纯水以及根据需要的Mn化合物,再次与粉碎介质一起充分地混合粉碎。使粉碎后的浆料干燥。接着,使用规定开孔的筛对该干燥物进行选粒,之后,使用单轴加压机等加压机进行加压成形,得到成形体。 
将该成形体在大气气氛、氮气气氛、或者它们的混合气流中在500~600℃下进行脱粘合剂处理,之后,在氧气浓度10~5000体积ppm的氮气气氛中、进行半导体化的温度、例如最高煅烧温度1250~1450℃下煅烧规定时间,得到作为烧结体的部件基体1。 
这样,通过对部件基体1的两端部进行镀敷处理、溅射、电极烧结等,形成外部电极2a、2b,由此,得到PTC热敏电阻。 
另外,本发明并不限定于上述实施方式。例如,在上述半导体陶瓷中,以BamTiO3作为主成分,用需要量的碱金属元素M1、Bi、Ca以及稀土元素Ln取代Ba的一部分即可,即使不可避免地混入杂质,对特性也没有影响。例如,在湿式下的混合粉碎时用作粉碎介质的PSZ球有可能整体混入约0.2~0.3重量%,但对特性没有影响,同样有可能在原材料中混入约10重量ppm的微量的Fe、Si、Cu,对特性没有影响。另外,本发明的半导体陶瓷为非铅类,如上所述,实质上不含有Pb即可,但不排除在对特性没有影响的范围内不可避免地以10重量ppm以下的范围混入的程度的Pb。 
下面,对本发明的实施例具体地进行说明。 
实施例1 
在该实施例1中,制作不添加Ca仅使摩尔比m不同的各种试样,评价特性。 
准备作为主成分的原材料的BaCO3、Na2CO3、Bi2O3、TiO2以及Y2O3,以使烧结后的组成如表1所示的方式称量各原材料,调合,得到混合粉末。 
接着,加入纯水(溶剂)和聚丙烯酸类高分子型分散剂,与PSZ球一起在球磨机内混合粉碎24小时,之后,使纯水干燥,用开孔为300μm的筛进行选粒。接着,在800~1000℃的温度范围内进行2小时的热处理,得到预煅烧粉末。
接着,在该预煅烧粉末中加入乙酸乙烯酯类的有机粘合剂、硝酸锰水溶液,与PSZ球一起在球磨机中以湿式混合粉碎16小时,制作浆料。另外,硝酸锰水溶液的添加量相对于主成分1摩尔份以Mn换算达到0.00025摩尔份的方式进行调节。 
使该浆料干燥后,使用开孔为300μm的筛进行选粒,得到原料粉末。 
接着,用单轴加压机以9.8×107Pa(1000kgf/cm2)的压力对该原料粉末进行加压,成形,得到直径14mm、厚度2.5mm的圆板状成形体。 
将该圆板状成形体在大气中、600℃的温度下进行脱粘合剂处理2小时,在氧气浓度100体积ppm的氮气气氛中、最高煅烧温度1400℃下煅烧2小时,得到试样编号1~8的半导体陶瓷。 
接着,将该半导体陶瓷实施抛光研磨,干式镀层,形成NiCr/NiCu/Ag的三层结构的外部电极,由此,制作试样编号1~8的试样。 
下面,对于试样编号1~8的试样,求出温度25℃(室温)下的电阻率ρ0、上升系数α以及居里点Tc。 
在此,电阻率ρ0是在温度25℃下施加1V的电压通过直流四端子法进行测定。 
上升系数α是表示PTC热敏电阻的能力的指标,在本实施方式中,通过式(3)求出。 
[0097] α=230×log(ρ10010)/(T100-T10)…(3) 
[0098] 在此,ρ100、ρ10表示相对于室温25℃下测定时的电阻率ρ0分别为100倍、10倍时的电阻率,T100、T10表示ρ100、ρ10的温度。 
因此,测定温度T与电阻率ρ的特性(以下,称为“ρ-T特性”),由ρ-T特性求出上升系数α。 
另外,居里点Tc为室温25℃下的电阻率ρ0达到2倍的温度,由ρ-T特性求出居里点Tc。 
表1表示试样编号1~8的各试样的成分组成与测定结果。 
另外,将电阻率ρ0为100Ω·cm以下、且上升系数α为20%/℃以上的试样判断为良品。 
表1 
Figure BPA00001388160900101
*本发明(权利要求1)范围之外 
由表1可知,试样编号1即使在最高煅烧温度1400℃下进行煅烧也无法半导体化。这可以认为是由于,摩尔比m为0.985,B位富集过量,因此,Na-Ti化合物在晶界过度析出,晶界电阻上升,进行高电阻化。 
试样编号7的上升系数α低,为14.3%/℃。这可以认为是由于,摩尔比m为化学计量比1.000,因此,作为碱金属元素M1的Na的分散性差,在烧结体内产生组成偏差。 
试样编号8的上升系数α更低,为12.1%/℃。这可以认为是由于,摩尔比m为1.005,A位富集,因此,Na的分散性进一步变差,更加助长在烧结体内的组成偏差。 
相对于此,试样编号2~6中,摩尔比m为0.990~0.999,适度的B位富集,Na的分散性变良好,因此,烧结后的组成的均匀性也提高, 上升系数α为21.3~29.6%/℃,为20%/℃以上。 
在该实施例2中,制作含有Ca的各种试样,确认Ca的添加效果。 
即,准备作为主成分的原材料的BaCO3、CaCO3、Na2CO3、K2CO3、Bi2O3、TiO2以及Y2O3,以使烧结后的组成如表2所示的方式称量各原材料,调合,得到混合粉末。 
之后,按照与实施例1同样的方法、顺序制作试样编号11~25的试样。 
接着,对于试样编号11~25的各试样,按照与实施例1同样的方法、顺序,求出温度25℃(室温)下的电阻率ρ0、上升系数α以及居里点Tc。 
表2表示试样编号11~25的各试样的成分组成与测定结果。 
另外,将上升系数α为20%/℃以上的试样判断为良品,将上升系数α为30%/℃以上、且电阻率ρ0为40Ω·cm以下的试样判断为优良品。 
表2 
Figure BPA00001388160900121
**本发明范围(权利要求2)之外 
由该表2可知,试样编号11~25的各试样的摩尔比m为0.995,在本发明范围内,因此,上升系数α为23.1~36.9%/℃,为20%/℃以上, 得到良好的结果。 
另外,不含有Ca的试样(试样编号11)和过量含有Ca的试样(试样编号24)中,上升系数α为约20%/℃,相对于此,A位中的Ca的摩尔比y为0.042~0.20的试样(试样编号12~23以及25)中,上升系数α升高为30%/℃以上。 
同样,不含有Ca的试样(试样编号11)和过量含有Ca的试样(试样编号24)中,电阻率ρ0超过40Ω·cm,相对于此,Ca的摩尔比y为0.042~0.20的试样(试样编号12~23以及25)中,可以将电阻率ρ0抑制到40Ω·cm以下。 
另外,在A位中的Ca的摩尔比y为0.125~0.175的试样15~22的情况下,电阻率ρ0为30Ω·cm以下,因此更优选。 
另外,由试样编号25可知,使用K代替Na时,上升系数α以及电阻率ρ0也得到良好的结果。即,添加元素即使为Na以外的碱金属元素,也可以达到期望的目的。 
下面,对试样编号11使用TEM-EDX进行组成分析,测定晶粒内以及晶界上的Na与Ti之比Na/Ti。 
图2是TEM图像。 
点A以及点B表示晶粒内的测定点,点C表示晶界上的测定点。关于Ni/Ti比,点a为0.0586,点b为0.0705,点c为0.0962。即,确认过量添加的Ti与Na反应,该Na-Ti化合物在晶界大量存在。 
在该实施例3中,使摩尔比m以及摩尔比y不同,评价特性。 
准备作为主成分的原材料的BaCO3、CaCO3、Na2CO3、Bi2O3、TiO2以及Y2O3,以使烧结后的组成如表3所示的方式称量各原材料,调合,得到混合粉末。 
之后,按照与实施例1同样的方法、顺序制作试样编号31~46的试样。 
接着,对于试样编号31~46的各试样,按照与实施例1同样的方法、顺序,求出温度25℃(室温)下的电阻率ρ0、上升系数α以及居里点Tc。 
表3表示试样编号31~46的各试样的成分组成与测定结果。 
表3 
Figure BPA00001388160900141
*本发明(权利要求1)范围之外 
由该表3可知,添加Ca对摩尔比m进行各种变更的情况下也得到与实施例2大致同样的结果。 
即,试样编号31中摩尔比m为0.985,B位富集过量,因此,作 为半导体化剂的Y的含量相对减少,即使在最高煅烧温度1400℃下进行煅烧,也无法进行半导体化。 
试样编号45中,摩尔比m为化学计量比1.000,因此,作为碱金属元素的Na的分散性差,在烧结体内产生组成偏差,所以上升系数α降低至18.5%/℃。 
试样编号46中,由于摩尔比m为1.005,A位富集,Na的分散性进一步变差,因此,更加助长在烧结体内的组成偏差,上升系数α进一步降低至14.4%/℃。 
相对于此,试样编号32~44中,由于摩尔比m为0.990~0.999,适度的B位富集,Na的分散性变良好,因此,烧结后的组成的均匀性也提高,上升系数α为30.3~37.4%/℃,为20%/℃以上。并且,A位中的Ca的摩尔比y为0.125~0.175,因此,可以使电阻率ρ0降低至30Ω·cm以下。 
另外,如果摩尔比m为0.990~0.995,并且A位中的Ca的摩尔比y为0.125~0.175,则上升系数达到35%/℃以上,因此更优选。 
另外,如果摩尔比m为0.996~0.999,并且A位中的Ca的摩尔比y为0.125~0.175,则上升系数高达30.3%/℃,而且电阻率低于10Ω·cm,在要求电阻率小的情况下更有效。 
符号说明 
1 部件基体 
2a、2b 外部电极 

Claims (5)

1.一种半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,其是实质上不含有Pb的非铅类半导体陶瓷,
其以具有由通式AmBO3表示的钙钛矿型结构的BamTiO3类组合物作为主成分,
构成A位的Ba中的一部分至少被碱金属元素、Bi及稀土元素取代,
并且A位与B位的摩尔比m为0.990≤m≤0.999,
所述Ba的一部分被Ca取代,并且将所述构成A位的元素的总摩尔数设为1摩尔的情况下,所述Ca的含量以摩尔比换算计为0.042~0.20。
2.根据权利要求1所述的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述Ca的含量以摩尔比换算计为0.125~0.175。
3.根据权利要求1或者2所述的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,所述摩尔比m为0.990≤m≤0.995。
4.根据权利要求2所述的半导体陶瓷,其特征在于,A位与B位的摩尔比m为0.996≤m≤0.999。
5.一种正特性热敏电阻,在部件基体的表面上形成有一对外部电极,其特征在于,
所述部件基体是用权利要求1~4中任一项所述的半导体陶瓷形成的。
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