CN101849088B - 用于使燃料在压燃式发动机中进行基本无NOx燃烧的发动机***和方法 - Google Patents
用于使燃料在压燃式发动机中进行基本无NOx燃烧的发动机***和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种发动机***,包括:压燃式发动机(20),其包括至少一个燃烧室;和冷焰汽化器(40),在所述冷焰汽化器中,燃料在预热空气中被部分氧化以形成冷焰气体。所述冷焰汽化器(40)与所述压燃式发动机(20)的燃烧室流体连通。还设置了:用于供应空气的装置(50),其供应空气使得所述冷焰气体能够在被喷入所述燃烧室中之前与该另外的空气混合;和用于将引燃燃料喷入所述燃烧室中的装置(22),由此在所述燃烧室中产生用于点燃冷焰气体与空气的混合物的引燃火焰。本发明还提供了用于使柴油燃料在压燃式发动机(20)中进行基本无NOx燃烧的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种在废气中含较少NOx排放物的发动机***和一种用于减少废气中NOx含量的方法。本发明还涉及用于基本无NOx燃烧的的发动机***和方法的使用。
背景技术
冷焰是迄今尚未被非常关注的一种现象。在冷焰中,燃料在预热空气中被部分氧化且温度保持恒定在约450℃,其与空气/燃料比和停留时间无关。在冷焰过程中,仅有2-20%的燃料发热值被释放,且这些热量用于使燃料汽化,从而提供均匀的气态燃料。在研发工作中,已经观察到气体能够将碳沉积物从反应器壁去除。这个的原因尚未确定,不过,人们认为这是由于冷焰气体(即,被部分氧化的气态燃料)中存在的自由基所致。
对冷焰气体现象的更完全描述可以在美国专利US 6,793,693中查到。
从靠过量空气运行的压燃式发动机(通常被不严格地称为柴油发动机)中排出的废气主要包含颗粒物、NOx和不完全燃烧产物(HC和CO)。
如果废气略微呈还原性(如在奥托发动机中那样),则仅可通过催化方式去除NOx。在压燃式发动机中,情况通常并非如此。
减少柴油发动机中NOx排放物的已知方式是,使一些废气再循环回到发动机中(EGR)。虽然这对于靠清洁柴油燃料运行的较小柴油发动机有效果,但对于靠重燃油运行的较大发动机却是不实用的,这是因为其将在废气中产生颗粒物,这些颗粒物将与润滑油混合并导致发动机过早磨损。在EGR回路中***过滤器的尝试并未成功,这是因为废气还包含盐和其它金属化合物,这些盐和其它金属化合物将在过滤器再生过程中熔化(当温度升高到800℃以上时)并导致过滤器的永久损坏。
虽然上述方法减少了NOx的形成,不过也可通过***NOx吸收剂来 去除NOx,如在多篇专利文献中所述,例如在US 5,974,791中所述。NOx吸收剂可由碳酸钡制成。在吸收过程中,吸收剂被转化为硝酸钡并同时释放CO2。当吸收剂饱和时,可利用CO再生该吸收剂,其中硝酸钡被转化回碳酸钡并释放N2气体。
还已知的是,可利用双燃料构想来减少NOx,其中,天然气被喷射到入口空气流中,该气体/空气混合物又被喷以柴油引燃火焰。这种工作的示例由Wartsila在大型船舶发动机上实现,以及由Caterpillar/Clean AirPartners在卡车柴油发动机上实现。Wartsila证实,NOx从12.5g/kWh减小至1.3kWh(见图1)。NOx水平随空气/燃料比增大而减小,上限约为2,受断火的限制。类似结果已经由其他人实现。虽然这很适合于易于获得天然气的固定应用,但由于与天然气储存(通常作为LNG)相关的成本而对于船舶不实用。通过使用冷焰技术,能够对可易于在船舶上储存的单一燃料实现相同的NOx减少。
在文献“Homogeneous diesel combustion with external mixtureformation by a cool flame vaporizer”(由Heike Puschmann等人著,copyright SAE 2006)中介绍了一种研究,其中柴油燃料在冷焰汽化器中被汽化以形成在柴油发动机中燃烧的冷焰气体。该研究的结论是,当与基于直接燃料喷射的两种低温柴油燃烧策略(即:预混合充量压燃(PCCI)和后期低温燃烧(LLTC))相比时,以冷焰气体与空气的混合物运转柴油发动机会使得烟和NOx的形成显著减少。
在此文献中,其目的是,形成将在压缩时自燃的空气/燃料混合物。虽然可找到可能实现这个的运行点(速度和负载),但难以在变化的速度和负载下控制和运行这样的发动机。在本发明中,选择空气/燃料比从而使得该混合物由于过稀而不会在压缩时自燃,其原理和天然气双燃料发动机(见图1)中的相同。像针对双燃料发动机那样,通过将少量液态燃料喷射到发动机中,被喷入的燃料充当引燃火焰起并将点燃预混合的压缩冷焰气体混合物。在这样的条件下运行发动机将使得NOx排放物减少,这类似于天然气双燃料发动机所能实现的结果。
不过,为了确保自燃,在Heike Puschmann等人的文献中介绍的发动机必须靠富燃料/空气混合物运转,这会导致增加废气中的NOx形成。
发明内容
因此,本发明的目的在于,提供一种减少上述缺点的柴油发动机。
这一目的通过如在独立权利要求中限定的本发明得以实现。本发明的进一步的实施例在从属权利要求中限定。
提供了一种发动机***,包括:
-压燃式发动机,其包括至少一个燃烧室;
-冷焰汽化器,在所述冷焰汽化器中,燃料在预热空气中被部分氧化以形成冷焰气体,所述冷焰汽化器与所述压燃式发动机的燃烧室流体连通;和
-用于供应空气的装置,其供应空气使得所述冷焰气体能够在被喷入所述燃烧室中之前与该另外的空气混合,
所述发动机***还包括:用于将引燃燃料喷入所述燃烧室中的装置,由此在所述燃烧室中产生用于点燃冷焰气体与空气的混合物的引燃火焰。
所述发动机***还可包括重整器,在所述重整器中,所述冷焰气体被至少部分地重整以形成氢气。这将使所述燃料更易燃。所述重整器可为用于重整烃类物质的标准重整器。
还提供了一种使燃料在包括至少一个燃烧室的压燃式发动机中进行基本无NOx燃烧的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
- 由所述燃料和预热空气产生冷焰气体;
- 将所述冷焰气体与另外的空气混合;
- 将所述冷焰气体与空气的混合物喷入所述至少一个燃烧室中,
为点燃所述冷焰气体与空气的混合物,所述方法还包括以下步骤:通过喷入引燃燃料而在所述燃烧室中提供引燃火焰。
所述方法还包括以下步骤:在将所述冷焰气体喷入所述压燃式发动机之前,至少部分地重整所述冷焰气体以形成氢气,由此使所述燃料与空气的混合物更易燃。
所述方法还包括以下步骤:使用相同的燃料来产生所述冷焰气体和所述引燃火焰。这意味着,例如,携带有柴油燃料的船舶,可使其柴油发动机靠冷焰气体运转。
还提供了所述发动机***的使用,其中所述燃料是柴油或重燃油。
还提供了所述基本无NOx燃烧的方法的使用,其中所述燃料是柴油 或重燃油。
以上仅论及通过冷焰汽化器产生的冷焰气体。冷焰是实现一种部分氧化燃料气体的一种方法,除此以外还存在多种具有相同性质的其它部分氧化燃料气体。由此可见,本发明不应被看作是仅限于冷焰气体,而应包括具有与冷焰气体相同或相似性质的其它部分氧化燃料气体。
附图说明
在下文中,参照附图详细公开了本发明的实施例,附图中:
图1是示出了压燃式发动机的运行窗口的图。
图2示意性例示出本发明的实施例。
具体实施方式
本发明的实施例在图2中示意性示出。提供了冷焰汽化器40,在该冷焰汽化器中燃料在预热空气中被部分氧化以形成冷焰气体。所获得的冷焰气体是气态的、均匀混合的燃料。
还提供了空气源50,其通过流体管线42连接到冷焰汽化器。提供了阀装置41以控制空气从空气源50到冷焰汽化器40的流量。
还提供了用于供应柴油或重燃油的燃料源30。燃料源30通过流体管线53连接到冷焰汽化器。阀装置56控制燃料到冷焰汽化器40的流量。
流体管线45将冷焰汽化器40连接到压燃式发动机20。空气源50或可能的不同空气源(未示出)也连接到压燃式发动机20。冷焰气体在被供给到发动机20中之前与来自空气源的更多空气混合。阀装置44控制到压燃式发动机20的空气流量,而阀装置48则控制冷焰气体从冷焰汽化器40到压燃式发动机20的流量。
还提供了流体管线52,使得来自燃料源的燃料也可作为引燃火焰22被直接供给到压燃式发动机中。阀装置55控制燃料从燃料源30到发动机20的流量。
换句话说,在本发明中,燃料用于提供冷焰气体并且用于提供引燃火焰,以确保冷焰气体与空气的混合物的正确燃烧。
Claims (8)
1.一种发动机***,包括:
压燃式发动机,其包括至少一个燃烧室;
冷焰汽化器,在所述冷焰汽化器中,燃料在预热空气中被部分氧化以形成冷焰气体,所述冷焰汽化器与所述压燃式发动机的燃烧室流体连通;
用于供应空气的装置,其供应气体使得所述冷焰气体能够在被喷入所述燃烧室中之前与该另外的空气混合,
其特征在于,所述发动机***还包括:用于将引燃燃料喷入所述燃烧室中的装置,由此在所述燃烧室中产生用于点燃所述冷焰气体与空气的混合物的引燃火焰。
2.如权利要求1所述的发动机***,
其特征在于,所述发动机***包括重整器,在所述重整器中所述冷焰气体被至少部分重整以形成氢气,由此使所述燃料更易燃。
3.如权利要求1至2之一所述的发动机***,其中,所述燃料是柴油或重燃油。
4.一种用于使燃料在包括至少一个燃烧室的压燃式发动机中进行基本无NOx燃烧的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
由所述燃料和预热空气产生冷焰气体;
将所述冷焰气体与另外的空气混合;
将所述冷焰气体与空气的混合物喷入所述至少一个燃烧室中,
其特征在于,所述方法还包括以下步骤:
通过喷入引燃燃料而在所述燃烧室中提供引燃火焰,用于点燃所述冷焰气体与空气的混合物。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,
其特征在于,至少部分重整所述冷焰气体以形成氢气,由此使所述燃料与空气的混合物更易燃。
6.如权利要求4或5所述的方法,
其特征在于,使用相同的燃料来产生所述冷焰气体和所述引燃火焰。
7.如权利要求4至5之一所述的方法,其中,所述燃料是柴油或重燃油。
8.燃料在靠冷焰气体和空气的混合物运转的压燃式发动机中的引燃喷射的使用,其中燃料的引燃喷射产生用于所述冷焰气体和空气的混合物的点燃的引燃火焰。
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PCT/NO2008/000311 WO2009028959A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 | 2008-09-01 | Engine system and method for substantially nox-free combustion of a fuel in a compression ignition engine |
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CN2008801049022A Active CN101802353B (zh) | 2007-08-30 | 2008-09-01 | 用于再生NOx捕集器和颗粒过滤器的废气设备和方法 |
CN2008801050299A Expired - Fee Related CN101849088B (zh) | 2007-08-30 | 2008-09-01 | 用于使燃料在压燃式发动机中进行基本无NOx燃烧的发动机***和方法 |
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CN2008801049022A Active CN101802353B (zh) | 2007-08-30 | 2008-09-01 | 用于再生NOx捕集器和颗粒过滤器的废气设备和方法 |
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EP (3) | EP2198133B1 (zh) |
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2011
- 2011-05-27 CY CY20111100512T patent/CY1113226T1/el unknown
- 2011-05-27 CY CY20111100511T patent/CY1113227T1/el unknown
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2012
- 2012-05-25 CY CY20121100471T patent/CY1113229T1/el unknown
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2014
- 2014-12-19 US US14/576,251 patent/US20150101315A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6793693B1 (en) * | 1998-07-29 | 2004-09-21 | Heinrich Köhne | Method for utilizing a fuel by using exothermic pre-reactions in the form of a cold flame |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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JP特开2001-123871A 2001.05.08 |
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