WO2022255393A1 - 樹脂フィルム、合わせガラス及びスクリーン - Google Patents
樹脂フィルム、合わせガラス及びスクリーン Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022255393A1 WO2022255393A1 PCT/JP2022/022237 JP2022022237W WO2022255393A1 WO 2022255393 A1 WO2022255393 A1 WO 2022255393A1 JP 2022022237 W JP2022022237 W JP 2022022237W WO 2022255393 A1 WO2022255393 A1 WO 2022255393A1
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- Prior art keywords
- resin
- resin film
- mass
- laminated glass
- glass
- Prior art date
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- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WTLBZVNBAKMVDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate Chemical compound CCCCOCCOP(=O)(OCCOCCCC)OCCOCCCC WTLBZVNBAKMVDP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Images
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- B32B7/02—Physical, chemical or physicochemical properties
- B32B7/023—Optical properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
- B60J1/00—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor
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- B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
- B60K35/00—Instruments specially adapted for vehicles; Arrangement of instruments in or on vehicles
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
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- G02B5/0205—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterised by the diffusing properties
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- G02B5/0278—Diffusing elements; Afocal elements characterized by the use used in transmission
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- C08J2329/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehydo, ketonic, acetal, or ketal radical; Hydrolysed polymers of esters of unsaturated alcohols with saturated carboxylic acids; Derivatives of such polymer
- C08J2329/14—Homopolymers or copolymers of acetals or ketals obtained by polymerisation of unsaturated acetals or ketals or by after-treatment of polymers of unsaturated alcohols
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- C08K2003/0806—Silver
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- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/08—Metals
- C08K2003/0881—Titanium
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a resin film, laminated glass and screen, which are suitably used, for example, for screens for screen display.
- Laminated glass is safe because it does not scatter glass fragments even if it is damaged by an external impact. Widely used.
- Laminated glass is generally widely known as one in which a resin film made of a thermoplastic resin or the like is interposed between a pair of glasses to integrate them.
- the haze of the laminated glass increases when the light diffusion by the light diffusing fine particles is increased in order to increase the contrast of the image projected on the laminated glass by the projector. rice field.
- the haze of the laminated glass is lowered, the diffusion of light by the diffusing fine particles is reduced, and the contrast of the image projected on the laminated glass by the projector is lowered.
- the conventional laminated glass having a resin film has the problem that it is difficult to increase the contrast of the image projected by the projector while reducing the haze.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a resin film, a laminated glass, and a screen that can realize high-contrast image display even when the laminated glass is used as an image display screen while reducing the haze of the laminated glass.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows.
- a resin film comprising a light diffusion layer containing light diffusion particles and a thermoplastic resin
- the laminated glass When one surface of a laminated glass obtained by bonding two reference glasses with a thickness of 2.5 mm through the resin film was irradiated with simulated sunlight from a solar simulator in a vertical direction, the laminated glass The ratio of the maximum value to the minimum value of the luminance measured from the directions perpendicular to the other surface of the glass at angles of 30°, 45°, 60° and 75° is 0.1 or more. , resin film.
- [5] comprising three or more resin layers, each layer comprising a thermoplastic resin;
- the three or more resin layers include the light diffusion layer and second and third resin layers,
- the resin film according to any one of [1] to [4] above, wherein the light diffusion layer is arranged between the second and third resin layers.
- the second and third resin layers further contain a plasticizer, In the above [5], wherein the plasticizer content relative to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin in the light diffusion layer is higher than the plasticizer content relative to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin in each of the second and third resin layers The described resin film.
- thermoplastic resin contained in each of the second and third resin layers is a polyvinyl acetal resin.
- the light diffusing particles are nanoparticles containing at least one of silver particles and titanium elements.
- the difference between the maximum thickness and the minimum thickness of the light diffusion layer is 40 ⁇ m or less when the thickness of the light diffusion layer is measured at intervals of 5 cm in one direction along the surface direction.
- thermoplastic resin contained in each of the second and third resin layers is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl acetal resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ionomer resin, polyurethane resin, and thermoplastic elastomer.
- the thermoplastic resin contained in the light diffusion layer is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl acetal resins, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resins, ionomer resins, polyurethane resins, and thermoplastic elastomers.
- the resin film described in . [15] The resin film as described in any one of [1] to [14] above, wherein the light diffusing particles are core-shell particles. [16]
- the light diffusing particles have at least one of metal particles and metal oxide particles as a core and a material containing at least one selected from the group consisting of semimetals and metal oxides as a core-
- the content of the light diffusion particles in 100% by mass of the resin film is 0.0001% by mass or more and 0.01% by mass or less, according to any one of the above [1] to [20].
- resin film [22] Any one of the above [1] to [21], wherein the content of the light diffusion particles in the light diffusion layer is 0.00005% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less in 100% by mass of the light diffusion layer.
- Any one of the above [1] to [22], wherein the content of the light diffusion particles in the light diffusion layer is 0.0005% by mass or more and 0.1% by mass or less in 100% by mass of the light diffusion layer. 1.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a resin film, a laminated glass, and a screen that realize high-contrast image display while reducing the haze of the laminated glass.
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS It is typical sectional drawing which shows the resin film of this invention, and one Embodiment of a laminated glass.
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS It is typical sectional drawing which shows the resin film of this invention, and one Embodiment of a laminated glass.
- BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS It is typical sectional drawing which shows the resin film of this invention, and one Embodiment of a laminated glass.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing an image display system according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. It is a schematic diagram which shows the measuring method of a brightness
- the resin film of the present invention comprises a light diffusing layer containing light diffusing particles and a thermoplastic resin.
- the resin film of the present invention is preferably used for image display screens. Since the resin film of the present invention includes a light diffusion layer containing light diffusion particles, the light irradiated to the resin film is diffused by the light diffusion layer. can be displayed on a screen with the film.
- the resin film is preferably an intermediate film for laminated glass, and more preferably used for an image display screen made of laminated glass.
- the obtained laminated glass satisfies the following conditions.
- the angle formed with the direction perpendicular to the other surface of the laminated glass is 30°, 45°, 60° and
- the ratio of the maximum value to the minimum value of luminance measured from the direction of 75° is 0.1 or more.
- the reference glass is a clear glass with a thickness of 2.5 mm, more specifically, a clear glass with a thickness of 2.5 mm conforming to JIS R 3211 (1998) and having a visible light transmittance of 90.4%. It is better to use things.
- the output of the solar simulator during luminance measurement shall be 30% of the maximum output.
- the ratio between the maximum value and the minimum value is preferably 0.2 or more, more preferably 0.4 or more, further preferably 0.6 or more, and even more preferably is greater than or equal to 0.7. Also, the upper limit of the range of the ratio between the maximum value and the minimum value is usually 1.0.
- the luminance measured from a direction forming an angle of 45° with a direction perpendicular to the other surface of the laminated glass is 50 cd/m 2 or more.
- the luminance is more preferably 100 cd/m 2 or higher, and even more preferably 150 cd/m 2 or higher. Also, the luminance is preferably 10,000 cd/m 2 or less.
- the value is less than the above upper limit, when the resin film is used for a window glass or the like, it is possible to prevent external light from diffusing more than necessary through the resin film and generation of stray light. More preferably, the luminance is 8,000 cd/m 2 or less. The output of the solar simulator during luminance measurement shall be 30% of the maximum output.
- the transmittance of the laminated glass obtained by bonding two sheets of reference glass having a thickness of 2.5 mm through the resin film of the present invention is 70% or more.
- the transmittance means visible light transmittance, and can be obtained by measuring according to JIS R3212 (2015).
- the transmittance is 70% or more, a certain level of transparency can be ensured, and it can be suitably used for various window glasses, such as automobile windshields.
- the transmittance is more preferably 75% or higher, and even more preferably 80% or higher. From the viewpoint of ensuring the transparency of the resin film, the higher the transmittance, the better, but practically it is 99% or less, and from the viewpoint of appropriately diffusing light in the resin film, it is 97% or less. is preferred.
- the haze value of the laminated glass obtained by bonding two sheets of reference glass having a thickness of 2.5 mm through the resin film of the present invention is 15% or less.
- the haze value is more preferably 10% or less, even more preferably 6% or less, and even more preferably 4% or less, from the viewpoint of increasing transparency.
- the haze value is, for example, 0.5% or more, preferably 1% or more, and more preferably 2% or more, from the viewpoint of appropriately displaying an image by diffusing a certain amount of light with the light diffusion particles.
- the haze value can be measured according to JIS K6714.
- Light diffusing particles used in the resin film of the present invention include silicon oxide such as silica, zirconium oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum oxide such as alumina, magnesium oxide, semimetal or metal oxide particles such as cerium oxide, aluminum, Metal particles such as silver, platinum, gold, titanium, nickel, tin, indium, tin-cobalt alloys, diamond particles, and the like. By using these particles, the transparency of the resin film can be secured, and the light diffusibility, contrast of image display, etc. can be easily improved.
- metal particles and metal oxide particles are preferable from the viewpoint of enhancing transparency, light diffusibility, and contrast of image display, and facilitating the increase of the ratio between the maximum value and the minimum value.
- the metal element in the metal or metal oxide particles it is preferable to use elemental silver or elemental titanium. Titanium particles and titanium particles are more preferred, and silver particles and titanium oxide particles are particularly preferred.
- the light diffusing particles may be core-shell particles.
- the light diffusing particles may be core-shell particles in which any of the aforementioned semimetal or metal oxide particles, metal particles, diamond particles, etc. are used as the core and coated with different materials. More specifically, metal particles (core-shell particles) having the metal particle as a core and the above semimetal or metal oxide, or a composite of a semimetal or metal oxide and a polymer as a shell. may Further, metal particles (core-shell particles) having the above metal oxide particles as the core and the above semimetal or metal oxide, or a composite of the semimetal or metal oxide and the polymer as the shell, etc. good.
- the core may be a particle containing a metal and a metal oxide instead of the metal oxide particle. It may also be a core-shell particle having a semimetal or metal oxide as the core and a metal as the shell.
- the light diffusing particles may be core-shell particles whose shell is silica, alumina or a mixture thereof, or core-shell particles whose shell is a composite of silica, alumina or a mixture thereof and a polymer. may be Further, the light diffusing particles may include core-shell particles whose shell is the mixture and core-shell particles whose shell is the composite. Among these, metal particles having a metal particle as a core (core-shell particles) are preferred.
- Metal oxide particles having a metal oxide particle as a core are also preferred. Further, it may be a core-shell particle having a particle containing both a metal and a metal oxide as a core. More specifically, the light diffusing particles may be core-shell particles whose core is a particle containing a silver element such as silver, or core-shell particles whose core is a particle containing a titanium element such as titanium oxide. It may be a particle, or a core-shell particle having a core of a particle containing both silver element and titanium element.
- silver particles are composed of silver particles as a core, silica, alumina or a mixture thereof, a composite of silica, alumina or a mixture thereof and a polymer such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, etc. as a shell. It may be a particle that Also, the core-shell particles may be particles having silica as the core and silver or other metal as the shell.
- the light diffusing particles may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the average particle size of the light diffusing particles is preferably, for example, 1 nm or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. Within the above range, visible light is appropriately diffused by the light diffusing particles, and the contrast of the image displayed on the laminated glass can be improved. From the viewpoint of improving the contrast of the image displayed on the laminated glass, the average particle size of the light diffusing particles is preferably 3 nm or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5 nm or more and 20 ⁇ m or less, and 10 nm or more and 5 ⁇ m or less. is preferably The average particle size of the light diffusing particles can be measured by a laser diffraction/scattering method.
- the light diffusing particles are preferably so-called nanoparticles from the viewpoint of appropriately diffusing visible light and increasing the ratio between the maximum value and the minimum value. Therefore, the light diffusing particles are more preferably nanoparticles containing at least one of elemental silver and elemental titanium, and more preferably silver nanoparticles and titanium oxide nanoparticles.
- the nanoparticles are particles having an average particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less (1000 nm or less), and the average particle size of the nanoparticles is preferably 900 nm or less. Although the lower limit of the average particle size of the nanoparticles is as described above for the light diffusion particles, the average particle size of the nanoparticles may be 50 nm or more, or may be 110 nm or more.
- the shape of the light diffusing particles is not particularly limited, and may be a flaky shape such as a plate shape or a scale shape, a spherical shape or a shape approximating a sphere (substantially spherical), a polyhedral shape, or a shape approximating a polyhedron (e.g. , a shape in which a part of a polyhedron is curved, a substantially polyhedron), an irregular shape, and the like.
- the light diffusing particles may, for example, have an aspect ratio of less than 3, preferably 2 or less. By reducing the aspect ratio of the light diffusing particles, it becomes easier to improve the light diffusibility while reducing the haze value.
- Spherical or substantially spherical light diffusion particles generally have an aspect ratio of 2 or less, which is close to 1.
- the aspect ratio it is preferable to obtain the ratio of the major axis and the minor axis of the particle, and in the case of flaky light diffusing particles, it is preferable to measure the major axis/thickness.
- the aspect ratio may be measured by microscopic observation such as SEM, for example, 50 particles may be measured and the average value thereof may be taken as the aspect ratio.
- the content of the light diffusion particles in the entire resin film is preferably 0.00001% by mass or more and 1% by mass or less in 100% by mass of the resin film.
- the content of the light diffusing particles is equal to or higher than the above lower limit, light can be diffused appropriately in the resin film, and images can be displayed appropriately.
- it is possible to ensure the transparency of the resin film without being blocked by the light diffusion particles more than necessary, and it becomes easy to adjust the haze value and the transmittance within the desired ranges described above. .
- the content of the light diffusion particles in 100% by mass of the resin film is more preferably 0.00005% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.0001% by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.0008% by mass. and more preferably 0.5% by mass or less, more preferably 0.1% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.09% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.05% by mass or less, and particularly preferably is 0.01% by mass or less.
- the content of the light diffusion particles in the light diffusion layer is preferably 0.00005% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less in 100% by mass of the light diffusion layer.
- the content of the light diffusing particles in the light diffusing layer is equal to or higher than the above lower limit, the light can be diffused moderately in the light diffusing layer, and an image can be appropriately displayed.
- the content of the light diffusion particles in 100% by mass of the light diffusion layer is more preferably 0.0001% by mass or more, more preferably 0.0005% by mass or more, and more preferably 1% by mass or less. , more preferably 0.5% by mass or less, still more preferably 0.1% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.03% by mass or less.
- the resin film of the present invention has one or more resin layers each containing a thermoplastic resin, one of which is a light diffusion layer containing light diffusion particles and a thermoplastic resin. That is, the resin film may be a resin film composed of a single light diffusion layer, or may have two or more resin layers, one of which may be a light diffusion layer.
- FIG. 1 shows a resin film 10 having a single resin layer as the resin layer.
- the resin film 10 is composed of a light diffusion layer (first resin layer) 11.
- first resin layer a light diffusion layer
- both surfaces of the light diffusion layer 11 are glass members 21 and 22 for forming a laminated glass 25. It should be glued.
- FIG. 2 shows a resin film 16 having two resin layers as resin layers. As shown in FIG. 2, the resin film 16 has a second resin layer 12 in addition to the light diffusion layer 11 described above. The second resin layer 12 is provided on one surface of the first resin layer 11 .
- the surface of the second resin layer 12 opposite to the light diffusion layer 11 side and the surface of the light diffusion layer 11 opposite to the second resin layer 12 side is preferably a bonding surface to be bonded to the glass members 21 and 22 for forming the laminated glass 20 .
- FIG. 3 shows a resin film 17 having three resin layers as resin layers.
- the resin film 17 has a third resin layer 13 in addition to the light diffusion layer 11 and the second resin layer 12 .
- the third resin layer 13 is provided on the surface (the other surface) of the light diffusion layer 11 opposite to the one surface on which the second resin layer 12 is provided. That is, the light diffusion layer 11 is arranged between the second resin layer 12 and the third resin layer 13 .
- the resin film 17 is formed on the outer surface of the second resin layer 12 and the third resin layer 13 (that is, the surface opposite to the surface on which the light diffusion layer 11 is provided). ) should be the surfaces to be adhered to the glass members 21 and 22 constituting the laminated glass 27 .
- the resin film may have four or more resin layers, in which case one or more resin layers may be provided outside one or both of the second and third resin layers 12 and 13.
- the outermost resin layer may serve as an adhesive surface with the glass member.
- the resin film an aspect having at least three resin layers like the resin film 19 is preferable. According to this aspect, since other resin layers are provided on both sides of the first resin layer (light diffusion layer) 11, in the laminated glass, other than the light diffusion layer 11 containing the light diffusion particles Since the resin layer adheres to the glass members 21 and 22, the adhesion to the glass members 21 and 22 is improved. Further, by adjusting the amount of the plasticizer in each resin layer, the amount of hydroxyl groups in the polyvinyl acetal-based resin, and the like, it becomes easier to impart sound insulation and the like to the resin film.
- the resin film may have layers other than the resin layers described above, and for example, another layer such as an adhesive layer or a barrier layer may be arranged between the resin layers. Further, another layer such as an adhesive layer may be arranged between each glass member and the resin layer.
- the resin film is used as an intermediate film for laminated glass, but it is not necessary to be used as an intermediate film for laminated glass.
- the resin film may be used for so-called outer application. That is, one surface of the resin film may be adhered to the surface of the glass member, while the other surface thereof may not be adhered to the glass member.
- the light diffusion layer (first resin layer) contains a thermoplastic resin as described above, and light diffusion particles are dispersed in the thermoplastic resin. Since the light diffusion layer contains a thermoplastic resin, it becomes easier to adhere the first resin layer to another resin layer, a glass member, or the like.
- the thermoplastic resin used for the light diffusion layer may be described as thermoplastic resin (1).
- thermoplastic resin (1) used for the light diffusion layer is not particularly limited, but examples include polyvinyl acetal resin, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin, ionomer resin, polyurethane resin, and heat Examples include plastic elastomers. By using these resins, it becomes easy to secure the adhesiveness of the first resin layer to other resin layers, glass members, etc., and it can be suitably used as an interlayer film for laminated glass. Among the above, polyvinyl acetal resin is preferable as the thermoplastic resin (1).
- thermoplastic resin used as the thermoplastic resin (1) in the first resin layer may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Details of the thermoplastic resin used for the first resin layer will be described later.
- the first resin layer of the present invention further contains a plasticizer.
- the plasticizer contained in the first resin layer may be referred to as plasticizer (1). Since the first resin layer contains the plasticizer (1), it becomes flexible, and as a result, the flexibility of the laminated glass is improved, and penetration resistance and sound insulation are easily improved. In addition, by including the light diffusing particles and the plasticizer, the contrast of the displayed image can be further enhanced when the laminated glass is used for an image display screen. This is probably because the inclusion of the plasticizer increases the difference in refractive index between the first resin layer and the light diffusing particles.
- the first resin layer contains a plasticizer, it is possible to increase the adhesiveness to a glass member constituting laminated glass or the like, or to another resin layer constituting a resin film.
- the plasticizer (1) is particularly effective when the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is used as the thermoplastic resin (1). The details of the plasticizer (1) will be described later.
- the content of the plasticizer (1) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin (1) (hereinafter sometimes referred to as content (1)) is, for example, 20 parts by mass or more, It is preferably 30 parts by mass or more, more preferably 40 parts by mass or more.
- content (1) is at least the above lower limit, the flexibility of the resin film is increased and the handling of the resin film is facilitated.
- the content (1) is preferably increased from the viewpoint of sound insulation when used as an interlayer film for laminated glass, and from such a viewpoint, the content (1) is 50 parts by mass or more. is even more preferable.
- the resin film preferably has the second resin layer, and more preferably has the second and third resin layers.
- the content (1) of the plasticizer (1) is preferably 100 parts by mass or less, more preferably 90 parts by mass or less, even more preferably 85 parts by mass or less, and particularly preferably 80 parts by mass or less.
- the first resin layer is mainly composed of a thermoplastic resin, or a thermoplastic resin and a plasticizer, and the total amount of the thermoplastic resin and the plasticizer is preferably based on the total amount of the first resin layer. is 70% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, and still more preferably 90% by mass or more.
- each resin layer other than the first resin layer is a layer containing a thermoplastic resin.
- a thermoplastic resin used as the resin for each resin layer, it becomes easier to bond each resin layer to another resin layer or a glass member.
- the thermoplastic resin used for each of the second and third resin layers may be referred to as thermoplastic resin (2) and thermoplastic resin (3).
- thermoplastic resin used for each resin layer other than the first resin layer is not particularly limited, but each is used as thermoplastic resin (1), for example. It can be used by appropriately selecting from those listed as resins that can be used.
- polyvinyl acetal resin is preferred. By using a polyvinyl acetal resin, it is easy to improve the adhesion to a glass member, especially when the glass member is inorganic glass, and it can be suitably used as an interlayer film for laminated glass. In addition, properties required for an interlayer film for laminated glass, such as penetration resistance and sound insulation, can be easily obtained.
- thermoplastic resin used for the resin layers other than the first resin layer may be used singly or in combination of two or more in each resin layer.
- the thermoplastic resin used for each resin layer other than the first resin layer is preferably the same resin as the thermoplastic resin (1) from the viewpoint of improving adhesion. Therefore, when the resin film has the first and second resin layers and the thermoplastic resin (1) is a polyvinyl acetal resin, the thermoplastic resin (2) is also preferably a polyvinyl acetal resin.
- the thermoplastic resin (3) is preferably the same type of resin as the thermoplastic resin (1) and the thermoplastic resin (2).
- thermoplastic resin (1) is a polyvinyl acetal resin
- thermoplastic resins (2) and (3) are polyvinyl acetal resins. is preferred.
- the details of the thermoplastic resin used for the resin layers other than the first resin layer will be described later.
- each resin layer other than the first resin layer preferably contains a plasticizer. That is, the second resin layer in the resin film preferably contains a plasticizer. Also, the third resin layer preferably contains a plasticizer. Therefore, when the resin film has a plurality of resin layers, both the first and second resin layers preferably contain a plasticizer. Further, when the resin film has first, second and third resin layers, it is more preferable that all of the first, second and third resin layers contain a plasticizer.
- the plasticizer contained in each of the second and third resin layers may be referred to as plasticizer (2) and plasticizer (3).
- the content of the plasticizer (2) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin (2) in the second resin layer may be described as content (2)
- the content of the plasticizer (3) with respect to 100 parts by mass may be described as content (3).
- the resin film becomes flexible by containing a plasticizer in each of the resin layers described above, and as a result, when used as an interlayer film for laminated glass, the flexibility and penetration resistance of the laminated glass are improved. Furthermore, it is also possible to exhibit high adhesiveness to other resin layers of the resin film or glass members such as glass plates. Also, in each of the resin layers other than the first resin layer, it is particularly effective to incorporate a plasticizer when polyvinyl acetal resin is used as the thermoplastic resin.
- the plasticizers e.g., plasticizers (2) and (3) used in the resin layers other than the first resin layer may be of the same type as the plasticizer (1), or may be of different types.
- the plasticizers (for example, plasticizers (2) and (3)) used in the resin layers other than the first resin layer may be of the same type or different types. Moreover, only one type of plasticizer may be used for each resin layer other than the first resin layer, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the plasticizer content (for example, contents (2) and (3)) with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin is preferably 10 parts by mass or more.
- the content of the plasticizer is equal to or higher than the above lower limit, the flexibility of the resin film is increased and the handling of the resin film is facilitated. From these points of view, the content of the plasticizer is more preferably 15 parts by mass or more, still more preferably 20 parts by mass or more, and particularly preferably 24 parts by mass or more.
- the content of the plasticizer in each of the resin layers other than the first resin layer is preferably 60 parts by mass or less, more preferably 50 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably is 45 parts by mass or less.
- contents (2) and (3) are preferably 60 parts by mass or less, more preferably 50 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably is 45 parts by mass or less.
- the plasticizer content (1) in the first resin layer is preferably greater than the plasticizer content in each of the resin layers other than the first resin layer. That is, the content (1) of the plasticizer is preferably greater than the content (2), and the content (1) is preferably greater than the content (3). Further, when the resin film has the first to third resin layers, the content (1) is more preferably greater than both the contents (2) and (3).
- the content (1) and the content of the plasticizer in each resin layer other than the first resin layer are preferably 10 parts by mass or more, more preferably 15 parts by mass or more, and still more preferably 20 parts by mass or more.
- the absolute values of the differences are preferably 70 parts by mass or less, more preferably 60 parts by mass or less, and even more preferably 50 parts by mass or less.
- the main component is a thermoplastic resin, or a thermoplastic resin and a plasticizer, and the total amount of the thermoplastic resin and the plasticizer is based on the total amount of each resin layer. , preferably 70% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, and still more preferably 90% by mass or more.
- Each resin layer other than the first resin layer may or may not contain the light diffusion particles described above, but the resin film It is preferable that the total content of the light diffusion particles is designed to be within the above range. Therefore, even if each resin layer other than the first resin layer contains the above-described light diffusion particles, the content is small, or it is preferable not to contain light diffusion particles. It is more preferable not to. As described above, light diffusing particles are not contained in each resin layer other than the first resin layer, or if they are contained in a small amount, light diffusion hardly occurs in each resin layer. Thereby, when the resin film is used for an image display screen, the contrast of the displayed image can be enhanced.
- the content of the light diffusing particles in each resin layer other than the first resin layer is not particularly limited, but is, for example, less than 0.1% by mass, preferably It is less than 0.0005% by mass, more preferably less than 0.00001% by mass, still more preferably 0% by mass.
- the thickness of the resin film (that is, the thickness of the entire resin film) is not particularly limited, but is preferably 100 ⁇ m or more and 3.0 mm or less.
- the thickness of the resin film is more preferably 200 ⁇ m or more, still more preferably 400 ⁇ m or more.
- it is more preferably 2.0 mm or less, and still more preferably 1.5 mm or less.
- the thickness of the resin film, the thickness of the light diffusion layer, and the thickness of the resin layers other than the first resin layer mean average thickness unless otherwise specified. It can be measured by the measuring method.
- the thickness of the light diffusion layer (first resin layer) is preferably 20 ⁇ m or more and 400 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the light diffusion layer (first resin layer) is more preferably 40 ⁇ m or more, still more preferably 60 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, still more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the light diffusion layer is substantially constant in the resin film.
- the difference between the maximum thickness and the minimum thickness of the light diffusion layer is preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, and 30 ⁇ m or less. It is more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less.
- the difference between the maximum thickness and the minimum thickness of the light diffusion layer is reduced in this way, the transmittance and haze value become uniform, and when used for a display screen, images can be displayed without unevenness.
- the one direction along the surface direction is the MD (Machine Direction) when the MD (Machine Direction) of the light diffusion layer is known, and is an arbitrary direction when the MD is not known.
- the thickness of each resin layer other than the first resin layer is not particularly limited, but is preferably 50 ⁇ m or more and 1.3 mm or less.
- the thickness is 50 ⁇ m or more, the adhesiveness of the resin film and the penetration resistance of the laminated glass when used as an intermediate film for laminated glass can be improved.
- the thickness of each resin layer other than the first resin layer is preferably 100 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 150 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1 mm or less, and even more preferably 650 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the resin layers other than the first resin layer is preferably larger than the thickness of the first resin layer.
- the ratio of the thickness of the resin layers other than the first resin layer (for example, the second resin layer or the second and third resin layers) to the thickness of the first resin layer is 1.5. It is preferably 2 or more, more preferably 1.4 or more, still more preferably 1.8 or more, preferably 10 or less, more preferably 8 or less, and even more preferably 5 or less.
- polyvinyl acetal resin Details of the polyvinyl acetal resin used for each resin layer will be described below. In the following description, the common structure of the polyvinyl acetal resin used for each resin layer is simply referred to as "polyvinyl acetal resin". For individual configurations of polyvinyl acetal resins used for the first, second, and third resin layers, respectively, "polyvinyl acetal resin (1),””polyvinyl acetal resin (2),” and “polyvinyl acetal resin ( 3)”.
- Polyvinyl acetal resin is obtained by acetalizing polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with aldehyde. That is, the polyvinyl acetal resin is preferably an acetalized product of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).
- Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is obtained, for example, by saponifying a polyvinyl ester such as polyvinyl acetate. The degree of saponification of polyvinyl alcohol is generally 70-99.9 mol %.
- Polyvinyl acetal resin may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- the average degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl acetal resin is preferably 200 or higher, more preferably 500 or higher, still more preferably 1000 or higher, and even more preferably 1500 or higher. When the average degree of polymerization is equal to or higher than the above lower limit, the penetration resistance of the laminated glass increases. Also, the average degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl acetal resin is preferably 5,000 or less, more preferably 4,000 or less, and still more preferably 3,500 or less. When the average degree of polymerization is equal to or less than the upper limit, molding of the resin film becomes easier. Moreover, when increasing the content of the plasticizer, it is preferable to increase the average degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl acetal resin.
- the average degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) may be lower than the average degree of polymerization of each of the polyvinyl acetal resins (for example, the polyvinyl acetal resins (2) and (3)) in the other resin layers, or may be the same. It may be as low as or higher.
- the average degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably higher than the average degree of polymerization of the polyvinyl acetal resin for forming the other resin layers.
- the average degree of polymerization of polyvinyl acetal resin is the same as the average degree of polymerization of PVA, which is the raw material of polyvinyl acetal resin, and the average degree of polymerization of PVA is determined by a method based on JIS K6726 "Polyvinyl alcohol test method". .
- the aldehyde used for acetalization is not particularly limited, but an aldehyde having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is preferably used, more preferably an aldehyde having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, more preferably an aldehyde having 4 or 5 carbon atoms, Aldehydes having 4 carbon atoms are particularly preferred.
- the aldehyde having 1 to 10 carbon atoms is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, 2-ethylbutyraldehyde, n-hexylaldehyde, n- octylaldehyde, n-nonylaldehyde, n-decylaldehyde, benzaldehyde and the like.
- acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, n-hexylaldehyde and n-valeraldehyde are preferred, propionaldehyde, n-butyraldehyde, isobutyraldehyde and n-valeraldehyde are more preferred, and n-butyl More preferred are aldehydes or n-valeraldehyde, most preferred is n-butyraldehyde. Only one kind of the aldehyde may be used, or two or more kinds thereof may be used in combination.
- the number of carbon atoms in the acetal group contained in the polyvinyl acetal resin is not particularly limited, it is preferably 1-10, more preferably 3-5, still more preferably 4 or 5, and particularly preferably 4.
- the acetal group is particularly preferably a butyral group, and therefore, the polyvinyl acetal resin is preferably a polyvinyl butyral resin. That is, in the present invention, the thermoplastic resin (1) in the first resin layer is preferably polyvinyl butyral resin, and the thermoplastic resins (1) and (2) in the first and second resin layers are Both are more preferably polyvinyl butyral resins.
- thermoplastic resins (1), (2) and (3) in the first to third resin layers are preferably polyvinyl butyral resin. That is, when the resin film has a plurality of resin layers, the thermoplastic resin in all the resin layers is preferably polyvinyl butyral resin.
- the hydroxyl content (hydroxyl group amount) of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably 17 mol% or more, more preferably 20 mol% or more, and is, for example, 38 mol% or less, preferably 34 mol% or less. be.
- the content of hydroxyl groups is equal to or higher than the above lower limit, the adhesive strength of the resin film is further increased.
- the content is more preferably 30 mol % or less, and still more preferably 27 mol % or less. Further, when the content of hydroxyl groups in the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is 20 mol % or more, the reaction efficiency is high and the productivity is excellent.
- the content of hydroxyl groups in the polyvinyl acetal resins (e.g., polyvinyl acetal resins (2) and (3)) used in the resin layers other than the first resin layer is, for example, 20 mol% or more, preferably 25 mol%. above, more preferably at least 28 mol %.
- the content of the hydroxyl group is at least the lower limit, it is possible to further increase the bending rigidity while maintaining the sound insulation.
- each content of hydroxyl groups in polyvinyl acetal resins (for example, polyvinyl acetal resins (2) and (3)) used in resin layers other than the first resin layer is preferably 38 mol% or less, more preferably It is 36 mol % or less, more preferably 34 mol % or less. If the hydroxyl content is less than or equal to the above upper limit, the polyvinyl acetal resin tends to precipitate during synthesis of the polyvinyl acetal resin.
- the hydroxyl content of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably lower than the hydroxyl content of the polyvinyl acetal resin used in the resin layers other than the first resin layer. . Therefore, the hydroxyl content of polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably lower than the hydroxyl content of polyvinyl acetal resin (2). Moreover, the content of hydroxyl groups in the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably lower than the content of hydroxyl groups in the polyvinyl acetal resin (3).
- the content of hydroxyl groups in polyvinyl acetal resin is a value expressed as a percentage of the mole fraction obtained by dividing the amount of ethylene groups to which hydroxyl groups are bonded by the total amount of ethylene groups in the main chain.
- the amount of ethylene groups to which the hydroxyl groups are bonded can be measured according to, for example, JIS K6728 "Polyvinyl butyral test method".
- the degree of acetalization of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably 47 mol% or more, more preferably 55 mol% or more, still more preferably 60 mol% or more, and more preferably 85 mol% or less, more preferably is 80 mol % or less, more preferably 75 mol % or less.
- the degree of acetalization means the degree of butyralization when the acetal group is a butyral group and the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is a polyvinyl butyral resin.
- Each degree of acetalization (degree of butyralization in the case of polyvinyl butyral resin) of the polyvinyl acetal resin (for example, polyvinyl acetal resins (2) and (3)) used in resin layers other than the first resin layer is preferably is 55 mol % or more, more preferably 60 mol % or more, and still more preferably 63 mol % or more. Also, it is preferably 85 mol % or less, more preferably 80 mol % or less, and still more preferably 75 mol % or less.
- the degree of acetalization is at least the lower limit, the compatibility between the polyvinyl acetal resin and the plasticizer is enhanced.
- the degree of acetalization is the total amount of ethylene groups in the main chain minus the amount of ethylene groups to which hydroxyl groups are bonded and the amount of ethylene groups to which acetyl groups are bonded. It is a value showing the mole fraction obtained by dividing by the percentage.
- the degree of acetalization (degree of butyralization) may be calculated from the results measured by a method conforming to JIS K6728 "Polyvinyl butyral test method".
- the degree of acetylation (acetyl group content) of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably 0.01 mol% or more, more preferably 0.1 mol% or more.
- the degree of acetylation is more preferably 7 mol % or more, particularly preferably 9 mol % or more, from the viewpoint of increasing the compatibility between the polyvinyl acetal resin and the plasticizer and facilitating the blending of a large amount of the plasticizer. be.
- the degree of acetylation of the polyvinyl acetal resin (1) is preferably 30 mol% or less, more preferably 25 mol% or less, still more preferably 24 mol% or less, and particularly preferably 20 mol% or less. When the degree of acetylation is equal to or less than the upper limit, the moisture resistance of the resin film increases.
- Each degree of acetylation of the polyvinyl acetal resin (for example, polyvinyl acetal resins (2) and (3)) used in the resin layers other than the first resin layer is preferably 10 mol % or less, more preferably 2 mol %. It is below.
- the degree of acetylation is equal to or less than the upper limit, the moisture resistance of the resin film increases.
- the content is preferably 0.01 mol % or more, more preferably 0.1 mol % or more.
- the degree of acetylation is the molar fraction obtained by dividing the amount of ethylene groups to which acetyl groups are bonded by the total amount of ethylene groups in the main chain, expressed as a percentage.
- the amount of ethylene groups to which the acetyl groups are bonded can be measured according to, for example, JIS K6728 "Polyvinyl butyral test method".
- the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin may be a non-crosslinked ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin or a high-temperature crosslinked ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin.
- ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin ethylene-vinyl acetate modified resins such as ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer saponified products and ethylene-vinyl acetate hydrolysates can also be used.
- the ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer resin preferably has a vinyl acetate content of 10 to 50% by mass, more preferably 20 to 40% by mass, as measured according to JIS K 6730 "Ethylene-vinyl acetate resin test method". .
- a vinyl acetate content 10 to 50% by mass, more preferably 20 to 40% by mass, as measured according to JIS K 6730 "Ethylene-vinyl acetate resin test method".
- the ionomer resin is not particularly limited, and various ionomer resins can be used. Specific examples include ethylene-based ionomers, styrene-based ionomers, perfluorocarbon-based ionomers, telechelic ionomers, polyurethane ionomers, and the like. Among these, ethylene-based ionomers are preferred because they improve the mechanical strength, durability, transparency, etc. of the screen, and because they have excellent adhesiveness to the glass plate when the glass plate is made of inorganic glass.
- an ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer ionomer is preferably used because of its excellent transparency and toughness.
- the ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer is a copolymer having at least structural units derived from ethylene and structural units derived from unsaturated carboxylic acid, and may have structural units derived from other monomers.
- unsaturated carboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid and the like, with acrylic acid and methacrylic acid being preferred.
- Other monomers include acrylic acid esters, methacrylic acid esters, 1-butene, and the like.
- the ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer preferably has 75 to 99 mol% of ethylene-derived structural units when the total structural units of the copolymer are 100 mol%, and unsaturated carboxylic acid-derived It preferably has 1 to 25 mol % of structural units.
- the ionomer of the ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer is an ionomer resin obtained by neutralizing or crosslinking at least part of the carboxyl groups of the ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer with metal ions.
- the degree of neutralization of carboxyl groups is usually 1-90%, preferably 5-85%.
- Ion sources for ionomer resins include alkali metals such as lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium and cesium, and polyvalent metals such as magnesium, calcium and zinc, with sodium and zinc being preferred.
- the method for producing the ionomer resin is not particularly limited, and it can be produced by a conventionally known production method.
- an ionomer of an ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer for example, ethylene and an unsaturated carboxylic acid are subjected to radical copolymerization at high temperature and high pressure to form an ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid. to produce a copolymer;
- an ionomer of the ethylene/unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer can be produced.
- polyurethane resin examples include polyurethanes obtained by reacting an isocyanate compound with a diol compound, polyurethanes obtained by reacting an isocyanate compound with a diol compound, and a chain extender such as polyamine. Moreover, the polyurethane resin may contain a sulfur atom. In that case, part or all of the diols may be selected from polythiols and sulfur-containing polyols. Polyurethane resin can improve adhesion to organic glass. Therefore, it is preferably used when the glass plate is organic glass.
- thermoplastic elastomer examples include styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers and aliphatic polyolefins.
- the styrene-based thermoplastic elastomer is not particularly limited, and known ones can be used.
- a styrenic thermoplastic elastomer generally has a styrene monomer polymer block as a hard segment and a conjugated diene compound polymer block or a hydrogenated block thereof as a soft segment.
- styrene-based thermoplastic elastomers include styrene-isoprene diblock copolymers, styrene-butadiene diblock copolymers, styrene-isoprene-styrene triblock copolymers, styrene-butadiene/isoprene-styrene triblock copolymers. polymers, styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymers, and hydrogenated forms thereof.
- the aliphatic polyolefin may be saturated aliphatic polyolefin or unsaturated aliphatic polyolefin.
- the aliphatic polyolefin may be a polyolefin containing a chain olefin as a monomer, or a polyolefin containing a cyclic olefin as a monomer. From the viewpoint of effectively improving the storage stability and sound insulation of the resin film, the aliphatic polyolefin is preferably saturated aliphatic polyolefin.
- Materials for the aliphatic polyolefin include ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, trans-2-butene, cis-2-butene, 1-pentene, trans-2-pentene, cis-2-pentene, 1-hexene, trans -2-hexene, cis-2-hexene, trans-3-hexene, cis-3-hexene, 1-heptene, trans-2-heptene, cis-2-heptene, trans-3-heptene, cis-3-heptene , 1-octene, trans-2-octene, cis-2-octene, trans-3-octene, cis-3-octene, trans-4-octene, cis-4-octene, 1-nonene, trans-2-nonene , cis-2-nonene, trans-3-nonene, cis-3-nonene, trans-4-
- plasticizer for example, plasticizers (1) to (3)
- plasticizers used in each resin layer include organic ester plasticizers such as monobasic organic acid esters and polybasic organic acid esters, organic phosphate plasticizers, and organic phosphite plasticizers. and phosphorus-based plasticizers.
- organic ester plasticizers are preferred.
- the plasticizer is a liquid plasticizer.
- the liquid plasticizer is a plasticizer that becomes liquid at normal temperature (23° C.) and normal pressure (1 atm).
- Monobasic organic acid esters include esters of glycols with monobasic organic acids.
- Glycols include polyalkylene glycols in which each alkylene unit has 2 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably 2 or 3 carbon atoms, and the number of repeating alkylene units is 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 4.
- the glycol may also be a monoalkylene glycol having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably 2 or 3 carbon atoms, and having 1 repeating unit.
- Specific examples of glycols include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetrapropylene glycol, and butylene glycol.
- Examples of monobasic organic acids include organic acids having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and specific examples include butyric acid, isobutyric acid, caproic acid, 2-ethylbutyric acid, 2-ethylpentanoic acid, heptyl acid, and n-octyl. acid, 2-ethylhexylic acid, n-nonylic acid and decylic acid.
- Preferred monobasic organic acid esters include compounds represented by the following formula (1).
- R1 and R2 each represent an organic group having 2 to 10 carbon atoms
- R3 represents an ethylene group, isopropylene group or n-propylene group
- p represents an integer of 3 to 10.
- Each of R1 and R2 in the above formula (1) preferably has 5 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the organic groups of R1 and R2 are preferably hydrocarbon groups, more preferably alkyl groups.
- glycol esters include ethylene glycol di-2-ethyl butyrate, 1,2-propylene glycol di-2-ethyl butyrate, 1,3-propylene glycol di-2-ethyl butyrate, 1, 4-butylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, 1,2-butylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, diethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, diethylene glycol dicapriate, diethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, Dipropylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate, triethylene glycol dicaprylate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylpentanoate, triethylene glycol di-n-heptanoate , triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate, triethylene glycol di-2-ethylpropanoate, tetraethylene glycol di-n-h
- polybasic organic acid esters examples include ester compounds of dibasic organic acids having 4 to 12 carbon atoms such as adipic acid, sebacic acid and azelaic acid and alcohols having 4 to 10 carbon atoms. .
- the alcohol having 4 to 10 carbon atoms may be linear, branched, or cyclic.
- oil-modified alkyd sebacic acid may be used.
- Mixed adipates include adipates prepared from two or more alcohols selected from alkyl alcohols having 4 to 9 carbon atoms and cyclic alcohols having 4 to 9 carbon atoms.
- Organic phosphorus plasticizers include phosphoric acid esters such as tributoxyethyl phosphate, isodecylphenyl phosphate and triisopropyl phosphate.
- a plasticizer may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- di-(2-butoxyethyl) adipate DBEA
- triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate 3GO
- triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate 3GH
- triethylene glycol di-2-ethylpropanoate 3GO
- triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate 3GO
- triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate 3GH
- triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate (3GH) triethylene glycol di-2-ethylbutyrate
- Triethylene glycol di-2-ethylhexanoate is particularly preferred.
- the resin film of the present invention preferably contains at least one additive selected from the group consisting of ultraviolet absorbers, antioxidants and light stabilizers.
- the resin film of the present invention is improved in durability, and image display is improved even after being used for a long period of time under a light irradiation environment such as sunlight.
- the resin film more preferably contains at least an ultraviolet absorber and an antioxidant, and more preferably contains all of the ultraviolet absorber, antioxidant and light stabilizer.
- the additive may be contained in at least the light diffusion layer, but in addition to the light diffusion layer, other resin layers (for example, the second resin layer, or the second and third resin layers) It is also preferable to contain.
- the light diffusion layer more preferably contains an ultraviolet absorber and an antioxidant among the above, and more preferably contains all of the ultraviolet absorber, the antioxidant, and the light stabilizer.
- other resin layers for example, the second resin layer, or the second and third resin layers
- ultraviolet absorber examples include compounds having a malonate skeleton, compounds having an anilide oxalate skeleton, compounds having a benzotriazole skeleton, compounds having a benzophenone skeleton, compounds having a triazine skeleton, compounds having a benzoate skeleton, and hindered amines.
- a compound or the like having a skeleton can be used.
- compounds having a benzotriazole skeleton (benzotriazole compounds) are preferred.
- the ultraviolet absorber absorbs ultraviolet rays contained in sunlight or the like, prevents deterioration of the resin film due to irradiation of sunlight or the like, and improves durability.
- benzotriazole compounds include compounds represented by the following general formula (2).
- R 1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, or an alkoxycarbonylalkyl group having 4 to 20 carbon atoms
- R 2 represents a hydrogen atom or a represents an alkyl group of ⁇ 8
- X is a halogen atom or a hydrogen atom
- Y 1 and Y 2 are each independently a hydroxyl group or a hydrogen atom, and at least one of Y 1 and Y 2 is a hydroxyl group.
- the alkyl groups of R 1 and R 2 may have a linear structure or a branched structure.
- the alkoxycarbonylalkyl group may have a linear structure or a branched structure.
- R 1 and R 2 include hydrogen atom, methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, iso-propyl group, n-butyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, hexyl group and octyl group.
- R 1 includes a methoxycarbonylpropyl group, an octyloxycarbonylpropyl group, and the like.
- R 1 is preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, particularly a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group or an octyl group.
- R 1 and R 2 may be the same or different.
- the halogen atom of X includes a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom, preferably a chlorine atom.
- Either one of Y 1 and Y 2 may be a hydroxyl group, or both of them may be a hydroxyl group.
- Y2 is at least a hydroxyl group.
- specific examples of the compound represented by formula (1) include 2-(3-t-butyl-5-methyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, 2-(3,5-di- t-Butyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole, Octyl 3-[3-tert-butyl-5-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]propionate , 3-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenylpropionate methyl, 2-(3,5-di-tert-amyl- 2-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazole, 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2H-benzotriazole and the like.
- One type of ultraviolet absorber may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the content of the ultraviolet absorber in each resin layer is 0.01 parts by mass or more and 2 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin. is preferred.
- the content of the ultraviolet absorber is more preferably 0.05 parts by mass or more and 1.5 parts by mass or less, and 0.1 parts by mass or more and 1.1 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin. is more preferred.
- Antioxidant include phenol compounds, phosphoric compounds, sulfur compounds, and the like.
- the antioxidant prevents the resin film from being oxidatively deteriorated and improves the durability.
- phenolic compounds are preferable from the viewpoint of improving durability.
- phenolic compounds examples include 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-ethylphenol, stearyl- ⁇ -(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 2,2′-methylenebis-(4-methyl-6-butylphenol), 2,2′-methylenebis-(4-ethyl-6 -t-butylphenol), 4,4′-butylidene-bis-(3-methyl-6-t-butylphenol), 1,1,3-tris-(2-methyl-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenyl)butane , tetrakis[methylene-3-(3′,5′-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate]methane, 1,3,3-tris-(2-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-t-butylphenol)butane, 1,3,5-trimethyl
- Examples of the phosphoric acid compound include trisnonylphenyl phosphite, tridecyl phosphite, 2-ethyl-2-butylpropylene-4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol phosphite, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa- 10-phosphaphenanthrene, tetra(tridecyl)isopropylidenediphenol diphosphite, tris[2-tert-butyl-4-(3-tert-hydroxy-5-methylphenylthio)-5-methylphenyl]phosph fight and the like.
- Examples of the above sulfur compounds include dialkylthiodipropionates such as dilauryl thiodipropionate, dimyristyl thiodipropionate, and distearyl thiodipropionate, and pentaerythritol tetra( ⁇ -dodecylmercaptopropionate).
- dialkylthiodipropionates such as dilauryl thiodipropionate, dimyristyl thiodipropionate, and distearyl thiodipropionate
- pentaerythritol tetra( ⁇ -dodecylmercaptopropionate ⁇ -alkylmercaptopropionate esters of polyols and the like are included.
- An antioxidant may be used individually by 1 type, and may use 2 or more types together.
- the content of the antioxidant in each resin layer is 0.01 parts by mass or more and 2 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin. is preferred. By making it 0.01 mass part or more, it is possible to appropriately prevent oxidation deterioration of the resin film and improve durability. Moreover, by making it 2 mass parts or less, it becomes easy to exhibit the effect commensurate with content.
- the content of the ultraviolet absorber is more preferably 0.04 parts by mass or more and 1.5 parts by mass or less, and 0.06 parts by mass or more and 1.1 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin. is more preferred.
- the light stabilizer is preferably a hindered amine light stabilizer.
- the light stabilizer prevents deterioration of the resin film due to irradiation with ultraviolet rays contained in sunlight.
- the hindered amine light stabilizer include hindered amine light stabilizers in which an alkyl group, an alkoxy group, or a hydrogen atom is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine structure. From the viewpoint of further suppressing deterioration, hindered amine light stabilizers in which an alkyl group or an alkoxy group is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine structure are preferred.
- the hindered amine light stabilizer is preferably a hindered amine light stabilizer in which an alkyl group is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine structure, and is a hindered amine light stabilizer in which an alkoxy group is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine structure. is also preferred. Only one kind of light stabilizer may be used, or two or more kinds thereof may be used in combination.
- Examples of the hindered amine light stabilizer having an alkyl group bonded to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine structure include “Tinuvin 765" and “Tinuvin 622SF” manufactured by BASF, and “ADEKA STAB LA-52" manufactured by ADEKA. Further, as hindered amine light stabilizers in which an alkoxy group is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine structure, BASF's “TinuvinXT-850FF" and “TinuvinXT-855FF", and ADEKA's "ADEKA STAB LA-81", etc. mentioned. Examples of the hindered amine light stabilizer in which a hydrogen atom is bonded to the nitrogen atom of the piperidine structure include “Tinuvin 770DF” manufactured by BASF and "Hostavin N24" manufactured by Clariant.
- the content of the light stabilizer in each resin layer is 0.001 parts by mass or more and 0.5 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin. is preferably When the content is 0.001 parts by mass or more, deterioration of the resin film due to ultraviolet rays or the like can be appropriately prevented, and durability can be enhanced. Moreover, by making it 0.5 mass part or less, it becomes easy to exhibit the effect commensurate with content.
- the content of the light stabilizer is preferably 0.005 parts by mass or more and 0.4 parts by mass or less relative to 100 parts by mass of the thermoplastic resin, and 0.01 parts by mass or more and 0.2 parts by mass or less. more preferred.
- Each resin layer constituting the resin film may optionally contain, in addition to the above additives, an infrared absorbing agent, a fluorescent brightening agent, a crystal nucleating agent, a metal carboxylate, a heat shielding material, and the like. good.
- the resin film is obtained by obtaining a resin composition for forming each layer, and forming each layer (first resin layer, second resin layer, third resin layer, etc.) constituting the resin film from the resin composition. , can be manufactured by laminating and integrating each layer as necessary. Moreover, in the case of a plurality of layers, it may be manufactured by laminating and integrating each layer while molding each layer constituting the resin film by co-extrusion or the like.
- the resin composition for forming each layer is prepared by a kneading device using a known method to combine a thermoplastic resin, light diffusing particles, plasticizers, other additives, and other components constituting the resin composition, which are blended as necessary. It is preferable to obtain by mixing such as. For example, when forming each layer constituting the resin film using an extruder such as a co-extruder, the components constituting the resin composition are preferably mixed in the extruder.
- the present invention further provides a laminated glass.
- the laminated glass of the present invention includes a pair of glass members and a resin film arranged between the pair of glass members.
- the resin film is preferably used as an intermediate film for laminated glass, and the pair of glass members may be bonded via the resin film. Since the structure of the resin film in the laminated glass is as described above, the description thereof will be omitted.
- Laminated glass is typically used as a screen as described below.
- each glass member is laminated on both surfaces of the resin film 10 respectively.
- glass members 21 and 22 are preferably laminated on both surfaces of the first resin layer 11 .
- FIG. 2 in the resin film 10 having the first resin layer 11 and the second resin layer 12 , one glass member 21 is placed on the surface of the second resin layer 12 so that the first resin layer 11 It is preferable that the other glass member 22 is laminated on the surface.
- FIG. 3 in the resin film 17 having the first to third resin layers 11, 12, 13, one glass member 21 is laminated on the surface of the second resin layer 12, and the third resin layer
- the other glass member 22 is preferably laminated on the surface of 13 .
- a glass plate may be used as the glass member used in the laminated glass.
- the glass plate may be inorganic glass or organic glass, but inorganic glass is preferred.
- inorganic glass include, but are not limited to, clear glass, clear float glass, float plate glass, tempered glass, colored glass, polished plate glass, figured glass, wired plate glass, lined plate glass, ultraviolet absorbing plate glass, infrared reflecting plate glass, and infrared absorbing plate glass. Plate glass, green glass, etc. are mentioned.
- the organic glass what is generally called resin glass is used, and it is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include organic glass composed of a polycarbonate plate, a polymethylmethacrylate plate, a polyester plate, or the like.
- the two glass members may be made of the same material, or may be made of different materials.
- one may be inorganic glass and the other may be organic glass, but it is preferable that both of the two glass members are inorganic glass or organic glass.
- the thickness of each glass member is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5 mm or more and 5 mm or less, more preferably 0.7 mm or more and 3 mm or less.
- the manufacturing method of laminated glass is not particularly limited.
- a resin film is sandwiched between two glass members and passed through a pressing roll, or put in a rubber bag and vacuum-sucked to remain between the two glass members and the resin film. Deaerate the air. After that, pre-bonding is performed at about 70 to 110° C. to obtain a laminate.
- the laminate is put into an autoclave or pressed to crimp at a pressure of about 120-150° C. and 1-1.5 MPa.
- a laminated glass can be obtained.
- a plurality of resin layers may be laminated and integrated to form a resin film while manufacturing the laminated glass.
- the resin film is used for screens.
- the screen is an image display screen. Specifically, one surface of the laminated glass is irradiated with light from a light source device that constitutes a projector or the like, and the irradiated light is diffused by the resin film and displayed as an image on the screen. Good.
- the screen is preferably the laminated glass described above, but need not be the laminated glass as long as it has the resin film described above.
- the screen may be, for example, a so-called external screen in which a resin film is adhered to one surface of a glass member and the resin film is not adhered to another glass member. Screens other than laminated glass may also use the same glass member as the glass member described above.
- the image display screen may be of the rear projection type or the front projection type, but is preferably of the rear projection type. By using it as a rear projection type, it becomes easier to realize a high-contrast image display.
- the rear projection type image display screen is a screen in which one surface of the laminated glass is irradiated with light from a light source device and an image is observed from the other surface of the laminated glass. Further, in the front projection type image display screen, one surface of the laminated glass is irradiated with light from the light source device, and from one surface of the laminated glass (that is, the surface irradiated with the light from the light source device), This is the screen for image observation.
- the screen of the present invention has an angle of 30°, 45°, 60° and 30°, 45°, 60° It is preferable that the ratio of the maximum value to the minimum value of luminance measured from the direction of 75° is 0.1 or more. If the ratio of the maximum value to the minimum value is less than 0.1, the brightness of the light diffusely transmitted through the screen in the direction forming an angle with the direction perpendicular to the other surface becomes small. The displayed image has low contrast. Therefore, it becomes difficult to visually recognize an image displayed clearly from various angles. Further, when the ratio of the maximum value to the minimum value is less than 0.1, the haze of the screen increases when no image is displayed.
- the ratio between the maximum value and the minimum value is preferably 0.2 or more, more preferably 0.4 or more, further preferably 0.6 or more, and even more preferably is greater than or equal to 0.7.
- the upper limit of the range of the ratio between the maximum value and the minimum value is usually 1.0.
- the output of the solar simulator during luminance measurement shall be 30% of the maximum output.
- the angle formed by the direction perpendicular to the other surface of the screen is measured from a direction of 45 °.
- the preferred value of the brightness obtained is the same as the preferred value described for the laminated glass produced by adhering the two reference glasses through the resin film.
- the preferred values for the transmittance and haze value of the screen are the same as those described for the laminated glass produced by bonding the two sheets of reference glass via a resin film, and the description thereof will also be omitted.
- the transmittance of the screen can be obtained by measuring according to JIS R3212 (2015), and the haze value can be measured according to JIS K6714.
- the output of the solar simulator during luminance measurement shall be 30% of the maximum output.
- the present invention also provides an image display system using the laminated glass as a screen for image display as described above.
- An image display system includes the above-described laminated glass and a light source device that irradiates light on one surface of the laminated glass, and displays an image on the laminated glass by the light from the light source device.
- the image display system may be of either the rear projection type or the front projection type, but the rear projection type is preferred. An embodiment of the rear projection type image display system will be described in detail below with reference to FIG.
- An image display system 30 includes laminated glass 31 and a light source device 32 .
- the laminated glass 31 may have any structure of the laminated glasses described above.
- the light source device 32 irradiates light onto one surface (back surface 31B) of the laminated glass 31, and an image is displayed from the other surface (front surface 31F) of the laminated glass 31 by the irradiated light.
- An observer OB in front of the laminated glass 31 visually recognizes the image displayed on the front surface 31 ⁇ /b>F side.
- the image displayed from the front surface 31F may be a video image such as a moving image, or may be a still image, a message or a logo made up of characters, icons, trademarks, etc., and is not particularly limited.
- the light source device 32 can use a light source conventionally used in a rear projection type image display system, and uses, for example, a projector capable of projecting various images such as video.
- a projector capable of projecting various images such as video.
- the projector it is preferable to use a video display system using a digital mirror device known as a so-called DLP (registered trademark) projector.
- DLP registered trademark
- the light applied to the laminated glass 31 is light corresponding to an image that is left-right reversed with respect to the display image.
- the method of irradiating the light corresponding to the horizontally inverted image is not particularly limited, and the image signal may be horizontally inverted by adjusting the image signal, or a reversing mirror or the like may be used.
- the light emitted from the light source device 32 may be directly applied to the laminated glass 31, or may be applied to the laminated glass 31 via an optical member such as a reflecting mirror or a reversing mirror.
- the resin film and laminated glass of the present invention can be used in various fields, such as various window glasses. More specifically, it can be used as window glass for vehicles such as automobiles, railroad vehicles, aircraft, and ships, or as window glass for construction. By using the resin film or laminated glass for various window glasses, various images such as images, messages, and logos can be displayed on the window glasses. Moreover, it may be used as a display for various electric appliances such as household electric appliances. Among these, it is preferably used for window glass, and more preferably used for automobile window glass. As window glass for automobiles, as described above, it can be used for any of windshields, side glasses, and rear glasses because of its high transmittance.
- a light source device when it is used for architectural window glass, a light source device is installed inside a building, the inner surface of the window glass is irradiated with light from the light source device, and various types of light are applied to the outer surface of the window glass. An image should be displayed.
- the light source device when it is used as a window glass for a vehicle, it is preferable to install the light source device inside the vehicle and display various images on the outer surface of the window glass.
- an image may be displayed on the inner surface of the window glass by irradiating the outer surface of the window glass for buildings or vehicles with light from the light source device.
- a light source device may be installed on the hood, trunk, or the like of an automobile to irradiate the windshield, side glass, rear glass, or the like with light from the outside, and an image may be displayed on the inner surfaces of these glasses.
- the thickness of the light diffusion layer was measured at intervals of 5 cm along the MD using an Olympus microscope "DSX500", and the maximum and minimum values were defined as the maximum and minimum thicknesses of the light diffusion layer, respectively.
- Average particle size of light diffusion particles The average particle size of the light diffusing particles was measured by a laser diffraction/scattering method using “LA-960” manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.
- Luminance In a dark room, as shown in FIG. 5, the output end 50 of a solar simulator ("HAL-320W” manufactured by Asahi Spectrosco Co., Ltd.) is positioned perpendicular to one surface 51A of the laminated glass 51 by 30 cm (distance L1 ) was placed at a distant position, and simulated sunlight was irradiated to the laminated glass 51 by a solar simulator.
- a brightness meter 52 (“SR-3AR" manufactured by Topcon Technohouse Co., Ltd.) placed at a position where the distance L2 from the measurement position of the other surface 51B of the laminated glass 51 is 35 m. Luminance was measured.
- the measurement position is a position that coincides with the luminous flux center of the irradiated light, and the luminance is measured at positions where the angles ⁇ with respect to the vertical direction of the other surface 51B are 30°, 45°, 60° and 75°. , respectively, with the luminance meter 52 .
- the output of the solar simulator during luminance measurement was 30% of the maximum output.
- PVB1 polyvinyl butyral resin, average degree of polymerization 1700, amount of hydroxyl groups 30.5 mol%, degree of acetylation 1 mol%, degree of acetalization 68.5 mol%
- PVB2 polyvinyl butyral resin, average degree of polymerization 3000, amount of hydroxyl groups 24 mol%, degree of acetylation 12 mol%, degree of acetalization 64 mol%
- Plasticizer 3GO: triethylene glycol-di-2-ethylhexanoate, (light diffusion particles)
- Silver nanoparticles Particles having a core-shell structure with silver particles as the core (Lux Labs, Inc. “Silver nanospheres”)
- Titanium oxide particles particles having a core-shell structure with titanium oxide particles as the core (“Titanium oxide nanospheres” manufactured by Lux Labs, Inc.)
- Example 1 (Production of resin film)
- 100 parts by mass of PVB1 as a polyvinyl acetal resin, 40 parts by mass of 3GO as a plasticizer, and silver nanoparticles as light diffusion particles are kneaded to obtain a resin for the first resin layer.
- a composition was obtained.
- the silver nanoparticles were added so that the content with respect to the total amount of the first resin layer was 0.01% by mass.
- 100 parts by mass of PVB1 as a polyvinyl acetal resin and 40 parts by mass of 3GO as a plasticizer were kneaded to obtain resin compositions for the second and third resin layers.
- the obtained resin compositions for the first to third layers are co-extruded to form a second resin layer with a thickness of 325 ⁇ m, a first resin layer with a thickness of 110 ⁇ m, and a third resin layer with a thickness of 325 ⁇ m.
- a resin film having a three-layer structure consisting of three resin layers was obtained. The size of the resin film was 30 cm x 30 cm.
- Example 2 The amount of the plasticizer in the resin composition for the first resin layer was changed from 40 parts by mass to 60 parts by mass, and the amount of the plasticizer in the resin compositions for the second and third resin layers was changed to 40 parts by mass. parts by mass to 38 parts by mass, and the thickness of the second and third resin layers was changed from 325 ⁇ m to 345 ⁇ m.
- Example 3 (Production of resin film)
- 100 parts by mass of PVB1 as a polyvinyl acetal resin, 40 parts by mass of 3GO as a plasticizer, and titanium oxide particles as light diffusion particles are kneaded to obtain a resin composition for the first resin layer. got stuff Here, the titanium oxide particles were added so that the content with respect to the total amount of the first resin layer was 0.0015% by mass.
- a resin film having a single-layer structure consisting only of the first resin layer with a thickness of 760 ⁇ m was obtained.
- the size of the resin film was 30 cm x 30 cm.
- Example 4 (Production of resin film)
- 100 parts by mass of PVB1 as a polyvinyl acetal resin, 60 parts by mass of 3GO as a plasticizer, and titanium oxide particles as light diffusion particles are kneaded to obtain a resin for the first resin layer.
- a composition was obtained.
- the titanium oxide particles were added so that the content with respect to the total amount of the first resin layer was 0.01% by mass.
- 100 parts by mass of PVB1 as a polyvinyl acetal resin and 38 parts by mass of 3GO as a plasticizer were kneaded to obtain resin compositions for the second and third resin layers.
- the obtained resin compositions for the first to third layers are co-extruded to form a second resin layer with a thickness of 345 ⁇ m, a first resin layer with a thickness of 110 ⁇ m, and a third resin layer with a thickness of 345 ⁇ m.
- a resin film having a three-layer structure consisting of three resin layers was obtained. The size of the resin film was 30 cm x 30 cm.
- Example 5 Example 3 was repeated except that the content of the titanium oxide particles with respect to the total amount of the first resin layer was changed from 0.0015% by mass to 0.0008% by mass.
- Example 6 Example 3 was repeated except that the content of titanium oxide particles with respect to the total amount of the first resin layer was changed from 0.0015% by mass to 0.0040% by mass.
- Example 7 Example 3 was repeated except that the content of the titanium oxide particles with respect to the total amount of the first resin layer was changed from 0.0015% by mass to 0.0080% by mass.
- Example 4 was carried out in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the content of the titanium oxide particles with respect to the total amount of the first resin layer was changed from 0.01% by mass to 0.05% by mass.
- Example 1 It was carried out in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a transparent film for screen (trade name "KALEIDO SCREEN", manufactured by ENEOS Corporation) was used as the resin film.
- a transparent film for screen trade name "KALEIDO SCREEN", manufactured by ENEOS Corporation
- Parts/phr in Table 1 is the content (parts by mass) per 100 parts by mass of the polyvinyl acetal resin in each resin layer.
- Numberer of parts/wt% in Table 1 is the content (% by mass) of the light diffusion particles in the light diffusion layer.
- the laminated glass of the comparative example contains light diffusing particles, it is not adjusted so that the ratio between the maximum value and the minimum value is 0.1 or more, so the haze of the laminated glass is reduced. However, it was not possible to increase the contrast of the screen display.
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Abstract
Description
[1]光拡散粒子と熱可塑性樹脂とを含む光拡散層を備える樹脂フィルムであって、
2枚の厚さ2.5mmの基準ガラスを前記樹脂フィルムを介して接着させて得た合わせガラスの一方の面に対して、垂直な方向からソーラーシミュレーターによる疑似太陽光を照射したとき、前記合わせガラスの他方の面に対して垂直な方向と成す角度が30°、45°、60°及び75°の方向から測定された輝度のうち最大値と最小値との比が0.1以上である、樹脂フィルム。
[2]前記樹脂フィルム100質量%中、前記光拡散粒子の含有量が、0.00001質量%以上1質量%以下である上記[1]に記載の樹脂フィルム。
[3]前記光拡散層に含有される熱可塑性樹脂がポリビニルアセタール樹脂である上記[1]又は[2]に記載の樹脂フィルム。
[4]前記光拡散層が可塑剤をさらに含む上記[1]~[3]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[5]各層が熱可塑性樹脂を備える3層以上の樹脂層を備え、
前記3層以上の樹脂層が、前記光拡散層と、第2及び第3の樹脂層を含み、
前記光拡散層が、前記第2及び第3の樹脂層の間に配置されている、上記[1]~[4]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[6]前記第2及び第3の樹脂層が可塑剤をさらに含み、
前記光拡散層における熱可塑性樹脂100質量部に対する可塑剤の含有量が、前記第2及び第3の樹脂層それぞれにおける熱可塑性樹脂100質量部に対する可塑剤の含有量よりも多い上記[5]に記載の樹脂フィルム。
[7]前記第2及び第3の樹脂層それぞれに含有される熱可塑性樹脂が、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂である上記[5]又は[6]に記載の樹脂フィルム。
[8]前記光拡散粒子が銀粒子及びチタン元素の少なくともいずれかを含むナノ粒子である、上記[1]~[7]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[9]前記光拡散層の厚みを面方向に沿う一方向に5cm間隔で測定した際、前記光拡散層の最大厚みと最小厚みとの差が40μm以下である上記[1]~[8]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[10]前記第2及び第3の樹脂層それぞれに含有される熱可塑性樹脂が、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体樹脂、アイオノマー樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、及び熱可塑性エラストマーからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種である上記[5]又は[6]に記載の樹脂フィルム。
[11]前記光拡散層に含有される熱可塑性樹脂が、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体樹脂、アイオノマー樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、及び熱可塑性エラストマーからなる群から選択される少なくとも1種である、上記[1]~[10]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[12]2枚の厚さ2.5mmのクリアガラスを前記樹脂フィルムを介して接着させて得た合わせガラスのヘイズ値が6%以下である、上記[1]~[11]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[13]2枚の厚さ2.5mmのクリアガラスを前記樹脂フィルムを介して接着させて得た合わせガラスの透過率が70%以上である、上記[1]~[12]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[14]2枚の厚さ2.5mmの基準ガラスを前記樹脂フィルムを介して接着させて得た合わせガラスの一方の面に対して、垂直な方向からソーラーシミュレーターによる疑似太陽光を照射したとき、前記合わせガラスの他方の面に対して垂直な方向と成す角度が45°の方向から測定された輝度が、50cd/m2以上である、上記[1]~[13]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[15]前記光拡散粒子がコア-シェル粒子である上記[1]~[14]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[16]前記光拡散粒子が、金属粒子及び金属酸化物粒子の少なくともいずれかをコアとして、半金属又は金属の酸化物からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種を含む材料をシェルとするコア-シェル金属粒子である、上記[1]~[15]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[17]前記コアが銀元素若しくはチタン元素、又は銀元素及びチタン元素の両方を含む、上記[16]に記載の樹脂フィルム。
[18]前記シェルが、シリカ、アルミナ及びこれらの混合物、並びにシリカ、アルミナ及びこれらの混合物とポリマーとの複合物のいずれか1つを含む、上記[16]又は[17]に記載の樹脂フィルム。
[19]前記光拡散粒子の平均粒子径が、1nm以上100μm以下である、上記[1]~[18]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[20]前記光拡散粒子の平均粒子径が、1nm以上1000nm以下である、上記[1]~[18]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[21]前記光拡散粒子の樹脂フィルム100質量%中の含有量が、0.0001質量%以上0.01質量%以下である、上記[1]~[20]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[22]前記光拡散粒子の光拡散層における含有量は、光拡散層100質量%中、0.00005質量%以上2質量%以下である、上記[1]~[21]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[23]前記光拡散粒子の光拡散層における含有量は、光拡散層100質量%中、0.0005質量%以上0.1質量%以下である、上記[1]~[22]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[24]前記光拡散層の厚みが、20μm以上400μm以下である、上記[1]~[23]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[25]前記樹脂フィルムの厚みが、100μm以上3.0mm以下である、上記[1]~[24]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[26]合わせガラス用中間膜である、上記[1]~[25]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[27]上記[1]~[26]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルムと、一対のガラス部材とを備え、前記樹脂フィルムが一対のガラス部材の間に配置される合わせガラス。
[28]一方の面に対して、垂直な方向からソーラーシミュレーターによる疑似太陽光を照射したとき、他方の面に対して垂直な方向と成す角度が30°、45°、60°及び75°の方向から測定された輝度のうち最大値と最小値との比が0.1以上である、スクリーン。
[29]ヘイズ値が6%以下である、上記[28]に記載の樹脂フィルム。
[30]透過率が70%以上である、上記[28]又は[29]に記載の樹脂フィルム。
[31]一方の面に対して、垂直な方向からソーラーシミュレーターによる疑似太陽光を照射したとき、他方の面に対して垂直な方向と成す角度が45°の方向から測定された輝度が、50cd/m2以上である、上記[28]~[30]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム。
[32]光拡散粒子と熱可塑性樹脂とを含む光拡散層を備える樹脂フィルムを有する、上記[28]~[31]のいずれか1つに記載のスクリーン。
[33]上記[1]~[26]のいずれか1つに記載の樹脂フィルム、上記[27]に記載の合わせガラス、又は上記[28]~[32]のいずれか1つに記載のスクリーンを備える窓ガラス。
[34]上記[27]に記載の合わせガラス、又は上記[28]~[32]のいずれか1つに記載のスクリーンと、光源装置とを備える画像表示システム。
<樹脂フィルム>
本発明の樹脂フィルムは、光拡散粒子と熱可塑性樹脂とを含む光拡散層を備える。本発明の樹脂フィルムは、後述する通り、画像表示用のスクリーンに使用されることが好ましい。本発明の樹脂フィルムは、光拡散粒子を含む光拡散層を備えることで、樹脂フィルムに照射された光が光拡散層で拡散されるので、その拡散光により、照射された光に対応する画像を、本フィルムを備えるスクリーンに表示することができる。
樹脂フィルムは、後述する通り、合わせガラス用中間膜であることが好ましく、中でも合わせガラスによって構成される画像表示用のスクリーンに使用されることがより好ましい。
本発明の樹脂フィルムを介して2枚の基準ガラスを接着させて合わせガラスを得た場合、得られた合わせガラスは以下の条件を満たす。合わせガラスの一方の面に対して、垂直な方向からソーラーシミュレーターによる疑似太陽光を照射したとき、合わせガラスの他方の面に対して垂直な方向と成す角度が30°、45°、60°及び75°の方向から測定された輝度のうち最大値と最小値との比が0.1以上となる。
なお、基準ガラスは、厚さ2.5mmのクリアガラスであり、より詳細にはJIS R 3211(1998)に準拠した厚さ2.5mmのクリアガラスであり、可視光透過率90.4%のものを用いるとよい。
なお、輝度測定時のソーラーシミュレーターの出力は最大出力の30%とする。
このような観点から、上述の最大値と最小値との比は、好ましくは0.2以上であり、より好ましくは0.4以上である、さらに好ましくは0.6以上であり、よりさらに好ましくは0.7以上である。また、上述の最大値と最小値との比の範囲の上限値は、通常1.0である。
光拡散粒子の種類、光拡散粒子の含有量、熱可塑性樹脂の種類などを選択することにより、上述の最大値と最小値との比を0.1以上とすることができる。
なお、輝度測定時のソーラーシミュレーターの出力は最大出力の30%とする。
2枚の厚さ2.5mmの基準ガラスを本発明の樹脂フィルムを介して接着させて得た合わせガラスの透過率が70%以上であることが好ましい。なお、透過率は、可視光線透過率を意味し、JIS R3212(2015)に準拠して、測定することで求めることができる。
上記透過率を70%以上とすると、一定の透明性を担保でき、各種の窓ガラスに好適に使用することができ、例えば、自動車のフロントガラスなどにも使用することができる。より高い透明性を確保する観点から、透過率は、75%以上がより好ましく、80%以上がさらに好ましい。
透過率は、樹脂フィルムの透明性確保の観点から、高ければ高いほどよいが、実用的には99%以下であり、また、樹脂フィルムにおいて光を適切に拡散する観点から、97%以下であることが好ましい。
2枚の厚さ2.5mmの基準ガラスを本発明の樹脂フィルムを介して接着させて得た合わせガラスのヘイズ値が15%以下であることが好ましい。ヘイズ値を上記上限値以下とすることで、樹脂フィルムの透明性を確保できる。ヘイズ値は、透明性をより高くする観点から、10%以下であることがより好ましく、6%以下であることがさらに好ましく、4%以下であることがよりさらに好ましい。また、上記ヘイズ値は、光拡散粒子により一定量の光を拡散させて適切に画像表示を行う観点から、例えば0.5%以上、好ましくは1%以上、より好ましくは2%以上である。なお、ヘイズ値は、JIS K6714に準拠して測定できる。
本発明の樹脂フィルムに使用される光拡散粒子としては、シリカなどの酸化ケイ素、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化チタン、アルミナなどの酸化アルミニウム、酸化マグネシウム、酸化セリウムなどの半金属又は金属酸化物粒子、アルミニウム、銀、プラチナ、金、チタン、ニッケル、スズ、インジウム、スズ-コバルト合金などの金属粒子、ダイヤモンド粒子などが挙げられる。これら粒子を使用することで、樹脂フィルムの透明性を確保しつつ、光拡散性、画像表示のコントラストなどを良好にしやすくなる。上記の中でも、透明性、光拡散性、画像表示のコントラストを高め、かつ上記した最大値と最小値との比を高くしやすくする観点から、金属粒子及び金属酸化物粒子が好ましい。ここで、金属又は金属酸化物粒子における金属元素としては、銀元素又はチタン元素を使用することが好ましく、したがって、銀元素及びチタン元素の少なくともいずれかを含む粒子がより好ましく、中でも銀粒子、酸化チタン粒子及びチタン粒子がさらに好ましく、銀粒子及び酸化チタン粒子が特に好ましい。
例えば、銀粒子(好ましくは後述する銀ナノ粒子)は、銀粒子をコアとして、シリカ、アルミナ又はこれらの混合物、シリカ、アルミナ又はこれらの混合物とポリビニルピロリドンなどのポリマーとの複合物などをシェルとする粒子であってもよい。また、コア-シェル粒子としては、シリカをコアとして、銀もしくはその他金属をシェルとする粒子であってもよい。
光拡散粒子は、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
なお、光拡散粒子の平均粒子径は、レーザー回折/散乱法により測定できる。
光拡散粒子は、例えばアスペクト比が3未満であってもよいし、好ましくは2以下であってもよい。光拡散粒子は、アスペクト比を低くすることで、ヘイズ値を小さくしつつも、光拡散性を良好にしやすくなる。なお、球状又は略球状の光拡散粒子は、一般的にアスペクト比が2以下であり、1に近い値となる。
なお、アスペクト比は、粒子の長径と、短径の比を求めるとよく、薄片状の光拡散粒子では、長径/厚さを測定するとよい。なお、アスペクト比は、SEMなどの顕微鏡観察により測定し、例えば50個の粒子を測定してその平均値をアスペクト比とすればよい。
本発明の樹脂フィルムは、各層が熱可塑性樹脂を有する1層又は2層以上の樹脂層を有し、そのうちの1つが、光拡散粒子と熱可塑性樹脂とを含む光拡散層である。すなわち、樹脂フィルムは、光拡散層単層からなる樹脂フィルムであってもよいし、2層以上の樹脂層を有し、そのうちの1つが光拡散層であってもよい。
図2は、樹脂層として2層の樹脂層を有する樹脂フィルム16を示す。樹脂フィルム16は、図2に示すように、上記した光拡散層11に加えて、第2の樹脂層12を有する。第2の樹脂層12は、第1の樹脂層11の一方の面に設けられる。例えば合わせガラスに使用される場合、樹脂フィルム16では、第2の樹脂層12の光拡散層11側とは反対側の面、及び光拡散層11の第2の樹脂層12側とは反対側の面が、合わせガラス20を構成するためのガラス部材21、22に接着される接着面となるとよい。
また、樹脂フィルムは、4層以上の樹脂層を有してもよく、その場合、第2及び第3の樹脂層12、13の一方又は両方のさらに外側に1以上の樹脂層を有してもよく、その最外層の樹脂層が、ガラス部材との接着面となるとよい。
第1の樹脂層において熱可塑性樹脂(1)として使用される熱可塑性樹脂は、1種単独でもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。なお、第1の樹脂層に使用する熱可塑性樹脂の詳細は後述する。
また、第1の樹脂層が可塑剤を有することで、合わせガラスなどを構成するガラス部材、又は樹脂フィルムを構成する他の樹脂層などに対する接着性を高めることが可能になる。可塑剤(1)は、熱可塑性樹脂(1)としてポリビニルアセタール樹脂(1)を使用する場合に含有させると特に効果的である。可塑剤(1)の詳細については後述する。
また、可塑剤(1)の含有量(1)は、好ましくは100質量部以下、より好ましくは90質量部以下、更に好ましくは85質量部以下、特に好ましくは80質量部以下である。含有量(1)を上記上限以下とすると、合わせガラスの耐貫通性がより一層高くなる。
樹脂フィルムにおいて、第1の樹脂層以外の各樹脂層は、熱可塑性樹脂を含有する層である。各樹脂層の樹脂として熱可塑性樹脂を使用すると、各樹脂層を他の樹脂層やガラス部材などに接着させやくなる。
なお、以下の説明においては、第2及び第3の樹脂層それぞれに使用される熱可塑性樹脂は、熱可塑性樹脂(2)、熱可塑性樹脂(3)ということがある。
第1の樹脂層以外の樹脂層に使用する熱可塑性樹脂は、各樹脂層において、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
第1の樹脂層以外の各樹脂層に使用する熱可塑性樹脂は、接着性を向上させる観点などから、熱可塑性樹脂(1)と同種の樹脂であることが好ましい。したがって、樹脂フィルムが第1及び第2の樹脂層を有し、かつ熱可塑性樹脂(1)がポリビニルアセタール樹脂である場合、熱可塑性樹脂(2)もポリビニルアセタール樹脂であることが好ましい。また、熱可塑性樹脂(3)は、熱可塑性樹脂(1)及び熱可塑性樹脂(2)と同種の樹脂であることが好ましい。したがって、樹脂フィルムが第1~第3の樹脂層を有し、かつ熱可塑性樹脂(1)がポリビニルアセタール樹脂である場合、熱可塑性樹脂(2)、(3)がいずれもポリビニルアセタール樹脂であることが好ましい。
なお、第1の樹脂層以外の樹脂層に使用する熱可塑性樹脂の詳細は後述する。
なお、第2及び第3の樹脂層それぞれに含有される可塑剤は、可塑剤(2)、可塑剤(3)ということがある。
また、第2の樹脂層における熱可塑性樹脂(2)100質量部に対する可塑剤(2)の含有量は含有量(2)と記載することがあり、第3の樹脂層における熱可塑性樹脂(3)100質量部に対する上記可塑剤(3)の含有量は含有量(3)と記載することがある。
また、第1の樹脂層以外の各樹脂層に使用する可塑剤はそれぞれ、1種のみが用いられてもよく、2種以上が併用されてもよい。
また、第1の樹脂層以外の樹脂層それぞれにおける可塑剤の含有量(例えば、含有量(2)、(3))は、好ましくは60質量部以下、より好ましくは50質量部以下、さらに好ましくは45質量部以下である。これら含有量それぞれを上記上限以下とすると、樹脂フィルムの曲げ剛性などの機械特性が良好となる。
そして、含有量(1)は、樹脂フィルムが第1~第3の樹脂層を有する場合、上記含有量(2)及び(3)の両方よりも多いことがさらに好ましい。
また、含有量(1)が、各樹脂層における可塑剤の含有量それぞれより多い場合、含有量(1)と、第1の樹脂層以外の樹脂層それぞれにおける可塑剤の含有量(例えば、含有量(2)、(3))の差の絶対値は、それぞれ、好ましくは10質量部以上、より好ましくは15質量部以上、更に好ましくは20質量部以上である。このように、含有量の差の絶対値を大きくすると合わせガラスの遮音性をより一層高めやすくなる。また、上記差の絶対値はそれぞれ、好ましくは70質量部以下、より好ましくは60質量部以下、更に好ましくは50質量部以下である。
上記のとおりに第1の樹脂層以外の各樹脂層に光拡散粒子を含有させず、又は含有させても少量とすることで、各樹脂層において、光拡散がほとんど生じないようになる。それにより、樹脂フィルムを画像表示用のスクリーンに使用した際、表示される画像のコントラストを高めることができる。第1の樹脂層以外の各樹脂層(例えば、第2の樹脂層、第3の樹脂層それぞれ)における光拡散粒子の含有量は、特に限定されないが、例えば0.1質量%未満、好ましくは0.0005質量%未満、より好ましくは0.00001質量%未満、さらに好ましくは0質量%である。
樹脂フィルムの厚み(すなわち、樹脂フィルム全体の厚み)は、特に限定されないが、好ましくは100μm以上3.0mm以下である。樹脂フィルムの厚みを100μm以上とすることで、樹脂フィルムの接着性、及び合わせガラス用中間膜として使用した際の合わせガラスの耐貫通性などを良好にできる。また、3.0mm以下とすることで、樹脂フィルムの厚みが必要以上に大きくなることを防止し、透明性も確保しやすくなる。樹脂フィルムの厚みはより好ましくは200μm以上であり、さらに好ましくは400μm以上である。また、より好ましくは2.0mm以下、さらに好ましくは1.5mm以下である。なお、以下の説明において、樹脂フィルムの厚み、光拡散層の厚み、第1の樹脂層以外の樹脂層の厚みは、特に断りがない限り平均厚みを意味し、具体的には実施例記載の測定方法により測定できる。
本発明において、光拡散層(第1の樹脂層)の厚みは、好ましくは20μm以上400μm以下である。光拡散層(第1の樹脂層)の厚みを上記範囲内とすることで、光拡散層で一定の光拡散が生じて、画像表示用のスクリーンに使用した場合に、適度な輝度で画像表示しやすくなる。これら観点から、光拡散層(第1の樹脂層)の厚みは、より好ましくは40μm以上、更に好ましくは60μm以上であり、また、より好ましくは250μm以下、更に好ましくは200μm以下である。
光拡散層の最大厚みと最小厚みとの差は、小さければ小さいほどよく、0μm以上であればよい。
なお、面方向に沿う一方向とは、光拡散層のMD(Machine Direction)が判明する場合には、MDであり、MDが判明しない場合には任意の一方向である。
第1の樹脂層以外の樹脂層(例えば、第2の樹脂層、又は第2及び第3の樹脂層)それぞれの厚みは、特に限定されないが、50μm以上1.3mm以下であることが好ましい。50μm以上とすることで、樹脂フィルムの接着性、及び合わせガラス用中間膜として使用した際に合わせガラスの耐貫通性などを良好にできる。また、1.3mm以下とすることで、樹脂フィルムの厚みが必要以上に大きくなることを防止し、透明性も確保しやすくなる。これら観点から、第1の樹脂層以外の樹脂層それぞれの厚みは、100μm以上がより好ましく、150μm以上がさらに好ましく、また、1mm以下がより好ましく、650μm以下がさらに好ましい。
以下、各樹脂層に使用されるポリビニルアセタール樹脂の詳細について説明する。なお、以下の説明においては、各樹脂層に使用されるポリビニルアセタール樹脂の共通の構成については、単に「ポリビニルアセタール樹脂」として説明する。第1、第2、及び第3の樹脂層それぞれに使用されるポリビニルアセタール樹脂の個別の構成については、「ポリビニルアセタール樹脂(1)」、「ポリビニルアセタール樹脂(2)」、「ポリビニルアセタール樹脂(3)」として説明する。
また、可塑剤の含有量を多くする場合には、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂の平均重合度を高くすることが好ましい。したがって、第1の樹脂層においては、例えば可塑剤の含有量(1)を55質量部以上とする場合などにおいて、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂(1)の平均重合度を2000以上とすることも好適であり、2500以上としてもよい。
また、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂(1)の平均重合度は、他の樹脂層におけるポリビニルアセタール樹脂(例えば、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂(2)、(3))それぞれの平均重合度より低くしてもよいし、同じとしてもよいし、高くしてもよい。ただし、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂(1)の平均重合度は、他の樹脂層を形成するためのポリビニルアセタール樹脂の平均重合度より高くすることが好ましい。このように、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂(1)の平均重合度を高くすると、第1の樹脂層においては、例えば可塑剤の含有量を多くしても各種性能が維持しやすくなる。
なお、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂の平均重合度は、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂の原料となるPVAの平均重合度と同じであり、PVAの平均重合度は、JIS K6726「ポリビニルアルコール試験方法」に準拠した方法により求められる。
上記炭素数が1~10のアルデヒドは特に限定されず、例えば、ホルムアルデヒド、アセトアルデヒド、プロピオンアルデヒド、n-ブチルアルデヒド、イソブチルアルデヒド、n-バレルアルデヒド、2-エチルブチルアルデヒド、n-ヘキシルアルデヒド、n-オクチルアルデヒド、n-ノニルアルデヒド、n-デシルアルデヒド、ベンズアルデヒド等が挙げられる。なかでも、アセトアルデヒド、プロピオンアルデヒド、n-ブチルアルデヒド、イソブチルアルデヒド、n-ヘキシルアルデヒド又はn-バレルアルデヒドが好ましく、プロピオンアルデヒド、n-ブチルアルデヒド、イソブチルアルデヒド又はn-バレルアルデヒドがより好ましく、n-ブチルアルデヒド又はn-バレルアルデヒドが更に好ましく、n-ブチルアルデヒドが最も好ましい。上記アルデヒドは、1種のみが用いられてもよく、2種以上が併用されてもよい。
上記アセタール化度は、主鎖の全エチレン基量から、水酸基が結合しているエチレン基量と、アセチル基が結合しているエチレン基量とを差し引いた値を、主鎖の全エチレン基量で除算して求めたモル分率を百分率で示した値である。アセタール化度(ブチラール化度)は、JIS K6728「ポリビニルブチラール試験方法」に準拠した方法により測定された結果から算出するとよい。
上記アセチル化度は、アセチル基が結合しているエチレン基量を、主鎖の全エチレン基量で除算して求めたモル分率を百分率で示した値である。上記アセチル基が結合しているエチレン基量は、例えば、JIS K6728「ポリビニルブチラール試験方法」に準拠して測定できる。
エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体樹脂としては、非架橋型のエチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体樹脂であってもよいし、また、高温架橋型のエチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体樹脂であってもよい。また、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体樹脂としては、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体けん化物、エチレン-酢酸ビニルの加水分解物などのようなエチレン-酢酸ビニル変性体樹脂も用いることができる。
アイオノマー樹脂としては、特に限定はなく、様々なアイオノマー樹脂を用いることができる。具体的には、エチレン系アイオノマー、スチレン系アイオノマー、パーフルオロカーボン系アイオノマー、テレケリックアイオノマー、ポリウレタンアイオノマー等が挙げられる。これらの中では、スクリーンの機械強度、耐久性、透明性などが良好になる点、ガラス板が無機ガラスである場合ガラス板との接着性に優れる点から、エチレン系アイオノマーが好ましい。
不飽和カルボン酸としては、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、マレイン酸等が挙げられ、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸が好ましい。また、他のモノマーとしては、アクリル酸エステル、メタクリル酸エステル、1-ブテン等が挙げられる。
エチレン・不飽和カルボン酸共重合体としては、該共重合体が有する全構成単位を100モル%とすると、エチレン由来の構成単位を75~99モル%有することが好ましく、不飽和カルボン酸由来の構成単位を1~25モル%有することが好ましい。
エチレン・不飽和カルボン酸共重合体のアイオノマーは、エチレン・不飽和カルボン酸共重合体が有するカルボキシル基の少なくとも一部を金属イオンで中和または架橋することにより得られるアイオノマー樹脂であるが、該カルボキシル基の中和度は、通常は1~90%であり、好ましくは5~85%である。
ポリウレタン樹脂としては、イソシアネート化合物と、ジオール化合物とを反応して得られるポリウレタン、イソシアネート化合物と、ジオール化合物、さらに、ポリアミンなどの鎖長延長剤を反応させることにより得られるポリウレタンなどが挙げられる。また、ポリウレタン樹脂は、硫黄原子を含有するものでもよい。その場合には、上記ジオールの一部又は全部を、ポリチオール及び含硫黄ポリオールから選択されるものとするとよい。ポリウレタン樹脂は、有機ガラスとの接着性を良好にすることができる。そのため、ガラス板が有機ガラスである場合に好適に使用される。
熱可塑性エラストマーとしては、スチレン系熱可塑性エラストマー、脂肪族ポリオレフィンが挙げられる。スチレン系熱可塑性エラストマーとしては、特に限定されず、公知のものを用いることができる。スチレン系熱可塑性エラストマーは、一般的に、ハードセグメントとなるスチレンモノマー重合体ブロックと、ソフトセグメントとなる共役ジエン化合物重合体ブロック又はその水添ブロックとを有する。スチレン系熱可塑性エラストマーの具体例としては、スチレン-イソプレンジブロック共重合体、スチレン-ブタジエンジブロック共重合体、スチレン-イソプレン-スチレントリブロック共重合体、スチレン-ブタジエン/イソプレン-スチレントリブロック共重合体、スチレン-ブタジエン-スチレントリブロック共重合体、並びにその水素添加体が挙げられる。
上記脂肪族ポリオレフィンは、飽和脂肪族ポリオレフィンであってもよく、不飽和脂肪族ポリオレフィンであってもよい。上記脂肪族ポリオレフィンは、鎖状オレフィンをモノマーとするポリオレフィンであってもよく、環状オレフィンをモノマーとするポリオレフィンであってもよい。樹脂フィルムの保存安定性、及び、遮音性を効果的に高める観点からは、上記脂肪族ポリオレフィンは、飽和脂肪族ポリオレフィンであることが好ましい。
上記脂肪族ポリオレフィンの材料としては、エチレン、プロピレン、1-ブテン、trans-2-ブテン、cis-2-ブテン、1-ペンテン、trans-2-ペンテン、cis-2-ペンテン、1-ヘキセン、trans-2-ヘキセン、cis-2-ヘキセン、trans-3-ヘキセン、cis-3-ヘキセン、1-ヘプテン、trans-2-ヘプテン、cis-2-ヘプテン、trans-3-ヘプテン、cis-3-ヘプテン、1-オクテン、trans-2-オクテン、cis-2-オクテン、trans-3-オクテン、cis-3-オクテン、trans-4-オクテン、cis-4-オクテン、1-ノネン、trans-2-ノネン、cis-2-ノネン、trans-3-ノネン、cis-3-ノネン、trans-4-ノネン、cis-4-ノネン、1-デセン、trans-2-デセン、cis-2-デセン、trans-3-デセン、cis-3-デセン、trans-4-デセン、cis-4-デセン、trans-5-デセン、cis-5-デセン、4-メチル-1-ペンテン、及びビニルシクロヘキサン等が挙げられる。
以下、各樹脂層それぞれに使用される可塑剤の詳細について説明する。なお、以下の説明においては、各樹脂層に使用される可塑剤(例えば、可塑剤(1)~(3))についてまとめて説明する。
各樹脂層に使用される可塑剤としては、例えば、一塩基性有機酸エステル及び多塩基性有機酸エステル等の有機エステル可塑剤、並びに有機リン酸エステル可塑剤及び有機亜リン酸エステル可塑剤などのリン系可塑剤等が挙げられる。なかでも、有機エステル可塑剤が好ましい。上記可塑剤は液状可塑剤であることが好ましい。なお、液状可塑剤とは、常温(23℃)、常圧(1気圧)で液状となる可塑剤である。
グリコールとしては、具体的には、エチレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、トリエチレングリコール、テトラエチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ジプロピレングリコール、トリプロピレングリコール、テトラプロピレングリコール、ブチレングリコールなどが挙げられる。
一塩基性有機酸としては、炭素数3~10の有機酸が挙げられ、具体的には、酪酸、イソ酪酸、カプロン酸、2-エチル酪酸、2-エチルペンタン酸、ヘプチル酸、n-オクチル酸、2-エチルヘキシル酸、n-ノニル酸及びデシル酸などが挙げられる。
上記式(1)中、R1及びR2はそれぞれ炭素数2~10の有機基を表し、R3はエチレン基、イソプロピレン基又はn-プロピレン基を表し、pは3~10の整数を表す。上記式(1)中のR1及びR2はそれぞれ、好ましくは炭素数5~10、より好ましくは炭素数6~10である。R1及びR2の有機基は、炭化水素基が好ましく、より好ましくはアルキル基である。
具体的には、セバシン酸ジブチル、アゼライン酸ジオクチル、アジピン酸ジヘキシル、アジピン酸ジオクチル、アジピン酸ヘキシルシクロヘキシル、アジピン酸ジイソノニル、アジピン酸ヘプチルノニル、ジ-(2-ブトキシエチル)アジペート、ジブチルカルビトールアジペート、混合型アジピン酸エステルなどが挙げられる。また、油変性セバシン酸アルキドなどでもよい。混合型アジピン酸エステルとしては、炭素数4~9のアルキルアルコール及び炭素数4~9の環状アルコールから選択される2種以上のアルコールから作製されたアジピン酸エステルが挙げられる。
有機リン系可塑剤としては、トリブトキシエチルホスフェート、イソデシルフェニルホスフェート及びトリイソプロピルホスフェート等のリン酸エステルなどが挙げられる。
可塑剤は、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
本発明の樹脂フィルムは、紫外線吸収剤、酸化防止剤、及び光安定化剤からなる群から選択される少なくとも1種の添加剤を含有することが好ましい。本発明の樹脂フィルムは、これら添加剤を含有することで、耐久性が高められ、太陽光などの光照射環境下で長期間使用した後においても画像表示が良好になる。耐久性をより高める観点から、樹脂フィルムは、紫外線吸収剤及び酸化防止剤を少なくとも含有することがより好ましく、紫外線吸収剤、酸化防止剤及び光安定化剤の全てを含有することがさらに好ましい。
また、光拡散層は、上記の中でも紫外線吸収剤及び酸化防止剤を含有することがより好ましく、紫外線吸収剤、酸化防止剤、及び光安定化剤の全てを含有することがさらに好ましい。また、光拡散層に加えて、他の樹脂層(例えば、第2の樹脂層、又は第2及び第3の樹脂層)も、紫外線吸収剤及び酸化防止剤を含有することがより好ましく、紫外線吸収剤、酸化防止剤、及び光安定化剤の全てを含有することがさらに好ましい。
紫外線吸収剤としては、例えば、マロン酸エステル骨格を有する化合物、シュウ酸アニリド骨格を有する化合物、ベンゾトリアゾール骨格を有する化合物、ベンゾフェノン骨格を有する化合物、トリアジン骨格を有する化合物、ベンゾエート骨格を有する化合物、ヒンダードアミン骨格を有する化合物等を使用できる。これらのなかでは、ベンゾトリアゾール骨格を有する化合物(ベンゾトリアゾール系化合物)が好ましい。
紫外線吸収剤は、太陽光などに含まれる紫外線を吸収して、太陽光などの照射により樹脂フィルムが劣化することを防止して、耐久性を向上させる。
(式(1)において、R1は、水素原子、炭素数が1~8のアルキル基、又は炭素数4~20のアルコキシカルボニルアルキル基を表し、R2は、水素原子、又は炭素数が1~8のアルキル基を表す。Xはハロゲン原子又は水素原子である。Y1及びY2はそれぞれ独立に水酸基又は水素原子であり、Y1及びY2の少なくともいずれか1つが水酸基である。)
Xのハロゲン原子は、フッ素原子、塩素原子、臭素原子、ヨウ素原子が挙げられるが、塩素原子が好ましい。
Y1及びY2はいずれか一方のみが水酸基でもよいし、両方が水酸基でもよい。また、Y2が少なくとも水酸基であることが好ましい。
また、式(1)で示される化合物の具体例としては、2-(3-t-ブチル-5-メチル-2-ヒドロキシフェニル)-5-クロロベンゾトリアゾール、2-(3,5-ジ-t-ブチル-2-ヒドロキシフェニル)-5-クロロベンゾトリアゾール、3-[3-tert-ブチル-5-(5-クロロ-2H-ベンゾトリアゾール-2-イル)-4-ヒドロキシフェニル]プロピオン酸オクチル、3-(5-クロロ-2H-ベンゾトリアゾール-2-イル)-5-(1,1-ジメチルエチル)-4-ヒドロキシフェニルプロピオン酸メチル、2-(3,5-ジ-tert-アミル-2-ヒドロキシフェニル)ベンゾトリアゾール、2-(2,4-ジヒドロキシフェニル)-2H-ベンゾトリアゾールなどが挙げられる。
紫外線吸収剤は、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
紫外線吸収剤の上記含有量は、熱可塑性樹脂100質量部に対して、0.05質量部以上1.5質量部以下であることがより好ましく、0.1質量部以上1.1質量部以下が更に好ましい。
酸化防止剤としては、フェノール系化合物、リン酸系化合物、硫黄系化合物などが挙げられる。酸化防止剤は、樹脂フィルムが酸化劣化することを防止して、耐久性を向上させる。上記の中では、耐久性を向上させる観点から、フェノール系化合物が好適である。
酸化防止剤は、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
紫外線吸収剤の上記含有量は、熱可塑性樹脂100質量部に対して、0.04質量部以上1.5質量部以下であることがより好ましく、0.06質量部以上1.1質量部以下が更に好ましい。
光安定剤としては、ヒンダードアミン光安定剤であることが好ましい。光安定剤は、太陽光などに含まれる紫外線などの照射により樹脂フィルムが劣化することを防止する。
上記ヒンダードアミン光安定剤としては、ピペリジン構造の窒素原子にアルキル基、アルコキシ基又は水素原子が結合しているヒンダードアミン光安定剤等が挙げられる。劣化をより一層抑える観点からは、ピペリジン構造の窒素原子にアルキル基又はアルコキシ基が結合しているヒンダードアミン光安定剤が好ましい。上記ヒンダードアミン光安定剤は、ピペリジン構造の窒素原子にアルキル基が結合しているヒンダードアミン光安定剤であることが好ましく、ピペリジン構造の窒素原子にアルコキシ基が結合しているヒンダードアミン光安定剤であることも好ましい。
光安定剤は1種のみが用いられてもよく、2種以上が併用されてもよい。
また、上記ピペリジン構造の窒素原子にアルコキシ基が結合しているヒンダードアミン光安定剤としては、BASF社製「TinuvinXT-850FF」及び「TinuvinXT-855FF」、並びにADEKA社製「アデカスタブ LA-81」等が挙げられる。
上記ピペリジン構造の窒素原子に水素原子が結合しているヒンダードアミン光安定剤としては、BASF社製「Tinuvin770DF」、及びクラリアント社製「Hostavin N24」等が挙げられる。
光安定剤の上記含有量は、熱可塑性樹脂100質量部に対して、0.005質量部以上0.4質量部以下であることが好ましく、0.01質量部以上0.2質量部以下がより好ましい。
樹脂フィルムは、各層を形成するための樹脂組成物を得て、樹脂組成物から樹脂フィルムを構成する各層(第1の樹脂層、第2の樹脂層、第3の樹脂層など)を成形し、必要に応じて各層を積層して一体化させることで製造できる。また、複数層の場合には、共押出などにより樹脂フィルムを構成する各層を成形しつつ各層を積層して一体化することで製造してもよい。
各層を形成するための樹脂組成物は、公知の方法で熱可塑性樹脂、必要に応じて配合される、光拡散粒子、可塑剤、その他の添加剤などの樹脂組成物を構成する成分を混練装置などにより混合して得るとよい。例えば、共押出機などの押出機を用いて、樹脂フィルムを構成する各層を成形する場合には、押出機にて樹脂組成物を構成する成分を混合するとよい。
本発明は、さらに合わせガラスを提供するものである。本発明の合わせガラスは、一対のガラス部材と、一対のガラス部材の間に配置される樹脂フィルムとを備える。樹脂フィルムは、合わせガラス用中間膜として使用されるとよく、一対のガラス部材は、樹脂フィルムを介して接着されればよい。なお、合わせガラスにおける樹脂フィルムの構成は、上記で説明したとおりであるので、その説明は省略する。合わせガラスは、後述する通り典型的にはスクリーンとして使用される。
合わせガラスで使用するガラス部材としては、ガラス板を使用すればよい。ガラス板は、無機ガラス、有機ガラスのいずれでもよいが、無機ガラスが好ましい。無機ガラスとしては、特に限定されないが、クリアガラス、クリアフロートガラス、フロート板ガラス、強化ガラス、着色ガラス、磨き板ガラス、型板ガラス、網入り板ガラス、線入り板ガラス、紫外線吸収板ガラス、赤外線反射板ガラス、赤外線吸収板ガラス、グリーンガラス等が挙げられる。
また、有機ガラスとしては、一般的に樹脂ガラスと呼ばれるものが使用され、特に限定されないが、ポリカーボネート板、ポリメチルメタクリレート板、ポリエステル板などから構成される有機ガラスが挙げられる。
2枚のガラス部材は、互いに同種の材質から構成されてもよいし、別の材質から構成されてもよい。例えば、一方が無機ガラスで、他方が有機ガラスであってもよいが、2枚のガラス部材の両方が無機ガラスであるか、又は有機ガラスであることが好ましい。
上記ガラス部材それぞれの厚みは、特に限定されないが、好ましくは0.5mm以上5mm以下、より好ましくは0.7mm以上3mm以下である。
本発明の一実施形態において、樹脂フィルムは、スクリーンに使用される。スクリーンは、画像表示用スクリーンである。具体的には、プロジェクターなどを構成する光源装置からの光が合わせガラスの一方の面に照射され、その照射された光が、樹脂フィルムにて拡散して、スクリーン上にて画像として表示されるとよい。スクリーンは、好ましくは上記した合わせガラスであるが、上記した樹脂フィルムを備える限り合わせガラスである必要はない。スクリーンは、例えばガラス部材の一方の面に樹脂フィルムが接着され、該樹脂フィルムが別のガラス部材に接着しない、いわゆる外貼りのスリーンでもよい。合わせガラス以外のスリーンにおいても、ガラス部材は、上記で説明したガラス部材と同様のものが使用されてもよい。
なお、背面投射型の画像表示スクリーンは、合わせガラスの一方の面に光源装置からの光を照射し、かつ合わせガラスの他方の面から画像観察を行わせるスクリーンである。また、正面投射型の画像表示スクリーンは、合わせガラスの一方の面に光源装置からの光を照射し、かつ合わせガラスの一方の面(すなわち、光源装置からの光が照射された面)から、画像観察を行わせるスクリーンである。
このような観点から、上述の最大値と最小値との比は、好ましくは0.2以上であり、より好ましくは0.4以上である、さらに好ましくは0.6以上であり、よりさらに好ましくは0.7以上である。また、上述の最大値と最小値との比の範囲の上限値は、通常1.0である。
なお、輝度測定時のソーラーシミュレーターの出力は最大出力の30%とする。
スクリーンに使用される上記樹脂フィルムにおける光拡散粒子の種類、光拡散粒子の含有量、熱可塑性樹脂の種類などを選択することにより、上述の最大値と最小値との比を0.1以上とすることができる。
なお、輝度測定時のソーラーシミュレーターの出力は最大出力の30%とする。
以下、背面投射型の画像表示システムの一実施形態について、図4を参照しつつ詳細に説明する。
また、固定アイコン、固定メッセージなど、映し出す画像を変化させずに表示させる場合には、プロジェクターを使用する必要はなく、画像に応じた一定の光を合わせガラス31に照射する光源装置を使用してもよい。
なお、背面投射型において、合わせガラス31に照射される光は、表示画像に対して、左右反転した画像に対応した光である。左右反転した画像に対応した光を照射する方法は、特に限定されず、画像信号を調整することで左右反転させてもよいし、反転ミラーなどを使用してもよい。
例えば、建築用窓ガラスに使用する場合には、建築物内部に光源装置を設置し、窓ガラスの内側の表面に光源装置からの光を照射して、窓ガラスの外側の面に、各種の画像を表示するとよい。同様に、乗り物用窓ガラスに使用する場合には、乗り物内部に光源装置を設置し、窓ガラスの外側の面に各種の画像を表示するとよい。
各樹脂層の厚みは、オリンパス社製マイクロスコープ「DSX500」を用いて、10点平均によりにより測定した。
光拡散層について、MDに沿って5cm間隔でオリンパス社製マイクロスコープ「DSX500」を用いて厚みを測定して、その最大値及び最小値をそれぞれ光拡散層の最大厚み及び最小厚みとした。
光拡散粒子の平均粒子径は、堀場製作所社製「LA-960」を用いて、レーザー回折/散乱法により測定した。
各実施例、比較例で得た合わせガラスの透過率は、JIS R3212(2015)に準拠して分光光度計(日立ハイテク社製「U-4100」)を用いて可視光線透過率を測定した。
各実施例、比較例で得たヘイズ値はJIS K6714に準拠して、村上色彩社製HAZE METER「HM-150N」を用いて測定した。
暗室下にて、図5に示すように、ソーラーシミュレーター(朝日分光社製、「HAL-320W」)の出射端50を、合わせガラス51の一方の面51Aに対して垂直方向に30cm(距離L1)離れた位置に配置し、合わせガラス51にソーラーシミュレーターによる疑似太陽光を照射した。合わせガラス51の他方の面51Bの測定位置からの距離L2が35mとなる位置に配置した輝度計52(トプコンテクノハウス社製、「SR-3AR」)によって、合わせガラス51の他方の面51Bにおける輝度を測定した。なお、測定位置は、照射された光の光束中心と一致する位置であり、また、輝度は、他方の面51Bの垂直方向に対する角度θが30°、45°、60°及び75°となる位置から輝度計52によってそれぞれ測定した。
なお、輝度測定時のソーラーシミュレーターの出力は最大出力の30%とした。
各実施例、比較例で得られた合わせガラスの一方の面に、プロジェクター(RICOH社製、商品名「IPSiO PJ X3241N」)から映像を照射して、合わせガラスを他方の面から観察した。そのとき、映像が鮮明に見えた場合を「〇」と評価し、映像が不鮮明に見えた場合を「×」と評価した。
(ポリビニルアセタール樹脂)
PVB1:ポリビニルブチラール樹脂、平均重合度1700、水酸基量30.5mol%、アセチル化度1mol%、アセタール化度68.5mol%
PVB2:ポリビニルブチラール樹脂、平均重合度3000、水酸基量24mol%、アセチル化度12mol%、アセタール化度64mol%
(可塑剤)
3GO:トリエチレングリコール-ジ-2-エチルヘキサノエート、
(光拡散粒子)
銀ナノ粒子:銀粒子をコアとする、コア-シェル構造を有する粒子(Lux Labs, Inc.製「銀ナノ球体」)
酸化チタン粒子:酸化チタン粒子をコアとする、コアーシェル構造を有する粒子(Lux Labs, Inc.製「酸化チタンナノ球体」)
(樹脂フィルムの作製)
共押出機において、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂としてのPVB1を100質量部と、可塑剤としての3GOを40質量部と、光拡散粒子としての銀ナノ粒子とを混練して、第1の樹脂層用の樹脂組成物を得た。ここで、銀ナノ粒子は、第1の樹脂層全量に対する含有量が0.01質量%となるように加えた。また、共押出機において、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂としてのPVB1を100質量部と、可塑剤としての3GOを40質量部とを混練し、第2及び第3の樹脂層用の樹脂組成物を得た。
上記共押出機において、得られた第1~第3層用の樹脂組成物を共押出することにより、厚み325μmの第2の樹脂層、厚み110μmの第1の樹脂層、及び厚み325μmの第3の樹脂層からなる3層構造の樹脂フィルムを得た。樹脂フィルムのサイズは、30cm×30cmであった。
JIS R3202(2011)に準拠した、2枚のクリアガラス(縦5cm×横5cm×厚み2.5mm、可視光透過率90.4%、セントラル硝子社製)と、5cm×5cmの樹脂フィルムとを用意し、樹脂フィルムを2枚のクリアガラスで挟み込み、積層体を得た。この積層体をゴムバッグ内に入れ、2.6kPaの真空度で20分間脱気した後、脱気したままオーブン内に移し、更に90℃で30分間保持して真空プレスし、積層体を仮圧着した。オートクレーブ中で135℃及び圧力1.2MPaの条件で、仮圧着された積層体を20分間圧着し、ガラス板/第2の樹脂層/第1の樹脂層/第3の樹脂層/ガラス板からなる合わせガラスを得た。
第1の樹脂層用の樹脂組成物における可塑剤の配合量を40質量部から60質量部に変更し、第2及び第3の樹脂層用の樹脂組成物における可塑剤の配合量を40質量部から38質量部に変更し、第2及び第3の樹脂層の厚みを325μmから345μmに変更した以外は、実施例1と同様に実施した。
(樹脂フィルムの作製)
押出機において、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂としてのPVB1を100質量部と、可塑剤としての3GOを40質量部と、光拡散粒子としての酸化チタン粒子とを混練して、第1の樹脂層用の樹脂組成物を得た。ここで、酸化チタン粒子は、第1の樹脂層全量に対する含有量が0.0015質量%となるように加えた。
上記押出機において、得られた第1層用の樹脂組成物を押出することにより、厚み760μmの第1の樹脂層のみからなる単層構造の樹脂フィルムを得た。樹脂フィルムのサイズは、30cm×30cmであった。
JIS R3202(2011)に準拠した、2枚のクリアガラス(縦5cm×横5cm×厚み2.5mm、可視光透過率90.4%、セントラル硝子社製)と、5cm×5cmの樹脂フィルムとを用意し、樹脂フィルムを2枚のクリアガラスで挟み込み、積層体を得た。この積層体をゴムバッグ内に入れ、2.6kPaの真空度で20分間脱気した後、脱気したままオーブン内に移し、更に90℃で30分間保持して真空プレスし、積層体を仮圧着した。オートクレーブ中で135℃及び圧力1.2MPaの条件で、仮圧着された積層体を20分間圧着し、ガラス板/第1の樹脂層/ガラス板からなる合わせガラスを得た。
(樹脂フィルムの作製)
共押出機において、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂としてのPVB1を100質量部と、可塑剤としての3GOを60質量部と、光拡散粒子としての酸化チタン粒子とを混練して、第1の樹脂層用の樹脂組成物を得た。ここで、酸化チタン粒子は、第1の樹脂層全量に対する含有量が0.01質量%となるように加えた。また、共押出機において、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂としてのPVB1を100質量部と、可塑剤としての3GOを38質量部とを混練し、第2及び第3の樹脂層用の樹脂組成物を得た。
上記共押出機において、得られた第1~第3層用の樹脂組成物を共押出することにより、厚み345μmの第2の樹脂層、厚み110μmの第1の樹脂層、及び厚み345μmの第3の樹脂層からなる3層構造の樹脂フィルムを得た。樹脂フィルムのサイズは、30cm×30cmであった。
実施例1と同様にして合わせガラスを作製した。
酸化チタン粒子の第1の樹脂層全量に対する含有量を0.0015質量%から0.0008質量%に変更した以外は、実施例3と同様に実施した。
酸化チタン粒子の第1の樹脂層全量に対する含有量を0.0015質量%から0.0040質量%に変更した以外は、実施例3と同様に実施した。
酸化チタン粒子の第1の樹脂層全量に対する含有量を0.0015質量%から0.0080質量%に変更した以外は、実施例3と同様に実施した。
酸化チタン粒子の第1の樹脂層全量に対する含有量を0.01質量%から0.05質量%に変更した以外は、実施例4と同様に実施した。
樹脂フィルムとして、スクリーン用透明フィルム(商品名「KALEIDO SCREEN」、ENEOS株式会社製)を使用した以外は、実施例1と同様に実施した。
※表1における「部数/phr」は、各樹脂層におけるポリビニルアセタール樹脂100質量部に対する含有量(質量部)である。
※表1における「部数/wt%」は、光拡散粒子の光拡散層における含有量(質量%)である。
それに対して、比較例の合わせガラスは、光拡散粒子を含有するものの、上述の最大値と最小値との比が0.1以上となるように調整されていないので、合わせガラスのヘイズを低くしながら、画面表示のコントラストを高くすることできなかった。
11 第1の樹脂層(光拡散層)
12 第2の樹脂層
13 第3の樹脂層
21、22 ガラス部材
25、26、27、31 合わせガラス(スクリーン)
30 画像表示システム
32 光源装置
OB 観察者
Claims (12)
- 光拡散粒子と熱可塑性樹脂とを含む光拡散層を備える樹脂フィルムであって、
2枚の厚さ2.5mmの基準ガラスを前記樹脂フィルムを介して接着させて得た合わせガラスの一方の面に対して、垂直な方向からソーラーシミュレーターによる疑似太陽光を照射したとき、前記合わせガラスの他方の面に対して垂直な方向と成す角度が30°、45°、60°及び75°の方向から測定された輝度のうち最大値と最小値との比が0.1以上である、樹脂フィルム。 - 前記樹脂フィルム100質量%中、前記光拡散粒子の含有量が、0.00001質量%以上1質量%以下である請求項1に記載の樹脂フィルム。
- 前記光拡散層に含有される熱可塑性樹脂がポリビニルアセタール樹脂である請求項1又は2に記載の樹脂フィルム。
- 前記光拡散層が可塑剤をさらに含む請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の樹脂フィルム。
- 各層が熱可塑性樹脂を備える3層以上の樹脂層を備え、
前記3層以上の樹脂層が、前記光拡散層と、第2及び第3の樹脂層を含み、
前記光拡散層が、前記第2及び第3の樹脂層の間に配置されている、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の樹脂フィルム。 - 前記第2及び第3の樹脂層が可塑剤をさらに含み、
前記光拡散層における熱可塑性樹脂100質量部に対する可塑剤の含有量が、前記第2及び第3の樹脂層それぞれにおける熱可塑性樹脂100質量部に対する可塑剤の含有量よりも多い請求項5に記載の樹脂フィルム。 - 前記第2及び第3の樹脂層それぞれに含有される熱可塑性樹脂が、ポリビニルアセタール樹脂である請求項5又は6に記載の樹脂フィルム。
- 前記光拡散粒子が銀元素及びチタン元素の少なくともいずれかを含むナノ粒子である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の樹脂フィルム。
- 前記光拡散層の厚みを面方向に沿う一方向に5cm間隔で測定した際、前記光拡散層の最大厚みと最小厚みとの差が40μm以下である請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の樹脂フィルム。
- 合わせガラス用中間膜である、請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の樹脂フィルム。
- 請求項1~10のいずれか1項に記載の樹脂フィルムと、一対のガラス部材とを備え、前記樹脂フィルムが一対のガラス部材の間に配置される合わせガラス。
- 一方の面に対して、垂直な方向からソーラーシミュレーターによる疑似太陽光を照射したとき、他方の面に対して垂直な方向と成す角度が30°、45°、60°及び75°の方向から測定された輝度のうち最大値と最小値との比が0.1以上である、スクリーン。
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