WO2014021014A1 - 非水系有機電解液二次電池 - Google Patents
非水系有機電解液二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2014021014A1 WO2014021014A1 PCT/JP2013/066797 JP2013066797W WO2014021014A1 WO 2014021014 A1 WO2014021014 A1 WO 2014021014A1 JP 2013066797 W JP2013066797 W JP 2013066797W WO 2014021014 A1 WO2014021014 A1 WO 2014021014A1
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M2010/4292—Aspects relating to capacity ratio of electrodes/electrolyte or anode/cathode
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-aqueous organic electrolyte secondary battery suitably used as a driving power source for, for example, electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles and the like.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries As a secondary battery for driving a motor, a lithium ion secondary battery having a high theoretical energy is attracting attention, and is currently being developed rapidly.
- Lithium ion secondary batteries generally have a positive electrode formed by applying a positive electrode slurry containing a positive electrode active material to the surface of a current collector, and a negative electrode slurry containing a negative electrode active material applied to the surface of the negative electrode current collector. The negative electrode formed in this manner and the electrolyte positioned between them are housed in a battery case.
- the present invention has been made in view of such problems of the prior art, and an object thereof is to provide a non-aqueous organic electrolyte secondary battery having a high discharge capacity and excellent cycle characteristics. There is.
- the inventors of the present invention set the opposite charge capacity ratio (A / C) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode calculated based on a predetermined formula within a predetermined range.
- a / C opposite charge capacity ratio
- the present invention is based on the above knowledge, and the non-aqueous organic electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is capable of storing a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and occluding and releasing lithium ions.
- Negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material, a separator for separating the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution composed of a mixed solution of an organic solvent and a lithium salt electrolyte.
- the ratio (A / C) is 1.10 or more and 1.35 or less.
- a / C ⁇ ⁇ (negative electrode charge capacity ⁇ ⁇ ) / (positive electrode charge capacity ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) (Where ⁇ is an electrode area coefficient expressed by negative electrode area / positive electrode area, ⁇ > 1.0, ⁇ is a design coefficient, 0.85 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 1.15, and ⁇ is (25 Charge / discharge efficiency ratio expressed by (Charge / discharge efficiency at 55 ° C.) / (Charge / discharge efficiency at 55 ° C.), ⁇ is a temperature expressed by (Charge capacity at 55 ° C.) / (Charge capacity at 25 ° C.) (Indicates characteristic coefficient)
- the non-aqueous organic electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention has a predetermined formula, that is, a counter charge capacity ratio (A / C) calculated by ⁇ ⁇ (negative electrode charge capacity ⁇ ⁇ ) / (positive electrode charge capacity ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ). Since it is 1.10 or more and 1.35 or less, it can be set as the secondary battery excellent in discharge capacity and cycling characteristics.
- the non-aqueous organic electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions, and a negative electrode containing a negative electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions. And a separator for separating the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution composed of a mixed solution of an organic solvent and a lithium salt electrolyte. And the opposing charge capacity ratio (A / C) of the positive electrode and negative electrode which are represented by following Formula is 1.10 or more and 1.35 or less.
- a / C ⁇ ⁇ (negative electrode charge capacity ⁇ ⁇ ) / (positive electrode charge capacity ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ )
- ⁇ electrode area coefficient
- ⁇ design coefficient
- ⁇ 0.85 to 1.15, that is, a value having a width of ⁇ 15% with “1” as the median.
- ⁇ (charge / discharge efficiency ratio) is calculated by (charge / discharge efficiency at 25 ° C.) / (Charge / discharge efficiency at 55 ° C.).
- the charge / discharge efficiency is represented by the ratio of the discharge capacity to the charge capacity, that is, (discharge capacity) / (charge capacity).
- ⁇ temperature characteristic coefficient
- ⁇ temperature characteristic coefficient
- the counter charge capacity ratio (A / C) is 1.10 or more and 1.35 or less when charged at the upper limit temperature in the use environment.
- a solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide represented by the following composition formula (1) and having a layered crystal structure as the positive electrode active material contained in the positive electrode.
- lithium nickelate lithium manganate, lithium cobaltate, ternary composite oxide, etc.
- the lithium nickelate has a feature of high capacity, but oxygen is easily desorbed at high temperatures, and oxygen in the crystal structure is desorbed to induce ignition and explosion, and is low in safety and discharge operation.
- the voltage is low (average voltage 3.5 V) and the cycle characteristics are poor.
- lithium manganate is abundant in resources and excellent in safety (strong against overvoltage and low risk of ignition) and has a high discharge operating voltage (average voltage 3.8V), but has a small capacity and energy density. Low.
- manganese itself dissolves at high temperature and charge / discharge cycle durability and storage stability are low.
- lithium cobaltate has the next highest capacity after lithium nickelate, the discharge operating voltage is high (average voltage 3.7V), and exhibits good reversibility in the voltage range of 2.5 to 4.3V. It has the feature that the balance of rate characteristics is good.
- the crystal structure cannot be maintained by the amount of Li extracted, all of the theoretical capacity cannot be used (capacity that can be used is about half), and Co is a rare metal and has a small amount of resources and is expensive.
- the ternary composite oxide has a good balance of capacity, cycle characteristics, and rate characteristics, it inherits much of the characteristics of nickel-containing lithium-containing composite oxides. There is a disadvantage that the discharge efficiency and cycle characteristics are low. Further, the solid solution composite oxide has advantages such as high capacity and high energy density, stable crystal structure and excellent cycle characteristics. However, there are disadvantages such as a low discharge operating voltage, a large hysteresis, a low initial charge / discharge efficiency and rate characteristics, and a large change in discharge capacity at the operating temperature as compared with lithium cobalt oxide.
- the battery structure can be configured such that the opposite charge capacity ratio of the positive electrode to the negative electrode is 1.10 to 1.35 when charged until reaching the potential plateau section at the upper limit temperature in FIG.
- the initial charge / discharge is maintained while maintaining the high energy density, high discharge capacity, high stability of the crystal structure, and excellent cycle characteristics, which are the advantages of the solid solution lithium-containing composite oxide.
- Disadvantages such as low efficiency, large hysteresis, and large change in discharge capacity at operating temperature can be overcome.
- the values of a, b, c, and d deviate from the above relationship, the structure of the solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide tends to be difficult to stabilize.
- the facing capacity ratio (A / C) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode during charging is less than 1.00, Li (metal) that has not been sorbed in the negative electrode active material is precipitated, and safety and cycle Characteristics deteriorate.
- the facing capacity ratio (A / C) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode during charging is less than 1.00, Li (metal) that has not been sorbed in the negative electrode active material is precipitated, and safety and cycle Characteristics deteriorate.
- problems such as low initial charge / discharge efficiency and large change in discharge capacity at the operating temperature compared to conventional positive electrode active materials. If the value of A / C is less than 1.10, sufficient cycle characteristics cannot be obtained, and A / C optimization is more important than conventional batteries. If the value of A / C exceeds 1.35, the irreversible capacity increases, the effect of improving the A / C ratio optimization is saturated, and the cell cost becomes higher than necessary.
- the “ratio k of the amount of change to the spinel structure” means the layered structure in the solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide by charging or charging / discharging in a predetermined potential range (4.3 to 4.75 V).
- the Li 2 MnO 3 of the present invention shows the degree of change to the spinel-structured LiMn 2 O 4
- the layered structure (Li 2 MnO 3 ) in the solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide is the spinel structure (LiMn 2 O 4 ).
- the structural change amount that can be theoretically changed is represented by “1”, and the ratio of the actual change amount to this is represented. Specifically, it is defined by the following formula.
- ratio k of the amount of change to the spinel structure As shown in FIG. 1, for the battery assembled using the positive electrode having a solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide as the positive electrode active material, From state A to charge state B charged to 4.5V, further through plateau region to overcharge state C charged to 4.75V, and further to discharge state D discharged to 2.0V An example will be described.
- the “actual capacity of the plateau region” in the above formula is the plateau region in FIG. 1 (specifically, the region from 4.5 V to 4.75 V (the actual capacity V BC of the region BC from the charged state B to the overcharged state C) The actual capacity of the plateau region), which is the region resulting from the change in the crystal structure.
- composition ratio of Li 2 MnO 3 in the solid solution can be calculated from the composition formula of the solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide.
- the presence or absence of the layered structure site and the spinel structure site in the solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide can be determined by the presence of a peculiar peak in the layered structure and the spinel structure by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and the ratio is It can be determined from the measurement and calculation in the manner described above.
- Such a solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide can further improve the above-described disadvantages of the solid solution lithium-containing composite oxide.
- the solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide preferably has a BET specific surface area of 0.8 m 2 / g to 6.0 m 2 / g and a 50% passing particle diameter (D50) of 10 ⁇ m or less.
- the outstanding discharge operation voltage and the initial rate characteristic can be implement
- the BET specific surface area is less than 0.8 m 2 / g, the diffusibility of lithium ions from the bulk in the crystal structure is lowered, so that high initial charge / discharge efficiency and excellent initial rate characteristics are realized. There are times when you can't. Further, when the BET specific surface area is more than 6.0 m 2 / g and the 50% passing particle size is more than 10 ⁇ m, the capacity retention ratio may be lowered.
- the positive electrode in the non-aqueous organic electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention contains a carbon material as a conductive additive together with a binder, and the total of the positive electrode active material, the carbon material, and the binder is included.
- the carbon material content is preferably 5% by mass or less
- the binder content is preferably 5% by mass or less.
- a production method to which a carbonate method (complex carbonate method) is applied can be mentioned.
- nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn) sulfates, nitrates, and the like are used as starting materials, and a predetermined amount is weighed to prepare a mixed solution thereof.
- ammonia water is added dropwise to the mixed solution until pH 7 is reached, and an aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ) is further added dropwise to precipitate Ni—Co—Mn complex carbonate (Na 2 CO 3). While the aqueous solution is being dropped, pH 7 is maintained with aqueous ammonia).
- drying conditions it may be dried in the atmosphere at 100 to 150 ° C. for about 2 to 10 hours (for example, 120 ° C. for 5 hours), but is not limited to this range.
- Pre-baking conditions may be pre-baking in the atmosphere at 360 to 600 ° C. for 3 to 10 hours (eg, 500 ° C. for 5 hours), but are not limited to this range.
- a small excess of lithium hydroxide (LiOH.H 2 O) is added to the temporarily fired product and mixed.
- a precursor of the solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide can be produced by performing the main firing.
- rapid cooling is performed using liquid nitrogen.
- the main baking may be performed, for example, in the atmosphere at a baking temperature of 700 to 1000 ° C. (for example, 800 to 900 ° C.) for about 3 to 20 hours (for example, 12 hours).
- a solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide can be obtained by oxidizing the precursor. For example, (1) charging or charging / discharging in a predetermined potential range, specifically, charging or charging / discharging from a low potential region that does not cause a significant change in the crystal structure of the solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide from the beginning; 2) Oxidation with an oxidizing agent (for example, halogen such as bromine and chlorine) corresponding to charging, and (3) oxidation treatment such as oxidation with a redox mediator.
- an oxidizing agent for example, halogen such as bromine and chlorine
- the highest potential in the predetermined potential range with respect to the lithium metal counter electrode is 4.3 V or more and 4.75 V or less. It is desirable to perform charging and discharging for 1 to 30 cycles under the conditions. More preferably, it is desirable to perform charging and discharging for 1 to 30 cycles under the condition of 4.4 V or more and 4.6 V or less.
- the upper limit potential is gradually (stepwise) increased after charging / discharging at the initial predetermined upper limit potential.
- the potential converted to the lithium metal or the lithium metal corresponds to a potential based on the potential exhibited by the lithium metal in the electrolytic solution in which 1 mol / L of lithium ions are dissolved.
- the maximum potential in the predetermined potential range for charging and discharging stepwise after 1 to 30 cycles of charging and discharging in the predetermined potential range for the lithium metal counter electrode is desirable to increase.
- the maximum potential of the charge / discharge potential in the oxidation process is increased step by step, so that the oxidation process can be performed in a short time (pre-charge / discharge pretreatment)
- the durability of the electrode can be improved.
- the number of cycles required for charging / discharging at each stage when the maximum potential (upper limit potential) of a predetermined charging / discharging potential range is increased stepwise is not particularly limited, but a range of 1 to 10 is effective.
- the total number of charge / discharge cycles in the oxidation process when increasing the maximum potential (upper limit potential) in the predetermined potential range of charge / discharge is not particularly limited, but a range of 4 to 20 times is effective.
- the present invention is not limited to the above range, and oxidation treatment (charge / discharge pretreatment with regulated potential) may be performed up to a higher termination maximum potential as long as the above effects can be achieved.
- the minimum potential in the predetermined potential range is not particularly limited, and is 2 V or more and less than 3.5 V, more preferably 2 V or more and less than 3 V with respect to the lithium metal counter electrode.
- a high discharge capacity and capacity retention ratio can be realized by performing oxidation treatment (charge / discharge pretreatment with a regulated potential) by charging or charging / discharging within the above range.
- the charge / discharge potential (V) refers to a potential per unit cell (unit cell).
- the temperature of the electrode (material) to be charged / discharged as an oxidation treatment can be arbitrarily set as long as it does not impair the effects of the present invention. it can. From the economical point of view, it is desirable to carry out at room temperature that does not require special heating and cooling. On the other hand, it is desirable to carry out at a temperature higher than room temperature from the viewpoint that a larger capacity can be expressed and the capacity retention rate can be improved by a short charge / discharge treatment.
- the step (time) of applying the oxidation treatment (electrochemical pretreatment by charge / discharge with regulated potential) method is not particularly limited.
- such oxidation treatment can be performed in a state in which a battery is configured, or in a configuration corresponding to an electrode or an electrode. That is, any of application in the state of positive electrode active material powder, application by constituting an electrode, and application after assembling a battery together with the negative electrode may be used.
- Application to a battery can be carried out by applying an oxidation treatment condition (electrochemical pretreatment condition by charge / discharge with regulated potential) in consideration of the potential profile of the capacitance of the negative electrode to be combined.
- the battery in the case where the battery is configured, it is superior in that the oxidation treatment of many electrodes can be performed at a time, rather than performing each individual electrode or a configuration corresponding to the electrode.
- the oxidizing agent used in the oxidation method (2) is not particularly limited, and for example, halogen such as bromine and chlorine can be used. These oxidizing agents may be used alone or in combination. Oxidation with an oxidizing agent can be gradually oxidized by, for example, dispersing solid solution fine particles in a solvent in which the solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide does not dissolve, and blowing and dissolving the oxidizing agent into the dispersion.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a lithium ion secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present invention, and the illustrated lithium ion secondary battery is called a laminated lithium ion secondary battery.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 1 shown in FIG. 2 has a configuration in which a battery element 10 to which a positive electrode lead 21 and a negative electrode lead 22 are attached is enclosed in an exterior body 30 formed of a laminate film.
- the positive electrode lead 21 and the negative electrode lead 22 are led out in the opposite direction from the inside of the exterior body 30 to the outside.
- the positive electrode lead and the negative electrode lead may be led out in the same direction from the inside of the exterior body toward the outside.
- such a positive electrode lead and a negative electrode lead can be attached to a positive electrode current collector and a negative electrode current collector described later by, for example, ultrasonic welding or resistance welding.
- the positive electrode lead 21 and the negative electrode lead 22 are made of a metal material such as aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), alloys thereof, stainless steel (SUS), or the like.
- the material is not limited thereto, and a conventionally known material used as a lead for a lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- the positive electrode lead and the negative electrode lead may be made of the same material or different materials. Further, as in the present embodiment, a separately prepared lead may be connected to a positive electrode current collector and a negative electrode current collector described later, and each positive electrode current collector and each negative electrode current collector described later are extended. The lead may be formed by this. Although not shown, the positive lead and the negative lead taken out from the exterior body do not affect products (for example, automobile parts, especially electronic devices) by contacting with peripheral devices or wiring and causing electric leakage. Thus, it is preferable to coat with a heat-resistant insulating heat-shrinkable tube or the like.
- a current collector plate may be used for the purpose of taking out current outside the battery.
- the current collector plate is electrically connected to a current collector or a lead, and is taken out of a laminate film that is an exterior material of the battery.
- the material which comprises a current collector plate is not specifically limited,
- the well-known highly electroconductive material conventionally used as a current collector plate for lithium ion secondary batteries can be used.
- As a constituent material of the current collector plate for example, metal materials such as aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), nickel (Ni), alloys thereof, and stainless steel (SUS) are preferable, and light weight and corrosion resistance. From the viewpoint of high conductivity, aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and the like are more preferable. Note that the same material may be used for the positive electrode current collector plate and the negative electrode current collector plate, or different materials may be used.
- the exterior body 30 is preferably formed of a film-shaped exterior material from the viewpoints of miniaturization and weight reduction, but is not limited thereto, and the exterior body for a lithium ion secondary battery is not limited thereto.
- the conventionally well-known thing used for the body can be used. That is, a metal can case can also be applied.
- a polymer-metal composite laminate film having excellent thermal conductivity is used from the viewpoint that it has high output and excellent cooling performance and can be suitably used for batteries for large equipment of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles.
- an outer package formed of a three-layer laminated film outer package in which polypropylene as a thermocompression bonding layer, aluminum as a metal layer, and nylon as an outer protective layer are laminated in this order is suitably used.
- the exterior body may be constituted by another structure, for example, a laminate film having no metal material, a polymer film such as polypropylene, or a metal film, instead of the above-described laminate film.
- the general structure of an exterior body can be represented by the laminated structure of an external protective layer / metal layer / thermocompression bonding layer (however, the external protective layer and the thermocompression bonding layer may be composed of a plurality of layers. .)
- the metal layer it is sufficient to function as a moisture-permeable barrier film, and not only aluminum foil, but also stainless steel foil, nickel foil, plated iron foil, etc. can be used, but it is thin and lightweight. Thus, an aluminum foil excellent in workability can be suitably used.
- the structures that can be used as the outer package are listed in the form of (external protective layer / metal layer / thermocompression bonding layer): nylon / aluminum / non-stretched polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate / aluminum / unstretched polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate / aluminum / polyethylene Terephthalate / unstretched polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate / nylon / aluminum / unstretched polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate / nylon / aluminum / nylon / unstretched polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate / nylon / aluminum / nylon / unstretched polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate / nylon / aluminum / nylon / polyethylene, nylon / polyethylene / aluminum / linear Low density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate / polyethylene / aluminum / polyethylene terephthalate Low density polyethylene, and a polyethylene tere
- the battery element 10 includes a positive electrode 11 having a positive electrode active material layer 11B formed on both main surfaces of the positive electrode current collector 11A, an electrolyte layer 13, and a negative electrode current collector 12A.
- a plurality of negative electrodes 12 each having a negative electrode active material layer 12 ⁇ / b> B formed on the main surface are stacked.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 ⁇ / b> B formed above faces the electrolyte layer 13. In this way, a plurality of layers are laminated in the order of the positive electrode, the electrolyte layer, and the negative electrode.
- the adjacent positive electrode active material layer 11B, electrolyte layer 13 and negative electrode active material layer 12B constitute one unit cell layer 14. Therefore, the lithium ion secondary battery 1 according to this embodiment has a configuration in which a plurality of single battery layers 14 are stacked so that they are electrically connected in parallel.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode may have each active material layer formed on one main surface of each current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector 12a located in the outermost layer of the battery element 10 has the negative electrode active material layer 12B formed only on one side.
- an insulating layer for insulating between the adjacent positive electrode current collector and negative electrode current collector may be provided on the outer periphery of the single cell layer.
- Such an insulating layer is preferably formed of a material that retains the electrolyte contained in the electrolyte layer and the like and prevents electrolyte leakage from the outer periphery of the single cell layer.
- general-purpose plastics such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyurethane (PUR), polyamide resin (PA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polystyrene (PS), etc.
- thermoplastic olefin rubber can be used. Silicone rubber can also be used.
- the positive electrode current collector 11A and the negative electrode current collector 12A are made of a conductive material.
- the size of the current collector can be determined according to the intended use of the battery. For example, if it is used for a large battery that requires a high energy density, a current collector having a large area is used. There is no particular limitation on the thickness of the current collector.
- the thickness of the current collector is usually about 1 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited. In the battery element 10 shown in FIG. 2, in addition to the current collector foil, a mesh shape (expanded grid or the like) can be used.
- a current collection foil In addition, when forming the thin film alloy which is an example of a negative electrode active material directly on the negative electrode collector 12A by sputtering method etc., it is desirable to use a current collection foil.
- the material constituting the current collector there is no particular limitation on the material constituting the current collector.
- a metal or a resin in which a conductive filler is added to a conductive polymer material or a non-conductive polymer material can be employed.
- the metal include aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), stainless steel (SUS), titanium (Ti), copper (Cu), and the like.
- covered with aluminum (Al) may be sufficient.
- aluminum (Al), stainless steel (SUS), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) are preferable from the viewpoint of electronic conductivity, battery operating potential, and the like.
- the conductive polymer material examples include polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyacetylene, polyparaphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene, polyacrylonitrile, and polyoxadiazole. Since such a conductive polymer material has sufficient conductivity without adding a conductive filler, it is advantageous in terms of facilitating the manufacturing process or reducing the weight of the current collector.
- Non-conductive polymer materials include, for example, polyethylene (PE; high density polyethylene (HDPE), low density polyethylene (LDPE), etc.), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether nitrile (PEN), polyimide (PI), polyamideimide (PAI), polyamide (PA), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl acrylate (PMA), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) , Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polystyrene (PS), and the like.
- PE polyethylene
- HDPE high density polyethylene
- LDPE low density polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyether nitrile
- PI polyimide
- PAI polyamideimide
- PA polyamide
- PTFE polyte
- a conductive filler can be added to the conductive polymer material or the non-conductive polymer material as necessary.
- a conductive filler is inevitably necessary to impart conductivity to the resin.
- the conductive filler can be used without particular limitation as long as it is a substance having conductivity.
- a metal, conductive carbon, etc. are mentioned as a material excellent in electroconductivity, electric potential resistance, or lithium ion interruption
- nickel (Ni), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), platinum (Pt), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), tin (Sn), zinc (Zn), indium Preferred examples include those containing at least one metal selected from the group consisting of (In), antimony (Sb), and potassium (K), or an alloy or metal oxide containing these metals.
- preferred examples of the conductive carbon include those containing at least one selected from the group consisting of acetylene black, vulcan, black pearl, carbon nanofiber, ketjen black, carbon nanotube, carbon nanohorn, carbon nanoballoon, and fullerene. Can be mentioned.
- the amount of the conductive filler added is not particularly limited as long as it is an amount capable of imparting sufficient conductivity to the current collector, and is generally about 5 to 35% by mass.
- the material is not limited to these, and a conventionally known material used as a current collector for a lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- the positive electrode active material layer 11B contains the above-described positive electrode active material as a positive electrode active material, and may contain a binder or a conductive aid as necessary.
- binder Although it does not specifically limit as a binder (binder), the following materials can be mentioned. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyether nitrile (PEN), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide (PI), polyamide (PA), cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), ethylene-acetic acid Vinyl copolymer, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), styrene / butadiene rubber (SBR), isoprene rubber, butadiene rubber, ethylene / propylene rubber, ethylene / propylene / diene copolymer, styrene / butadiene / styrene block copolymer, and Its hydrogenated product, thermoplastic polymer such as styrene / isoprene / styrene block copolymer and its hydrogenated product, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyte
- polyvinylidene fluoride, polyimide, styrene / butadiene rubber, carboxymethyl cellulose, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyacrylonitrile, and polyamide are more preferable.
- These suitable binders are excellent in heat resistance, have a very wide potential window, are stable at both the positive electrode potential and the negative electrode potential, and can be used for the positive electrode (and negative electrode) active material layer.
- the material is not limited to these, and a known material conventionally used as a binder for a lithium ion secondary battery can be used. These binders may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the amount of the binder contained in the positive electrode active material layer is not particularly limited as long as it can bind the positive electrode active material, but preferably 0.5 to 15 mass with respect to the positive electrode active material layer. %, More preferably 1 to 10% by mass.
- a conductive support agent is mix
- a conductive support agent carbon materials, such as carbon black, such as acetylene black, a graphite, and a vapor growth carbon fiber, can be mentioned, for example.
- carbon black such as acetylene black, a graphite, and a vapor growth carbon fiber
- the positive electrode active material layer contains a conductive additive, an electronic network inside the positive electrode active material layer is effectively formed, which can contribute to improvement of the output characteristics of the battery.
- the material is not limited to these, and a conventionally known material that is used as a conductive additive for a lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- These conductive assistants may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the carbon material as a conductive additive is 5% by mass or less with respect to the total of the positive electrode active material, the carbon material, and the binder, and the total amount is also the content of the binder.
- the content of 5% by mass or less is desirable.
- the conductive binder having the functions of the conductive assistant and the binder may be used in place of the conductive assistant and the binder, or one or both of the conductive assistant and the binder. You may use together.
- the conductive binder for example, commercially available TAB-2 (manufactured by Hosen Co., Ltd.) can be used.
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 2.5 g / cm 3 or more and 3.0 g / cm 3 or less.
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer is less than 2.5 g / cm 3 , it is difficult to improve the discharge capacity because the weight (filling amount) per unit volume cannot be improved.
- the density of the positive electrode active material layer exceeds 3.0 g / cm 3 , the amount of voids in the positive electrode active material layer is remarkably reduced, and the permeability of the non-aqueous electrolyte and the lithium ion diffusibility may be reduced. is there.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12B includes, as a negative electrode active material, lithium, a lithium alloy, or a negative electrode material capable of occluding and releasing lithium, and includes a binder and a conductive aid as necessary. May be. In addition, what was demonstrated above can be used for a binder and a conductive support agent.
- Examples of the negative electrode material capable of inserting and extracting lithium include graphite (natural graphite, artificial graphite, etc.), which is highly crystalline carbon, low crystalline carbon (soft carbon, hard carbon), carbon black (Ketjen) Carbon materials such as black, acetylene black, channel black, lamp black, oil furnace black, thermal black), fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanohorns, carbon fibrils (containing 10% by mass or less of silicon nanoparticles) Silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), indium (In), zinc (Zn), hydrogen (H), calcium (Ca), strontium( r), barium (Ba), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), gold (Au), cadmium (Cd), mercury ( Hg), gallium (Ga), thallium (T
- Lithium - can be exemplified transition metal composite oxide. However, it is not limited to these, The conventionally well-known material used as a negative electrode active material for lithium ion secondary batteries can be used. These negative electrode active materials may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the carbon material is made of a graphite material that is coated with an amorphous carbon layer and is not scale-like, and the BET specific surface area of the carbon material is 0.8 m 2 / g or more and 1.5 m 2. It is desirable that the tap density is 0.9 g / cm 3 or more and 1.2 g / cm 3 or less.
- a carbon material that is made of a granular graphite material that is not flaky and whose surface is coated with an amorphous carbon layer is preferable because of its high lithium ion diffusibility into the graphite layered structure.
- the BET specific surface area of such a carbon material is 0.8 m 2 / g or more and 1.5 m 2 / g or less because the capacity retention rate can be further improved. Furthermore, when the tap density of such a carbon material is 0.9 g / cm 3 or more and 1.2 g / cm 3 or less, the weight (filling amount) per unit volume can be improved, and the discharge capacity is improved. be able to.
- the negative electrode active material layer containing at least the carbon material and the binder preferably has a BET specific surface area of 2.0 m 2 / g or more and 3.0 m 2 / g or less.
- the BET specific surface area of the negative electrode active material layer is 2.0 m 2 / g or more and 3.0 m 2 / g or less, the permeability of the non-aqueous electrolyte can be improved, and the capacity retention rate is further improved, Gas generation due to decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte can be suppressed.
- the BET specific surface area after the pressure molding of the negative electrode active material layer containing at least the carbon material and the binder is 2.01 m 2 / g or more and 3.5 m 2 / g or less.
- the increase in the BET specific surface area before and after pressure press molding of the negative electrode active material layer containing at least the carbon material and the binder is 0.01 m 2 / g or more and 0.5 m 2 / g or less. . Since the BET specific surface area after pressure forming of the negative electrode active material layer can be 2.01 m 2 / g or more and 3.5 m 2 / g or less, the permeability of the non-aqueous electrolyte can be improved. The capacity retention rate can be improved and gas generation due to decomposition of the non-aqueous electrolyte can be suppressed.
- each active material layer active material layer on one side of the current collector
- the thickness of each active material layer is not particularly limited, and conventionally known knowledge about the battery can be referred to as appropriate.
- the thickness of each active material layer is usually about 1 to 500 ⁇ m, preferably 2 to 100 ⁇ m, taking into consideration the intended use of the battery (emphasis on output, energy, etc.) and ion conductivity.
- the optimum particle diameter when the optimum particle diameter is different for expressing the unique effect of each active material, the optimum particle diameters may be used in combination for expressing each unique effect. There is no need to make the particle size of the material uniform.
- the average particle size of the oxide when an oxide in the form of particles is used as the positive electrode active material, the average particle size of the oxide may be approximately the same as the average particle size of the positive electrode active material included in the existing positive electrode active material layer, and is not particularly limited. . From the viewpoint of higher output, it is preferably in the range of 1 to 20 ⁇ m.
- the “particle diameter” refers to the outline of active material particles (observation surface) observed using an observation means such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
- the value of “average particle size” is the average value of the particle size of particles observed in several to several tens of fields using an observation means such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The calculated value shall be adopted.
- the particle diameters and average particle diameters of other components can be defined in the same manner. However, it is not limited to such a range at all, and it goes without saying that it may be outside this range as long as the effects of the present embodiment can be expressed effectively.
- an electrolyte solution for example, an electrolyte solution, a polymer gel electrolyte, a solid polymer electrolyte formed in a separator described later, and a layer structure formed using a solid polymer electrolyte, or a polymer gel electrolyte or a solid polymer electrolyte are used. Examples thereof include those having a laminated structure formed thereon.
- the electrolyte is preferably one that is usually used in a lithium ion secondary battery, and specifically has a form in which a supporting salt (lithium salt) is dissolved in an organic solvent.
- a supporting salt lithium salt
- the lithium salt include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), lithium perchlorate (LiClO 4 ), lithium hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF 6 ), six Inorganic acid anion salts such as lithium fluorotantalate (LiTaF 6 ), lithium tetrachloroaluminate (LiAlCl 4 ), lithium decachlorodecaborate (Li 2 B 10 Cl 10 ), lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiCF 3) Organic acids such as SO 3 ), lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (Li (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N
- an aluminum foil generally used as a positive electrode current collector suppresses corrosion at a high potential (battery potential of 4.4 V or more) (a passive film of aluminum fluoride is formed). It is preferable to use lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ).
- Examples of the organic solvent include cyclic carbonates, fluorine-containing cyclic carbonates, chain carbonates, fluorine-containing chain carbonates, aliphatic carboxylic acid esters, fluorine-containing aliphatic carboxylic acid esters, and ⁇ -lactone. , Fluorine-containing ⁇ -lactones, cyclic ethers, fluorine-containing cyclic ethers, chain ethers, and at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of fluorine-containing chain ethers can be used.
- Examples of cyclic carbonates include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), and butylene carbonate (BC).
- fluoroethylene carbonate FEC
- chain carbonates include dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl propyl carbonate (MPC), ethyl propyl carbonate (EPC), and dipropyl carbonate (DPC).
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- MPC methyl propyl carbonate
- EPC ethyl propyl carbonate
- DPC dipropyl carbonate
- aliphatic carboxylic acid esters include methyl formate, methyl acetate, and ethyl propionate.
- ⁇ -lactones include ⁇ -butyrolactone.
- cyclic ethers examples include tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and 1,4-dioxane.
- chain ethers examples include 1,2-ethoxyethane (DEE), ethoxymethoxyethane (EME), diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and 1,2-dibutoxyethane.
- DEE 1,2-ethoxyethane
- EME ethoxymethoxyethane
- diethyl ether 1,2-dimethoxyethane
- 1,2-dibutoxyethane 1,2-dibutoxyethane.
- nitriles such as acetonitrile
- amides such as dimethylformamide.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solvent it is desirable to use a mixed solvent of a cyclic carbonate having a high dielectric constant and a chain carbonate having a low viscosity.
- the cyclic carbonate tends to cause oxidative decomposition at a high potential.
- the mixing ratio is preferably 10 to 30% by volume.
- cyclic carbonates and chain carbonates are liable to undergo oxidative decomposition at high potential, it is desirable that they be partially fluorinated.
- the electrolyte includes organic sulfone compounds such as sultone derivatives and cyclic sulfonate esters, organic disulfone compounds such as disulfone derivatives and cyclic disulfonate esters, vinylene carbonate derivatives, ethylene carbonate derivatives, ester derivatives, divalent phenol derivatives, ethylene Additives such as glycol derivatives, terphenyl derivatives, and phosphate derivatives may be added. These form a film on the surface of the negative electrode active material, reduce gas generation in the battery, and further improve the capacity retention rate.
- organic sulfone compound examples include 1,3-propanesulfone (saturated sultone) and 1,3-propene sultone (unsaturated sultone).
- organic disulfone compounds examples include methylene methanedisulfonate.
- vinylene carbonate derivative examples include vinylene carbonate (VC).
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- ester derivatives examples include 4-biphenylyl acetate, 4-biphenylyl benzoate, 4-biphenylyl benzyl carboxylate, and 2-biphenylyl propionate.
- Examples of the dihydric phenol derivative include 1,4-diphenoxybenzene and 1,3-diphenoxybenzene.
- examples of the ethylene glycol derivative include 1,2-diphenoxyethane, 1- (4-biphenylyloxy) -2-phenoxyethane, and 1- (2-biphenylyloxy) -phenoxyethane.
- examples of the terphenyl derivative include o-terphenyl, m-terphenyl, p-terephenyl, 2-methyl-o-terphenyl, and 2,2-dimethyl-o-terphenyl.
- examples of the phosphate derivative include triphenyl phosphate.
- separator examples include a microporous film made of polyolefin such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), a porous flat plate, and a nonwoven fabric.
- PE polyethylene
- PP polypropylene
- polymer gel electrolyte examples include those containing a polymer constituting the polymer gel electrolyte and an electrolytic solution in a conventionally known ratio. For example, from the viewpoint of ionic conductivity, it is desirable that the content be about several mass% to 98 mass%.
- the polymer gel electrolyte is a solid polymer electrolyte having ion conductivity containing the above-described electrolytic solution usually used in a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and includes a structure in which a similar electrolyte solution is held in a polymer skeleton having no lithium ion conductivity.
- polymers having no lithium ion conductivity used in the polymer gel electrolyte examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). Can be used. However, it is not necessarily limited to these. In addition, since polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and the like are in a class that has almost no ionic conductivity, it can be a polymer having the ionic conductivity.
- the polymer used for the polymer gel electrolyte is exemplified as a polymer having no lithium ion conductivity.
- the solid polymer electrolyte examples include a structure in which the lithium salt is dissolved in polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide (PPO), and the like, and does not contain an organic solvent. Therefore, when the electrolyte layer is composed of a solid polymer electrolyte, there is no fear of liquid leakage from the battery, and the battery reliability can be improved.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PPO polypropylene oxide
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer is preferably thinner from the viewpoint of reducing internal resistance.
- the thickness of the electrolyte layer is usually 1 to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 5 to 50 ⁇ m.
- a polymer gel electrolyte or a solid polymer electrolyte matrix polymer can exhibit excellent mechanical strength by forming a cross-linked structure.
- a suitable polymerization initiator is used to polymerize a polymer for forming a polymer electrolyte (for example, polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polypropylene oxide (PPO)) by thermal polymerization, ultraviolet polymerization, A polymerization treatment such as radiation polymerization or electron beam polymerization may be performed.
- a positive electrode is produced.
- a positive electrode slurry is prepared by mixing the positive electrode active material described above and, if necessary, a conductive additive, a binder, and a viscosity adjusting solvent.
- this positive electrode slurry is applied to a positive electrode current collector, dried, and compression molded to form a positive electrode active material layer.
- a negative electrode For example, when a granular negative electrode active material is used, a negative electrode active material and, if necessary, a conductive additive, a binder, and a viscosity adjusting solvent are mixed to prepare a negative electrode slurry. Thereafter, the negative electrode slurry is applied to a negative electrode current collector, dried, and compression molded to form a negative electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode lead is attached to the positive electrode
- the negative electrode lead is attached to the negative electrode
- the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode are laminated.
- the laminated product is sandwiched between polymer-metal composite laminate sheets, and the outer peripheral edge except for one side is heat-sealed to form a bag-like outer package.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt such as lithium hexafluorophosphate and an organic solvent such as ethylene carbonate is prepared and injected into the interior through the opening of the exterior body, and the opening of the exterior body is thermally melted. Wear and enclose. Thereby, a laminate-type lithium ion secondary battery is completed.
- a positive electrode is produced.
- the above-mentioned solid solution lithium-containing transition metal oxide precursor is mixed with a conductive additive, a binder and a viscosity adjusting solvent as necessary to prepare a positive electrode slurry.
- this positive electrode slurry is applied to a positive electrode current collector, dried, and compression molded to form a positive electrode active material layer.
- a negative electrode For example, when a granular negative electrode active material is used, a negative electrode active material and, if necessary, a conductive additive, a binder, and a viscosity adjusting solvent are mixed to prepare a negative electrode slurry. Thereafter, the negative electrode slurry is applied to a negative electrode current collector, dried, and compression molded to form a negative electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode lead is attached to the positive electrode
- the negative electrode lead is attached to the negative electrode
- the positive electrode, the separator, and the negative electrode are laminated.
- the laminated product is sandwiched between polymer-metal composite laminate sheets, and the outer peripheral edge except for one side is heat-sealed to form a bag-like outer package.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte containing a lithium salt such as lithium hexafluorophosphate and an organic solvent such as ethylene carbonate is prepared and injected into the interior through the opening of the exterior body, and the opening of the exterior body is thermally melted. Wear and enclose. Furthermore, the predetermined charging or charging / discharging described above is performed, thereby completing a laminated lithium ion secondary battery.
- Positive electrode C11 Synthesis of positive electrode active material
- a lithium-containing transition metal oxide represented by the following composition formula was synthesized by a composite carbonate method. Li 1.5 [Ni 0.25 Co 0.25 Mn 0.75 [Li] 0.25 ] O 3
- nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn) sulfate was used as a starting material, and a 2 mol / L sulfate aqueous solution was prepared.
- a 2 mol / L sodium carbonate aqueous solution was used as the precipitant, and a 0.2 mol / L ammonia aqueous solution was used as the pH adjuster.
- a sodium carbonate aqueous solution was dropped into a composite sulfate aqueous solution stirred with a magnetic stirrer to precipitate the precursor. Thereafter, suction filtration was performed, and the precipitate deposited on the filter paper was dried to obtain a composite hydroxide precursor.
- Table 1 shows the charge capacity, BET specific surface area, and 50% passage particle diameter (D50) of the obtained positive electrode active material Ca1.
- Positive electrode active material Lithium-containing transition metal oxide obtained as described above 100 parts by mass
- Conductive auxiliary agent flake graphite 1.0 part by mass: acetylene black 3.0 part by mass
- Binder polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 3.0 Part by mass
- Solvent 65 parts by mass of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)
- a binder solution was prepared by dissolving 3.0 parts by mass of the binder in 30 parts by mass of NMP. Next, 33.0 parts by mass of the binder solution is added to the mixed powder of 4.0 parts by mass of the conductive additive and 100 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material, and the mixture is kneaded with a planetary mixer (PVM100, manufactured by Asada Tekko). 35 parts by mass of NMP was added to the kneaded product to obtain a positive electrode slurry (solid content concentration: 62% by mass).
- the positive electrode slurry was applied to one side of the current collector by a die coater while a current collector made of 20 ⁇ m thick aluminum foil was run at a running speed of 1 m / min. Subsequently, the current collector coated with the positive electrode slurry is stored in a hot air drying furnace (100 ° C. to 110 ° C., drying time 3 minutes), and the amount of NMP remaining in the positive electrode active material layer becomes 0.02 wt% or less. Until dried. Furthermore, the slurry was applied to the back surface of the aluminum foil in the same manner as described above, and dried to form a sheet-like electrode having a positive electrode active material layer on both surfaces.
- the obtained sheet-like positive electrode was compression-molded using a roll press and cut to obtain a positive electrode C1 having a weight of about 10 mg / cm 2 , a thickness of about 50 ⁇ m, and a density of 2.70 g / cm 3. Obtained.
- Positive electrode C22 As the positive electrode active material Ca2, a lithium-containing transition metal oxide represented by the following composition formula was similarly synthesized by a composite carbonate method. The charge capacity, BET specific surface area, and 50% passing particle diameter (D50) of the obtained positive electrode active material Ca2 are shown together in Table 1. Li 1.5 [Ni 0.3 Co 0.3 Mn 0.7 [Li] 0.2 ] O 3 And the positive electrode C22 was obtained by repeating the same operation as the above using this positive electrode active material.
- Positive electrode C33 As the positive electrode active material Ca3, a lithium-containing transition metal oxide represented by the following composition formula was similarly synthesized by a composite carbonate method. The charge capacity, BET specific surface area, and 50% passing particle diameter (D50) of the obtained positive electrode active material Ca3 are shown in Table 1 as well. Li 1.5 [Ni 0.45 Mn 0.85 [Li] 0.2 ] O 3 And the positive electrode C33 was obtained by repeating the same operation as the above using this positive electrode active material.
- Positive electrode C44 As the positive electrode active material Ca4, a lithium-containing transition metal oxide represented by the following composition formula was similarly synthesized by a composite carbonate method. The charge capacity, BET specific surface area, 50% passage particle diameter (D50), charge / discharge efficiency ratio ⁇ , and temperature characteristic coefficient ⁇ of the obtained positive electrode active material Ca4 are shown together in Table 1. Li 1.5 [Ni 0.525 Mn 0.825 [Li] 0.15 ] O 3 And the positive electrode C44 was obtained by repeating the same operation as the above using this positive electrode active material.
- Negative electrode A11 (Preparation of slurry for negative electrode) Negative electrode active material: Natural graphite 100 parts by mass Conductive aid: Acetylene black 1.0 part by mass Binder: Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) 5.0 parts by mass Solvent: N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) 97 parts by mass
- a binder solution was prepared by dissolving 5.0 parts by mass of the binder in 50 parts by mass of NMP. Next, 55.0 parts by mass of the binder solution is added to a mixed powder of 1.0 part by mass of a conductive additive and 100 parts by mass of natural graphite powder, and then kneaded with a planetary mixer (PVM100, manufactured by Asada Tekko Co., Ltd.). Then, 47 parts by mass of NMP was added to the kneaded product to obtain a slurry for negative electrode (solid content concentration 52 mass%).
- the negative electrode slurry was applied to one side of the current collector by a die coater while running a current collector made of electrolytic copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m at a running speed of 1.5 m / min. Subsequently, the current collector coated with the negative electrode slurry is stored in a hot air drying furnace (100 ° C. to 110 ° C., drying time 2 minutes), and the amount of NMP remaining in the negative electrode active material layer becomes 0.02 wt% or less. Until dried. Further, the slurry was applied to the back surface of the electrolytic copper foil in the same manner as described above and dried to form a sheet-like electrode having negative electrode active material layers on both sides. In addition, about the coating amount of the negative electrode at this time, since the counter charge capacity ratio (A / C) of the positive electrode and the negative electrode was 1.25, the coating weight on one side was about 9.50 mg / cm 2 .
- the obtained sheet-like positive electrode was compression-molded using a roll press and cut to obtain a negative electrode A1 having a weight of about 11.5 mg / cm 2 and a density of 1.45 g / cm 3 of the positive electrode active material layer on one side. When the surface of the negative electrode A1 was observed, no cracks were observed.
- the negative electrode A1 produced as described above was dried in a vacuum drying furnace. After installing the negative electrode A1 inside the drying furnace, the pressure was reduced (100 mmHg (1.33 ⁇ 10 4 Pa)) at room temperature (25 ° C.) to remove the air in the drying furnace. Next, while flowing nitrogen gas (100 cm 3 / min), the temperature was raised to 135 ° C. at 10 ° C./min, the pressure was reduced again at 135 ° C., and the nitrogen in the furnace was kept evacuated for 12 hours, and then to room temperature. The temperature was lowered to obtain a positive electrode A11.
- Negative electrode A12 The same operation as the negative electrode A11 except that the weight of the negative electrode active material layer on one side was set to about 9.25 mg / cm 2 so that the opposite charge capacity ratio (A / C) of the positive electrode and the negative electrode was 1.10. Was repeated to obtain a negative electrode A12.
- Negative electrode A13 The same operation as in the negative electrode A11 except that the weight of the negative electrode active material layer on one side was set to about 10.3 mg / cm 2 so that the counter charge capacity ratio (A / C) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode was 1.35. was repeated to obtain a negative electrode A13.
- Example 1 In order to set the electrode area coefficient ⁇ to “1.10”, the positive electrode C11 (active material layer area: vertical 3.6 cm ⁇ horizontal 5.3 cm) and the negative electrode A11 (active material layer area: vertical 3.8 cm) obtained as described above were used. A tab was welded to the current collector foil portion ( ⁇ 5.5 cm wide). A laminate composed of five layers sandwiching a porous polypropylene separator (length 4.5 cm ⁇ width 6.0 cm, thickness 25 ⁇ m, porosity 55%) between the negative electrode A11 and the positive electrode C11 welded with these tabs. Type battery element (A11-separator-C11-separator-A11-) was produced.
- Example 2 By combining the positive electrode C11 and the negative electrode A12 and repeating the same operation as in Example 1, a cell having a counter charge capacity ratio (A / C) between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of 1.10 was produced.
- Example 3 By combining the positive electrode C11 and the negative electrode A13 and repeating the same operation as in Example 1, a cell having a positive and negative electrode facing charge capacity ratio (A / C) of 1.35 was produced.
- the cycle of discharging at 0.2 C to 2.0 V is performed twice, and 4.55 V at 0.2 C. Then, the battery was discharged twice at 0.2 C to 2.0 V.
- the constant current charging method is used and the electrochemical pretreatment method in the case where the voltage is set to the end condition is taken as an example.
- the charging method may be a constant current constant voltage charging method.
- a charge amount or time may be used in addition to the voltage.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、特許文献1には、正極活物質の主材として、所定組成のリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を用いた非水電解質二次電池において、正極の電位が4.5Vに達するまで充電した際の正極と負極の対向充電容量比を1.0~1.15となるようにして熱的安定性を改善する試みが提案されている。
A/C=β×(負極充電容量×α)/(正極充電容量×η×τ)
(式中のαは負極面積/正極面積で表される電極面積係数であって、α>1.0、βは設計係数であって、0.85≦β≦1.15、ηは(25℃での充放電効率)/(55℃での充放電効率)で表される充放電効率比、τは(55℃での充電容量)/(25℃での充電容量)で表される温度特性係数を示す)
本発明の非水系有機電解液二次電池は、上記したように、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な正極活物質を含有する正極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な負極活物質を含有する負極と、これら正極及び負極を隔離するセパレータと、有機溶媒とリチウム塩電解質の混合液からなる電解液とを備えたものである。そして、次式で表される正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)が1.10以上1.35以下である。
A/C=β×(負極充電容量×α)/(正極充電容量×η×τ)
そして、η(充放電効率比)は、(25℃での充放電効率)/(55℃での充放電効率)で算出される。なお、充放電効率とは、充電容量に対する放電容量の比、すなわち(放電容量)/(充電容量)で表される。さらに、τ(温度特性係数)は、(55℃での充電容量(mAh・g-1))/(25℃での充電容量(mAh・g-1))で表される。
Li1.5[NiaCobMnc[Li]d]O3 ・・・ (1)
なお、上記組成式(1)におけるa、b、c及びdは、0<a<1.4、0≦b<1.4、0<c<1.4、0.05≦d≦0.5、a+b+c+d=1.5、1.0≦a+b+c≦1.4の関係を満足するものである。
まず、上記ニッケル酸リチウムは、高容量であるという特長を有する反面、高温で酸素が脱離し易く、結晶構造中の酸素が脱離して発火や爆発を誘発するため安全性が低く、かつ放電作動電圧が低く(平均電圧3.5V)、サイクル特性が悪いという欠点がある。
また、コバルト酸リチウムは、ニッケル酸リチウムに次いで高容量で、放電作動電圧が高く(平均電圧3.7V)、2.5~4.3Vといった電圧域では良好な可逆性を示し、サイクル特性とレート特性のバランスが良いという特徴を有す。しかし、引き抜くLi量によって結晶構造が維持できなくなるため理論容量の全てを使用できない(使用できる容量は半分程度)、さらに、Coは希少金属で資源量に乏しく、高価であるという欠点がある。
さらに、固溶体系複合酸化物は、高容量かつ高エネルギー密度であり、結晶構造が安定でサイクル特性に優れるなどの長所を有す。しかし、コバルト酸リチウムに比べ、放電作動電圧が低い、ヒシテリシスが大きい、初期の充放電効率やレート特性が低い、使用温度における放電容量の変化が大きいなどの短所がある。
こうすることによって、固溶体系のリチウム含有複合酸化物の長所であるエネルギー密度が高い、放電容量が高い、結晶構造の安定性が高い、サイクル特性に優れるという点を維持しながら、初期の充放電効率が低い、ヒステリシスが大きい、使用温度における放電容量の変化が大きいなどの短所を克服することができる。なお、上記a、b、c及びdの値が上記関係から逸脱した場合には、固溶体リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物の構造が安定化し難くなる傾向がある。
具体的には、下記式にて定義される。
このような固溶体系リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、固溶体系のリチウム含有複合酸化物の上記短所をより以上に改善することができる。
このとき、BET比表面積が0.8m2/g未満の場合には、結晶構造におけるバルク内からのリチウムイオンの拡散性が低くなるため、高い初期充放電効率や優れた初期レート特性を実現することができないことがある。また、BET比表面積が6.0m2/g超であり、50%通過粒径が10μm超である場合には、容量維持率が低下することがある。
特に、4.7V、4.75Vvs.Liという高電位の容量分まで使用(高容量使用)する場合において、酸化処理での充放電電位の最高電位を段階的に上げていくことで、短時間の酸化処理(上記充放電前処理)でも電極の耐久性を改善することができる。
なお、負極活物質の一例である薄膜合金をスパッタ法等により負極集電体12A上に直接形成する場合には、集電箔を用いるのが望ましい。
具体的には、金属としては、アルミニウム(Al)、ニッケル(Ni)、鉄(Fe)、ステンレス鋼(SUS)、チタン(Ti)、銅(Cu)などが挙げられる。これらのほか、ニッケル(Ni)とアルミニウム(Al)とのクラッド材、銅(Cu)とアルミニウム(Al)とのクラッド材、又はこれらの金属を組み合わせためっき材などを用いることが好ましい。また、金属表面にアルミニウム(Al)が被覆された箔であってもよい。中でも、電子伝導性や電池作動電位等の観点からは、アルミニウム(Al)、ステンレス鋼(SUS)、銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)が好ましい。
しかしながら、これらに限定されるものではなく、リチウムイオン二次電池用の集電体として用いられている従来公知の材料を用いることができる。
ポリエチレン(PE)、ポリプロピレン(PP)、ポリエチレンテレフタレート(PET)、ポリエーテルニトリル(PEN)、ポリアクリロニトリル(PAN)、ポリイミド(PI)、ポリアミド(PA)、セルロース、カルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)、エチレン-酢酸ビニル共重合体、ポリ塩化ビニル(PVC)、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、イソプレンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン・プロピレンゴム、エチレン・プロピレン・ジエン共重合体、スチレン・ブタジエン・スチレンブロック共重合体及びその水素添加物、スチレン・イソプレン・スチレンブロック共重合体及びその水素添加物などの熱可塑性高分子、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、テトラフルオロエチレン・ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、テトラフルオロエチレン・パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体(PFA)、エチレン・テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体(ETFE)、ポリクロロトリフルオロエチレン(PCTFE)、エチレン・クロロトリフルオロエチレン共重合体(ECTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニル(PVF)等のフッ素樹脂、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-HFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-ペンタフルオロプロピレン-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFP-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル-テトラフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-PFMVE-TFE系フッ素ゴム)、ビニリデンフルオライド-クロロトリフルオロエチレン系フッ素ゴム(VDF-CTFE系フッ素ゴム)等のビニリデンフルオライド系フッ素ゴム、エポキシ樹脂等が挙げられる。中でも、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリイミド、スチレン・ブタジエンゴム、カルボキシメチルセルロース、ポリプロピレン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリアミドであることがより好ましい。これらの好適なバインダーは、耐熱性に優れ、さらに電位窓が非常に広く正極電位、負極電位双方に安定であり正極(及び負極)活物質層に使用が可能である。
しかしながら、これらに限定されるものではなく、リチウムイオン二次電池用の結着剤として従来用いられている公知の材料を用いることができる。これらの結着剤は、1種のみを単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
しかしながら、これらに限定されるものではなく、リチウムイオン二次電池用の導電助剤として用いられている従来公知の材料を用いることができる。これらの導電助剤は、1種のみを単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を併用してもよい。
鱗片状ではない粒状の黒鉛材料から成り、その表面が非晶質炭素層で被覆された炭素材料は、黒鉛層状構造へのリチウムイオン拡散性が高く好ましい。また、このような炭素材料のBET比表面積が0.8m2/g以上1.5m2/g以下であると、更に容量維持率を向上させることができるため、好ましい。更に、このような炭素材料のタップ密度が0.9g/cm3以上1.2g/cm3以下であると、単位体積当たりの重量(充填量)を向上させることができ、放電容量を向上させることができる。
例えば、正極活物質として粒子形態の酸化物を用いる場合、酸化物の平均粒子径は、既存の正極活物質層に含まれる正極活物質の平均粒子径と同程度であればよく、特に制限されない。高出力化の観点からは、好ましくは1~20μmの範囲であればよい。なお、本明細中において、「粒子径」とは、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)や透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)などの観察手段を用いて観察される活物質粒子(観察面)の輪郭線上の任意の2点間の距離のうち、最大の距離を意味する。「平均粒子径」の値としては、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)や透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)などの観察手段を用い、数~数十視野中に観察される粒子の粒子径の平均値として算出される値を採用するものとする。他の構成成分の粒子径や平均粒子径も同様に定義することができる。
ただし、このような範囲に何ら制限されるものではなく、本実施形態の作用効果を有効に発現できるものであれば、この範囲を外れていてもよいことは言うまでもない。
これらの中では、正極の集電体として一般的に用いられるアルミニウム箔の高電位(電池電位で4.4V以上)における腐食の抑制作用(フッ化アルミニウムの不動態皮膜が形成されるためと考えられる)がある六フッ化リン酸リチウム(LiPF6)を用いることが好ましい。
環状カーボネート類としては、例えば、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、ブチレンカーボネート(BC)を挙げることができる。また、含フッ素環状カーボネート類としては、例えば、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を挙げることができる。更に、鎖状カーボネート類としては、例えば、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、メチルプロピルカーボネート(MPC)、エチルプロピルカーボネート(EPC)、ジプロピルカーボネート(DPC)を挙げることができる。また、脂肪族カルボン酸エステル類としては、例えば、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチルを挙げることができる。更に、γ-ラクトン類としては、例えば、γ-ブチロラクトンを挙げることができる。また、環状エーテル類としては、例えば、テトラヒドロフラン、2-メチルテトラヒドロフラン、1,4-ジオキサンを挙げることができる。更に、鎖状エーテル類としては、例えば、1,2-エトキシエタン(DEE)、エトキシメトキシエタン(EME)、ジエチルエーテル、1,2-ジメトキシエタン、1,2-ジブトキシエタンを挙げることができる。その他としては、アセトニトリル等のニトリル類、ジメチルホルムアミド等のアミド類を挙げることができる。これらは、1種を単独で、2種以上を組み合わせて用いることができる。
非水電解質の溶媒としては、高い誘電率を有する環状カーボネートと、粘性の低い鎖状カーボネートの混合溶媒を用いることが望ましいが、環状カーボネートは高電位下での酸化分解を生じやすいことから、その混合比としては10~30体積%とすることが望ましい。また、環状カーボネート及び鎖状カーボネートは高電位下での酸化分解を生じやすいことから、部分的にフッ素化することが望ましい。
高分子ゲル電解質は、イオン導伝性を有する固体高分子電解質に、通常リチウムイオン二次電池で用いられる上記電解液を含有させたものである。しかしながら、これに限定されるものではなく、リチウムイオン導伝性を持たない高分子の骨格中に、同様の電解液を保持させたものも含まれる。
なお、高分子ゲル電解質や固体高分子電解質のマトリックスポリマーは、架橋構造を形成することによって、優れた機械的強度を発現させることができる。架橋構造を形成させるには、適当な重合開始剤を用いて、高分子電解質形成用の重合性ポリマー(例えば、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)やポリプロピレンオキシド(PPO))に対して熱重合、紫外線重合、放射線重合、電子線重合等の重合処理を施せばよい。
リチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法の一例を説明する。まず、正極を作製する。例えば粒状の正極活物質を用いる場合には、上述した正極活物質と必要に応じて導電助剤、バインダー及び粘度調整溶剤とを混合し、正極用スラリーを作製する。
次いで、この正極用スラリーを正極集電体に塗布し、乾燥させ、圧縮成型して正極活物質層を形成する。
次いで、この正極用スラリーを正極集電体に塗布し、乾燥させ、圧縮成型して正極活物質層を形成する。
1.1 正極C11
(正極活物質の合成)
正極活物質Ca1として、下記組成式で表されるリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を複合炭酸塩法により合成した。
Li1.5[Ni0.25Co0.25Mn0.75[Li]0.25]O3
マグネチックスターラーで攪拌されている複合硫酸塩水溶液に炭酸ナトリウム水溶液を滴下して前躯体を沈殿させた。その後、吸引ろ過を行い、ろ紙上に堆積した沈殿物を乾燥することにより、複合水酸化物の前駆体を得た。
その後、得られた前駆体と炭酸リチウムを所定のモル比で混合粉砕し、500℃で仮焼成し、大気中、800℃~1000℃で12時間~24時間本焼成することにより目的の試料を得た。得られた正極活物質Ca1の充電容量、BET比表面積、50%通過粒径(D50)を表1に示す。
正極活物質:上記により得られたリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物 100質量部
導電助剤 :燐片状黒鉛 1.0質量部
:アセチレンブラック 3.0質量部
バインダー:ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF) 3.0質量部
溶剤 :N-メチルピロリドン(NMP) 65質量部
バインダー3.0質量部をNMP30質量部に溶解してバインダー溶液を作製した。次に、導電助剤4.0質量部と正極活物質100質量部の混合粉に、バインダー溶液33.0質量部を加え、プラネタリーミキサー(浅田鉄工製、PVM100)にて混練し、その後、混練物にNMP35質量部を加えて、正極用スラリー(固形分濃度62質量%)を得た。
20μm厚のアルミニウム箔から成る集電体を走行速度1m/分で走行させながら、集電体の片面に、上記正極用スラリーをダイコーターにより塗布した。続いて、この正極スラリーを塗布した集電体を熱風乾燥炉(100℃~110℃、乾燥時間3分)に収納し、正極活物質層に残留するNMP量が0.02重量%以下となるまで乾燥した。さらに、アルミニウム箔の裏面にも上記同様にスラリーを塗布し、乾燥して、両面に正極活物質層を有するシート状電極を形成した。
得られたシート状正極をロールプレスを用いて圧縮成形し、切断して、片面の正極活物質層の重量約10mg/cm2、厚さ約50μm、密度2.70g/cm3の正極C1を得た。
次に、この正極C1を用い、真空乾燥炉にて乾燥処理を行った。乾燥炉内部に正極C1を設置した後、室温(25℃)にて減圧(100mmHg(1.33×104Pa))し、乾燥炉内の空気を除去した。次いで、窒素ガスを流通(100cm3/分)しながら、10℃/分で120℃まで昇温し、120℃で再度減圧して炉内の窒素を排気したまま12時間保持した後、室温まで降温して、正極C11を得た。
正極活物質Ca2として、下記組成式で表されるリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を複合炭酸塩法により同様に合成した。得られた正極活物質Ca2の充電容量、BET比表面積、50%通過粒径(D50)を表1に併せて示す
Li1.5[Ni0.3Co0.3Mn0.7[Li]0.2]O3
そして、この正極活物質を用いて、上記同様の操作を繰り返すことによって、正極C22を得た。
正極活物質Ca3として、下記組成式で表されるリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を複合炭酸塩法により同様に合成した。得られた正極活物質Ca3の充電容量、BET比表面積、50%通過粒径(D50)を表1に併せて示す
Li1.5[Ni0.45Mn0.85[Li]0.2]O3
そして、この正極活物質を用いて、上記同様の操作を繰り返すことによって、正極C33を得た。
正極活物質Ca4として、下記組成式で表されるリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を複合炭酸塩法により同様に合成した。得られた正極活物質Ca4の充電容量、BET比表面積、50%通過粒径(D50)、充放電効率比η、温度特性係数τを表1に併せて示す
Li1.5[Ni0.525Mn0.825[Li]0.15]O3
そして、この正極活物質を用いて、上記同様の操作を繰り返すことによって、正極C44を得た。
2.1 負極A11
(負極用スラリーの調製)
負極活物質:天然グラファイト 100質量部
導電助剤 :アセチレンブラック 1.0質量部
バインダー:ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF) 5.0質量部
溶剤 :N-メチルピロリドン(NMP) 97質量部
バインダー5.0質量部をNMP50質量部に溶解してバインダー溶液を作製した。次に、導電助剤1.0質量部と天然グラファイト粉100質量部の混合粉に、上記バインダー溶液55.0質量部を加え、プラネタリーミキサー(浅田鉄工製、PVM100)にて混練し、その後、混練物にNMP47質量部を加えて、負極用スラリー(固形分濃度52質量%)を得た。
10μm厚の電解銅箔から成る集電体を走行速度1.5m/分で走行させながら、集電体の片面に、上記負極用スラリーをダイコーターにより塗布した。続いて、この負極スラリーを塗布した集電体を熱風乾燥炉(100℃~110℃、乾燥時間2分)に収納し、負極活物質層に残留するNMP量が0.02重量%以下となるまで乾燥した。さらに、電解銅箔の裏面にも上記同様にスラリーを塗布し、乾燥して、両面に負極活物質層を有するシート状電極を形成した。
なお、このときの負極塗布量については、正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)=1.25とするため、片面の塗布重量は約9.50mg/cm2とした。
得られたシート状正極をロールプレスを用いて圧縮成形し、切断して、片面の正極活物質層の重量約11.5mg/cm2、密度1.45g/cm3の負極A1を得た。負極A1の表面を観察したところ、クラックの発生は見られなかった。
次に、上記により作製した負極A1を真空乾燥炉にて乾燥処理した。乾燥炉内部に負極A1を設置した後、室温(25℃)にて減圧(100mmHg(1.33×104Pa))し、乾燥炉内の空気を除去した。次いで、窒素ガスを流通(100cm3/分)しながら、10℃/分で135℃まで昇温し、135℃で再度減圧して炉内の窒素を排気したまま12時間保持した後、室温まで降温して、正極A11を得た。
正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)を1.10とするべく、片面の負極活物質層の重量を約9.25mg/cm2としたこと以外は、上記負極A11と同様の操作を繰り返すことによって、負極A12を得た。
正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)を1.35とするべく、片面の負極活物質層の重量を約10.3mg/cm2としたこと以外は、上記負極A11と同様の操作を繰り返すことによって、負極A13を得た。
3.1 実施例1
電極面積係数αを「1.10」とするため、上記によって得られた正極C11(活物質層面積:縦3.6cm×横5.3cm)と負極A11(活物質層面積:縦3.8cm×横5.5cm)の集電箔部分にタブを溶接した。
そして、これらタブを溶接した負極A11と正極C11との間に多孔質ポリプロピレン製セパレータ(縦4.5cm×横6.0cm、厚さ25μm、空孔率55%)を挟んで5層からなる積層型の電池素子(A11-セパレータ-C11-セパレータ-A11-)を作製した。
一方、容積比で30%のエチレンカーボネート(EC)と70%のジエチルカーボネート(DEC)の混合溶媒に、1.0モル/リットルのLiPF6を溶解した後、添加剤として、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)1.0質量%、1,3-プロパンスルトン1.0質量%、ジフルオロ燐酸リチウム1.0質量%を溶解して電解液を調製した。
その後、上記電池素子を評価セル取り付け冶具にセットし、正極リードと負極リードを電池素子の各タブ端部に取り付け、後述する試験に供した。
上記正極C11と負極A12を組合せ、上記実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返すことによって、正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)が1.10のセルを作製した。
上記正極C11と負極A13を組合せ、上記実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返すことによって、正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)が1.35のセルを作製した。
上記正極C22と負極A11、A12及びA13をそれぞれ組合せ、上記実施例1に準じた操作を繰り返すことによって、正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)が1.25、1.10及び1.35の3種のセルをそれぞれ作製した。
上記正極C33と負極A11、A12及びA13をそれぞれ組合せ、上記実施例1に準じた操作を繰り返すことによって、正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)が1.25、1.10及び1.35の3種のセルをそれぞれ作製した。
上記正極C44と負極A11、A12及びA13をそれぞれ組合せ、上記実施例1に準じた操作を繰り返すことによって、正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)が1.25、1.10及び1.35の3種のセルをそれぞれ作製した。
上記正極C11に対して、上記負極用スラリーの塗布量をそれぞれ調整した負極A14~17を組合せ、上記実施例1と同様の操作を繰り返すことによって、正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)がそれぞれ0.90、1.00、1.50、2.00の4種のセルを作製した。
上記実施例及び比較例として作製した電池を以下の条件でエージング処理及び活性化処理した上で、それぞれの電池性能を評価した。
25℃にて、定電流充電法で0.05C、4時間の充電(SOC約20%)を行った。次いで、45℃にて、0.1Cレートで4.35Vまで充電した後、充電を止め、その状態(SOC約70%)で約5日間(120時間)保持した。
25℃にて、定電流充電法により0.2Cで電圧が4.45Vとなるまで充電した後、2.0Vまで0.2Cで放電するサイクルを2回、0.2Cで4.55Vとなるまで充電した後、0.2Cで2.0Vまで放電するサイクルを2回を行った。
なお、ここでは定電流充電法を用い、電圧を終止条件とした場合の電気化学前処理方法を例として実施したが、充電方式は定電流定電圧充電法を用いても構わない。また、終止条件は電圧以外にも電荷量や時間を用いても構わない。
0.2Cレートにて最高電圧が4.5Vとなるまで充電した後、約1時間~1.5時間保持する定電流定電圧充電法により充電し、電池の最低電圧が2.0Vとなるまで0.2Cレートで放電する定電流放電法で放電し、電池性能を評価した。なお、いずれも室温下で行った。
上記1.0Cレートでの充放電を45℃で300サイクルを繰り返した。そして、1サイクル目の放電容量に対する300サイクル目の放電容量の割合を、容量維持率として比較した。
これらの結果を各電池の諸元と共に、表2及び表3に示す。
Claims (7)
- リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な正極活物質を含有する正極と、リチウムイオンを吸蔵及び放出可能な負極活物質を含有する負極と、上記正極及び負極を隔離するセパレーターと、有機溶媒とリチウム塩電解質の混合液からなる電解液とを備え、
次式で表される正極と負極の対向充電容量比(A/C)が1.10以上1.35以下であることを特徴とする非水系有機電解液二次電池。
A/C=β×(負極充電容量×α)/(正極充電容量×η×τ)
(式中のαは負極面積/正極面積で表される電極面積係数であって、α>1.0、βは設計係数であって、0.85≦β≦1.15、ηは(25℃での充放電効率)/(55℃での充放電効率)で表される充放電効率比、τは(55℃での充電容量)/(25℃での充電容量)で表される温度特性係数を示す) - 使用環境下における上限温度において充電した際の上記対向充電容量比(A/C)が1.10以上1.35以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水系有機電解液二次電池。
- 上記正極活物質が、下記の組成式(1)で表され、層状系の結晶構造を有するリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物であることを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の非水系有機電解液二次電池。
Li1.5[NiaCobMnc[Li]d]O3 ・・・ (1)
(式中のa、b、c及びdは、0<a<1.4、0≦b<1.4、0<c<1.4、0.05≦d≦0.5、a+b+c+d=1.5、1.0≦a+b+c≦1.4の関係を満足する) - 上記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、上記式(1)において、a、b、c及びdが、0<a<1.3、0≦b<1.3、0<c<1.3、0.05≦d≦0.5、a+b+c+d=1.5、1.0≦a+b+c≦1.3の関係を満足すると共に、4.3V~4.75Vの範囲で充放電サイクルを行うことにより上記層状構造の一部がスピネル構造に変化しており、層状構造からスピネル構造に変化し得る理論的な構造変化量に対する上記スピネル構造への変化量の割合kが0.25以上1未満であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の非水系有機電解液二次電池。
- 上記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、上記式(1)において、a、b、c及びdが、0.25≦a≦0.525、0≦b≦1.0、0<c≦1.0、0.1≦d≦0.4、a+b+c+d=1.5、1.1≦a+b+c≦1.25の関係を満足すると共に、上記スピネル構造への変化量の割合kが0.35以上0.85未満であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の非水系有機電解液二次電池。
- 上記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物のBET比表面積が0.8m2/g以上6.0m2/g以下、50%通過粒径が10μm以下であることを特徴とする請求項3~5のいずれか1つの項に記載の非水系有機電解液二次電池。
- 上記正極中には、結着剤と共に、導電助剤として炭素材料が含まれており、上記正極活物質と炭素材料と結着剤の合計に対して、上記炭素材料の含有量が5質量%以下、上記結着剤の含有量が5質量%以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか1つの項に記載の非水系有機電解液二次電池。
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JP2017505527A (ja) * | 2014-02-11 | 2017-02-16 | ルノー エス.ア.エス. | リチウム過剰カソード及び黒鉛系アノードを含むリチウムイオンバッテリー |
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JP2018185890A (ja) * | 2017-04-24 | 2018-11-22 | 日産自動車株式会社 | 電気デバイス |
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JP2022032207A (ja) * | 2020-08-11 | 2022-02-25 | プライムプラネットエナジー&ソリューションズ株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
JP7213208B2 (ja) | 2020-08-11 | 2023-01-26 | プライムプラネットエナジー&ソリューションズ株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
US11769904B2 (en) | 2020-08-11 | 2023-09-26 | Prime Planet Energy & Solutions, Inc. | Nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20150021116A (ko) | 2015-02-27 |
JPWO2014021014A1 (ja) | 2016-07-21 |
US10283769B2 (en) | 2019-05-07 |
US9711791B2 (en) | 2017-07-18 |
US20170279119A1 (en) | 2017-09-28 |
CN104508893B (zh) | 2016-11-09 |
US20150155555A1 (en) | 2015-06-04 |
KR101538903B1 (ko) | 2015-07-22 |
CN104508893A (zh) | 2015-04-08 |
EP2882029A1 (en) | 2015-06-10 |
JP6035689B2 (ja) | 2016-12-07 |
EP2882029A4 (en) | 2015-07-29 |
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