WO2010060279A1 - 一种由合成气制备甲醇、二甲醚和低碳烯烃的方法 - Google Patents

一种由合成气制备甲醇、二甲醚和低碳烯烃的方法 Download PDF

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WO2010060279A1
WO2010060279A1 PCT/CN2009/001325 CN2009001325W WO2010060279A1 WO 2010060279 A1 WO2010060279 A1 WO 2010060279A1 CN 2009001325 W CN2009001325 W CN 2009001325W WO 2010060279 A1 WO2010060279 A1 WO 2010060279A1
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amorphous alloy
catalyst
weight
component
alloy
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PCT/CN2009/001325
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English (en)
French (fr)
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付强
张晓昕
罗一斌
慕旭宏
宗保宁
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中国石油化工股份有限公司
中国石油化工股份有限公司石油化工科学研究院
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Priority to AU2009319648A priority Critical patent/AU2009319648B2/en
Priority to RU2011122722/04A priority patent/RU2516702C2/ru
Priority to CA2744628A priority patent/CA2744628C/en
Priority to US13/131,028 priority patent/US8669295B2/en
Publication of WO2010060279A1 publication Critical patent/WO2010060279A1/zh

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    • B01J29/42Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
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    • C07C1/00Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
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    • C07C1/04Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon monoxide with hydrogen
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    • C07C29/15Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively
    • C07C29/151Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases
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    • C07C29/154Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of oxides of carbon exclusively with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases characterised by the catalyst used containing copper, silver, gold, or compounds thereof
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of methanol, dioxane and lower hydrocarbons from syngas. Background technique
  • Copper-zinc-aluminum catalysts are the main components of low-pressure synthetic sterol catalysts widely used in industry. They are usually prepared by co-precipitation method, and the obtained catalyst is a mixture of copper-zinc-aluminum oxide.
  • the coprecipitation method proposed in U.S. Patent No. 4,436,833 uses sodium carbonate as a precipitant to form a carbonate precipitate of a mixture of copper, zinc and aluminum nitrates, and washes the sodium ions with distilled water, and is dried and calcined.
  • a copper zinc aluminum oxide mixture is used to catalyze the reaction to synthesize sterols.
  • the disadvantage of this catalyst is that sodium ion washing is difficult, and the temperature of the reduction process is difficult to control, resulting in a rapid and significant decrease in catalyst activity.
  • No. 4,366,260 discloses a process for the preparation of decyl alcohol, or methanol and dimethyl ether, which employs a Raney copper catalyst, i.e., by formation of 35-60% by weight of Al, 0.1-25% by weight. Prepared from Zn, the remaining copper alloy. It is known to those skilled in the art that the alloy of the Raney copper catalyst is a crystalline alloy. The catalyst has a low methanol yield of only 10.9% under the reaction conditions for the preparation of methanol from synthesis gas.
  • Dimethyl ether is an environmentally friendly, ultra-clean alternative to civilian fuels and automotive fuels with broad development prospects.
  • the production method of diterpene ether mainly has a one-step method and a two-step method.
  • the two-step process synthesizes methanol from syngas and then dehydrates to produce diterpene ether.
  • the one-step method refers to the first synthesis of didecyl ether from the raw syngas, including three main reaction steps that are related to each other and continue:
  • the reaction conditions for the direct synthesis of dimethyl ether from syngas are much milder, and the single-pass conversion rate of CO is much higher.
  • the one-step synthesis of diterpene ether has no intermediate process of sterol synthesis, and the process flow is simple, the equipment is small, the investment is small, and the operation cost is low, so that the production cost of dioxane is lowered, and the economic benefit is improved. Therefore, The one-step synthesis of diterpene ether is a hot research topic at home and abroad.
  • the one-step catalyst system for the synthesis of dimethyl ether is typically a physical mixture of a methanol synthesis catalyst and a methanol dehydration catalyst.
  • Industrial catalysts for sterol synthesis typically contain one or more of copper, zinc, aluminum and chromium, and those skilled in the art know that the catalyst is a crystalline alloy, and the methanol dehydration catalyst is typically selected from solid acidic materials. .
  • No. 5,389,689 discloses a process for the preparation of a catalyst for the production of dioxins in a one-step process.
  • the method comprises first pulverizing a mixture of zinc oxide, copper oxide or chromium oxide, and aluminum oxide to a particle size of about 0.1-20 microns, and extruding the oxides under a pressure of 100-500 kg/cm 3 Then, it is suspended in a solvent and the resulting slurry is further pulverized to finally form a catalyst. Under the reaction conditions of H 2 /CO molar ratio 1, reaction temperature of 280 ° C and reaction pressure of 3 MPa, the conversion of CO was 60.1%, the yield of dioxin was 42.8%, and the yield of C0 2 was 14.4. %.
  • the above catalyst for the preparation of dimethyl ether is less active, requires a higher reaction temperature, and has a lower conversion of CO.
  • the low hydrogenation activity of the catalyst also causes about one-third of the CO to be converted to useless CO 2 in the reaction, and other side reactions occur during the reaction, so that the carbon utilization rate of the process is usually less than 60%. , reducing the economics of the process.
  • Low-carbon olefins mainly refer to ethylene and propylene, and are extremely important chemical raw materials. At present, more than 90% of low-carbon olefins are mainly from light oil cracking, and the market has been in short supply. As the economy continues to grow and oil resources become increasingly scarce, it is necessary to produce low-carbon olefins from alternative sources.
  • the direct synthesis of olefins from syngas originates from the traditional FT synthesis. Since the carbon number of the product obtained by the FT synthesis catalyst obeys the ST distribution law, the low-carbon olefin selectivity is low, and the preparation of highly active and highly selective catalysts has become the current research field. A hot spot.
  • CN1065026A discloses a catalyst for preparing ethylene from a synthesis gas, the catalyst containing an oxide of any one of Si, Al, Ti, Nb, Hf, any one or two of Nb, Y, Ga, Ge, In, Tl
  • CN1537674A discloses an iron/activated carbon catalyst for synthesizing ethylene, propylene and butene, wherein the chemical composition of the catalyst mainly comprises: a-Fe, FexCy>(Fe, Mn)0, Cu ⁇ , ZnO, 2 0, specific surface area is 350-400 m 2 /g. Vacuum impregnation
  • the catalyst is prepared by loading iron on activated carbon, dispersing iron and additives on activated carbon, and calcining at 500-80 (TC temperature to prepare synthesis gas to produce low-carbon olefin.
  • the disadvantages of this method are methane in the product (15% of total organic product) and ethane content (accounting for total organic product) 12%) is too high, so carbon utilization is low.
  • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The disadvantages of co-conversion, daily product selectivity and low carbon utilization in the process of methanol, dimethyl ether and/or lower olefins are provided.
  • the present invention provides a process for preparing decyl alcohol, diterpene ether and lower olefin from syngas, which comprises syngas and under conditions for converting synthesis gas to decyl alcohol, didecyl ether and lower olefins.
  • Catalyst contact characterized in that the catalyst contains an amorphous alloy composed of a first component A1 and a second component selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, IVA, VA of the periodic table.
  • the catalyst contains an amorphous alloy composed of a first component A1 and a second component selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, IVA, VA of the periodic table.
  • lanthanum cerium
  • IVA cerium
  • VA of the periodic table.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing methanol, dimethyl ether and low-carbon olefin from syngas, which comprises using the first component A1 and selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, IVA, VA, IB, IIB IVB, VB. a catalyst of an amorphous alloy composed of VIB, VIIB, VIII, a lanthanide element and a second component of one or more of their oxides, and thus the process of the present invention has a high CO conversion rate, a target product The selectivity, as well as the high carbon utilization.
  • the "synthesis gas” described herein is a mixed raw material gas containing CO and H 2 as main components.
  • Syngas is usually obtained from solid raw materials (such as coal, coke), liquid raw materials (such as light oil, heavy oil), and gaseous raw materials (such as natural gas, oil gas), for example, it can be selected from coke oven gas, liquefied gas, water gas, and half.
  • coke oven gas liquefied gas
  • water gas liquefied gas
  • water gas liquefied gas
  • water gas liquefied gas
  • water gas liquefied gas
  • water gas and half.
  • the present invention provides a process for the preparation of methanol, diterpene ether and lower olefins from synthesis gas, the process comprising contacting a synthesis gas with a catalyst under conditions such that the synthesis gas is converted to methanol, didecyl ether and a lower olefin.
  • the catalyst comprises an amorphous alloy, the amorphous alloy consisting of a component A1 and a second component, and the second component is selected from the group consisting of IA, IIIA, IVA, VA, IB, One or more of IIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII, lanthanides, and oxides thereof, and the second component is not aluminum.
  • the content of the first component aluminum is 0.5 to 60% by weight, preferably 20 to 55% by weight, based on the total weight of the amorphous alloy, and the content of the second component It is 40 to 99.5% by weight, preferably 45 to 80% by weight.
  • the aluminum content is preferably from 0.5 to 20% by weight, more preferably from 5 to 15% by weight, and the content of the second component is preferably 80-99.5 wt%, more preferably 85-95% wt%.
  • the second component is further preferably selected from the group consisting of lanthanides, IA, IIIA, IVA, VA, IB, ⁇ , IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
  • One or more of the elements of the 3-5th cycle and their oxides more preferably selected from the group consisting of copper, zinc, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, potassium, zirconium, molybdenum, tin, carbon , one or more of silicon, germanium, phosphorus, and their oxides.
  • the second component comprises copper or an oxide thereof.
  • the second component comprises or consists of copper and its or its oxide.
  • the amorphous alloy when the amorphous alloy contains copper and when a Group VIII element or an oxide thereof is present in the alloy, the content of the Group VIII element or an oxide thereof is based on the amorphous alloy.
  • the total weight is less than 30% by weight, preferably less than 20% by weight.
  • the alloy when the amorphous alloy contains copper, the alloy may be free of Group VIII elements or oxides thereof.
  • each component in the amorphous alloy may exist in the form of a pure amorphous alloy, or may exist in a state in which an amorphous alloy and a microcrystalline alloy and/or a crystalline alloy coexist. It exists, that is, in the form of a partially amorphous alloy, and the total content of the microcrystalline alloy and the crystalline alloy in the amorphous alloy is preferably less than 30% by weight. /. .
  • the amorphous alloy present in the above portion can be verified by the XRD method. When the broadened diffraction peak is shown in the XRD pattern, it can be confirmed that the alloy has an amorphous alloy form.
  • the amorphous alloy is a powder having a size of 500 mesh.
  • the catalyst further contains a matrix in which the amorphous alloy is dispersed.
  • the The content of the amorphous alloy is from 20 to 90% by weight, more preferably from 20 to 60% by weight, and the content of the substrate is from 10 to 80% by weight, more preferably from 40 to 80% by weight.
  • the substrate may be selected from various substrates commonly used in catalysts in the art, for example, the substrate may be selected from non-oxidizing porous inorganic oxides, molecular sieves, activated carbon, clays, phosphates (such as phosphoric acid).
  • the substrate may be selected from non-oxidizing porous inorganic oxides, molecular sieves, activated carbon, clays, phosphates (such as phosphoric acid).
  • phosphates such as phosphoric acid.
  • aluminum sulfate
  • metal halides such as FeCl 3 , SnCl 4 , and ZnCl 2 .
  • the non-oxidizing porous inorganic oxide is well known to those skilled in the art, such as alumina, silica, silica-alumina, zirconia, titania, zinc oxide, gallium oxide, boron oxide and alkaline earth metal oxides. One or more of them may be prepared by a coprecipitation method well known to those skilled in the art or commercially available.
  • the molecular sieves are well known to those skilled in the art, such as silica-alumina molecular sieves, hetero atomic molecular sieves, and the like.
  • the clays are well known to those skilled in the art, such as kaolin, halloysite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, halloysite, saponite, rectorite, sepiolite, attapulgite, hydrotalcite, bentonite.
  • kaolin halloysite, montmorillonite, diatomaceous earth, halloysite, saponite, rectorite, sepiolite, attapulgite, hydrotalcite, bentonite.
  • One or more of the more preferred clays are kaolin and montmorillonite.
  • heteropolyacids such as the above-described substrates loaded with phosphotungstic acid and/or phosphomolybdic acid may also be supported in/over the matrix.
  • the matrix contains an auxiliary agent which is supported in/on the matrix and is selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, lanthanum, IVA, VA, IB, IIB, One or more of IVB, VIII, lanthanides and their oxides.
  • the auxiliaries are further preferably lanthanides, elements of the 3-5th cycle of Groups IA, IIIA, IVA, VA, IB, IIB, IVB, VB, VIB, VIIB, VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements and their One or more of the oxides are more preferably one or more of K, Ca, Mg, Ga, Sn, P, Cu, Zn, Zr, Fe, La and their oxides.
  • the presence or absence of an adjuvant in the matrix can increase the activity and selectivity of the reaction.
  • the amount of the auxiliary agent is from 0.5 to 40% by weight based on the weight of the substrate.
  • the above catalyst composed of an amorphous alloy and a matrix has excellent catalytic activity, high selectivity of target product, high anti-poisoning ability and good repeatability of catalytic performance, and good stability thereof. , its regeneration cycle can be as long as 3 months or longer. Moreover, the catalyst does not require a complicated, difficult to implement and long-lasting reduction activation process in the prior art prior to the reaction, and is very simple to use. And catalyst preparation method Simple, easy to operate, easy to achieve industrial amplification.
  • the above catalyst is prepared as follows.
  • the aluminum containing the above content range and the mixture of the second component are alloyed in a vacuum and at a temperature higher than their melting points, and then quenched by vacuum quenching, and the quenching condition is a copper roller linear velocity 20- 40 m / s, injection pressure 0.05-0. IMPa, injection temperature is 1 100-2000 °C.
  • the obtained alloy was then pulverized to a size of 500 mesh (i.e., 25 ⁇ m) to obtain an alloy powder.
  • auxiliaries are supported in/over part or all of the matrix by ion exchange, impregnation or deposition methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the ion exchange method may be: mixing a substrate having H+ and/or Na+ ions attached to the surface with an aqueous solution containing ions of an auxiliary element, heating to 80 ° C, stirring for 1 hour, and then filtering, and filtering the product.
  • the distilled water was washed repeatedly and dried at 10 °C.
  • the dipping method may be one in which the substrate is immersed in an aqueous solution containing ions of an auxiliary element, immersed at 60 ° C for 8 hours, dried at 10 ° C, and then baked at 550 ° C for 2 hours.
  • the deposition method may be a method of mixing a substrate with an aqueous solution containing ions of an auxiliary element, and then adding a precipitant such as sodium carbonate to form a precipitate, and filtering the obtained precipitate and repeatedly washing it with distilled water at 1 1 (TC) After drying, it was baked at 550 ° C for 2 hours.
  • a precipitant such as sodium carbonate
  • the mechanical mixing method without any other components may be employed, or the amorphous alloy and the matrix may be compounded by adding a binder and then mechanically mixing.
  • the binder may be a silica sol, an aluminum sol or a mixture thereof.
  • the step of alkali-washing the amorphous alloy or the catalyst with an alkali solution to extract a part of aluminum in the amorphous alloy may be further included.
  • an alkali solution for example, a sodium hydroxide solution having a concentration of 10 to 25% by weight
  • a catalyst obtained by compounding the obtained amorphous alloy powder or an amorphous alloy with a matrix is contacted with a catalyst obtained by compounding the obtained amorphous alloy powder or an amorphous alloy with a matrix, and subjected to alkali washing to extract non- Part of the aluminum in the crystalline alloy.
  • the conditions of the alkali washing such as time, temperature, alkali solution concentration and the like, may be determined depending on the amorphous alloy or catalyst composition and the reaction process to which the catalyst is applied.
  • the aluminum content in the alloy after alkali washing is not less than 0.5% by weight, more preferably not less than 5% by weight, but not more than 60% by weight, more preferably not more than 55%
  • the weight % more preferably not more than 20% by weight, more preferably not more than 15% by weight, based on the weight of the alloy.
  • the contact temperature is 0-50 ° C and the contact time is 0.5-5 hours.
  • the amount of the base e.g., sodium hydroxide
  • the diffusion rate of the reaction material can be increased, thereby achieving the purpose of increasing the catalytic activity.
  • the chemical composition of the catalyst was determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRFS).
  • XRFS X-ray fluorescence spectrometry
  • the experimental instrument was a 3271E X-ray fluorescence spectrometer from Sakamoto Rigaku Electric Co., Ltd.
  • the test procedure is as follows: ⁇ target, excitation voltage 50kV, excitation current 50mA, the spectral line intensity of each element is detected by a scintillation counter and a proportional counter for quantitative or semi-quantitative analysis.
  • the conditions for converting synthesis gas to methanol, dimethyl ether and lower olefin include reaction temperature of 200-400 ° C, reaction pressure of 0.5-6 MPa, synthesis
  • the gas feed space velocity is 1000-1000 mL/g'h, and the hydrogen to carbon ratio (i.e., the molar ratio of H 2 to CO) in the synthesis gas is 1-3.
  • the reaction temperature is preferably 200 to 270 ° C, and the reaction pressure is preferably 1 to 6 MPa.
  • the reaction temperature is preferably 270 to 400 ° C, and the reaction pressure is preferably 0.5 to 2 MPa.
  • the reactor may be a fluidized bed reactor or a fixed bed reactor, and the operation may be carried out intermittently or continuously.
  • the method further comprises: reducing the catalyst used before contacting with the synthesis gas, the method comprising: charging 1-5 g of the catalyst in the reactor, and using the reducing gas before the reaction
  • the reactor containing the catalyst is subjected to reduction activation at a purge temperature of 130-60 (TC for 0.5-1 hour).
  • the composition of the reducing gas may be a mixture of hydrogen and an inert gas, and the inert gas may be nitrogen.
  • One or more of helium and argon, the content of hydrogen in the reducing gas is 1-10% by weight.
  • the syngas may be one or more gases containing CO and H 2 selected from coke oven gas, liquefied gas, water gas, semi-water gas, natural gas or oil field gas, and has a H 2 /CO molar ratio of 1-3.
  • the molten Cu, A1 and ZnO mixture is quenched by vacuum quenching to obtain an Al-Cu-ZnO alloy product.
  • the quenching conditions were a copper roller line speed of 30 m/s, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and a jetting temperature of 1300 °C.
  • the resulting alloy product was pulverized in a ventilated environment to a maximum particle size of 300 mesh (i.e., ⁇ 48 microns).
  • Fig. 1(1) is a typical feature of an amorphous alloy, indicating that the obtained Al-Cu-ZnO alloy product is an amorphous alloy.
  • Example 2 The above amorphous alloy and the substrate were mechanically mixed, tableted, pulverized and sieved to a weight ratio of 2 to 3 to obtain a catalyst.
  • the composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • An amorphous alloy was prepared by a method similar to that described in Example 1, and 55 g of aluminum powder and 45 g of copper powder were mixed and heated in a vacuum button furnace having a vacuum of 10 -2 Pa and a temperature of 120 CTC. After the mixture was melted, it was kept for 10 minutes, and argon gas was charged into the furnace to normal pressure to obtain a mixture of molten Cu and A1.
  • the molten Cu and A1 mixture is quenched by vacuum quenching to obtain an Al-Cu alloy product.
  • the quenching conditions were a copper roller line speed of 30 m/s, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and a jetting temperature of 1300. C.
  • the resulting alloy product is pulverized in a ventilated environment to a maximum particle size of 300 mesh (i.e., less than or equal to 48 microns).
  • the obtained powder was subjected to XRD analysis using an X-ray powder diffractometer (the obtained XRD pattern is similar to the curve (1) in Fig. 1), which is a typical characteristic of an amorphous alloy, indicating the obtained Cu-Al alloy.
  • the product is an alloy in amorphous form.
  • amorphous alloy 100 g of matrix, 12.5 g of silica sol (40% by weight, produced by Catalyst Qilu Branch) and 25 g of aluminum sol (20% by weight, produced by Catalyst Qilu Branch) were mixed and then extruded.
  • the machine was extruded, pulverized and sieved for 20-40 mesh particles, and vacuum dried at 120 ° C under a vacuum of 10 ° C for 4 hours to obtain a catalyst.
  • the amorphous alloy in the catalyst accounts for 23% by weight, and the composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • the molten mixture was quenched by vacuum quenching to obtain an Al-Cu-P-La 2 0 3 -ZnO alloy product.
  • the quenching condition was a copper roller line speed of 30 m/sec, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and a jetting temperature of 1300 °. C.
  • the resulting alloy product was pulverized in a ventilated environment to a maximum particle size of 300 mesh.
  • There is a broadened diffuse peak (the obtained XRD pattern is similar to the curve (1) in Figure 1), which is a typical feature of an amorphous alloy, indicating the obtained Cu-Al-P-La 2 0 3 -ZnO
  • the alloy product is an alloy in an amorphous form.
  • Example 4 The above amorphous alloy and the substrate were mechanically mixed, tableted, pulverized and sieved to a weight ratio of 3:7 to obtain 20-40 mesh particles to obtain a catalyst.
  • the composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • Example 4 The composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • the molten mixture was quenched by vacuum quenching to obtain an Al-Cu-Ga 2 0 3 alloy product.
  • the rapid quenching conditions were a copper roll speed of 30 m/sec, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and a jetting temperature of 1300 °C.
  • the resulting alloy product was pulverized in a ventilated environment to a maximum particle size of 300 mesh.
  • Example 5 The above amorphous alloy and the matrix were mechanically mixed, tableted, pulverized and sieved to a weight ratio of 1 to 1 to obtain a catalyst.
  • the composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • the molten mixture was quenched by vacuum quenching to obtain an Al-Cu-V-Cr-ZnO alloy product, and the rapid quenching conditions were a copper roll speed of 30 m/sec, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and an injection temperature of 1500 °C.
  • the resulting alloy product was pulverized in a ventilated environment to a maximum particle size of 300 mesh.
  • There is a broadened dispersion peak (the obtained XRD pattern is similar to the curve (1) in Figure 1), which is a typical feature of an amorphous alloy, indicating that the obtained Cu-V-Cr-Al-ZnO alloy product is An amorphous form of the alloy.
  • Example 6 The amorphous alloy and the matrix were mechanically mixed, tableted, pulverized and sieved to a weight ratio of 3 to 2 to obtain a catalyst.
  • the composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • the molten mixture was quenched by vacuum quenching to obtain an Al-Cu-KC-Mn0 2 -SiO 2 alloy product.
  • the quenching condition was a copper roller line speed of 30 m/sec, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and a jetting temperature of 1500 °C. .
  • the resulting alloy product was pulverized in a ventilated environment to a maximum particle size of 300 mesh.
  • the obtained powder was subjected to XRD analysis using an X-ray powder diffractometer, and the obtained XRD pattern showed only a broadened dispersion peak (the obtained XRD pattern was similar to the curve (1) in Fig. 1), which was amorphous.
  • the typical characteristics of the alloy show that the obtained Cu-K-Al-C-Mn0 2 -SiO 2 alloy product is an amorphous form of the alloy.
  • the amorphous alloy and the SAPO-34 molecular sieve (catalyst construction long branch pilot sample, CHA structure, Na 2 O ⁇ 0.2% by weight, silicon to aluminum ratio of 13) were mechanically mixed in a weight ratio of 7/3.
  • the tablets were crushed, sieved and sieved to obtain 20-40 mesh particles to obtain a catalyst.
  • the composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • the amorphous alloy and the activated carbon powder matrix are mechanically mixed, tableted, pulverized and sieved to obtain 20-40 mesh particles in a weight ratio of 9/1 to obtain a catalyst.
  • the composition of the catalyst is shown in Table U.
  • the molten mixture was quenched by vacuum quenching to obtain an Al-Ni-Fe-Mn0 2 -Zr0 2 alloy product.
  • the rapid quenching condition was a copper roller line speed of 30 m/sec, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and a jetting temperature of 1300 °C. .
  • the resulting alloy product was pulverized in a ventilated environment to a maximum particle size of 300 mesh.
  • XRD analysis of the obtained powder by X-ray powder diffractometer showed that there was only a broadened dispersion peak (see curve (1) in Fig. 2), which is a typical characteristic of amorphous alloy.
  • the obtained Ni-Fe-Al-Mn0 2 -Zr0 2 alloy product is an alloy in an amorphous form.
  • the molten mixture is quenched by vacuum quenching to obtain an Al-Mo-ZrO 2 alloy product.
  • the quenching condition is a copper roller line speed of 30 m/s, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and a jetting temperature of 1300.
  • the resulting alloy product was pulverized in a ventilated environment to a maximum particle size of 300 mesh.
  • the obtained powder was subjected to XRD analysis using an X-ray powder diffractometer, and the obtained XRD pattern showed only a broadened dispersion peak (see curve (2) in Fig. 2), which is a typical characteristic of an amorphous alloy.
  • the resulting Mo-Al-ZrO 2 alloy product is an alloy in an amorphous form.
  • Example 1 The above amorphous alloy and the matrix were mechanically mixed, tableted, pulverized and sieved to a weight ratio of 3 to 2 to obtain a catalyst.
  • the composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • Example 1 0 The composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • the molten mixture was quenched by vacuum quenching to obtain an Al-Fe-ZnO-CoO-Cu alloy product.
  • the quenching condition was a copper roller line speed of 30 m/sec, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and a jet temperature. Degree 1300 °C.
  • the resulting alloy product was pulverized in a ventilated environment to a maximum particle size of 300 mesh.
  • the obtained powder was subjected to XRD analysis using an X-ray powder diffractometer, and the obtained XRD pattern showed only a broadened dispersion peak (the obtained XRD pattern was similar to the curve (1) in Fig. 1), which was amorphous.
  • the typical characteristics of the alloy indicate that the obtained Al-Fe-ZnO-CoO-Cu alloy product is an amorphous alloy.
  • Example 1 1 The amorphous alloy and the matrix were mechanically mixed, tableted, pulverized and sieved in a weight ratio of 2/3 to obtain 20-40 mesh particles to obtain a catalyst.
  • the composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • Example 1 1 The composition of the catalyst is shown in Table 1.
  • the preparation method was the same as in Example 1.
  • the preparation method was the same as in Example 1.
  • the preparation method was the same as in Example 1.
  • Comparative example 1 40 g of ⁇ - ⁇ 1 2 3 obtained by calcination at 550 ° C for 4 hours as a decyl alcohol dehydration component, and 20 g of an industrial sterol synthesis catalyst as a methanol synthesis component QC308 (Nanjing Qingshan Chemical Co., Ltd., the catalyst is The crystalline alloy containing copper and zinc after alkali washing to remove aluminum (see XRD Figure 1 curve (2)) is mechanically mixed, tableted, pulverized and sieved to obtain 20-40 mesh particles to obtain a catalyst, a methanol synthesis component and The ratio of the decyl alcohol dehydration component was 2/1 by weight. Comparative Example 2
  • the mixture was heated in a vacuum button furnace, and after the mixture was melted, it was kept for 10 minutes, and argon gas was charged into the furnace to normal pressure to obtain a molten mixture of Cu, Al and ZnO.
  • the molten Cu, a mixture of A1 and ZnO is cooled by vacuum quenching to obtain an Al-Cu-ZnO alloy product.
  • the cooling conditions were a copper roller line speed of 10 m/s, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and an injection temperature of 1 100 °C.
  • the obtained Al-Cu-ZnO alloy product was baked at 600 under nitrogen for 4 hours to obtain a crystalline alloy powder.
  • the molten Cu and ZnO mixture is quenched by vacuum quenching to obtain a Cu-ZnO alloy product.
  • the quenching conditions were a copper roller line speed of 30 m/s, an injection pressure of 0.08 MPa, and an injection temperature of 1300 °C.
  • the resulting alloy product was pulverized in a ventilated environment to a maximum particle size of 300 mesh (i.e., ⁇ 48 microns).
  • the obtained powder was subjected to XRD analysis using an X-ray powder diffractometer (Nippon Science D/MAX-2500 X-ray diffractometer, Cu ⁇ ray, current 100 mA, the same below), and the obtained XRD pattern was compared with that in FIG.
  • the curve (1) is similar in form and is a typical feature of an amorphous alloy, indicating that the obtained Cu-ZnO alloy product is an amorphous alloy.
  • the amorphous alloy and the matrix were mechanically mixed, tableted, pulverized and sieved to a weight ratio of 2 to 3 to obtain a catalyst. ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ column 4
  • the catalyst was prepared by the following method:
  • Ga(N0 3 ) 3 analytical grade, Hunan Huaihua Yinhuan Smelting Co., Ltd.
  • aqueous solution was used to impregnate the obtained CuO-Si0 2 composite, followed by drying at 80 ° C for 6 hours at 120 It was dried at ° C for 4 hours and then calcined at 550 ° C for 2 hours to obtain a Ga 2 0 3 -CuO-SiO 2 composite (see Fig. 3).
  • the gas phase reaction was carried out in a continuous flow fixed bed reactor pressurization reaction evaluation apparatus. After charging 1.5 g of the catalyst into the reactor, the reactor containing the catalyst was purged with a reducing gas for 0.5 hour before the reaction. After the reduction, the reaction temperature is adjusted to the reaction temperature, and the synthesis gas is introduced into the reactor at a certain feed space velocity. The composition of the reduction gas, the purge temperature, the specific operating conditions, and the composition of the raw syngas are shown in Table 2. The reaction was sampled and analyzed after 3 hours. Carbon monoxide was analyzed online using an HP 6890 gas chromatograph; sterol, dimethyl ether, and low olefin products were analyzed on a PORAPAK-N column.
  • Example 1 In order to compare Example 1 with Comparative Example 1-3, and compare Example 7 with Comparative Example 4, the operating conditions and raw syngas of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1-3, Example 7 and Comparative Example 4 were used.
  • the composition is basically the same. Table 2
  • CO conversion rate (%) number of moles of CO consumed by the reaction / number of moles of CO charged in the reaction
  • Dioxin selectivity (%) moles of dioxime formed by the reaction / CO moles consumed by the reaction
  • Carbon utilization rate (%) - CO molar number (the number of moles of CO consumed the reaction moles of C0 2 generated by the reaction) / into the reaction Table 3
  • the catalyst provided by the present invention has excellent catalytic activity, high selectivity of the target product, and high in the process of preparing methanol, diterpene ether and lower olefin from synthesis gas. Carbon utilization.

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Description

一种由合成气制备曱醇、 二曱醚和低碳烯烃的方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种由合成气制备甲醇、 二曱醚和低碳浠烃的方法。 背景技术
曱醇合成是一个极为重要的化工过程, 目前铜锌铝催化剂是工业 上广泛应用的低压合成曱醇催化剂的主要成分, 通常由共沉淀法制备, 得到的催化剂为铜锌铝氧化物的混合物。如美国专利 US4,436,833提出 的共沉淀法是以碳酸钠作为沉淀剂, 使铜、 锌、 铝的硝酸盐混合液形 成碳酸盐沉淀物, 用蒸馏水洗净钠离子, 经烘干焙烧后成为铜锌铝氧 化物混合物用于催化合成曱醇的反应。 该催化剂的缺点为, 钠离子洗 涤困难, 还原过程温度难于控制, 导致催化剂活性迅速显著下降。
US4,366,260公开了一种用于制备曱醇、 或甲醇和二曱醚的方法, 该方法采用的催化剂为 Raney铜催化剂, 即通过形成含有 35-60 %重量 的 Al、 0.1-25 %重量的 Zn、 其余基本上为铜的合金而制备的。 本领域 的技术人员已知, 该 Raney铜催化剂的合金为晶态的合金。 该催化剂 在由合成气制备甲醇的反应条件下, 甲醇收率较低, 仅为 10.9%。
二曱醚 (DME ) 是一种环境友好、 超清洁的民用燃料和汽车燃料 的替代产品, 具有广阔的发展前景。 二曱醚的生产方法主要有一步法 和二步法。 二步法是由合成气合成甲醇, 然后再脱水制取二曱醚。 一 步法是指由原料合成气一次合成二曱醚, 包含相互关联、 接续进行的 三个主要反应步骤:
CO+2H2 CH3OH (1 )
2CH3OH - CH3OCH3+H20 (2)
CO+H20C02+H2 (3)
尽管三个反应都为可逆反应, 由于每个反应步骤的产品均被下一 反应所消耗, 使得整个反应过程得以在偏离热力学平衡状态下进行。 所以与单纯曱醇合成反应相比, 合成气直接合成二甲醚过程的反应条 件温和得多, 且 CO单程转化率也高得多。 与两步法相比, 一步法合成 二曱醚没有曱醇合成的中间过程, 工艺流程简单、 设备少、 投资小、 操作费用低, 从而使二曱醚生产成本降低, 经济效益得到提高。 因此, 一步法合成二曱醚是国内外研究开发的热点。 一步法合成二甲醚的催 化剂体系通常是甲醇合成催化剂和甲醇脱水催化剂的物理混合物。 用 于曱醇合成的工业催化剂通常含有铜、 锌、 铝和铬中的一种或几种, 而且本领域的技术人员已知该催化剂是晶态合金, 而甲醇脱水催化剂 通常选自固体酸性材料。
US 5,389,689 公开了一种用于一步法生产二曱醚的催化剂的制备 方法。 该方法包括先将氧化锌、 氧化铜或氧化铬、 和氧化铝的混合物 粉碎成约 0.1-20微米的颗粒大小,在 100-500kg/cm3的压力下挤压将所 述氧化物结合在一起, 然后将其悬浮在溶剂中并对所形成的浆液进一 步粉碎, 最终制成催化剂。 在 H2/CO摩尔比为 1、 反应温度为 280 °C、 反应压力 3MPa的反应条件下, CO的转化率为 60.1%, 二曱醚的收率 为 42.8% , C02的收率为 14.4%。 上述用于制备二曱醚的催化剂的活性 较低, 所需要的反应温度较高, CO的转化率较低。 另外该催化剂的低 加氢活性还造成反应中约有 1/3的 CO转变为无用的 C02, 加上在反应 过程中还发生其它副反应, 使得该过程的碳利用率通常低于 60 % , 降 低了该过程的经济性。
低碳烯烃主要指乙烯和丙烯, 是极为重要的化工原料。 目前 90 % 以上的低碳烯烃主要来自轻油裂解, 市场一直供不应求。 随着经济的 不断增长以及石油资源的日益缺乏, 由替代资源生产低碳烯烃显得十 分必要。 合成气直接制烯烃的技术起源于传统的 F-T 合成, 由于 F-T 合成的催化剂得到的产物碳数服从 S-T分布规律, 低碳烯烃选择性低, 制备高活性和高选择性的催化剂成为目前研究领域的一个热点。
CN1065026A 公开了一种合成气制备乙烯的催化剂, 该催化剂含 有 Si、 Al、 Ti、 Nb、 Hf中任意一种的氧化物, Nb、 Y、 Ga、 Ge、 In、 Tl中任意一种或两种元素的氧化物, Sn、 Pb、 Sc、 La、 Pr、 Ce、 Nd中 任意一种或一种以上元素的氧化物, 采用浸渍法、 共沉淀法、 机械混 合法、 混浆法、 以及共沉淀和浸渍混合法或机械和浸渍混合法来制备。 采用该催化剂由合成气来制备乙烯时, 虽然乙烯的选择性可达到 94 % , 但 CO的转化率仅有 15 %。
CN1537674A 公开了一种用于合成气制乙烯、 丙烯、 丁烯反应的 铁 /活性炭催化剂, 该催化剂的化学组成主要包括, a-Fe、 FexCy> (Fe, Mn)0、 Cu〇、 ZnO、 20, 比表面积为 350-400m2/g。 采用真空浸渍法 将铁负载在活性炭上, 使铁及助剂高度分散在活性炭上, 在 500-80(TC 的温度下煅烧制成合成气制备低碳烯烃的催化剂。 该催化剂在 30(TC 时, CO转化率达 97.3%, 在有机产物中, C2 =—C4=选择性为 43 %。 该 方法的缺点是产物中甲烷 (占总有机产物的 15 % ) 、 乙烷的含量 (占 总有机产物的 12 % ) 偏高, 因此碳利用率较低。 发明内容 甲醇、 二甲醚和 /或低碳烯烃的过程中 co转化率、、 日的产物选择性和 碳利用率较低的缺陷, 提供一种 CO转化率、 目的产物选择性和碳利用 率均较高的由合成气制备曱醇、 二曱醚和 /或低碳烯烃的方法。
本发明提供了一种由合成气制备曱醇、二曱醚和低碳烯烃的方法, 该方法包括在使合成气转化为曱醇、 二曱醚和低碳烯烃的条件下, 将 合成气与催化剂接触, 其特征在于, 所述催化剂含有非晶态合金, 所 述非晶态合金由第一成分 A1和第二成分组成, 该第二成分选自元素周 期表中 ΙΑ、 ΙΠΑ、 IVA、 VA、 IB、 IIB、 IVB、 VB、 VIB、 VIIB、 VIII、 镧系元素以及它们的氧化物中的一种或几种, 且所述第二成分不为铝。
本发明提供的由合成气制备甲醇、 二甲醚和低碳烯烃的方法, 由 于使用了含有由第一成分 A1和选自元素周期表中 ΙΑ、 ΠΙΑ、 IVA、 VA、 IB、 IIB IVB、 VB、 VIB、 VIIB、 VIII、 镧系元素以及它们的氧化物 中的一种或几种的第二成分组成的非晶态合金的催化剂, 因此本发明 的方法具有很高的 CO转化率、 目的产物的选择性、 以及很高的碳利用 率。 附图说明
附图 1 -3是本发明实施例以及对比例中制备的合金的 XRD图。 具体实施方式
本文所述的 "合成气" 为以 CO和 H2为主要成分的混合原料气。 合成气通常从固体原料 (如煤、 焦炭) 、 液体原料 (如轻油、 重油) 、 和气体原料 (如天然气、 油田气) 中得到, 例如可以选自焦炉煤气、 液化气、 水煤气、 半水煤气、 天然气和油田气中的一种或几种。 本发明提供一种由合成气制备甲醇、 二曱醚和低碳烯烃的方法, 该方法包括在使合成气转化为甲醇、 二曱醚和低碳烯烃的条件下, 将 合成气与催化剂接触, 其特征在于, 所述催化剂含有非晶态合金, 所 述非晶态合金由笫一成分 A1和第二成分组成, 该第二成分选自元素周 期表中 IA、 IIIA、 IVA、 VA、 IB、 IIB、 IVB、 VB、 VIB、 VIIB、 VIII、 镧系元素以及它们的氧化物中的一种或几种, 且所述第二成分不为铝。
根据本发明提供的方法, 在优选情况下, 基于所述非晶态合金的 总重量, 第一成分铝的含量为 0.5-60重量%, 优选 20-55重量%, 所述 第二成分的含量为 40-99.5重量%, 优选 45-80重量%。 另一方面, 若 在非晶态合金的制备中进行了针对 A1 的碱洗步骤, 则铝含量优选为 0.5-20重量%,更优选 5-15重量% ,所述笫二成分的含量优选为 80-99.5 重量%, 更优选 85-95重量%。
根据本发明提供的方法, 在优选情况下, 所述第二成分进一步优 选选自镧系元素、 元素周期表中 IA、 IIIA、 IVA、 VA、 IB、 ΠΒ、 IVB、 VB、 VIB、 VIIB、 VIII 的第 3-5 周期的元素以及它们的氧化物中的一 种或几种, 更优选选自铜、 锌、 钒、 铬、 锰、 铁、 钴、 镍、 钾、 锆、 钼、 锡、 碳、 硅、 镧、 磷和它们的氧化物中的一种或几种。 在一些实 施方案中, 所述第二成分包含铜或其氧化物。 在另一些实施方案中, 所述第二成分包含铜和辞或其氧化物或由其组成。 在另一些实施方案 中, 当所述非晶态合金含铜时并且当 VIII族元素或其氧化物存在于该 合金中时, VIII 族元素或其氧化物的含量, 基于所述非晶态合金的总 重量, 低于 30重量%, 优选低于 20重量%。 在另一些实施方案中, 当 所述非晶态合金含铜时, 该合金中可以不含 VIII族元素或其氧化物。
根据本发明提供的方法, 所述非晶态合金中的各组分可以以纯的 非晶态合金的形式存在, 也可以以非晶态合金与微晶态合金和 /或晶态 合金共存的状态存在, 即以部分非晶态合金形式存在, 并且所述非晶 态合金中微晶态合金和晶态合金的总含量优选小于 30重量。 /。。 可以通 过 XRD方法来验证上述部分存在的非晶态合金。 当 XRD图中显示出 宽化的衍射峰, 则可证明该合金具有非晶态合金形式。 优选所述非晶 态合金为尺寸 500 目的粉末。
根据本发明提供的方法, 所述催化剂还含有基质, 所述非晶态合 金分散在所述基质中。 在优选情况下, 基于所述催化剂的重量, 所述 非晶态合金的含量为 20-90重量%, 更优选 20-60重量% , 所述基质的 含量为 10-80重量%, 更优选 40-80重量%。
根据本发明提供的方法, 所述基质可以选用本领域中常用于催化 剂中的各种基质, 例如所述基质可以选自无氧化性多孔无机氧化物、 分子筛、 活性炭、 粘土、 磷酸盐 (例如磷酸铝) 、 硫酸盐 (例如硫酸 镁) 和金属鹵化物 (例如 FeCl3、 SnCl4和 ZnCl2 ) 中的一种或几种。
所述无氧化性多孔无机氧化物为本领域技术人员所公知, 如氧化 铝、 氧化硅、 氧化硅-氧化铝、 氧化锆、 氧化钛、 氧化锌、 氧化镓、 氧 化硼和碱土金属氧化物中的一种或几种, 可以通过本领域技术人员公 知的共沉淀法来制备, 或者通过商购得到。
所述分子筛为本领域技术人员所公知, 如硅铝分子筛、 杂原子分 子筛等。
所述粘土为本领域技术人员所公知, 如高岭土、 多水高岭土、 蒙 脱土、 硅藻土、 埃洛石、 皂石、 累托土、 海泡石、 凹凸棒石、 水滑石、 膨润土中的一种或几种, 更优选的粘土为高岭土、 蒙脱土。
如本领域技术人员所公知的, 在所述基质中 /上还可负载杂多酸, 如负载磷钨酸和 /或磷钼酸的上述基质。
根据本发明提供的方法, 在优选情况下, 所述基质含有助剂, 所 述助剂负载在基质中 /上并选自元素周期表中 ΙΑ、 ΙΙΑ、 ΠΙΑ、 IVA、 VA、 IB、 IIB、 IVB、 VIII、 镧系元素和它们的氧化物中的一种或几种。 所述 助剂进一步优选为镧系元素、 元素周期表中第 IA、 IIIA、 IVA、 VA、 IB、 IIB、 IVB、 VB、 VIB、 VIIB、 VIII族的的第 3-5 周期的元素以及 它们的氧化物中的一种或几种, 更优选为 K、 Ca、 Mg、 Ga、 Sn、 P、 Cu、 Zn、 Zr、 Fe、 La和它们的氧化物中的一种或几种。 在基质中 /上负 载有助剂可以提高反应的活性和选择性。
根据本发明提供的方法, 在优选情况下, 基于所述基质的重量, 所述助剂的含量为 0.5-40重量%。
上述由非晶态合金和基质复合而成的催化剂, 具有优良的催化活 性、 很高的目的产物的选择性、 很高的抗中毒能力以及催化性能重复 性好的优点, 同时, 其稳定性好, 其再生周期可以长达 3 个月或更长 的时间。 而且, 该催化剂在反应前不需要现有技术中的复杂、 实施困 难且耗时长久的还原活化过程, 使用非常简单。 并且催化剂制备方法 简单, 易于操作, 容易实现工业放大。
在优选情况下, 上述催化剂的制备方法如下,
( 1 ) 制备非晶态合金
将含有上述含量范围的铝以及所述第二成分的混合物在真空中以 及高于它们的熔点的温度下合金化, 再用真空急冷法快淬该合金, 快 淬条件为铜辊线速度 20-40米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.05-0. IMPa, 喷射温度为 1 100-2000 °C。 然后将得到的合金粉化至尺寸 500 目 (即 ^ 25微米), 得到合金粉末。
. (2) 基质的制备
采用本领域技术人员公知的离子交换法、浸渍法或沉积法将 0.5-40 重量%的上述提到的助剂负载在部分或全部基质中 /上。
例如, 其中的离子交换法可以为将表面附着有 H+和 /或 Na+离子的 基质与含有助剂元素的离子的水溶液混合均匀, 升温至 80 °C后搅拌 1 小时, 然后过滤, 将过滤产物用蒸馏水反复洗涤, 在 1 10 °C下干燥。
例如, 其中的浸渍法可以为将基质浸渍在含有助剂元素的离子的 水溶液中, 在 60 °C下浸渍 8小时, 在 1 10 °C下干燥, 然后在 550 °C下焙 烧 2小时。
例如, 其中的沉积法可以为将基质与含有助剂元素的离子的水溶 液混合均勾, 再加入沉淀剂如碳酸钠生成沉淀, 将所得的沉淀过滤、 并用蒸馏水反复洗涤, 在 1 1(TC下干燥后在 550 °C下焙烧 2小时。
(3) 非晶态合金与基质的复合
如本领域技术人员所公知的, 可以采用不加任何其它组分的机械 混合法, 也可以采用加入粘结剂后再进行机械混合的方法将非晶态合 金和基质复合。 所述粘结剂可以为硅溶胶、 铝溶胶或它们的混合物。
在催化剂的上述制备方法中, 还可以包括用碱溶液对所述非晶态 合金或所述催化剂进行碱洗以抽提非晶态合金中的部分铝的步骤。 例 如, 用碱溶液, 例如浓度为 10-25重量%的氢氧化钠溶液, 与所得到的 非晶态合金粉末或非晶态合金与基质复合所得到的催化剂接触, 进行 碱洗以抽提非晶态合金中的部分铝。 碱洗的条件, 例如时间、 温度、 碱溶液浓度等可以根据非晶态合金或催化剂组成以及催化剂所应用的 反应工艺而定。 优选方案为, 碱洗后该合金中的铝含量不低于 0.5重量 %, 更优选不低于 5 重量%, 但不高于 60重量%, 更优选不高于 55 重量%, 更优选不高于 20重量%, 更优选不高于 15重量%, 以合金 重量计。 所述接触的温度为 0-50°C , 接触的时间为 0.5-5小时。 相对于 合金中铝含量的化学计量, 碱 (例如氢氧化钠) 的用量为过量 10-30 重量%为宜。 通过上述优选的碱抽铝的过程, 可以增加反应物料的扩 散速度, 从而达到增加催化活性的目的。
催化剂的化学组成由 X射线荧光光谱法(XRFS )测定。 实验仪器 为曰本理学电机工业株式会社 3271E型 X射线荧光光谱仪。 测试过程 为: 铑靶, 激发电压 50kV, 激发电流 50mA, 以闪烁计数器和正比计 数器探测各元素谱线强度, 进行定量或半定量分析。
根据本发明提供的方法, 在优选情况下, 所述使合成气转化为甲 醇、 二甲醚和低碳烯烃的条件包括反应的温度为 200-400°C , 反应的压 力为 0.5-6MPa, 合成气的进料空速为 1000-lOOOOmL/g'h, 且合成气中 氢碳比 (即 H2与 CO的摩尔比 ) 为 1 -3。
当上述方法为以甲醇、 二甲醚为主要产品, 低碳烯烃为副产品的 反应过程时,反应的温度优选为 200-270°C ,反应的压力优选为 l-6MPa。 当上述方法为以低碳烯烃为主要产品, 曱醇、 二甲醚为副产品的反应 过程时, 反应的温度优选为 270- 400 °C , 反应的压力优选为 0.5-2MPa。
反应器可以采用流动床反应器或固定床反应器, 操作过程可间歇 进行, 也可连续进行。
根据本发明提供的方法, 优选情况下, 该方法还包括在与合成气 接触前, 对所用催化剂进行还原, 还原的方法包括在反应器内装入 1-5 克催化剂, 在反应前先用还原气将容纳有催化剂的反应器在 130-60(TC 的吹扫温度下吹扫 0.5-1小时, 对该催化剂进行还原活化。 还原气的组 成可以为氢气和惰性气体的混合物, 惰性气体可以为氮气、 氦气和氩 气中的一种或几种, 还原气中氢气的含量为 1-10重量%。
还原完毕后将温度调整至 200-400 °C的反应温度, 在操作压力为 0.5-6MPa的条件下,以 1000-10000 mL/g'h的进料空速将合成气通入反 应器内。 合成气可以为选自焦炉煤气、 液化气、 水煤气、 半水煤气、 天然气或油田气中的一种或多种含有 CO与 H2的气体, H2/CO摩尔比 为 1-3。
下列实施例进一步描述和验证本发明范围内的示例性实施方案。 这些实施例仅用于举例说明而不应被视为本发明的限制, 因为可以在 不背离其精神和范围的情况下作出许多变动。 除本文所示和所述的那 些外, 本发明的各种修改是本领域技术人员显而易见的且旨在落在所 附权利要求范围内。 实施例 1
1、 非晶态合金的制备
将 20克的铝粉 (工业纯, 下同) 、 60克的铜粉 (工业纯, 下同) 和 20克 ZnO (工业纯, 下同)混合后置于真空度为 l(T2Pa、 温度为 1200 °C的真空組扣炉中加热, 待混合物熔融后保持 10分钟, 将氩气充入该 炉中至常压, 得到熔融的 Cu、 A1与 ZnO的混合物。
用真空急冷法快淬该熔融的 Cu、 A1 与 ZnO 的混合物, 得到 Al-Cu-ZnO合金产物。 快淬条件为铜辊线速度 30米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08 兆帕, 喷射温度 1300 °C。
将制得的合金产物在通风环境中粉化至最大颗粒为 300 目 (即≤ 48微米)。 采用 X射线粉末衍射仪( 日本理学 D/MAX-2500型 X射线 衍射仪, Cu α 射线, 电流为 100mA ,下同)对所得到的粉末进行 XRD 分析, 所得到的 XRD图显示出仅在 2Θ = 42。处有一宽化的弥散峰 (图 1(1 ) ) , 是非晶态合金的典型特征, 说明所得到的 Al-Cu-ZnO合金产物 为非晶态形式的合金。
2、 混合氧化物基质的制备
将 1 12克 ZnO与 200克蒸馏水混合, 在强烈的搅拌下向其中滴加 63.32重量%的 ZrOCl2 (分析纯, 兴化市松鹤化学试剂厂) 水溶液 100 克、 15重量%的 CaCl2 (工业纯) 水溶液 50克和 1 重量%的 HC1 (分 析纯, 北京化工厂生产, 下同) 水溶液 50克的混合溶液, 然后滴加 5 重量%的碳酸钠(分析纯, 北京化工厂生产, 下同)水溶液至混合液的 pH为 9, 滴加完毕后, 继续搅拌 1 小时, 将所得的沉淀过滤后用蒸馏 水反复洗涤至无 Cr存在, 在 1 10°C下干燥后在 550°C下焙烧 2小时, 得到基质 160克,其中含有 21"02 27.5重量%、2110 70重量% 以及 CaO 助剂 2.5重量%。
3、 催化剂的复合制备
将上述非晶态合金和基质以 2/3 的重量比进行机械混合、 压片、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 得到催化剂, 该催化剂的组成见表 1。 实施例 2
1、 非晶态合金的制备
采用类似于实施例 1 中描述的方法来制备非晶态合金, 将 55克的 铝粉和 45克的铜粉混合后置于真空度为 10—2Pa、 温度为 120CTC的真空 纽扣炉中加热, 待混合物熔融后保持 10分钟, 将氩气充入该炉中至常 压, 得到熔融的 Cu与 A1的混合物。
用真空急冷法快淬该熔融的 Cu与 A1的混合物, 得到 Al-Cu合金 产物。 快淬条件为铜辊线速度 30米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08 兆帕, 喷射温 度 1300。C。
将制得的合金产物在通风环境中粉化至最大颗粒为 300 目 (即小 于等于 48微米)。采用 X射线粉末衍射仪对所得到的粉末进行 XRD分 析, (所得到的 XRD图与图 1 中的曲线 ( 1 ) 形式类似), 是非晶态合 金的典型特征, 说明所得到的 Cu-Al合金产物为非晶态形式的合金。
2、 含有活性炭和金属氯化物的基质的制备
将 5克 FeCl3 (分析纯, 江阴市恒业化工有限公司, 下同) 、 5克 SnCl4 (分析纯, 辽阳鼎鑫化工有限公司) 、 30克 ZnCl2 (工业纯 ) 以 及 60克活性炭粉(福建省邵武市鑫森碳业有限公司 ) 充分捏合, 得到 基质 100克。该基质的组成为 FeCl3 5重量%、 SnCl4 5重量%、 ZnCl2 30 重量%、 活性炭 60重量%。
3、 催化剂的复合制备
将 33克非晶态合金、 100克基质、 12.5克硅溶胶(40重量%, 催 化剂齐鲁分公司生产)和 25克铝溶胶( 20重量%, 催化剂齐鲁分公司 生产) 混合均勾后在挤条机上挤条、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 在 120 °C下、 真空度为 lO—'Pa条件下真空干燥 4小时, 得到催化剂。 催化 剂中非晶态合金占 23重量%, 该催化剂的组成见表 1。 实施例 3
1、 非晶态合金的制备
将 10克的磷 (工业纯) 、 5克 La203 (分析纯, 淄博市荣瑞达粉 体材料厂, 下同) 和 10克 ZnO放置在坩锅内混合均匀后压实, 将 45 克的铜粉熔融后加入上述装有磷和 La203和 ZnO的坩锅中, 冷却后再 加入 30克的铝粉, 混合后置于真空度为 l(T2 Pa, 温度为 1200 °C的真空 纽扣炉中, 待混合物熔融后保持 10分钟, 将氩气充入该炉中至常压, 得到熔融的混合物。
用真空急冷法快淬该熔融的混合物, 得到 Al-Cu-P-La203-ZnO 合 金产物, 快淬条件为铜辊线速度 30米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08兆帕, 喷射 温度 1300°C。
将制得的合金产物在通风环境中粉化至最大颗粒为 300 目。 采用 X射线粉末衍射仪对所得到的粉末进行 XRD分析, 所得到的 XRD图 显示出仅在 2Θ=42。处有一宽化的弥散峰 (所得到的 XRD图与图 1 中 的曲线 ( 1 ) 形式类似) , 是非晶态合金的典型特征, 说明所得到的 Cu-Al-P-La203-ZnO合金产物为非晶态形式的合金。
2、 ZSM-5分子筛基质的制备
将 233克 ZSM-5分子筛(催化剂建长分公司中试样品, MFI结构 , Na2O<0.2重量%, 硅铝比为 40 )与 3000克 0.1 mol/L的 KOH ( OH分 析纯, 北京化工厂生产, 下同) 混合, 升温至 80 °C后搅拌 1 小时, 将 所得的沉淀过滤后用蒸馏水反复洗涤至滤液为中性,在 ucrc下干燥后 在 550°C下焙烧 2小时, 得到基质 234克, 该基质中含 ZSM-5分子筛 99.5重量%, 含助剂 K20 0.5重量%。
3、 催化剂的复合制备
将上述非晶态合金和基质按 3: 7的重量比进行机械混合、 压片、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 得到催化剂, 该催化剂的组成见表 1。 实施例 4
1、 非晶态合金的制备
将 40克的铝粉、 10克 Ga203和 50克的铜粉混合后置于真空度为
10"2 Pa、温度为 1200 °C的真空纽扣炉中,待混合物熔融后保持 10分钟, 将氩气充入该炉中至常压, 得到熔融的混合物。
用真空急冷法快淬该熔融的混合物, 得到 Al-Cu-Ga203合金产物, 快淬条件为铜辊线速度 30米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08兆帕, 喷射温度 1300 °C。
将制得的合金产物在通风环境中粉化至最大颗粒为 300 目。 采用 X射线粉末衍射仪对所得到的粉末进行 XRD分析, 所得到的 XRD图 显示出仅在 2Θ=42。处有一宽化的弥散峰(所得到的 XRD图与图 1 中 的曲线 ( 1 ) 形式类似) , 是非晶态合金的典型特征, 说明所得到的 Cu-Al-Ga203合金产物为非晶态形式的合金。
2、 添加助剂的 γ-Α1203基质的制备
将 86克 γ-Α1203 (催化剂建长分公司样品, 下同) 与 40克 52.5 重量%的 Zn(N03)2 (分析纯, 北京化工厂生产, 下同) 水溶液混合, 将 Zn(N03) 渍在 γ-Α1203上, 升温至 60°C老化 8小时, 在 1 10°C下干 燥, 然后在 550°C下焙烧 2小时, 制备出负载了 ZnO的 γ-Α1203
将 5克 La(N03)3配制成 22重量%的溶液 23克, 将 La(N03)3浸渍 在所得到的负载了 ZnO的 γ-Α1203上, 升温至 60 °C老化 8小时,在 1 10 °。下干燥, 然后在 550 °C下焙烧 2小时, 制得添加了助剂的 γ-Α1203基 质, 该基质中 γ-Α1203的含量为 86重量% , 助剂 ZnO的含量为 9重量 %, 助剂 La203的含量为 5重量%。
3、 催化剂的复合制备
将上述非晶态合金和基质以 1/1 的重量比进行机械混合、 压片、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 得到催化剂, 该催化剂的组成见表 1。 实施例 5
1、 非晶态合金的制备
将 30克的铝粉、 10克 ZnO、 10克钒(工业纯) 、 5克铬 (工业 纯)和 45克的铜混合后置于真空度为 l(T2Pa、 温度为 1900°C的真空纽 扣炉中, 待混合物熔融后保持 10分钟, 将氩气充入该炉中至常压, 得 到熔融的混合物。
用真空急冷法快淬该熔融的混合物,得到 Al-Cu-V-Cr-ZnO合金产 物, 快淬条件为铜辊线速度 30米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08兆帕, 喷射温度 1500 °C。
将制得的合金产物在通风环境中粉化至最大颗粒为 300 目。 采用 X射线粉末衍射仪对所得到的粉末进行 XRD分析, 所得到的 XRD图 显示出仅在 2Θ=42。处有一宽化的弥散峰 (所得到的 XRD图与图 1 中 的曲线 ( 1 ) 形式类似) , 是非晶态合金的典型特征, 说明所得到的 Cu-V-Cr-Al-ZnO合金产物为非晶态形式的合金。
2、 含有硫酸镁和氧化硅的基质的制备 将 40克硫酸镁(分析纯,北京五洲世纪红星化工厂)、 10克 FeCl3、 1 1.8克 85重量%的磷酸 (分析纯, 北京化工厂生产) 和 40克氧化硅 (无锡市金鼎隆华化工有限公司, 下同)充分混合均匀后, 在 120 °C下 真空干燥 4小时, 得到基质 100克。
3、 催化剂的复合制备
将上述非晶态合金和基质以 3/2 的重量比进行机械混合、 压片、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 得到催化剂, 该催化剂的组成见表 1。 实施例 6
1、 非晶态合金的制备
将 13克活性炭粉、 15克 Mn02 (工业纯)和 2克 Si02混合均匀后, 迅速加入 5克钾 (工业纯) 、 20克铝和 45克 Cu, 将它们快速混合后 置于真空度为 l(T2Pa、 温度为 1200 °C的真空纽扣炉中, 待混合物熔融 后保持 10分钟, 将氩气充入该炉中至常压, 得到熔融的混合物。
用真空急冷法快淬该熔融的混合物, 得到 Al-Cu-K-C-Mn02-Si02 合金产物, 快淬条件为铜辊线速度 30米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08兆帕, 喷 射温度 1500 °C。
将制得的合金产物在通风环境中粉化至最大颗粒为 300 目。 采用 X射线粉末衍射仪对所得到的粉末进行 XRD分析, 所得到的 XRD图 显示出仅存在宽化的弥散峰 (所得到的 XRD图与图 1 中的曲线 ( 1 ) 形式类似),是非晶态合金的典型特征,说明所得到的 Cu-K-Al-C-Mn02- Si02合金产物为非晶态形式的合金。
2、 催化剂的复合制备
将上述非晶态合金和 SAPO-34分子筛 (催化剂建长分公司中试样 品, CHA结构, Na2O<0.2重量%, 硅铝比为 13 )基质以 7/3的重量比 进行机械混合、 压片、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 得到催化剂, 该催 化剂的组成见表 1。 实施例 Ί
1、 非晶态合金的制备
制备方法与实施例 6相同。 (所得到的 XRD图与图 1中的曲线( 1 ) 形式类似) 。 2、 复合催化剂的制备
将上述非晶态合金和活性炭粉基质以 9/1的重量比进行机械混合、 压片、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 得到催化剂, 该催化剂的组成见表 U 实施例 8
1、 非晶态合金的制备
将 20克 Mn02和 5克 Zr02放置在坩锅内混合均匀后压实, 将 5 克镍(工业纯)熔融后倒入该坩锅中, 冷却后再加入 50克铁(工业纯, 下同) 和 20克铝, 将它们混合后置于真空度为 10-2 Pa、 温度为 1200 °C的真空纽扣炉中, 待混合物熔融后保持 10分钟, 将氩气充入该炉中 至常压, 得到熔融的混合物。
用真空急冷法快淬该熔融的混合物, 得到 Al-Ni-Fe-Mn02-Zr02合 金产物, 快淬条件为铜辊线速度 30米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08兆帕, 喷射 温度 1300 °C。
将制得的合金产物在通风环境中粉化至最大颗粒为 300 目。 采用 X射线粉末衍射仪对所得到的粉末进行 XRD分析, 所得到的 XRD图 显示出仅存在宽化的弥散峰(见图 2中曲线 ( 1 ) ) , 是非晶态合金的 典型特征, 说明所得到的 Ni-Fe-Al-Mn02-Zr02合金产物为非晶态形式 的合金。
2、 催化剂的复合制备
将上述非晶态合金和粘土 (江苏省盱眙县玉智粘土厂) 以 1/1 的 重量比进行机械混合、压片、粉碎并 取 20-40 目的颗粒,得到催化剂, 该催化剂的组成见表 1。 实施例 9
1、 非晶态合金的制备
将 20克 Zr02放置在坩锅内, 再加入 40克钼 (工业纯) 和 40克 的铝, 将它们混合后置于真空度为 1(T2 Pa、 温度为 120(TC的真空纽扣 炉中, 待混合物熔融后保持 10分钟, 将氩气充入该炉中至常压, 得到 熔融的混合物。
用真空急冷法快淬该熔融的混合物, 得到 Al-Mo-Zr02合金产物, 快淬条件为铜辊线速度 30米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08兆帕, 喷射温度 1300
°C。
将制得的合金产物在通风环境中粉化至最大颗粒为 300 目。 采用 X射线粉末衍射仪对所得到的粉末进行 XRD分析, 所得到的 XRD图 显示出仅存在宽化的弥散峰 (见图 2中曲线 (2 ) ) , 是非晶态合金的 典型特征, 说明所得到的 Mo-Al-Zr02合金产物为非晶态形式的合金。
2、 含有负载杂多酸和助剂的基质的制备
用 40克 62.5重量%的 Cu(N03)2 (分析纯, 淄博市荣瑞达粉体材 料厂)水溶液浸渍 70克 Si02, 接着在 80 °C在干燥 6小时、 在 120 °C下 干燥 4小时, 然后在 550 °C下焙烧 2小时, 得 CuO-Si02复合物。
再用 40克 12.5 重量%的 Ga(N03)3 (分析纯, 湖南怀化银环冶炼 有限公司)水溶液浸渍所得到的 CuO-Si02复合物, 接着在 80 °C下干燥 6 小时、 在 120 °C下干燥 4 小时, 然后在 550 下焙烧 2 小时, 得到 Ga203-CuO-Si02复合物。
最后用 32克 50重量%的作为杂多酸的磷钨酸(HPW ) (分析纯, 昆山兴邦钨钼科技有限公司 )浸渍上述得到的 Ga203-CuO-Si02复合物, 在 80 °C下干燥 6小时、 再在 120 °C下干燥 4小时, 然后在 550 °C下焙烧 2小时, 得到含有负载杂多酸和助剂的基质, 其中杂多酸即磷钨酸的含 量为 15.8重量%, 助剂 Ga203的含量为 3.7 %重量, 助剂 CuO的含量 为 10.5重量%。
3、 复合催化剂的制备
将上述非晶态合金和基质以 3/2 的重量比进行机械混合、 压片、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 得到催化剂, 催化剂的组成见表 1。 实施例 1 0
1、 非晶态合金的制备
将 5克 ZnO、 15克 CoO (工业纯) 和 16克的铜粉混合均匀后, 加入 20克铝和 30克铁,快速混合后置于真空度为 l(T2 Pa、温度为 1200 °C的真空纽扣炉中, 待混合物熔融后保持 10分钟, 将氩气充入该炉中 至常压, 得到熔融的混合物。
用真空急冷法快淬该熔融的混合物,得到 Al-Fe-ZnO-CoO-Cu合金 产物, 快淬条件为铜辊线速度 30米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08兆帕, 喷射温 度 1300 °C。
将制得的合金产物在通风环境中粉化至最大颗粒为 300 目。 采用 X射线粉末衍射仪对所得到的粉末进行 XRD分析, 所得到的 XRD图 显示出只有宽化的弥散峰 (所得到的 XRD图与图 1 中的曲线 ( 1 ) 形 式类似) , 是非晶态合金的典型特征, 说明所得到 Al-Fe-ZnO-CoO-Cu 合金产物为非晶态形式的合金。
2、 磷酸铝基质的制备
将 10 % Al(NO3)3与 10 重量%的磷酸溶液按照铝与磷的摩尔比为 3: 1 混合, 再将 4N 的氨水 (分析纯, 北京化工厂生产) 緩慢加入到 上述混合液中, 至 pH值为 9 , 然后抽滤, 用乙醇洗涤 3次后, 在 120 下真空干燥 4小时, 再在 650 下焙烧 3小时, 得到 100克的磷酸铝 基质。
3、 催化剂的复合制备
将上述非晶态合金和基质以 2/3 的重量比进行机械混合、 压片、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 得到催化剂, 催化剂的组成见表 1。 实施例 1 1
1、 含有非晶态合金与氧化基质的复合催化剂的制备
制备方法与实施例 1相同。
2、 非晶态合金的碱洗步骤
取上述 20-40 目, 含有非晶态合金与氧化基质的复合催化剂颗粒 100克与 400克浓度为 10重量%的氢氧化钠溶液接触, 进行碱洗以抽 提非晶态合金中的部分铝。 所述接触的温度为 5 °C , 接触的时间为 0.5 小时。 反应完毕后过滤该催化剂, 用蒸馏水反复洗至洗涤水的 pH值为 7。 XRFS结果表明, 催化剂中 A1与 Cu的重量比为 0.23 , 经换算后可 知洗脱后 A1在非晶态合金中的含量为 15重量% (以合金重量计)。催化 剂保存在无水乙醇中备用。 实施例 12
1、 含有非晶态合金与氧化基质的复合催化剂的制备
制备方法与实施例 1相同。
2、 非晶态合金的碱洗步骤 取上述 20-40 目, 含有非晶态合金与氧化基质的复合催化剂颗粒 100克与 400克浓度为 10重量%的氢氧化钠溶液接触, 进行碱洗以抽 提非晶态合金中的部分铝。 所述接触的温度为 20 °C, 接触的时间为 1.0 小时。 反应完毕后过滤该催化剂, 用蒸馏水反复洗至洗涤水的 pH值为 7。 XRFS结果表明, 催化剂中 A1与 Cu的重量比为 0.07 , 经换算后可 知洗脱后 A1在非晶态合金中的含量为 5重量% (以合金重量计)。 催化 剂保存在无水乙醇中备用。 实施例 13
1、 含有非晶态合金与氧化基质的复合催化剂的制备
制备方法与实施例 1相同。
2、 非晶态合金的碱洗步骤
取上述 20-40 目, 含有非晶态合金与氧化基质的复合催化剂颗粒 100克与 400克浓度为 10重量%的氢氧化钠溶液接触, 与所得到的复 合催化剂接触, 进行碱洗以抽提非晶态合金中的部分铝。 所述接触的 温度为 50 °C , 接触的时间为 5小时。 反应完毕后过滤该催化剂, 用蒸 馏水反复洗至洗涤水的 pH值为 7。 XRFS结果表明, 催化剂中 A1与 Cu的重量比为 0.0067 , 经换算后可知洗脱后 A1在非晶态合金中的含 量为 0.5重量% (以合金重量计)。 催化剂保存在无水乙醇中备用。
表 1
Figure imgf000019_0001
比较例 1 采用在 550°C焙烧 4小时得到的 40克 γ-Α1203作为曱醇脱水组份, 与 20克作为甲醇合成组分的工业曱醇合成催化剂 QC308 (南京青山化 工有限公司, 该催化剂为经过碱洗除去铝以后的含有铜和锌的晶态合 金(见 XRD图 1曲线( 2 ) )进行机械混合、 压片、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒,得到催化剂, 甲醇合成组分和曱醇脱水组分的比例为 2/1(重 量)。 比较例 2
1、 晶态合金的制备
将 20克的铝粉 (工业纯, 下同) 、 60克的铜粉 (工业纯, 下同) 和 20克 ZnO (工业纯, 下同)混合后置于真空度为 10-2 Pa、 温度为 1200
°(的真空纽扣炉中加热, 待混合物熔融后保持 10分钟, 将氩气充入该 炉中至常压, 得到熔融的 Cu、 A1与 ZnO的混合物。
用真空急冷法冷却熔融的 Cu、 A1 与 ZnO 的混合物, 得到 Al-Cu-ZnO合金产物。 冷却条件为铜辊线速度 10米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08 兆帕,喷射温度 1 100°C。得到的 Al-Cu-ZnO合金产物在氮气保护下 600 焙烧 4小时, 得到晶态合金粉末。
采用 X射线粉末衍射仪( 日本理学 D/MAX-2500型 X射线衍射仪,
Cu α 射线, 电流为 100mA, 下同) 对所得到的粉末进行 XRD分析, 所得到的 XRD图显示出在 2Θ = 42。处有尖锐的峰(见图 1曲线(3 ) ) , 说明所得到的 Al-Cu-ZnO合金产物为晶态形式的合金。
2、 混合氧化物基质的制备
将 1 12克 ZnO与 200克蒸馏水混合, 在强烈的搅拌下向其中滴加 63.32重量%的 ZrOCl2 (分析纯, 兴化市松鹤化学试剂厂 ) 水溶液 100 克、 15重量%的 CaCl2 (工业纯) 水溶液 50克和 1 重量%的 HC1 (分 析纯, 北京化工厂生产, 下同) 水溶液 50克的混合溶液, 然后滴加 5 重量%的碳酸钠(分析纯, 北京化工厂生产, 下同)水溶液至混合液的 pH为 9 , 滴加完毕后, 继续搅拌 1 小时, 将所得的沉淀过滤后用蒸馏 水反复洗涤至无 C 存在, 在 1 10°C下干燥后在 550°C下焙烧 2小时, 得到基质 160克,其中含有 Zr02 27.5重量0 /0、 ZnO 70重量% 以及 CaO 助剂 2.5重量%。
3、 催化剂的复合制备 将上述晶态合金和基质以 2/3 的重量比进行机械混合、 压片、 粉 碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 得到催化剂。 亍比例 3
1、 非晶态合金的制备
将 73.3克的铜粉(工业纯, 下同) 和 26.7克 ZnO (工业纯, 下同) 混合后置于真空度为 l(T2Pa、 温度为 1200°C的真空纽扣炉中加热, 待 混合物熔融后保持 10分钟,将氩气充入该炉中至常压,得到熔融的 Cu 与 ZnO的混合物。
用真空急冷法快淬该熔融的 Cu与 ZnO 的混合物, 得到 Cu-ZnO 合金产物。 快淬条件为铜辊线速度 30米 /秒, 喷射压力 0.08兆帕, 喷 射温度 1300 °C。
将制得的合金产物在通风环境中粉化至最大颗粒为 300 目 (即 ^ 48微米)。 采用 X射线粉末衍射仪( 日本理学 D/MAX-2500型 X射线 衍射仪, Cu Κα 射线, 电流为 100mA,下同)对所得到的粉末进行 XRD 分析, 所得到的 XRD图与图 1 中的曲线 ( 1 ) 形式类似, 是非晶态合 金的典型特征, 说明所得到的 Cu-ZnO合金产物为非晶态形式的合金。
2、 混合氧化物基质的制备
将 1 12克 ZnO与 200克蒸馏水混合, 在强烈的搅拌下向其中滴加 63.32重量%的 ZrOCl2 (分析纯, 兴化市松鹤化学试剂厂) 水溶液 100 克、 15重量%的 CaCl2 (工业纯) 水溶液 50克和 1 重量%的 HC1 (分 析纯, 北京化工厂生产, 下同) 水溶液 50克的混合溶液, 然后滴加 5 重量%的碳酸钠(分析纯, 北京化工厂生产, 下同)水溶液至混合液的 pH为 9 , 滴加完毕后, 继续搅拌 1 小时, 将所得的沉淀过滤后用蒸镏 水反复洗涤至无 C 存在, 在 1 10°C下干燥后在 550°C下焙烧 2小时, 得到基质 160克,其中含有21"02 27.5重量%、∑1 0 70重量% 以及 CaO 助剂 2.5重量%。
3、 催化剂的复合制备
将上述非晶态合金和基质以 2/3 的重量比进行机械混合、 压片、 粉碎并筛取 20-40 目的颗粒, 得到催化剂。 匕较^ ί列 4 采用以下方法制备催化剂:
用 40克 62.5重量%的 Cu(N03)2 (分析纯, 淄博市荣瑞达粉体材 料厂)水溶液浸渍 70克 Si02 , 接着在 80°C在干燥 6小时、 在 120°C下 干燥 4小时, 然后在 550°C下焙烧 2小时, 得 CuO-Si02复合物。
再用 40克 12.5重量%的 Ga(N03)3 (分析纯, 湖南怀化银环冶炼 有限公司)水溶液浸渍所得到的 CuO-Si02复合物, 接着在 80°C下干燥 6 小时、 在 120°C下干燥 4 小时, 然后在 550°C下焙烧 2 小时, 得到 Ga203-CuO-Si02复合物 (见图 3 )。
最后用 32克 50重量%的作为杂多酸的磷钨酸(HPW ) (分析纯, 昆山兴邦钨钼科技有限公司)浸渍上述得到的 Ga203-CuO-Si02复合物, 在 80°C下干燥 6小时、 再在 120°C下干燥 4小时, 然后在 550°C下焙烧 2小时, 得到含有负载杂多酸和助剂的基质, 其中杂多酸即磷钨酸的含 量为 15.8重量%, 助剂 Ga203的含量为 3.7 %重量, 助剂 CuO的含量 为 10.5重量%。 实施例 14
分别采用实施例 1-13和比较例 1-4中所得到的催化剂进行由合成 气制备曱醇、 二曱醚和低碳烯烃的过程。
在连续流动固定床反应器加压反应评价装置中进行气相反应。 向反应器中装填 1.5克的催化剂后,在反应前先用还原气吹扫容纳 有催化剂的反应器 0.5小时。 还原完毕后调整至反应温度, 在一定的进 料空速下将合成气通入反应器, 还原气具体组成、 吹扫温度、 具体操 作条件和原料合成气的组成见表 2。 反应进行 3 小时后取样分析。 用 HP 6890型气相色谱仪在线分析一氧化碳; 用 PORAPAK-N 色谱柱分 析曱醇、 二甲醚及低碳烯烃产物。
为了将实施例 1 与比较例 1 -3进行对比、 以及将实施例 7与比较 例 4对比, 使实施例 1与比较例 1 -3、 实施例 7与比较例 4的操作条件 及原料合成气的组成基本相同。 表 2
Figure imgf000023_0001
由合成气制备曱醇、 二曱醚和低碳烯烃的过程中 CO 转化率、 甲 醇及二曱醚的相对选择性、 乙烯和丙烯的选择性以及碳利用率采用以 下式子计算, 计算结果见表 3。
CO转化率 (%) =反应消耗的 CO摩尔数 /投入反应的 CO摩尔数 二曱醚选择性 (%) =反应生成的二曱醚摩尔数 /反应消耗的 CO 摩 尔数
曱醇选择性(%) =反应生成的曱醇摩尔数 /反应消耗的 CO摩尔数 乙烯选择性 (%) = (反应生成的乙烯摩尔数 X 2)/反应消耗的 CO 摩 丙烯选择性(%) = (反应生成的丙烯摩尔数 x 3)/反应消耗的 CO 摩 尔数
碳利用率 (%)= (反应消耗的 CO摩尔数 -反应生成的 C02摩尔数 )/ 投入反应的 CO摩尔数 表 3
Figure imgf000024_0001
从上述表 3 可以看出, 在由合成气制备甲醇、 二曱醚和低碳烯烃 的过程中, 本发明提供的催化剂具有优良的催化活性、 很高的目的产 物的选择性、 以及很高的碳利用率。

Claims

权 利 要 求
1、 一种由合成气制备曱醇、 二甲醚和低碳烯烃的方法, 该方法包 括在使合成气转化为曱醇、 二曱醚和低碳烯烃的条件下, 将合成气与 催化剂接触, 其特征在于, 所述催化剂含有非晶态合金, 所述非晶态 合金由第一成分 A1 和第二成分组成, 该第二成分选自元素周期表中 IA、 IIIA、 IVA、 VA、 IB、 IIB、 IVB、 VB、 VIB、 VIIB、 VIII、 镧系元 素以及它们的氧化物中的一种或几种, 且所述第二成分不为铝。
2、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中, 基于所述非晶态合金的总 重量, 铝的含量为 0.5-60重量%, 第二成分的含量为 40-99.5重量%。
3、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中, 基于所述非晶态合金的总 重量, 铝的含量为 20-55重量%, 第二成分的含量为 45-80重量%。
4、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中, 基于所述非晶态合金的总 重量, 铝的含量为 0.5-20重量%, 第二成分的含量为 80-99.5重量%。
5、 根据权利要求 1所迷的方法, 其中, 所述第二成分选自镧系元 素、 元素周期表第 IA、 IIIA、 IVA、 VA、 IB、 IIB、 IVB、 VB、 VIB、 VIIB、 VIII族的第 3-5周期的元素以及它们的氧化物中的一种或几种。
6、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中, 所述第二成分选自铜、锌、 钒、 铬、 锰、 铁、 钴、 镍、 钾、 锆、 钼、 锡、 碳、 硅、 镧、 磷和它们 的氧化物中的一种或几种。
7、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中所述第二成分包含铜或其氧 化物。
8、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中所述第二成分包含铜和锌或 其氧化物。
9、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中所述笫二成分由铜和锌或其 氧化物组成。
10、 根据权利要求 7所述的方法, 其中当所述非晶态合金中存在 VIII族元素或其氧化物时, 其含量低于 30重量%, 基于所述非晶态合 金的总重量。
1 1、 根据权利要求 1所述的方法, 其中, 所述催化剂还含有基质, 所述非晶态合金分散在所述基质中, 且基于所述催化剂的总重量, 所 述非晶态合金的含量为 20-90重量%,所述基质的含量为 10-80重量%。
12、 根据权利要求 1 1所述的方法, 其中, 所述基质选自无氧化性 多孔无机氧化物、 分子筛、 活性炭、 粘土、 磷酸盐、 硫酸盐和金属卤 化物中的一种或几种。
13、 根据权利要求 11所述的方法, 其中, 所述基质含有助剂, 所 述助剂负载在基质中 /上并选自元素周期表中 IA、 IIA、 IIIA、 IVA、 VA、
IB、 IIB、 IVB、 VIII、 镧系元素和它们的氧化物中的一种或几种。
14、 根据权利要求 13所述的方法, 其中, 所迷助剂为镧系元素、 元素周期表第 IA、 ΠΙΑ、 IVA、 VA、 IB、 IIB、 IVB、 VB、 VIB、 VIIB、 VIII族的第 3-5周期的元素以及它们的氧化物中的一种或几种。
15、 根据权利要求 13所述的方法, 其中, 所述助剂为 :、 Ca、 Mg、
Ga、 Sn、 P、 Cu、 Zn、 Zr、 Fe、 La和它们的氧化物中的一种或几种。
16、 根据权利要求 13所述的方法, 其中, 基于所述基质的重量, 所述助剂的含量为 0.5-40重量%。
17、 根据权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中, 所述使合成气转化为曱 醇、 二甲醚和低碳烯烃的条件包括反应的温度为 200-400°C , 反应的压 力为 0.5-6MPa, 合成气的进料空速为 1000-lOOOOmL/g'h, 且合成气中 H2与 CO的摩尔比为 1-3。
18、 根据权利要求 17所述的方法, 其中反应的温度为 200-270 °C、 反应的压力为 l -6MPa时, 反应以甲醇和二甲醚为主要产品, 低碳烯烃 为副产品。
19、 根据权利要求 17所述的方法, 其中反应的温度为 270-400 °C、 反应的压力为 0.5-2MPa时, 反应以低碳烯烃为主要产品, 曱醇和二甲 酸为副产品。
20、 根据权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中所述非晶态合金的制备步 骤包括: 将第一成分铝以及所述第二成分的混合物在真空中以及高于 它们的熔点的温度下合金化, 再用真空急冷法快淬, 然后将所得合金 粉化。
21、 根据权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中所述催化剂的制备包括用 碱溶液对所述非晶态合金或所述催化剂进行碱洗以抽提非晶态合金中 的部分铝的步骤。
22、 根据权利要求 1 所述的方法, 其中所述非晶态合金为尺寸 500 目的粉末。
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