Classifications

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  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
  • A61K31/4178—1,3-Diazoles not condensed 1,3-diazoles and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. pilocarpine, nitrofurantoin
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
  • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
  • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
  • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
  • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links

Definitions

• the present invention relates to bicyclic[3.1.0]heteroaryl amides and to pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their use in the treatment of central nervous system disorders, cognitive disorders, schizophrenia, dementia and other disorders in mammals, including humans. These compounds exhibit activity as inhibitors of the glycine type-1 transporter.
• Schizophrenia a progressive neurological disease, is manifested in its early stages as thought disorders such as hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and playful thought patterns, collectively known as positive symptoms. These easily recognizable symptoms gave the disease the historical name “madness”. As the disease progresses, negative symptoms, such as social withdrawal and anhedonia, and cognitive symptoms such as dementia become more apparent. Only about one-third of schizophrenic patients can be treated successfully and returned to society, while the remainder is generally institutionalized. The burden on society of this devastating illness and the toll it takes on family members of affected patients make it one of the most costly of all CNS diseases.
• glycine is required as a co-agonist to set the “tone” of the receptor for its response to glutamate. Enhancing this “tone” by increasing the effect of glycine would augment NMDA neurotransmission, and provide potential benefit in the treatment of schizophrenia.
• NFPS glycine type-1 transporter
• GlyT1 removes glycine efficiently at the synapse, and that inhibition of GlyT1 can augment NMDA receptor function.
• the present invention provides GlyT1 inhibitors as a treatment for disorders or conditions such as schizophrenia through its augmentation of glutamatergic neurotransmission.
• R 1 represents a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of: imidazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridyl, oxazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoxazolyl, pyrroloimidazoyl and thiadiazole, wherein said heteroaryl is optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from —OH, —NR 7 R 8 , halogen, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 12 )alkoxyalkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )hydroxyalkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )aryl and benzyl;
• R 2 , R 3 and A independently represent H or (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted by one or more —OH, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, —NR 7 R 8 or halogen;
• Z represents (C 6 -C 14 )aryl, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl or (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl;
• R 4 and R 5 each independently represent H, halogen, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 6 -C 14 )aryl, (C 6 -C 14 )aryloxy, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, (3-10 membered)heterocycloalkyl or (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkoxy; wherein R 4 and R 5 are optionally substituted by one or more —OH, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, —NR 7 R 8 or halogen;
• R 6 represents H, (C 6 -C 14 )aryl, (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 10 )cycloalkyl, (C 5 -C 18 )bicycloalkyl, (C 5 -C 18 )tricycloalkyl, (3-10 membered)heterocycloalkyl, (5-10 membered)heteroaryl, —C( ⁇ O)NR 7 R 8 , or —C( ⁇ O)OR 7 , wherein said R 6 groups can optionally be substituted with one or more X groups;
• X —OH, (C 1 -C 8 )alkoxy, —NR 11 R 12 , —SO 2 R 10 , —C( ⁇ O)R 10 , halogen, cyano, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 10 )alkoxyalkyl, (5-10 membered)heteroaryl, (C 6 -C 14 )aryl, (C 6 -C 14 )aryloxy, benzyl, or (C 1 -C 8 )hydroxyalkyl;
• R 7 and R 8 independently represent H, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, (5-10 membered)heterocycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )hydroxyalky, (5-10 membered)heteroaryl or (C 1 -C 10 )alkoxyalkyl; wherein R 7 and R 8 may optionally be substituted by one or more X groups;
• R 7 and R 8 together with the nitrogen in which they may be attached may form a (3-10 membered)heterocycloalkyl group optionally substituted by one or more X groups;
• R 10 represents (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, (3-10 membered)heterocycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )hydroxyalkyl, (5-10 membered)heteroaryl or (C 1 -C 10 )alkoxyalkyl;
• R 11 and R 12 independently represent H, (C 1 -C 8 )alkyl, (C 3 -C 8 )cycloalkyl, (5-10 membered)heterocycloalkyl, (C 1 -C 8 )hydroxyalky, (5-10 membered)heteroaryl or (C 1 -C 10 )alkoxyalkyl;
• halogen and “halo” include F, Cl, Br, and I.
• alkyl includes saturated monovalent hydrocarbon radicals having straight or branched moieties.
• alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropylmethylene (—CH 2 -cyclopropyl) and t-butyl.
• alkenyl includes alkyl moieties having at least one carbon-carbon double bond wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• alkenyl include, but are not limited to, ethenyl and propenyl.
• alkynyl includes alkyl moieties having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethynyl and 2-propynyl.
• alkoxy means “alkyl-O-”, wherein “alkyl” is as defined above.
• alkoxy groups include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentoxy and allyloxy.
• alkoxyalkyl means alkyl-O-alkyl-, wherein alkyl is defined above.
• hydroxyalkyl means -alkyl-OH, wherein alkyl is defined above.
• alkenoxy means “alkenyl-O-”, wherein “alkenyl” is as defined above.
• alkynoxy means “alkynyl-O-”, wherein “alkynyl” is as defined above.
• cycloalkyl includes non-aromatic saturated cyclic alkyl moieties wherein alkyl is as defined above.
• examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl.
• Bicycloalkyl and “tricycloalkyl” groups include non-aromatic saturated cyclic alkyl moieties consisting of two or three rings respectively, wherein said rings share at least one carbon atom.
• Bicycloalkyl and “tricycloalkyl” groups also include cyclic moieties consisting of two or three rings respectively, wherein one ring is aryl or heteroaryl and wherein said rings share two carbon atoms.
• bicycloalkyl groups include spiro groups and fused ring groups.
• bicycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, bicyclo-[3.1.0]-hexyl, bicyclo-2.2.1]-hept-1-yl, norbornyl, spiro[4.5]decyl, spiro[4.4]nonyl, spiro[4.3]octyl, spiro[4.2]heptyl, indan, teralene(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphlene) and 6, 7, 8, 9-tetrahydro-5H-benzocycloheptene.
• An example of a tricycloalkyl group is adamantanyl.
• cycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, and tricycloalkyl groups are known in the art, and such groups are encompassed by the definitions “cycloalkyl”, “bicycloalkyl” and “tricycloalkyl” herein.
• Cycloalkenyl refers to non-aromatic each cycloalkyl, bicycloalkyl, and tricycloalkyl moieties as defined above, except that they each include one or more carbon-carbon double bonds connecting carbon ring members (an “endocyclic” double bond) and/or one or more carbon-carbon double bonds connecting a carbon ring member and an adjacent non-ring carbon (an “exocyclic” double bond).
• Examples of cycloalkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutenyl, and cyclohexenyl.
• a non-limiting example of a bicycloalkenyl group is norbornenyl.
• Cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkyl, and bicycloalkenyl groups also include groups that are substituted with one or more oxo moieties. Examples of such groups with oxo moieties are oxocyclopentyl, oxocyclobutyl, oxocyclopentenyl and norcamphoryl.
• Other cycloalkenyl, bicycloalkenyl, and tricycloalkenyl groups are known in the art, and such groups are included within the definitions “cycloalkenyl”, “bicycloalkenyl” and “tricycloalkenyl” herein.
• aryl includes an organic radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of one hydrogen, such as phenyl (Ph), naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl and fluorenyl. “Aryl” encompasses fused ring groups wherein at least one ring is aromatic.
• heterocyclic and heterocycloalkyl refer to non-aromatic cyclic groups containing one or more heteroatoms, preferably from one to four heteroatoms, each selected from O, S and N.
• heterocycloalkyl groups include non-aromatic two-ringed cyclic groups, wherein said rings share one or two atoms, and wherein at least one of the rings contains a heteroatom (O, S, or N).
• Heterobicycloalkyl groups also include two-ringed cyclic groups, wherein said one ring is aryl or heteroaryl ring and wherein said rings share one or two atoms, and wherein at least one of the rings contains a heteroatom (O, S, or N).
• heterobicycloalkyl groups include spiro groups and fused ring groups.
• each ring in the heterobicycloalkyl contains up to four heteroatoms (i.e. from zero to four heteroatoms, provided that at least one ring contains at least one heteroatom).
• the heterocyclic groups of this invention can also include ring systems substituted with one or more oxo moieties.
• non-aromatic heterocyclic groups are aziridinyl, azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, azepinyl, piperazinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, morpholino, thiomorpholino, thioxanyl, pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydrofuranyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]he
• heteroaryl refers to aromatic groups containing one or more heteroatoms, preferably from one to four heteroatoms, selected from O, S and N.
• a multicyclic group containing one or more heteroatoms wherein at least one ring of the group is aromatic is a “heteroaryl” group.
• the heteroaryl groups of this invention can also include ring systems substituted with one or more oxo moieties.
• heteroaryl groups are pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroguinolyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzofuranyl, cinnolinyl, indazolyl, indolizinyl, phthalazinyl, triazinyl, 1,2,4-trizainyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, isoindolyl, 1-oxoisoindolyl, purinyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, furazanyl, benzofurazan
• cycloalkoxy means “cycloalkyl-O-”, wherein “cycloalkyl” is as defined above.
• aryloxy means “aryl-O-”, wherein “aryl” is as defined above.
• heterocycloalkoxy means “heterocycloalkyl-O—”, wherein “heterocycloalkyl” is as defined above.
• heteroaryloxy means “heteroaryl-O—”, wherein “heteroaryl” is as defined above.
• halogen atoms e.g., —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 —CF 3 , —PhCl, etc.
• substituents refers to from one to the maximum number of substituents possible based on the number of available bonding sites.
• examples of one or more or at least one substituent include, but are not limited to, 1 to 10 substituents, or 1 to 6 substituents or 1 to 3 substituents).
• all the foregoing groups derived from hydrocarbons may have up to about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms (e.g. C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl, C 3 -C 20 cycloalkyl, (3-20 membered)heterocycloalkyl, C 6 -C 20 aryl, (5-20 membered)heteroaryl, etc.) or 1 to about 15 carbon atoms (e.g., C 1 -C 15 alkyl, C 2 -C 15 alkenyl, C 3 -C 15 cycloalkyl, (3-15 membered)heterocycloalkyl, C 6 -C 15 aryl, (5-15 membered)heteroaryl, etc.), or 1 to about 12 carbon atoms, or 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, or 1 to about 6 carbon atoms.
• carbon atoms e.g. C 1 -C 20 alkyl, C 2 -C 20 alkenyl
• a group derived from pyrrole may be pyrrol-1-yl(N-attached) or pyrrol-3-yl (C-attached).
• the terms referring to the groups also encompass all possible tautomers.
• stereochemistry is defined as in Formula II or Formula III:
• R 1 is imidazolyl optionally substituted by methyl.
• Z is (C 6 -C 14 )aryl
• R 4 or R 5 are each independently H, halogen, —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , (C 6 -C 14 )aryl or (C 6 -C 14 )aryloxy.
• R 2 , R 3 and A are hydrogen.
• Y is a (C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, a (C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl, a (3-6 membered)heterocycloalkyl or —CH 2 —(C 3 -C 6 )cycloalkyl; wherein Y is optionally substituted by halogen, OH, —SO 2 R 10 , —C( ⁇ O)R 10 , or CH 2 CH 2 CF 3 .
• the compound of Formula I has the following structure: wherein R 2 -R 5 , Q, Z, Y and A are as defined above.
• Compounds of the Formula I may have optical centers and therefore may occur in different enantiomeric and diastereomeric configurations.
• the present invention includes all enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomers of such compounds of the Formula I, as well as racemic compounds and racemic mixtures and other mixtures of stereoisomers thereof.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of Formula I include the acid addition and base salts thereof.
• Suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxic salts. Examples include, but are not limited to, the acetate, adipate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulphate/sulphate, borate, camsylate, citrate, cyclamate, edisylate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, mandelates mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, p
• Suitable base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts. Examples include, but are not limited to, the aluminium, arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine and zinc salts.
• Hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed, for example, hemisulphate and hemicalcium salts.
• compositions of Formula I may be prepared by one or more of three methods:
• the resulting salt may precipitate out and be collected by filtration or may be recovered by evaporation of the solvent.
• the degree of ionization in the resulting salt may vary from completely ionised to almost non-ionised.
• the compounds of the invention may exist in a continuum of solid states ranging from fully amorphous to fully crystalline.
• amorphous refers to a state in which the material lacks long range order at the molecular level and, depending upon temperature, may exhibit the physical properties of a solid or a liquid. Typically such materials do not give distinctive X-ray diffraction patterns and, while exhibiting the properties of a solid, are more formally described as a liquid.
• a change from solid to liquid properties occurs which is characterised by a change of state, typically second order (‘glass transition’).
• crystalline refers to a solid phase in which the material has a regular ordered internal structure at the molecular level and gives a distinctive X-ray diffraction pattern with defined peaks. Such materials when heated sufficiently will also exhibit the properties of a liquid, but the change from solid to liquid is characterised by a phase change, typically first order (‘melting point’).
• the compounds of the invention may also exist in unsolvated and solvated forms.
• solvate is used herein to describe a molecular complex comprising the compound of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable solvent molecules, for example, ethanol.
• solvent molecules for example, ethanol.
• hydrate is employed when said solvent is water.
• Isolated site hydrates are ones in which the water molecules are isolated from direct contact with each other by intervening organic molecules.
• channel hydrates the water molecules lie in lattice channels where they are next to other water molecules.
• metal-ion coordinated hydrates the water molecules are bonded to the metal ion.
• the complex When the solvent or water is tightly bound, the complex will have a well-defined stoichiometry independent of humidity. When, however, the solvent or water is weakly bound, as in channel solvates and hygroscopic compounds, the water/solvent content will be dependent on humidity and drying conditions. In such cases, non-stoichiometry will be the norm.
• the compounds of the invention may also exist in a mesomorphic state (mesophase or liquid crystal) when subjected to suitable conditions.
• the mesomorphic state is intermediate between the true crystalline state and the true liquid state (either melt or solution).
• Mesomorphism arising as the result of a change in temperature is described as ‘thermotropic’ and that resulting from the addition of a second component, such as water or another solvent, is described as ‘lyotropic’.
• references to compounds of Formula I include references to salts, solvates, multi-component complexes and liquid crystals thereof and to solvates, multi-component complexes and liquid crystals of salts thereof.
• the compounds of the invention include compounds of Formula I as hereinbefore defined, including all polymorphs and crystal habits thereof, prodrugs and isomers thereof (including optical, geometric and tautomeric isomers) as hereinafter defined and isotopically-labeled compounds of Formula I.
• prodrugs of the compounds of Formula I are also within the scope of the invention.
• certain derivatives of compounds of Formula I which may have little or no pharmacological activity themselves can, when administered into or onto the body, be converted into compounds of Formula I having the desired activity, for example, by hydrolytic cleavage.
• Such derivatives are referred to as ‘prodrugs’.
• Further information on the use of prodrugs may be found in Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems, Vol. 14, ACS Symposium Series (T. Higuchi and W. Stella) and Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, Pergamon Press, 1987 (Ed. E. B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association).
• Prodrugs in accordance with the invention can, for example, be produced by replacing appropriate functionalities present in the compounds of Formula I with certain moieties known to those skilled in the art as ‘pro-moieties’ as described, for example, in Design of Prodrugs by H. Bundgaard (Elsevier, 1985).
• prodrugs in accordance with the invention include, but are not limited to,
• the compound of Formula I contains a primary or secondary amino functionality (—NH 2 or —NHR where R ⁇ H), an amide thereof, for example, a compound wherein, as the case may be, one or both hydrogens of the amino functionality of the compound of Formula I is/are replaced by (C 1 -C 10 )alkanoyl.
• metabolites of compounds of Formula I that is, compounds formed in vivo upon administration of the drug.
• Some examples of metabolites in accordance with the invention include, but are not limited to,
• tautomeric isomerism (‘tautomerism’) can occur. This can take the form of proton tautomerism in compounds of Formula I containing, for example, an imino, keto, or oxime group, or so-called valence tautomerism in compounds which contain an aromatic moiety. It follows that a single compound may exhibit more than one type of isomerism.
• Cis/trans isomers may be separated by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art, for example, chromatography and fractional crystallisation.
• racemate or racemic mixture may be reacted with a suitable optically active compound, for example, an alcohol, or, in the case where the compound of Formula I contains an acidic or basic moiety, a base or acid such as 1-phenylethylamine or tartaric acid.
• a suitable optically active compound for example, an alcohol, or, in the case where the compound of Formula I contains an acidic or basic moiety, a base or acid such as 1-phenylethylamine or tartaric acid.
• the resulting diastereomeric mixture may be separated by chromatography and/or fractional crystallization and one or both of the diastereoisomers converted to the corresponding pure enantiomer(s) by means well known to a skilled person.
• Chiral compounds of the invention may be obtained in enantiomerically-enriched form using chromatography, typically HPLC, on an asymmetric resin with a mobile phase consisting of a hydrocarbon, typically heptane or hexane, containing from 0 to 50% by volume of isopropanol, typically from 2% to 20%, and from 0 to 5% by volume of an alkylamine, typically 0.1% diethylamine. Concentration of the eluate affords the enriched mixture.
• chromatography typically HPLC
• a mobile phase consisting of a hydrocarbon, typically heptane or hexane, containing from 0 to 50% by volume of isopropanol, typically from 2% to 20%, and from 0 to 5% by volume of an alkylamine, typically 0.1% diethylamine.
• the first type is the racemic compound (true racemate) referred to above wherein one homogeneous form of crystal is produced containing both enantiomers in equimolar amounts.
• the second type is the racemic mixture or conglomerate wherein two forms of crystal are produced in equimolar amounts each comprising a single enantiomer.
• Racemic mixtures may be separated by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art—see, for example, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds by E. L. Eliel and S. H. Wilen (Wiley, 1994).
• the present invention includes all pharmaceutically acceptable isotopically-labelled compounds of Formula I wherein one or more atoms are replaced by atoms having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number which predominates in nature.
• isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, isotopes of hydrogen, such as 2 H and 3 H, carbon, such as 11 C, 13 C and 14 C, chlorine, such as 36 Cl, fluorine, such as 18 F, iodine, such as 123 I and 125 I, nitrogen, such as 13 N and 15 N, oxygen, such as 15 O, 17 O and 18 O, phosphorus, such as 32 P, and sulphur, such as 35 S.
• isotopes of hydrogen such as 2 H and 3 H
• carbon such as 11 C, 13 C and 14 C
• chlorine such as 36 Cl
• fluorine such as 18 F
• iodine such as 123 I and 125 I
• nitrogen such as 13 N and 15 N
• oxygen such as 15 O, 17 O and 18 O
• phosphorus such as 32 P
• sulphur such as 35 S.
• isotopically-labelled compounds of Formula I for example, those incorporating a radioactive isotope, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies.
• substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e. 2 H, may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
• Isotopically-labeled compounds of Formula I can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the accompanying Examples and Preparations using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent previously employed.
• solvates in accordance with the invention include those wherein the solvent of crystallization may be isotopically substituted, e.g. D 2 O, d 6 -acetone, d 6 -DMSO.
• This invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition selected from psychosis, schizophrenia, conduct disorder, disruptive behavior disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic episodes of anxiety, anxiety associated with psychosis, psychotic mood disorders such as severe major depressive disorder; mood disorders associated with psychotic disorders such as acute mania or depression associated with bipolar disorder and mood disorders associated with schizophrenia, behavioral manifestations of mental retardation, conduct disorder and autistic disorder; movement disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, akinetic-rigid syndrome, movement disorders associated with Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia and other drug induced and neurodegeneration based dyskinesias; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; cognitive disorders such as dementias (including age related dementia, and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type) and memory disorders in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an amount of a compound of the formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, that is effective in treating such condition or disorder.
• a disorder or condition selected
• This invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating a disorder or condition selected from psychosis, schizophrenia, conduct disorder, disruptive behavior disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic episodes of anxiety, anxiety associated with psychosis, psychotic mood disorders such as severe major depressive disorder; mood disorders associated with psychotic disorders such as acute mania or depression associated with bipolar disorder and mood disorders associated with schizophrenia, behavioral manifestations of mental retardation, conduct disorder and autistic disorder; movement disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, akinetic-rigid syndrome, movement disorders associated with Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia and other drug induced and neurodegeneration based dyskinesias; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; cognitive disorders such as dementias (including age related dementia and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type) and memory disorders in a mammal, including a human, comprising a compound of the formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in an amount that is effective for treating such disorder or condition.
• a disorder or condition selected from psychosis, schizophrenia, conduct disorder, disruptive behavior disorder
• This invention also relates to a method of treating a disorder or condition selected from psychosis, schizophrenia, conduct disorder, disruptive behavior disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic episodes of anxiety, anxiety associated with psychosis, psychotic mood disorders such as severe major depressive disorder; mood disorders associated with psychotic disorders such as acute mania or depression associated with bipolar disorder and mood disorders associated with schizophrenia, behavioral manifestations of mental retardation, conduct disorder and autistic disorder; movement disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, akinetic-rigid syndrome, movement disorders associated with Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia and other drug induced and neurodegeneration based dyskinesias; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; cognitive disorders such as dementias (including age related dementia and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type) and memory disorders in a mammal, including a human, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment a glycine transport-inhibiting amount of a compound of the formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• a disorder or condition selected from
• This invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating a disorder or condition selected from psychosis, schizophrenia, conduct disorder, disruptive behavior disorder, bipolar disorder, psychotic episodes of anxiety, anxiety associated with psychosis, psychotic mood disorders such as severe major depressive disorder; mood disorders associated with psychotic disorders such as acute mania or depression associated with bipolar disorder and mood disorders associated with schizophrenia, behavioral manifestations of mental retardation, conduct disorder and autistic disorder; movement disorders such as Tourette's syndrome, akinetic-rigid syndrome, movement disorders associated with Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia and other drug induced and neurodegeneration based dyskinesias; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; cognitive disorders such as dementias (including age related dementia and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type) and memory disorders in a mammal, including a human, comprising a compound of the formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in a glycine transport-inhibiting amount.
• a disorder or condition selected from psychosis, schizophrenia, conduct disorder, disruptive behavior
• treating refers to reversing, alleviating or inhibiting the progress of a disease, disorder or condition, or one or more symptoms of such disease, disorder or condition, to which such term applies.
• “treating” may also refer to decreasing the probability or incidence of the occurrence of a disease, disorder or condition in a mammal as compared to an untreated control population, or as compared to the same mammal prior to treatment.
• “treating” may refer to preventing a disease, disorder or condition, and may include delaying or preventing the onset of a disease, disorder or condition, or delaying or preventing the symptoms associated with a disease, disorder or condition.
• treating may also refer to reducing the severity of a disease, disorder or condition or symptoms associated with such disease, disorder or condition prior to a mammal's affliction with the disease, disorder or condition. Such prevention or reduction of the severity of a disease, disorder or condition prior to affliction relates to the administration of the composition of the present invention, as described herein, to a subject that is not at the time of administration afflicted with the disease, disorder or condition. As used herein “treating” may also refer to preventing the recurrence of a disease, disorder or condition or of one or more symptoms associated with such disease, disorder or condition.
• treatment and “therapeutically,” as used herein, refer to the act of treating, as “treating” is defined above.
• the compounds of the present invention exhibit glycine transport inhibiting activity and therefore are of value in the treatment of a wide variety of clinical conditions that are characterized by the deficit of glutamateric neurotransmission in mammalian subjects, especially humans. Such conditions include the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and other psychoses, and cognitive deficits.
• the compounds of this invention can be administered via either the oral, parenteral (such as subcutaneous, intraveneous, intramuscular, intrasternal and infusion techniques), rectal, intranasal or topical routes to mammals.
• these compounds are most desirably administered to humans in doses ranging from about 1 mg to about 2000 mg per day, although variations will necessarily occur depending upon the weight and condition of the subject being treated and the particular route of administration chosen.
• a dosage level that is in the range of from about 0.1 mg to about 20 mg per kg of body weight per day is most desirably employed. Nevertheless, variations may still occur depending upon the species of animal being treated and its individual response to said medicament, as well as on the type of pharmaceutical formulation chosen and the time period and interval at which such administration is carried out. In some instances, dosage levels below the lower limit of the aforesaid range may be more than adequate, while in other cases still larger doses may be employed without causing any harmful side effects provided that such higher dose levels are first divided into several small doses for administration throughout the day.
• the compounds of this invention are administered as adjunctive therapy with known anti-psychotics such as Ziprasidone (Geodon), Clozapine, Molindone, Loxapine, Pimozide, Risperidone, Olanzapine, Remoxipride, Sertindole, Amisulpride, Quetiapine, Prochlorperazine, Fluphenazine, Trifluoroperazine, Thioridazine, Haloperidol, Chloropromazine, Flupentixol and Pipotiazine.
• Ziprasidone Gaodon
• Clozapine Clozapine
• Molindone Loxapine
• Pimozide Pimozide
• Risperidone Olanzapine
• Remoxipride Remoxipride
• Sertindole Amisulpride
• Quetiapine Prochlorperazine
• Fluphenazine Trifluoroperazine
• the compounds of the present invention may also be used in combination with CNS agents such as antidepressants (such as sertraline), anti-Parkinsonian drugs (such as deprenyl, L-dopa, Requip, Mirapex, MAOB inhibitors such as selegine and rasagiline, comP inhibitors such as Tasmar, A-2 inhibitors, dopamine reuptake inhibitors, NMDA antagonists, Nicotine agonists, Dopamine agonists and inhibitors of neuronal nitric oxide synthase), anti-Alzheimer's drugs such as donepezil, tacrine, ⁇ 2 ⁇ inhibitors, COX-2 inhibitors, gaba pentenoids, propentofylline or metryfonate, and antipyschotics such as PDE10 inhibitors, 5HT2C agonists, alpha 7 nicotinic receptor agonists, CB1 antagonists and compounds having activity antagonizing dopamine D2 receptors.
• CNS agents such as antide
• the compounds of the present invention may be administered alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents by either of the above routes previously indicated, and such administration can be carried out in single or multiple doses. More particularly, the novel therapeutic agents of the invention can be administered in a wide variety of different dosage forms, i.e., they may be combined with various pharmaceutically acceptable inert carriers in the form of tablets, capsules, lozenges, troches, hard candies, powders, sprays, creams, salves, suppositories, jellies, gels, pastes, lotions, ointments, aqueous suspensions, injectable solutions, elixirs, syrups, and the like.
• Such carriers include solid diluents or fillers, sterile aqueous media and various non-toxic organic solvents, etc.
• oral pharmaceutical compositions can be suitably sweetened and/or flavored.
• the therapeutically effective compounds of this invention are present in such dosage forms at concentration levels ranging about 5.0% to about 70% by weight.
• tablets containing various excipients such as microcrystalline cellulose, sodium citrate, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate and glycine may be employed along with various disintegrants such as starch and preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid and certain complex silicates, together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia.
• disintegrants such as starch and preferably corn, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid and certain complex silicates, together with granulation binders like polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose, gelatin and acacia.
• lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulfate and talc are often very useful for tabletting purposes.
• compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in gelatine capsules; preferred materials in this connection also include lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
• preferred materials in this connection also include lactose or milk sugar as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
• the active ingredient may be combined with various sweetening or flavoring agents, coloring matter or dyes, and, if so desired, emulsifying and/or suspending agents as well, together with such diluents as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin and various like combinations thereof.
• solutions of a compound of the present invention in either sesame or peanut oil or in aqueous propylene glycol may be employed.
• the aqueous solutions should be suitably buffered (preferably pH>8) if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic.
• These aqueous solutions are suitable for intravenous injection purposes.
• the oily solutions are suitable for intra-articular, intra-muscular and subcutaneous injection purposes. The preparation of all these solutions under sterile conditions is readily accomplished by standard pharmaceutical techniques well-known to those skilled in the art.
• the compounds of the present invention were assayed utilizing the GlyT1 radioligand binding assay described below:
• Test compound preparation Compounds are dissolved in DMSO, sonicated if necessary, diluted to a concentration of 0.2 mM in DMSO and then diluted with de-ionized water to a concentration of 10 uM.
• Tissue preparation The GlyT1c transporter is expressed in HEK-293 cells and the frozen cell pellet weighed and polytroned, with 1 gram cell pellet in 30 mL assay buffer (50 mM Tris base, 120 mM NaCl, and 5 mM KCl, pH'd to 7.4 with 6N HCl). The mixture is centrifuged at 40000 G for 10 min., the supernatant decanted, and the pellet resuspended at 1 mg wet weight per 25 uL assay buffer.
• assay buffer 50 mM Tris base, 120 mM NaCl, and 5 mM KCl, pH'd to 7.4 with 6N HCl.
• the assay incubation is carried out for 60 min. at room temperature in 96 well plates (Beckman 2 mL polypropylene), which are vortexed upon addition of the tissue preparation.
• 25 uL test drug solution or control 200 uL of 0.7 nM [3H]-NPTS (Lowe, John A.; Drozda, Susan E.; Fisher, Katherine; Strick, Christine; Lebel, Lorraine; Schmidt, Christopher; Hiller, Donna; Zandi, Kathleen S.
• [3H]-(R)-NPTS a radioligand for the type 1 glycine transporter. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2003), 13(7), 1291-1292.
• the plates are filtered using a Brandel cell harvester with GF/B filters, the filters are washed with 3 ⁇ 1.5 mL assay buffer, air-dried overnight, and counted on a LKB beta plate counter the next day.
• the compounds of the Formula I may be prepared by the methods described below, together with synthetic methods known in the art of organic chemistry, or modifications and derivatisations that are familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art. Preferred methods include, but are not limited to, those described below.
• Scheme I illustrates a method for the preparation of compounds having the basic structure of formula I, where A is hydrogen, Y is hydrogen and Q, Z and R 1 through R 8 are defined as above.
• a compound of formula (I) [ SynLett, 1996, 1097] can be treated with (BOC) 2 O in the presence of a suitable base such as triethylamine, in solvents such as CH 2 Cl 2 , to produce the desired carbamate of formula (II).
• a suitable base such as triethylamine (TEA) or diisopropylethylamine (DIEA)
• TEA triethyl amine
• DIEA diisopropylethylamine
• solvents such as CH 2 Cl 2 or 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE)
• TEA triethyl amine
• DIEA diisopropylethylamine
• suitable oxidation reagents for this transformation include TPAP/NMO or PCC.
• Suitable conditions for this transformation include treatment of the corresponding aldehyde with the amine reagent (III) in CH 2 Cl 2 or DCE in the presence of 4 A molecular sieves and a base such as TEA at room temperature, followed by treatment with NaBH 4 or NaHB(OAc) 3 .
• Compounds of formula (VII) can be prepared by treatment of an amine of formula (IV) with an appropriately substituted acid chloride reagent of formula (V) in the presence of a suitable base such as DIEA, pyridine or TEA, in solvents such as DCE or CH 2 Cl 2 , at temperatures ranging from room temperature to about the reflux temperature, preferably at about room temperature, to produce the corresponding amide compounds of formula (VII).
• a suitable base such as DIEA, pyridine or TEA
• solvents such as DCE or CH 2 Cl 2
• compounds of formula (VII) can be prepared by treating amines of formula (IV) with carboxylic acids of formula (VI) and a suitable coupling reagent such as HOBT, HBTU, DCC, EDCI, etc. to produce the corresponding amides of formula (VII).
• compounds of formula (VII) can be prepared by treatment of a carbamate of formula (VII) with TFA or HCl, in solvents such as EtOAc, Dioxane, CH 2 Cl 2 or DCE, at temperatures ranging from 0° C. to about room temperature, preferably at about room temperature, to produce the corresponding amine of formula (VIII).
• solvents such as EtOAc, Dioxane, CH 2 Cl 2 or DCE
• Scheme II illustrates a method for the preparation of compounds having the basic structure of formula I, where A is hydrogen and Y, Q, Z and R 1 -R 6 are described as above.
• compounds of formula (IX) can be prepared by treatment of an amine of formula (VIII) with an appropriately substituted aldehyde or ketone and a reducing agent such as NaHB(OAc) 3 , in solvents such as CH 2 Cl 2 or DCE, at temperatures ranging from 0° C. to about room temperature, preferably at about room temperature, to produce the corresponding amine of formula (IX).
• suitable conditions for this process include treatment of the amine of formula (VIII) with an aldehyde in toluene, at about the reflux temperature; followed by treatment with NaBH 4 , in solvents such as MeOH, produce the corresponding amine of formula (IX).
• treatment of an amine of formula (VIII) with an aldehyde and NaCNBH 3 in a solvent such as MeOH produce the corresponding amine of formula (IX).
• Scheme III illustrates an alternative method for the preparation of compounds having the basic structure of formula I, where A is hydrogen and Y, Q, Z and R 1 -R 5 are described as above.
• R 9 is a cycloalkyl, —(CH 2 ) o —R 6 , —CH(R 6 ) or —C(R 6 ) 2 .
• a compound of formula (VIII) can be treated with an epoxide reagent of formula (X) in the presence of a suitable base such as triethyl amine, in solvents such as methanol or ethanol, at temperatures ranging from room temperature to about the reflux temperature, preferably at about the reflux temperature, to produce compounds of formula (IX).
• a suitable base such as triethyl amine
• solvents such as methanol or ethanol
• Scheme IV illustrates an alternative method for the preparation of compounds having the basic structure of formula I, where A is hydrogen and Y, Q, Z and R 1 -R 5 are described as above.
• compounds of formula (XIII) can be treated with a suitable base such as NaH or KH, and an appropriately substituted alkylating agent of formula (XI), where L is a suitable leaving group such as Cl, Br, I, OMs, OTs, in solvents such as THF or ether, at temperatures ranging from 0° C. to about room temperature, preferably at about room temperature, to produce the compounds of formula (IX).
• a suitable base such as NaH or KH
• an appropriately substituted alkylating agent of formula (XI) where L is a suitable leaving group such as Cl, Br, I, OMs, OTs, in solvents such as THF or ether, at temperatures ranging from 0° C. to about room temperature, preferably at about room temperature, to produce the compounds of formula (IX).
• Scheme V illustrates an alternative method for the preparation of compounds having the basic structure of formula I, where A is hydrogen and Y, Q, Z and R 1 -R 8 are described as above.
• compounds of formula (VIII) can be treated with a suitably protected alpha-bromo ester derivative of formula (X), such as alpha-bromo benzyl acetate, in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate, a suitable ammonium salt such as tetraethyl ammonium chloride and a suitable solvent such as dimethyl formamide, at room temperature to yield the desired compound of formula (XI).
• a suitable palladium catalyst such as palladium hydroxide, in solvents such as methanol or ethanol, to produce compounds of formula (XII).
• compounds of formula (XIV) can be prepared by treating the acid of formula (XII) with primary and secondary amines of general formula (XIII) in the presence of suitable coupling agents such as O-Benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) and triethyl amine, to produce the desired compounds of formula (XIV).
• suitable coupling agents such as O-Benzotriazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU) and triethyl amine
• salts of the compounds listed below can be prepared as follows. To a stirring solution of compounds of the general formula (IX) (prepared as described above in Example 1 and Example 12, 1.0 equiv.) in a suitable solvent such as ethyl acetate, dioxane, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride/methanol (1:1) or methanol (0.1 M) at room temperature was added the appropriate acid, such as hydrochloric acid, citric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methansulfonic acid or benzene sulfonic acid(2-3 equiv) in one portion. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for up to 18 hours, then concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the desired salts.
• a suitable solvent such as ethyl acetate, dioxane, diethyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride/
• Methylenecyclohexane epoxide was added to a 15 mL round bottomed flask under nitrogen, followed by ethanol (3.3 mL), triethylamine (0.097 mL, 0.696 mmol), and 1-Methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carboxylic acid(3-aza-bicyclo[3.1.0]hex-6-ylmethyl)-(3-trifluoromethoxy-benzyl)-amide hydrochloride (0.100 g, 0.232 mmol). The reaction warmed to 60° C., then refluxed for 4.5 hours and then cooled to room temperature. The reaction was then quenched with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted twice with methylene chloride.
• amides could be prepared by utilizing a parallel library synthesis procedure as described below.

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