SI8811937A8 - Method for the heat treatment of metallic work pieces - Google Patents
Method for the heat treatment of metallic work pieces Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- SI8811937A8 SI8811937A8 SI8811937A SI8811937A SI8811937A8 SI 8811937 A8 SI8811937 A8 SI 8811937A8 SI 8811937 A SI8811937 A SI 8811937A SI 8811937 A SI8811937 A SI 8811937A SI 8811937 A8 SI8811937 A8 SI 8811937A8
- Authority
- SI
- Slovenia
- Prior art keywords
- gas
- helium
- hydrogen
- heat treatment
- work pieces
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/767—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material with forced gas circulation; Reheating thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/56—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering characterised by the quenching agents
- C21D1/613—Gases; Liquefied or solidified normally gaseous material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/74—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material
- C21D1/773—Methods of treatment in inert gas, controlled atmosphere, vacuum or pulverulent material under reduced pressure or vacuum
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B5/00—Muffle furnaces; Retort furnaces; Other furnaces in which the charge is held completely isolated
- F27B5/06—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
- F27B5/16—Arrangements of air or gas supply devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
- F27B5/00—Muffle furnaces; Retort furnaces; Other furnaces in which the charge is held completely isolated
- F27B5/06—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to furnaces of these types
- F27B5/16—Arrangements of air or gas supply devices
- F27B2005/161—Gas inflow or outflow
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Control Of Heat Treatment Processes (AREA)
- Furnace Details (AREA)
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
- Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)
- Conductive Materials (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
- Electronic Switches (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Physical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
- Muffle Furnaces And Rotary Kilns (AREA)
Description
POSTUPAK ZA TOPLOTNU OBRADU METALNIH RADNIH KOMADA
Oblast tehnike
----»
Pronalazak je iz oblasti termičke obrade metala i odnosi se na postupak za toplotnu obradu metalnih radnih komada u vakuumskoj peci zagrevanjem i kaljenjem istih u rashladnom gasu pod nadpritiskom i uz cirkulaciju rashladnog gasa (MKP C 21D 1/773, C 21D 9/00, C 21D 1/767).
Tehnički problaem
Kod kaljenja metalnih radnih komada, naročito alata, oni se zagrevaju u peči na temperaturu austenizacije materijala, a zatim se kale. U zavisnosti od vrste materijala i željenih raehaničkih karakteristika za kaljenje su neophodna vodena, uljna kupatila ili kupatila sa otopljenim solima. Delovi od brzoreznih Čelika i drugih visoko legiranih materijala mogu da se kale takodje i u inertnim gasovima. ako se ovi kontinulano hlade i cirkulišu. Zbog tehnički uslovljenog ograničenja cirkulacije rashladnog gasa i njegovog pritiska do sada nije bilo moguče postici veče učinke kaljenja sa rashladnim gasovima, tako da je postupak kaljenja sa rashladnim gasovima ograničen samo na specijalne materijale.
Tehnički problem koji se rešava ovim pronalskom je u torne da se razvije takav postupak za toplotnu obradu metalnih radnih
-2.-: :- : : ::.
komada u vakuumskoj peci zagrevanjem tih komada i naknadnim kaljenjem u rashladnom gasu pod pritiskom i uz cirkulaciju tog gasa, sa koj im bi se postigao veci intenzitet kaljenja i to bez povečavanja snage motora za cirkulaciju rashladnog gasa.
Stanje tehnike
U patentnim spisima DE-PS 28 39 807 i DE-PS 28 44 343 opisane su vakuur ske peci u koje se za hladjenje uvode rashladni gasovi velikom brzinom i pod pritiscima od 0,6 MPa (6 bara) i vode preko zagrejanih.šarži radnih komada, a zatim uvode u izmenjivač toplote. Potrebne velike brzine rashladnog gasa postižu se pomoču mlaznica ili ventilatora. Veče brzine kaljenja u principu se mogu postiči povečanjem pritiska rashladnog gasa, ali se ipak kod do sada primenjivanih rashladnih gasova (na pr. azot, argon) dostiže nadpritisak samo od oko 0,6 MPa. Primene vecih pritisaka ograničena je snagom motora, koji je potreban za cirkulaciju komprimovanih gasova. Kod primene azota kao rashladnog gasa sa 0,6 MPa nadpritiska, potrebna snaga motora jednog ventilatora iznosi preko 100 kW. Medjutim, motori velike snage su po gabaritima veoma veliki, skup: i za ugradnju u vakuumsku peč pod normalnim uslovima nisu pogodni.
Opis rešenja tehničkog problema sa primerima izvodjenja
Navedeni tehnički problem rešen je prema pronalasku tako što se kao rashladni gas primenjuje helijum, vodonik, mešavina helijuma i vodonik; i/ili vodonika sa do 30 zapr.% inertnog gasa, što se pritisak rashladnt gasa p u peci za kaljenje održava u granicama izmedju 1 i 4 MPa i št< se brzina rashladnog gasa v bira tako da proizvod pxv leži u granicama izmedju 10 i 250 m. MPa . sec~l.
Kao rashladni gas prvenstveno se primenjuje helijum ili mešavina heliji ma sa do 30 zapr.% vodonika i/Ili inertnih gasova.
Kao povoljnim pokazalo se to da se u peči održava pritisak rashladnog gasa izmedju 1,4 i 3,0 MPa a cirkulacija rashladnog gasa se vrši pomoč ventilatora.
Brzina rashladnog gasa cevi rashladnog gasa.
'V odnosi se na izlaz iz podeonih
Na iznenadjujuči način se pokazalo da kod primene helijuma i/ili vodonika odnosno njihove mešavine sa do 30 zapr.% ir.ertnog gasa kao napr. azota, kao rashladnog gasa u odgovarajučim pečima, mogli su se postiči pritisci do 4 HPa a da se ne povečava snaga motora koriščenog ventilatora. Na taj način je rashladno dejstvo gasova toliko pojačano da se mogao kaliti jedan znatno širi spektrum Čelika, čak i takve vrste Čelika koji su se do sada morale kaliti u uljnim kupatilima. Ovo kaljenje pod visokim pritiskom gasa ima u odnosu na tečne medije za kaljenje svoje tehnološko - tehničke i ekonomske prednosti. Osim toga ovo je povoljnije u pogledu zaštite životne sredine.
Prilikom praktičnog izvodjenja ovoga postupka, čelični delovi se zagrevaju u jednoj, za ove svrhe, uobičajenoj vakuumskoj peči. Pri ovome peč se napuni, prvenstveno sa helijumom odnosno vodonikom upravo pre početka zagrevanja i to pod pritiskom od oko 2 HPa i gas se stavlja u cirkula cij-u pomoču ventilatora. Ovo ima tu prednost što se prelaz toplote na celične delove ne vrši pomoču zračenja več putem konvekcija, to kao posledico ima ravnomerno zagrevanje šarže i jedno znatno skrsčenje vremena zagrevanja.
Kada se dostigne temperatura od 7$0°C gas se uklanja iz peči i pod vakuumom dalje zagreva. U ovoj temie?^aturnoj oblasti je zagrevanje pomoču zračenja vrlo delotvorno a neki zaštitni gas za zagrevanje šarže je neophodsn. Nakon dostizanja temperature austenitizirar.ja, koja može da leži izmedju 800 i 1300°C, peč se, u cilju hladjenja šarže, napuni hladnim rashladnim gasom do 4 IiPa nadpritiska. Rashladni gas se stavi u cirkulaciju pomoču jednog ventilatora, nakon napuštanja unutrašnjosti peči hlodi preko jednog izmenjivača toplote i nanovo se ccvodi r <_· p Τ'
Ολ v a cincu rac s;
Zi..
ohladi. Brzina se pomoču ventilatora tako bira da proizvod p x bude izmedju lo i 25o m. ?iPa. sec”1.
Sledeči primer bliže objašnjava postupak prema pronalas= ku:
Jedan konstrukcioni elemenat prečnika oko 10 mm, od nisko= legirancg Čelika 100 Cr6 zagreva se u jednoj vakuumskoj peči na austenitizirajuču temperaturu od oko 85O°C. Nekom dostizanja ove temperature, peč se napuni helijumom do natpritiska od 1,6 KPa, pri čemu na brzini gasa od _'Π Q
m.sec probni komad ohladi na 400 C, sto odgovara br= zini hladjenja u jednom uljnora kupatilu. Na ovaj način dobija se martenzitska struktura sa tvrdočom od 64 HRG.
Kod do sada poznatih postupaka za kaljenje gasom ne može se kaliti Čelik 100 6Gr.
-P-193V8-S- -
Claims (3)
1. Postupak za toplotnu obradu metalnih radnih komada u vakuumskoj peči ,koji obuhvata zagrevanja radnih komada, a zatim kaljenje u rashladnom gasu pod nadpritiskora uz cirkulaciju gasa, naznačen time, što se kao rashladni gas koristi helijum, vodonik, smeša helijuma i vodonika ili smeša helijuma i/ili vodonika ea do 30 zapr,% inertnog gasa , što se pritisak rashladnog gasa prilikom kaljenja podešava na vrednosti izmedju 1 i 4 MPa, a brzina rashladnog gasa je takva da vrednost proizvoda pritiska i brzine leži izmedju 10 i 250 m · MPa · sec“l.
2. Postupak prema zahtevu 1, naznačen time, sto se kao rashladni gas koristi helijum ili smeša helijuma sa do 30% vodonika i/ili inertnog gasa,
3. Postupak prema zahtevima li2, naznačen time, što se pritisak rashladnog gasa prilikom kaljenja podešava na vrednosti izmedju 1,4 i 3,0 MPa.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3736501A DE3736501C1 (de) | 1987-10-28 | 1987-10-28 | Verfahren zur Waermebehandlung metallischer Werkstuecke |
YU193788A YU46574B (sh) | 1987-10-28 | 1988-10-17 | Postupak za toplotnu obradu metalnih radnih komada |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
SI8811937A8 true SI8811937A8 (en) | 1997-06-30 |
Family
ID=6339263
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
SI8811937A SI8811937A8 (en) | 1987-10-28 | 1988-10-17 | Method for the heat treatment of metallic work pieces |
Country Status (28)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4867808A (sl) |
EP (1) | EP0313888B2 (sl) |
JP (1) | JP3068135B2 (sl) |
CN (1) | CN1015066B (sl) |
AT (1) | ATE65801T1 (sl) |
AU (1) | AU606473B2 (sl) |
BG (1) | BG49828A3 (sl) |
BR (1) | BR8805492A (sl) |
CA (1) | CA1308631C (sl) |
CS (1) | CS274632B2 (sl) |
DD (1) | DD283421A5 (sl) |
DE (2) | DE3736501C1 (sl) |
DK (1) | DK167497B1 (sl) |
ES (1) | ES2023993T5 (sl) |
FI (1) | FI86560C (sl) |
HR (1) | HRP920581B1 (sl) |
HU (1) | HU204102B (sl) |
IL (1) | IL87762A (sl) |
MX (1) | MX169690B (sl) |
NO (1) | NO169244C (sl) |
PL (1) | PL159767B1 (sl) |
PT (1) | PT88896A (sl) |
RO (1) | RO110067B1 (sl) |
RU (1) | RU1813104C (sl) |
SI (1) | SI8811937A8 (sl) |
UA (1) | UA13002A (sl) |
YU (1) | YU46574B (sl) |
ZA (1) | ZA886853B (sl) |
Families Citing this family (33)
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DE3819803C1 (sl) * | 1988-06-10 | 1989-12-14 | Ulrich 5810 Witten De Wingens | |
DE3828134A1 (de) * | 1988-08-18 | 1990-02-22 | Linde Ag | Verfahren zur waermebehandlung von werkstuecken |
FR2660744B1 (fr) * | 1990-04-04 | 1994-03-11 | Air Liquide | Four a cloches. |
FR2660669B1 (fr) * | 1990-04-04 | 1992-06-19 | Air Liquide | Procede et installation de traitement thermique d'objets avec trempe en milieux gazeux. |
US5173124A (en) * | 1990-06-18 | 1992-12-22 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Rapid gas quenching process |
DE4100989A1 (de) * | 1991-01-15 | 1992-07-16 | Linde Ag | Verfahren zur waermebehandlung in vakuumoefen |
DE4132712C2 (de) * | 1991-10-01 | 1995-06-29 | Ipsen Ind Int Gmbh | Vakuumofen zur Plasmaaufkohlung metallischer Werkstücke |
DE4208485C2 (de) * | 1992-03-17 | 1997-09-04 | Wuenning Joachim | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Abschrecken metallischer Werkstücke |
US5478985A (en) * | 1993-09-20 | 1995-12-26 | Surface Combustion, Inc. | Heat treat furnace with multi-bar high convective gas quench |
DE4419332A1 (de) * | 1994-06-02 | 1995-12-14 | Wuenning Joachim | Industriebrenner mit geringer NO¶x¶-Emission |
US5524020A (en) * | 1994-08-23 | 1996-06-04 | Grier-Jhawar-Mercer, Inc. | Vacuum furnace with movable hot zone |
AT405190B (de) * | 1996-03-29 | 1999-06-25 | Ald Aichelin Ges M B H | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur wärmebehandlung metallischer werkstücke |
ATE245710T1 (de) * | 1996-04-26 | 2003-08-15 | Nippon Steel Corp | Primärkühlverfahren für das kontinuierliche glühen von stahlbändern |
DE19709957A1 (de) * | 1997-03-11 | 1998-09-17 | Linde Ag | Verfahren zur Gasabschreckung metallischer Werkstücke nach Wärmebehandlungen |
US5934871A (en) * | 1997-07-24 | 1999-08-10 | Murphy; Donald G. | Method and apparatus for supplying a anti-oxidizing gas to and simultaneously cooling a shaft and a fan in a heat treatment chamber |
FR2779218B1 (fr) * | 1998-05-29 | 2000-08-11 | Etudes Const Mecaniques | Cellule de trempe sous gaz |
DE19824574A1 (de) * | 1998-06-02 | 1999-12-09 | Linde Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur effektiven Abkühlung von Behandlungsgut |
DE19920297A1 (de) * | 1999-05-03 | 2000-11-09 | Linde Tech Gase Gmbh | Verfahren zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
ATE225862T1 (de) * | 1999-09-24 | 2002-10-15 | Ipsen Int Gmbh | Verfahren zur wärmebehandlung metallischer werkstücke |
FR2801059B1 (fr) * | 1999-11-17 | 2002-01-25 | Etudes Const Mecaniques | Procede de trempe apres cementation a basse pression |
DE10030046C1 (de) * | 2000-06-19 | 2001-09-13 | Ald Vacuum Techn Ag | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Bestimmen der Abkühlwirkung einer strömenden Gasatmosphäre auf Werkstücke |
DE10044362C2 (de) * | 2000-09-08 | 2002-09-12 | Ald Vacuum Techn Ag | Verfahren und Ofenanlage zum Vergüten einer Charge von Werkstücken aus Stahl |
US20020104589A1 (en) * | 2000-12-04 | 2002-08-08 | Van Den Sype Jaak | Process and apparatus for high pressure gas quenching in an atmospheric furnace |
DE10108057A1 (de) * | 2001-02-20 | 2002-08-22 | Linde Ag | Verfahren zum Abschrecken von metallischen Werkstücken |
DE10109565B4 (de) | 2001-02-28 | 2005-10-20 | Vacuheat Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur partiellen thermochemischen Vakuumbehandlung von metallischen Werkstücken |
FR2835907B1 (fr) * | 2002-02-12 | 2004-09-17 | Air Liquide | Installation de trempe par gaz et procede de trempe correspondant |
CN1330778C (zh) * | 2002-03-25 | 2007-08-08 | 谷口裕久 | 热气淬火装置及热气热处理*** |
WO2005123970A1 (en) * | 2004-06-15 | 2005-12-29 | Narasimhan Gopinath | A process and device for hardening metal parts |
PL202005B1 (pl) * | 2004-11-19 | 2009-05-29 | Politechnika & Lstrok Odzka In | Urządzenie do hartowania z zamkniętym obiegiem wodoru |
DE102005045783A1 (de) * | 2005-09-23 | 2007-03-29 | Sistem Teknik Endustriyel Elektronik Sistemler Sanayi Ve Ticaret Ltd. Sirketi | Einkammer-Vakuumofen mit Wasserstoffabschreckung |
CN101880760A (zh) * | 2010-07-09 | 2010-11-10 | 中国第一汽车集团公司 | 大型压铸模具的真空等温热处理工艺 |
US9995481B2 (en) | 2011-12-20 | 2018-06-12 | Eclipse, Inc. | Method and apparatus for a dual mode burner yielding low NOx emission |
CN105695716A (zh) * | 2016-01-29 | 2016-06-22 | 柳州市安龙机械设备有限公司 | 硬质合金刀具的热处理方法 |
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DE1132171B (de) * | 1960-06-24 | 1962-06-28 | Heraeus Gmbh W C | Verfahren zum Gluehen, Schmelzen oder Giessen von Metallen in einem unter Vakuum stehenden Behaelter und Abkuehlen mittels Schutzgas, sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchfuehrungdieses Verfahrens |
DE1919493C3 (de) * | 1969-04-17 | 1980-05-08 | Ipsen Industries International Gmbh, 4190 Kleve | Atmosphären-Vakuumofen |
US4030712A (en) * | 1975-02-05 | 1977-06-21 | Alco Standard Corporation | Method and apparatus for circulating a heat treating gas |
US4167426A (en) * | 1978-04-20 | 1979-09-11 | Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. | Method for annealing silicon steel |
DE2839807C2 (de) * | 1978-09-13 | 1986-04-17 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Vakuumofen mit Gaskühleinrichtung |
DE2844843C2 (de) * | 1978-10-14 | 1985-09-12 | Ipsen Industries International Gmbh, 4190 Kleve | Industrieofen zur Wärmebehandlung metallischer Werkstücke |
US4302256A (en) * | 1979-11-16 | 1981-11-24 | Chromalloy American Corporation | Method of improving mechanical properties of alloy parts |
GB2052030B (en) * | 1980-04-28 | 1984-02-08 | Gen Electric | Construction of special atmosphere furnace |
JPS58147514A (ja) * | 1982-02-24 | 1983-09-02 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | ガス冷却熱処理法 |
US4462577A (en) * | 1982-12-16 | 1984-07-31 | C.I. Hayes Inc. | Apparatus for gas cooling work parts under high pressure in a continuous heat treating vacuum furnace |
AT395321B (de) * | 1983-07-05 | 1992-11-25 | Ebner Ind Ofenbau | Verfahren zum abkuehlen von chargen in diskontinuierlich arbeitenden industrieoefen, insbesondere von stahldraht- oder - bandbunden in haubengluehoefen |
JPS60187620A (ja) * | 1984-03-06 | 1985-09-25 | Daido Steel Co Ltd | 真空炉 |
DE3416902A1 (de) * | 1984-05-08 | 1985-11-14 | Schmetz Industrieofenbau und Vakuum-Hartlöttechnik KG, 5750 Menden | Verfahren und vakuumofen zur waermebehandlung einer charge |
JPS60262913A (ja) * | 1984-06-11 | 1985-12-26 | Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Co Ltd | 強制対流冷却のガス導入方法 |
DE3736502C1 (de) * | 1987-10-28 | 1988-06-09 | Degussa | Vakuumofen zur Waermebehandlung metallischer Werkstuecke |
-
1987
- 1987-10-28 DE DE3736501A patent/DE3736501C1/de not_active Expired
-
1988
- 1988-09-14 ZA ZA886853A patent/ZA886853B/xx unknown
- 1988-09-15 IL IL87762A patent/IL87762A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-09-30 FI FI884513A patent/FI86560C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-04 NO NO884389A patent/NO169244C/no not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-05 ES ES88116477T patent/ES2023993T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-05 DE DE8888116477T patent/DE3864007D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-05 AT AT88116477T patent/ATE65801T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-05 EP EP88116477A patent/EP0313888B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-17 BG BG85722A patent/BG49828A3/xx unknown
- 1988-10-17 YU YU193788A patent/YU46574B/sh unknown
- 1988-10-17 MX MX013445A patent/MX169690B/es unknown
- 1988-10-17 SI SI8811937A patent/SI8811937A8/sl unknown
- 1988-10-25 JP JP63267341A patent/JP3068135B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-25 BR BR8805492A patent/BR8805492A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-25 US US07/261,927 patent/US4867808A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-25 RO RO135630A patent/RO110067B1/ro unknown
- 1988-10-25 PL PL1988275471A patent/PL159767B1/pl unknown
- 1988-10-26 RU SU884356709A patent/RU1813104C/ru active
- 1988-10-26 UA UA4356709A patent/UA13002A/uk unknown
- 1988-10-26 CN CN88108740A patent/CN1015066B/zh not_active Expired
- 1988-10-26 DD DD88321108A patent/DD283421A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-27 DK DK596588A patent/DK167497B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-27 CS CS711188A patent/CS274632B2/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1988-10-27 AU AU24404/88A patent/AU606473B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-10-27 HU HU885614A patent/HU204102B/hu unknown
- 1988-10-27 CA CA000581505A patent/CA1308631C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1988-10-28 PT PT88896A patent/PT88896A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1992
- 1992-09-29 HR HRP-1937/88A patent/HRP920581B1/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
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