JP2014022747A - 温度安定固体電解コンデンサ - Google Patents
温度安定固体電解コンデンサ Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2014022747A JP2014022747A JP2013149329A JP2013149329A JP2014022747A JP 2014022747 A JP2014022747 A JP 2014022747A JP 2013149329 A JP2013149329 A JP 2013149329A JP 2013149329 A JP2013149329 A JP 2013149329A JP 2014022747 A JP2014022747 A JP 2014022747A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- hydroxy
- electrolytic capacitor
- anode
- layer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- -1 polyoxyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 71
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920001002 functional polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 14
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920001609 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 12
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
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- 238000007743 anodising Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003431 cross linking reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 5
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- LRMHFDNWKCSEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxyethane;phenol Chemical compound CCOCC.OC1=CC=CC=C1 LRMHFDNWKCSEQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 230000000379 polymerizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 12
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 18
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- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 13
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- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 12
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 8
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- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 description 6
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trifluoroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(F)(F)F DTQVDTLACAAQTR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000001931 aliphatic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
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- 239000004359 castor oil Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
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- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YMMGRPLNZPTZBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dihydrothieno[2,3-b][1,4]dioxine Chemical compound O1CCOC2=C1C=CS2 YMMGRPLNZPTZBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical compound CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/022—Electrolytes; Absorbents
- H01G9/025—Solid electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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Abstract
【解決手段】電気特性が様々な異なる条件下で安定であることができるコンデンサを提供する。コンデンサの固体電解質は、現場重合導電性ポリマーとヒドロキシ官能非イオン性ポリマーの組合せから形成される。このような現場重合導電性ポリマーの1つの恩典は、それが、従来の粒子分散材料のように電荷を補償するのにポリマー対イオン(例えば、ポリスチレンスルホン酸アニオン)の使用の必要がない点であり、従来の粒子分散剤は、特に上述の低温においてイオン分極及び不安定な電気特性をもたらす傾向がある。更に、ヒドロキシ官能非イオン性ポリマーは、ポリマーと内部誘電体の表面との間の接触の程度を改善することができると考えられ、これは、予想外に、キャパシタンス性能を増大させ、かつESRを低下させる。
【選択図】図1
Description
湿式対乾式キャパシタンス=(乾式キャパシタンス/湿式キャパシタンス)×100
アノードは、バルブ金属組成物から形成される。組成物の比電荷は、約5,000μF*V/gから約250,000μF*V/g、一部の実施形態では約25,000μF*V/gから約200,000μF*V/g又はそれよりも大きく、及び一部の実施形態では約50,000から約150,000μF*V/gのように異なる場合がある。当業技術で公知のように、比電荷は、使用する陽極酸化電圧をキャパシタンスに乗算し、次に、この積を陽極酸化電極本体の重量で割ることによって判断することができる。
アノードはまた、誘電体で被覆される。誘電体は、誘電体層がアノードの上及び/又はアノード内に形成されるように、焼結アノードを陽極酸化する(「陽極処理する」)ことによって形成することができる。例えば、タンタル(Ta)アノードは、五酸化タンタル(Ta2O5)に陽極酸化することができる。典型的には、陽極酸化は、アノードを電解質の中に浸漬するなどによって溶液をアノードに最初に付加することによって実施される。水(例えば、脱イオン水)のような溶媒が一般的に使用される。イオン導電性を高めるために、化合物を使用することができ、これは、溶媒に溶解してイオンを形成することができる。このような化合物の例は、例えば、電解質に対して以下に説明するような酸を含む。例えば、酸(例えば、リン酸)は、陽極酸化溶液の約0.01重量パーセントから約5重量パーセント、一部の実施形態では約0.05重量パーセントから約0.8重量パーセント、及び一部の実施形態では約0.1重量パーセントから約0.5重量パーセントを構成することができる。必要に応じて、酸の混合物も使用することができる。
固体電解質は、一般的にコンデンサに対してカソードとして機能する誘電体の上に重なる。固体電解質は、導電性ポリマーを含有し、導電性ポリマーは、典型的にはπ共役し、少なくとも約1μS/cmの導電率のような酸化又は還元後導電性を有する。このようなπ共役導電性ポリマーの例は、例えば、ポリ複素環式化合物(例えば、ポリピロール、ポリチオフェン、ポリアニリン、その他)、ポリアセチレン、ポリ−p−フェニレン、ポリフェノラートなどを含む。一実施形態において、例えば、ポリマーは、以下の一般構造を有するような置換ポリチオフェンである。
ここで、TはO又はSであり、Dは、任意的に置換されたC1からC5のアルキレン基(例えば、メチレン、エチレン、n−プロピレン、n−ブチレン、n−ペンチレン、その他)であり、R7は、直鎖又は分枝の任意的に置換されたC1からC18のアルキル基(例えば、メチル、エチル、n−又はイソ−プロピル、n−、イソ−、sec−又はtert−ブチル、n−ペンチル、1−メチルブチル、2−メチルブチル、3−メチルブチル、1−エチルプロピル、1,1−ジメチルプロピル、1,2−ジメチルプロピル、2,2−ジメチルプロピル、n−ヘキシル、n−ヘプチル、n−オクチル、2−エチルヘキシル、n−ノニル、n−デシル、n−ウンデシル、n−ドデシル、n−トリデシル、n−テトラデシル、n−ヘキサデシル、n−オクダデシル、その他)、任意的に置換されたC5からC12のシクロアルキル基(例えば、シクロペンチル、シクロヘキシル、シクロヘプチル、シクロオクチル、シクロノニル、シクロデシル、その他)、任意的に置換されたC6からC14のアリール基(例えば、フェニル、ナフチル、その他)、任意的に置換されたC7からC18のアラルキル基(例えば、ベンジル、o−、m−、p−トリル、2,3−、2,4−、2,5−、2−6、3−4−、3,5−キシリル、メシチル、その他)、任意的に置換されたC1からC4のヒドロキシアルキル基、又はヒドロキシル基であり、qは、0から8、一部の実施形態では0から2、及び一部の実施形態では0の整数であり、nは、2から5,000、一部の実施形態では4から2,000、及び一部の実施形態では5から1,000である。ラジカル「D」又は「R7」の置換基の例は、例えば、アルキル、シクロアルキル、アリール、アラルキル、アルコキシ、ハロゲン、エーテル、チオエーテル、ジスルフィド、スルホキシド、スルホン、スルホン酸塩、アミノ、アルデヒド、ケト、カルボン酸エステル、カルボン酸、炭酸塩、カルボン酸塩、シアノ、アルキルシラン及びアルコキシシラン基、カルボキシルアミド基などを含む。
ここで、T、D、R7、及びqは、上で定義されている。特に適切なチオフェンモノマーは、「D」が、任意的に置換されたC2からC3のアルキレン基であるものである。例えば、任意的に置換された3,4−アルキレンジオキシチオフェンを使用することができ、これは以下の一般構造を有する。
ここで、R7及びqは、上で定義されている。1つの特定的な実施形態において、「q」は0である。3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェンの1つの商業的に適切な例は、Clevios(登録商標)Mという名称で「H.C.Starck GmbH」から入手可能である。他の適切なモノマーも、Blohm他に付与された米国特許第5,111,327号明細書及びGroenendaal他に付与された米国特許第6,635,729号明細書に説明されており、当該特許は、全ての目的のためにこれらの全体が本明細書に引用により組み込まれている。これらのモノマーの誘導体も使用することができ、これらは、例えば、上記モノマーの二量体又は三量体である。より高分子の誘導体、すなわち、モノマーの四量体、五量体などは、本発明に使用するのに適している。誘導体は、同一又は異なるモノマーユニットで作り上げ、その物質だけで、及び互いに及び/又はモノマーと混合して使用することができる。これらの前駆体の酸化又は還元形態も使用することができる。
必須ではないが、外部ポリマーコーティングもアノード本体に付加され、固体電解質の上に重なることができる。外部ポリマーコーティングは、一般的に、上により詳細に説明されているように、予備重合導電粒子から形成された1つ又はそれよりも多くの層を含有する。外部コーティングは、コンデンサ本体の縁部領域の中に更に進入し、誘電体への接着を増大させ、より機械的に堅牢な部分をもたらすことができ、堅牢な部分は、等価直列抵抗及び漏れ電流を低減することができる。一般的に、アノード内に含浸するのではなくて縁部カバレージの程度を改善することを意図しているので、外部コーティングに使用する粒子は、典型的には、固体電解質のあらゆる任意的な分散剤に使用するものよりも大きいサイズを有する。例えば、外部ポリマーコーティングに使用する粒子の平均サイズ対固体電解質のあらゆる分散剤に使用する粒子の平均サイズの比率は、典型的には、約1.5から約30、一部の実施形態では約2から約20、及び一部の実施形態では約5から約15である。例えば、外部コーティングの分散剤に使用する粒子は、約50から約500ナノメートル、一部の実施形態では約80から約250ナノメートル、及び一部の実施形態では約100から約200ナノメートルの平均サイズを有することができる。
必要に応じて、コンデンサはまた、当業技術で公知のように他の層を収容することができる。例えば、比較的絶縁樹脂材料(天然又は合成)で作られるような保護コーティングを誘電体と固体電解質の間に任意的に形成することができる。このような材料は、約10Ω・cmよりも大きい、一部の実施形態では約100よりも大きい、一部の実施形態では約1,000Ω・cmよりも大きい、一部の実施形態では1×105Ω・cmよりも大きい、及び一部の実施形態では約1×1010Ω・cmよりも大きい比抵抗を有することができる。本発明に使用することができる一部の樹脂材料は、以下に限定されるものではないが、ポリウレタン、ポリスチレン、不飽和又は飽和脂肪酸のエステル(例えば、グリセリド)などを含む。例えば、好ましい脂肪酸のエステルは、以下に限定されるものではないが、ラウリン酸、ミリスチン酸、パルミチン酸、ステアリン酸、エレオステアリン酸、オレイン酸、リノール酸、リノレン酸、アロイリチン酸、シェロリン酸などエステルを含む。脂肪酸のこれらのエステルは、比較的複雑な組合せに使用して「乾性油」を形成する時に特に有用であることが見出されており、乾性油は、得られる膜が急速に安定な層に重合することを可能にする。このような乾性油は、モノ−、ジ−、及び/又はトリ−グリセリドを含むことができ、これらは、エスエル化された1つ、2つ、及び3つのそれぞれ脂肪酸残基を有するグリセロール主鎖を有する。例えば、使用することができる一部の好ましい乾性油は、以下に限定されるものではないが、オリーブ油、亜麻仁油、ヒマシ油、キリ油、大豆油、及びセラックを含む。これら及び他の保護コーティング材料は、全ての目的のためにその全体が本明細書に引用により組み込まれているFife他に付与された米国特許第6,674,635号明細書により詳細に説明されている。
等価直列抵抗(ESR)
等価直列抵抗は、2.2ボルトDCバイアス及び0.5ボルトのピーク間正弦波信号を用いてKelvinリードを有する「Keithley 3330 Precision LCZ」メータを使用して測定することができる。作動周波数は、100kHzであり、温度は室温であった。
キャパシタンスは、2.2ボルトDCバイアス及び0.5ボルトのピーク間正弦波信号を用いてKelvinリードを有する「Keithley 3330 Precision LCZ」メータを使用して測定された。作動周波数は、120kHzであり、温度は室温であった。「乾式キャパシタンス」は、固体電解質、グラファイト、及び銀層の付加後の部分のキャパシタンスを意味するが、「湿式キャパシタンス」は、1mFタンタルカソードを基準にした17%硫酸で測定される誘電体の形成後の部分のキャパシタンスを意味する。
温度安定性は、電圧なしに125℃の温度で行われた。個々のコンデンサのESR及びキャパシタンスは、3、6、12、及び18日後に記録された。
30 電解コンデンサ
33 コンデンサ要素
62 アノード終端
72 カソード終端
Claims (14)
- 焼結多孔質アノードと、
前記アノード本体の上に重なる誘電体層と、
前記誘電体層の上に重なり、現場重合導電性ポリマー及びヒドロキシ官能非イオン性ポリマーを含む固体電解質と、
を含むことを特徴とする固体電解コンデンサ。 - 前記導電性ポリマーは、ポリ(3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン)のような置換したポリチオフェンであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の固体電解コンデンサ。
- 前記ヒドロキシ官能非イオン性ポリマーは、モル当たり約300から約1,200グラムの分子量を有することを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の固体電解コンデンサ。
- 前記ヒドロキシ官能ポリマーは、ポリアルキレングリコールのようなポリアルキレンエーテルであることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解コンデンサ。
- 前記ヒドロキシ官能ポリマーは、エトキシ化アルキルフェノール、エトキシ化又はプロポキシ化C6−C24脂肪アルコール、ポリオキシエチレングリコールアルキルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレングリコールアルキルフェノールエーテル、C8−C24脂肪酸のポリオキシエチレングリコールエステル、C8−C24脂肪酸のポリオキシエチレングリコールエーテル、ポリエチレングリコール及びポリプロピレングリコールのブロックコポリマー、又はこれらの組合せであることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項4のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解コンデンサ。
- 前記固体電解質は、前記誘電体層の上に重なる第1の層及び該第1の層の上に重なる第2の層を含有し、該第1の層は、前記現場重合導電性ポリマーを含有し、該第2の層は、前記ヒドロキシ官能非イオン性ポリマーを含有することを特徴とする請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解コンデンサ。
- 前記第2の層は、ポリ(3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン)を含有する粒子のような複数の予備重合導電性ポリマー粒子を更に含有することを特徴とする請求項6に記載の固体電解コンデンサ。
- 前記固体電解質の上に重なる外部ポリマーコーティングを更に含み、
前記外部ポリマーコーティングは、複数の予備重合導電性ポリマー粒子を含有する、
ことを特徴とする請求項1から請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解コンデンサ。 - 前記外部ポリマーコーティングは、前記固体電解質の上に重なる第1の層及び該第1の層の上に重なる第2の層を含有し、
前記第1の層は、架橋剤を含有し、前記第2の層は、前記予備重合導電性ポリマー粒子を含有する、
ことを特徴とする請求項8に記載の固体電解コンデンサ。 - −55℃の温度及び100kHzの作動周波数で約100ミリオーム又はそれ未満、好ましくは、−55℃の温度及び100kHzの作動周波数で約0.06から約50ミリオーム又はそれ未満の等価直列抵抗を示すことを特徴とする請求項1から請求項9のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解コンデンサ。
- 請求項1から請求項10のいずれか1項に記載の固体電解コンデンサを形成する方法であって、
焼結多孔質アノードを陽極酸化して該アノードの上に重なる誘電体層を形成する段階と、
現場でモノマーを化学的に重合して導電性ポリマーを形成する段階及びその後にヒドロキシ官能非イオン性ポリマーを付加する段階を含む工程により、前記誘電体層の上に固体電解質を形成する段階と、
を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - ヒドロキシ官能化合物が、ポリ(3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン)を含有する粒子のような複数の予備重合導電性ポリマー粒子を含有する分散剤の形態で付加されることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の方法。
- ヒドロキシ官能化合物が、溶液の形態で付加されることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の方法。
- 架橋剤を付加する段階とその後に予備重合導電性ポリマー粒子の分散剤を付加する段階とを含む方法により、前記固体電解質の上に外部ポリマーコーティングを形成する段階を更に含むことを特徴とする請求項11に記載の方法。
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