JP2012032838A - 電気泳動ディスプレイおよび材料 - Google Patents
電気泳動ディスプレイおよび材料 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2012032838A JP2012032838A JP2011249068A JP2011249068A JP2012032838A JP 2012032838 A JP2012032838 A JP 2012032838A JP 2011249068 A JP2011249068 A JP 2011249068A JP 2011249068 A JP2011249068 A JP 2011249068A JP 2012032838 A JP2012032838 A JP 2012032838A
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- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/10—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern
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Abstract
【解決手段】具体的には、新規なカプセル封じディスプレイが開示される。ディスプレイにおいてカプセル封じされた粒子は、懸濁または電気泳動流体内に分散される。この流体は、2つ以上の流体の混合物であってもよく、単一の流体であってもよい。ディスプレイは、懸濁流体に分散される粒子であって、液体を含む粒子をさらに含む。いずれの場合も、懸濁流体は、懸濁流体中に分散される粒子の密度または屈折率と実質的に一致する密度または屈折率を有し得る。最後に、電気浸透ディスプレイもまた開示される。これらのディスプレイは、セルロース内部相またはゲル状内部相のいずれかと液相とを含むか、または、2つ以上の非混和性流体を含む、少なくとも1つのカプセルを含む。
【選択図】図6A
Description
電気泳動ディスプレイは、長年の間、熱心な研究開発の対象である。電気泳動ディスプレイは、液晶ディスプレイと比較すると、優れたブライトネスおよびコントラスト、広い視野角、状態双安定性、および低電力消費、という属性を有する。それにもかかわらず、これらのディスプレイの長期画質に関する問題点が、今日まで、これらのディスプレイが広く使用される妨げとなっている。
カプセル封じ電気泳動ディスプレイの成功した構成は、幾つかの異なるタイプの材料およびプロセスの適切な相互作用を必要とする。ポリマー結合剤、カプセル膜、ならびに電気泳動粒子および流体、などの材料はすべて、化学的に相容性でなければならない。カプセル膜は、有用な表面相互作用で、電気泳動粒子を係合してもよく、流体と結合剤との間の不活性な物理的境界としての役割を果たしてもよい。ポリマー結合剤は、カプセル膜と電極表面との間の接着剤として硬化してもよい。
図中、同じ参照符号は、対応する部分を表す。
本発明の目的は、容易に製造でき、電力をほとんど消費せず(または、双安定ディスプレイの場合は、全く消費せず)、従って様々な応用に組み込むことができる、非常に柔軟性のある反射型ディスプレイを提供することである。本発明は、カプセル封じ電気泳動ディスプレイ媒体を含むプリント可能なディスプレイを特徴とする。結果として得られるディスプレイは、柔軟性がある。ディスプレイ媒体をプリントすることができるため、ディスプレイ自体を、安価に作製することができる。
上記のカプセル封じ電気泳動ディスプレイを構成するための有用な材料が、以下に説明される。これらの材料の多くは、従来の電気泳動ディスプレイを構成する当業者、または、マイクロカプセル封じの当業者に公知である。これらの材料およびプロセスの組み合わせは、カプセル封じ電気泳動ディスプレイに見られるその他の必要な構成要素とともに、以下に説明される本発明を構成する。
上記のように、電気泳動ディスプレイにおいて使用される粒子の選択には、非常に柔軟性がある。本発明の目的のためには、粒子は、帯電されるまたは電荷を獲得することができる(即ち、電気泳動移動度を有するまたは獲得することができる)任意の成分であり、また場合によっては、この移動度は、ゼロまたはゼロに近くてもよい(即ち、粒子は移動しない)。粒子は、ニート顔料、染色(レーキ)顔料、または顔料/ポリマー複合体であってもよく、帯電されるまたは電荷を獲得することができるその他のいかなる成分であってもよい。電気泳動粒子に関する典型的な考慮事項は、粒子の光学特性、電気特性、および界面化学である。粒子は、有機または無機化合物であってもよく、また粒子は、光を吸収しても光を散乱してもよい。本発明において使用される粒子は、散乱性顔料、吸収性顔料、およびルミネセント粒子をさらに含み得る。粒子は、コーナーキューブなど、逆反射性であってもよく、AC電界により励起されると発光する硫化亜鉛粒子など、エレクトロルミネセントであってもよく、光ルミネセントであってもよい。最後に、粒子は、充電剤との相互作用または帯電を向上するように、または、分散性を向上するように、表面処理されてもよい。
ンブルーGT 55−3295(American Cyanamid
Company、Wayne、NJ)、シバクロンブラックBG(Ciba Company,Inc.、Newport、DE)、シバクロンターコイズブルーG(Ciba)、シバロンブラックBGL(Ciba)、オラソールブラックBRG(Ciba)、オラソールブラックRBL(Ciba)、アセトアミンブラック、CBS(E.I.du Pont de Nemours and Company,Inc.、Wilmington、DE)、クロセインスカーレットN Ex(du Pont)(27290)、ファイバーブラックVF(duPont)(30235)、ルクソールファストブラックL(duPont)(Solv.ブラック17)、ニロシン塩基No.424(duPont)(50415 B)、オイルブラックBG(duPont)(Solv.ブラック16)、ロータリンブラックRM(duPont)、セブロンブリリアントレッド3 B(duPont);塩基性ブラックDSC(Dye Specialities,Inc.)、ヘクトレンブラック(Dye Specialities,Inc.)、アゾゾルブリリアントブルーB(GAF、Dyestuff and Chemical Division、Wayne、NJ)(Solv.ブルー9)、アゾゾルブリリアントグリーンBA(GAF)(Solv.グリーン2)、アゾゾルファストブリリアントレッドB(GAF)、アゾゾルファストオレンジRA Conc.(GAF)(Solv.オレンジ20)、アゾゾルファストイエローGRA Conc.(GAF)(13900 A)、塩基性ブラックKMPA(GAF)、ベンゾフィクスブラックCW−CF(GAF)(35435)、セリタゾールBNFV Ex可溶性CF(GAF)(Disp.ブラック9)、セリトンファストブルーAF Ex Conc(GAF)(Disp.ブルー9)、シペルブラックIA(GAF)(塩基性ブラック3)、ジアミンブラックCAP Ex Conc(GAF)(30235)、ダイヤモンドブラックEAN Hi Conc.CF(GAF)(15710)、ダイヤモンドブラックPBBA Ex(GAF)(16505);ディレクトディープブラックEA Ex CF(GAF)(30235)、ハンザイエローG(GAF)(11680);インダンスレンブラックBBK粉末(GAF)(59850)、インドカーボンCLGS Conc.CF(GAF)(53295)、カチゲンディープブラックNND Hi Conc.CF(GAF)(15711)、ラピドゲンブラック3 G(GAF)(アゾイックブラック4);スルホンシアニンブラックBA−CF(GAF)(26370)、ザンベジブラックVD Ex Conc.(GAF)(30015);ルバノクスレッドCP−1495(The Sherwin−Williams Company、Cleveland、OH)(15630);漆黒11(Columbian Carbon Company、Atlanta、GA)、(約25μmの粒子サイズを有するカーボンブラック凝集体)、スタテックスB−12(Columbian Carbon Co.)(33μmの平均粒子サイズのファーネスブラック)、およびクロムグリーン。
Company,Inc.、Elizabeth、NJ)、メチルバイオレットPMA
VM6223(Magruder Color Company,Inc.、Elizabeth、NJ)、およびナフトールFGR RF6257(Magruder Color Company,Inc.、Elizabeth、NJ)。
粒子を含む懸濁流体は、密度、屈折率、および溶解性、などの特性に基づいて選択され得る。好適な懸濁流体は、低誘電定数(約2)、高体積抵抗率(約10^15オーム−cm)、低粘度(5cst未満)、低毒性および環境影響、低水溶性(10ppm未満)、高比重(1.5を越える)、高沸点(90℃を上回る)、ならびに低屈折率(1.2未満)を有する。
電荷制御剤は、電気泳動粒子に優れた電気泳動移動度を提供するために使用される。安定剤は、電気泳動粒子の凝集を防ぐとともに、電気泳動粒子が、カプセル壁に不可逆的に堆積することを防ぐ。いずれの成分も、幅広い範囲の分子量(低分子量、オリゴマーまたはポリマー)にわたる材料から構成することができ、そして、純粋であっても混合物であってもよい。具体的には、適切な電荷制御剤は概して、液体トナー分野から適合される。粒子表面電荷を変性および/または安定化するために用いられる電荷制御剤は、液体トナー、電気泳動ディスプレイ、非水性塗料分散物、およびエンジンオイル添加剤の分野において概して知られているように付与される。これらの分野のすべてにおいて、電気泳動移動度を増加するまたは静電安定化を増加するために、充電種が非水性媒体に付加されてもよい。これらの材料は、立体安定化も向上することができる。選択的イオン吸着、プロトン移動、および接触帯電など、異なる充電理論が前提とされる。
カプセル封じには長く豊富な歴史があり、多くのプロセスおよびポリマーが、カプセルを作り出すのに有用であることが分かっている。内部相のカプセル封じは、多数の異なる方法で達成され得る。マイクロカプセル封じの多数の適切な手順は、Microencapsulation,Processes and Applications(I.E.Vandegaer編)、Plenum Press、New York、NY(1974)、およびGutcho、Microcapsules and Mircroencapsulation Techniques、Nuyes Data Corp.、Park Ridge、N.J.(1976)の両方に詳述されている。本明細書において、上記文献の両方を参考として援用する。プロセスは、幾つかの一般的なカテゴリ、即ち、界面重合、インサイチュ重合、共押し出しおよびその他の相分離プロセスなどの物理的プロセス、液体内硬化、ならびに単純/複雑コアセルベーションのカテゴリ、に入る。これらのカテゴリはすべて、本発明に適用され得る。
結合剤は、カプセルを支持および保護し且つ電極材料をカプセル分散物に結合する非導電接着媒体として用いられる。多くの形態および化学的種類の結合剤が利用可能である。これらの結合剤の中には、水溶性ポリマー、水性ポリマー、油溶性ポリマー、熱硬化性および熱可塑性ポリマー、ならびに放射硬化性ポリマー、がある。
Haas、Philadelphia、PA)、Bayhydrol(商標)(Bayer、Pittsburg、PA)、およびCytec Industries(West Paterson、NJ)のHPラインである。これらのラテックス組成物は概して、ポリウレタンのラテックスであり、アクリル、ポリエステル、ポリカーボネート、またはシリコーンの1つ以上が配合される場合もあり、各ラテックスは、ガラス遷移温度、「タック」度、柔らかさ、透明度、可撓性、水浸透性および耐溶剤性、伸び率および引っ張り強度、熱可塑性流、および固体レベル、により規定される特性の特定の組における硬化樹脂を与える。水性系のなかには、反応性モノマーと混合しそして触媒作用を及ぼして、より複雑な樹脂を形成することができるものもある。カルボキシル基と反応する例えばアジリジンなどの架橋剤の使用により、さらに架橋できるものもある。
実施例1
以下の手順は、本発明の電気泳動ディスプレイに用いられるゼラチン/アカシアマイクロカプセル封じを説明する。
1Lのフラスコに、0.5gのオイルブルーN(Aldrich、Milwaukee、WI)、0.5gのスダンレッド7B(Aldrich)、417.25gのハロゲン化炭化水素油0.8(Halogenated hydrocarbon Products Corp.、River Edge、NJ)、および73.67gのIsopar−G(商標)(Exxon、Houston、TX)を加える。この混合物を、60℃で6時間攪拌し、次いで、室温に冷却する。結果として得られる溶液50.13gを50mLのポリプロピレン遠心管に入れ、これに、1.8gの二酸化チタン(TiO2)(Du
Pont、Wilminfron、DE)、ハロゲン炭化水素油0.8中のOLOA1200(Chevron、Somerset、NJ)の10%溶液0.78g、および0.15gのSpan85(Aldrich)を添加する。次いで、この混合物を、Aquasonic Model 75D超音波処理器(VWR、Westchester、PA)において、30℃でパワー9で5分間超音波処理する。
10.0gのアカシア(Aldrich)を、室温で30分間攪拌しながら100.0gの水に溶かす。結果として得られる混合物を、デカンテーションにより2つの50mLのポリプロピレン遠心管に入れ、そして約2000rpmで10分間遠心分離し、不溶性材料を除去する。次いで、66gの精製溶液を、デカンテーションにより500mLのバッフル無しのジャケット付き反応器に入れ、次いで、この溶液を40℃に加熱する。次いで、6ブレード(垂直方向の幾何学的形状)櫂形攪拌機を、液体の表面の真下に配置する。溶液を200rpmで攪拌しながら、6gのゼラチン(300ブルーム、タイプA、Aldrich)を、固まりになるのを避けるために約20秒間にわたって慎重に添加する。次いで、攪拌を50rpmに減速し、発泡を減らす。次いで、結果として得られる溶液を、30分間攪拌する。
200rpmで攪拌しながら、上記のように調製された油相を、同様に上記のように調製された水相に、約15秒間にわたってゆっくりと注ぐ。結果として得られる油/水エマルションを、20分間乳化させる。このエマルションに、予め40℃に加熱されている水200gを、約20秒間にわたってゆっくりと添加する。次いで、10%酢酸溶液(Aldrichの酢酸)を用いて、pHを、5分間にわたって4.4に低下させる。以前にpH7.0およびpH4.0の緩衝液で較正したpH計を用いて、pHをモニタする。40分間攪拌する。次いで、予め40℃に加熱されている水150gを添加し、次いで、反応器の内容物を10℃に冷却する。溶液温度が10℃に達すると、3.0mLの37%ホルマリン溶液(Aldrich)を添加し、そして溶液を、あと60分間さらに攪拌する。20gのナトリウムカルボキシメチルセルロース(NaCMC)を添加し、次いで、20wt%水酸化ナトリウム(NaOH)溶液を添加することにより、pHを10.0に上昇させる。次いで、サーモスタット浴を40℃に設定し、そして、あと70分間攪拌させる。スラリーを一晩中攪拌しながら室温に冷却させる。このとき、結果として得られるカプセルスラリーは、ふるい分け可能な状態である。
上記カプセルスラリーから電気泳動ディスプレイを調製する2つの手順が、以下に説明される。
上記から結果として得られるカプセルスラリーを、水性ウレタン結合剤NeoRez R−9320(Zeneca Resins、Wilmington、MA)と、結合剤1部対カプセル10部の比で混合する。次いで、ドクターブレードを用いて、結果として得られる混合物を、インジウム−スズ−酸化物がスパッタされたポリエステル膜の厚さ0.7mmのシート上にコーティングする。単一のカプセル層を置くように、ドクターブレードのブレードギャップを、0.18mmに制御する。次いで、コーティングされた膜を、高温空気(60℃)で30分間乾燥させる。乾燥後、Cheminstruments(Fairfield、OH)のホットロールラミネートにおいて、厚膜銀および誘電インクがスクリーンプリントされた厚さ3mmのポリエステルシートを含むバックプレーンに、乾燥膜を、15psiの圧力で、60℃で高温ラミネートする。異方性テープを用いて、バックプレーンを膜に結合する。導電領域が、結果として得られるディスプレイのアドレッシング可能な領域を形成する。
上記から結果として得られるカプセルスラリーを、NeoRez R−966(Zeneca Resins)とAirvol203(ポリビニルアルコール、Airvol Industries、Allentown、PA)の20%溶液との混合物を含む水性結合剤と、Airvol203溶液1部対NeoRez R−966、1部対カプセル5部の比で混合する。次いで、ドクターブレードを用いて、結果として得られる混合物を、インジウム−スズ−酸化物がスパッタされたポリエステル膜の厚さ0.7mmのシート上にコーティングする。単一のカプセル層を置くように、ドクターブレードのブレードギャップを、0.18mmに制御する。次いで、コーティングされた膜を、高温空気(60℃)で30分間乾燥させる。乾燥後、厚膜銀インクを、乾燥膜の裏面に直接プリントし、そして60℃で硬化させる。導電領域が、ディスプレイのアドレッシング可能な領域を形成する。
以下は、インサイチュ重合によるマイクロカプセルの調製の実施例である。
以下は、界面重合によるマイクロカプセルの調製の実施例である。
Claims (1)
- 明細書に記載の発明。
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JP (19) | JP4460150B2 (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE280963T1 (ja) |
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1998
- 1998-08-27 EP EP98944564A patent/EP1010037B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-08-27 WO PCT/US1998/017734 patent/WO1999010767A1/en active IP Right Grant
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- 1998-08-27 AT AT98943420T patent/ATE280963T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-08-27 WO PCT/US1998/017802 patent/WO1999010769A1/en active Search and Examination
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2005
- 2005-08-26 JP JP2005246865A patent/JP4460508B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2008
- 2008-12-26 JP JP2008335281A patent/JP4940227B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2008-12-26 JP JP2008335279A patent/JP2009139960A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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- 2009-01-27 JP JP2009016042A patent/JP2009104176A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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