EP2463259B1 - High-efficiency active mass for pyrotechnical infra-red decoys - Google Patents

High-efficiency active mass for pyrotechnical infra-red decoys Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2463259B1
EP2463259B1 EP11009507.2A EP11009507A EP2463259B1 EP 2463259 B1 EP2463259 B1 EP 2463259B1 EP 11009507 A EP11009507 A EP 11009507A EP 2463259 B1 EP2463259 B1 EP 2463259B1
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Prior art keywords
fuel
active composition
mixture
alloy
intensity active
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EP11009507.2A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2463259A2 (en
EP2463259A3 (en
Inventor
Arno Hahma
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Diehl Defence GmbH and Co KG
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Diehl Defence GmbH and Co KG
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06C—DETONATING OR PRIMING DEVICES; FUSES; CHEMICAL LIGHTERS; PYROPHORIC COMPOSITIONS
    • C06C15/00—Pyrophoric compositions; Flints
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B27/00—Compositions containing a metal, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium or mixtures, intercompounds or hydrides thereof, and hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F41—WEAPONS
    • F41J—TARGETS; TARGET RANGES; BULLET CATCHERS
    • F41J2/00—Reflecting targets, e.g. radar-reflector targets; Active targets transmitting electromagnetic or acoustic waves
    • F41J2/02—Active targets transmitting infrared radiation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B4/00—Fireworks, i.e. pyrotechnic devices for amusement, display, illumination or signal purposes
    • F42B4/26—Flares; Torches

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a high-performance active compound for pyrotechnic infrared targets.
  • the composition comprises finely divided metallic aluminum as fuel and lithium perchlorate or a mixture of lithium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate as oxidizing agent.
  • the aluminum is present in a weight proportion between approximately 25% and approximately 50%.
  • the oxidizing agent and any other oxygen-containing substance in the composition is present in such a stoichiometric ratio that too little oxygen is provided to oxidize all of the aluminum to aluminum oxide but enough to oxidize all of it at least to aluminum suboxide.
  • U.S. 4,204,895 A discloses a decoy composition
  • a decoy composition comprising magnesium, barium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, copper, polyvinyl chloride and an epoxy binder.
  • U.S. 4,341,573 A relates to a pyrotechnic signal composition which shows a pulsating light effect.
  • sulfur is used to regulate or control the ignition or detonation of potassium nitrate and aluminum.
  • a luminous composition which comprises magnesium, sodium perchlorate and a binder which comprises between 48 and 72% by weight of glycidyl methacrylate, between 2 and 4% by weight of ethylene dimethacrylate and between 25 and 50% by weight of a monomer-free unsaturated polyester resin.
  • the U.S. 3,488,237 A discloses a luminous composition containing finely divided magnesium, titanium, or mixtures thereof, which is / are dispersed in a matrix of solidified molten salt mixtures.
  • the salt mixtures essentially consist of sodium oxalate, sodium nitrate and a salt selected from a group consisting of sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate or mixtures thereof.
  • U.S. 5,472,533 A discloses a composition for a decoy comprising boron, aluminum, magnesium, hexamine, ammonium perchlorate, sodium nitrate, PTFE and Viton® as binders.
  • an infrared target which comprises a primer luminous composition and a spectral luminous composition, wherein the spectral luminous composition can comprise boron, silicone, potassium nitrate and Viton® A as binders.
  • MTV is one of the most powerfully radiant active ingredients known.
  • MTV acts as a so-called "point emitter" when it burns, because the flame that is created does not occupy a large volume. For a seeker head several kilometers away, such a target always appears as a point. MTV is therefore not able to detect the exhaust plume of an aircraft and thus has no corresponding deceptive effect with image-resolving search heads.
  • MTV inadequate radiated power from MTV
  • a larger caliber for decoy targets i. H. that a greater mass of MTV is burned.
  • this is disadvantageous both in the case of kinematic decoy targets and in the case of powered decoy targets because more energy has to be expended to accelerate the higher mass.
  • several MTV active masses can be released and ignited at the same time in the form of salvos.
  • the object of the present invention is therefore to provide an active compound for pyrotechnic infrared targets which is more efficient than conventional MTV.
  • a high-performance active compound for pyrotechnic infrared targets comprising a first fuel, at least one second fuel, an oxidizing agent and a binding agent
  • the first fuel and the oxidizing agent being selected with regard to their redox potentials such that the oxidizing agent releases the first fuel in an exothermic reaction after ignition can oxidize with the formation of a primary flame and emission of infrared radiation
  • the second fuel igniting, heating and / or during the reaction is pyrolyzed and released from the high-performance active compound
  • the second fuel being selected so that its redox potential or the redox potential of at least one pyrolysis product of the second fuel is higher than the redox potential of the first fuel and that the heated or ignited second fuel or the pyrolysis product in the air can burn
  • the amount of oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active compound is at most so large that it is just sufficient to completely oxidize the first fuel.
  • the at least one pyrolysis product can be, for example, carbon if the second fuel is hard coal or wood, or titanium and hydrogen if the second fuel is titanium hydride.
  • a pyrolysis product is understood here to mean, in particular, any product which is produced from the second fuel by simple heating.
  • a primary flame is understood here to mean a flame in which there is no reaction with oxygen, i. H. an anaerobic flame.
  • a secondary flame is understood here to mean a flame in which a reaction with oxygen takes place, i. H. an aerobic flame.
  • a substance has a more reducing effect, the lower its redox potential.
  • the different redox potentials ensure that when the high-performance active substance is burned, the first fuel reacts with the oxidizing agent and the second fuel or the pyrolysis product either does not react with the oxidizing agent or, if it does react with the oxidizing agent, the resulting oxidation product is transferred through the first fuel in the primary flame is reduced again.
  • the second fuel or the pyrolysis product can only react outside the anaerobic primary flame when they come into contact with the oxygen and / or nitrogen present in the air. This creates an aerobic secondary flame. Through the creation of a primary flame and a secondary flame, the area emitting IR radiation is enlarged and the radiation output is increased as a result.
  • the amount of the oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active composition can be such that it is not sufficient to completely oxidize the first fuel.
  • a further zone of the secondary flame then arises outside the primary flame, in which the first fuel reacts with the atmospheric oxygen and inhibits the burn-up of the less reducing second fuel or pyrolysis product. Only outside of this zone can the second fuel or the pyrolysis product burn. This brings about a further enlargement of the area of the flame that emits IR radiation. In addition, in this way, less oxidizing agent is required for the same radiation power, since the oxygen in the air is used as an additional oxidizing agent.
  • the amount of the oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active compound is preferably dimensioned in such a way that the deficiency of oxidizing agent in relation to the first fuel is not too great.
  • This increases the burn rate, i. H. the speed at which the active material burns off accelerates. This is because the primary flame becomes hotter as a result and more heat radiates back onto the remaining high-performance active material. This makes it possible to provide an active mass which, when burned, has a significantly higher radiation power than MTV and burns off faster than MTV.
  • the ignitability is significantly improved compared to MTV because only part of the active mass has to be heated up in order to ignite the active mass and because the second fuel often reacts with the oxidizing agent when igniting more than the first fuel. Initially, i.e. H. When igniting, the second fuel can also react with the oxidizing agent. As soon as a flame arises, however, the second fuel oxidized by the oxidizing agent is reduced to the second fuel by the first fuel.
  • the amount of the oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active compound is such that the number of electrons to be given off by the entire fuel in the high-performance active compound in redox reactions, the number of electrons that can be absorbed by the oxidizing agent, at least by a factor of 4, in particular by a factor of at least 5, exceeds. As a result, the energy density of the high-performance active compound can be increased further.
  • the amount of the oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active compound is preferably such that the number of electrons to be given off by the first fuel in the high-performance active compound in redox reactions, the number of electrons that can be absorbed by the oxidizing agent, by at least a factor of 1.25, in particular at least by a factor of 1.5, in particular at least by a factor of 2.0.
  • a further zone of the secondary flame formed by the first fuel not converted in the primary flame is generated. This increases the radiating surface of the flame.
  • the temperature of the primary flame and thus its radiation on the high-performance active substance that is still burning, and thus also the burn rate is lower the greater the factor mentioned.
  • the first fuel comprises magnesium, calcium, lithium, aluminum or an alloy or mixture of at least two of these metals.
  • magnesium, calcium and lithium and mixtures or alloys of these metals are particularly suitable for generating a vapor of the first fuel.
  • the resulting fuel vapor creates a reducing atmosphere that prevents a reaction of the second fuel and reduces already oxidized second fuel to the second fuel.
  • the creation of the vapor of the first fuel also broadens the primary flame.
  • the second fuel includes aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tungsten, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, tin, lead, bismuth, an alloy or mixture of at least two of these metals, a zirconium-nickel alloy or - mixture, an aluminum-magnesium alloy or mixture, a lithium-aluminum alloy or mixture, a lithium-silicon alloy or mixture, a calcium-aluminum alloy or mixture, an iron-titanium alloy or - mixture, a zirconium-titanium alloy or mixture, boron, titanium hydride, zirconium hydride, a borohydride, hafnium hydride, a lithium complex hydride, elemental carbon, expanded graphite, bituminous coal, charcoal, lignite, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, sawdust or wood.
  • the second fuel comprises a metal, a mixture of metals, a metal alloy or a metal hydride.
  • metal hydrides When heated by the primary flame, metal hydrides release hydrogen and the metal as pyrolysis products. The resulting hydrogen broadens the resulting flame and forms an additional zone of a secondary flame when it burns down.
  • intermetallic reactions and solid phase reactions can also take place during combustion, which further increase the temperature in the high-performance active compound and the flame.
  • the first fuel can comprise magnesium and the second fuel can comprise a mixture or alloy of titanium and boron.
  • the magnesium burns in the primary flame, the titanium in a first zone of the secondary flame and the boron in a further zone of the secondary flame.
  • titanium and boron react with one another to form titanium boride. This reaction releases a lot of heat.
  • the titanium boride becomes extremely hot and radiates effectively until it burns on contact with air, releasing even more radiant energy. This also increases the radiant surface of the flame.
  • the second fuel has a boiling point which is above a reaction temperature that is established during the reaction of the first fuel with the oxidizing agent after its ignition.
  • hot particles from the second fuel are present in the anaerobic primary flame, which act as black body emitters.
  • the solid burning particles in the aerobic secondary flame act as effective black body emitters.
  • the solid particles of the second fuel radiate much more effectively than burning steam, for example burning magnesium steam when burning MTV.
  • Another advantage associated with the presence of solid particles of the second fuel during the burn-up is that the active mass shows less power loss during burn-up at high air speeds. Furthermore, a second fuel, the boiling point of which is above the reaction temperature mentioned, does not remove any heat by evaporation from the reaction of the first fuel with the oxidizing agent. As a result, the anaerobic primary flame becomes hotter than, for example, in the case of MTV, which is burned down, and magnesium that does not react with the oxidizing agent is evaporated.
  • zirconium as the second fuel the boiling point of which is above 4682 K, a temperature in the Primary flame of up to 4682 K can be achieved, while the temperature of the primary flame does not exceed 1700 to 1800 K when burning MTV.
  • the first fuel and / or the second fuel can be in the form of particles or be contained in particles.
  • the particles can be of different sizes; H. a different volume.
  • One advantage of the different size of the particles is that the larger particles considerably increase the mechanical stability of the high-performance active compound, since they act as mechanical crosslinkers, similar to stones in concrete. Such a crosslinking effect can, for example, be exerted by titanium sponge in the form of coarse particles.
  • very fine particles can fill gaps between larger particles and thereby increase the energy density of the high-performance active compound.
  • boron is often sold as a very fine powder with a particle size of less than 10 ⁇ m or even less than 1 ⁇ m. This allows it to fill in gaps between larger magnesium particles.
  • zirconium powder is commonly sold with a very small grain size so that the particles fit into the gaps between larger particles.
  • the particles comprising the second fuel preferably have a larger average volume than the particles comprising the first fuel.
  • Spatial effect is generally understood to mean that part of the high-performance active compound, after it has been ignited, emits IR radiation outside a flame that is formed.
  • the particles comprising the second fuel preferably have a thermal conductivity of at least 20 W / (m ⁇ K).
  • the second particles can accelerate the burn-off of the high-performance active material by introducing heat from the primary flame resulting from the burn-up of the first fuel into the not yet burned-off high-performance active material. This is particularly effective when the particles comprising the second fuel are in the form of strips, pieces of wire or chips.
  • the particles comprising the second fuel are preferably porous, at least on their surface. This improves their ignitability. If the second fuel is a metal or a metal alloy, a solid carbon fluoride, in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or a solid fluorocarbon can be contained in pores of such particles. This creates a very high temperature when Burning off of the particles comprising the second fuel is achieved. At the same time, the soot increases the emission of black body radiation.
  • PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
  • the first fuel and the second fuel can each consist of at least one metal, the first and the second fuel being present together in an alloy or in a, in particular homogeneous, mixture. If, for example, the first fuel is magnesium and the second fuel is aluminum and these fuels are in the form of a magnesium-aluminum alloy, the magnesium evaporates when the magnesium reacts with the oxidizing agent, but not the aluminum, which is released as a second fuel.
  • a fluoroelastomer in particular a fluororubber, such as, for example, "Viton®” from “DuPont Performance Elastomere”, has proven to be advantageous as a binder.
  • a fluorororubber such as, for example, "Viton®” from “DuPont Performance Elastomere”
  • polychloroprene can also be used as a binder.
  • the oxidizing agent is a halogen-containing polymer, in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or carbon fluoride.
  • a burn-off catalyst in particular copper talocyanine or expanded graphite, is contained in the high-performance active composition according to the invention to accelerate the burn-off.
  • Fig. 1 shows the flame that arises when an active material 10 consisting of MTV is burned off. This creates an anaerobic primary flame 12 in which the magnesium vapor produced during the burn-off reacts with the Teflon. Since the magnesium is in excess in relation to the Teflon, the magnesium vapor which does not react with the Teflon reacts in an aerobic secondary flame 14 with the oxygen in the air. Arises both in the primary flame 12 and in the secondary flame 14 a lot of soot.
  • the combustion products 18 contain cooling reaction products such as smoke, soot and mist.
  • Fig. 2 shows the flame that arises when a high-performance active compound 11 according to the invention is burned off.
  • the high-performance active compound 11 contains an excess of the first fuel in relation to the oxidizing agent.
  • a primary flame 12 is created, in which the oxidizing agent reacts completely with the first fuel.
  • Any second fuel that may react with the oxidizing agent is immediately reduced to the second fuel in the primary flame 12 by the first fuel due to its lower redox potential.
  • the first fuel not converted in the primary flame 12 reacts with the oxygen in the air. Because of the lower redox potential of the first fuel, only the first fuel reacts with the oxygen.
  • the second fuel reacts in the second zone of the secondary flame 16 with the oxygen in the air.
  • the combustion products 18 contain cooling reaction products such as smoke, soot and mist. Due to the presence of the second fuel, the volume of the entire flame and thus the area emitting IR radiation is significantly increased compared to the flame that occurs when an MTV active mass is burned off.
  • magnesium obtained from Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG, Princeth, Germany, was used as the first fuel.
  • magnesium is present in an alloy with the second fuel aluminum in a ratio of 50/50 (based on mass).
  • the alloy was also obtained from Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG.
  • the average size of the magnesium particles was about 50 ⁇ m.
  • the copper talocyanine and the ferrocene each served as a combustion catalyst and the guanidine azotetrazolate (GZT) to enlarge the primary flame.
  • the titanium was obtained from Tropag Oscar H. Ritter Nachf. GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.
  • the tablets were burned off and their power was determined in the form of radiation power with a radiometer.
  • the specific performance was determined in relation to the performance of tablets from MTV as a standard.
  • the energy was measured in joules / (g / sr) in the A band, ie at a wavelength of approx. 1.8 to 2.6 ⁇ m, and in the B band, ie at a wavelength of approx. 3.5 to 4.6 ⁇ m, measured in a standing test, ie without wind.
  • the A-band and the B-band are the wavelengths that are detected by conventional seeker heads.
  • This black body active material is the MTV used as a standard.
  • the active material burns at a burn rate of 4.4 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active material is a black-body active material based on graphite fluoride. Coarse-grained spherical titanium serves as the second fuel. The active material burns at a burn rate of 3.3 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active material is a black-body active material based on graphite fluoride. Fine-grained spherical titanium serves as the second fuel. The active material burns at a burn rate of 3.3 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active material is a black-body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel.
  • the titanium lies as a bimodal powder, i.e. H. as a powder, of which 30% have a grain size of 15 ⁇ m and 70% a grain size of 100 ⁇ m.
  • the active material burns at a burn rate of 3.6 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with fine-grain hard coal granules.
  • the active compound also creates a spatial effect, ie it emits IR radiation outside the flame as a result of the hard coal particles released from the high-performance active compound.
  • the hard coal functions here essentially as a source of carbon, which is created here as a pyrolysis product of the second fuel and spreads the flame.
  • Household-quality hard coal however, also contains around 60% volatile, very carbon-rich aromatic substances that produce fine soot in the resulting flame, which produces extremely high levels of radiation. The burn rate is 2.5 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on Teflon with aluminum as the second fuel.
  • the second fuel is in an alloy with the first fuel magnesium in a weight ratio of 50/50. Instead of the alloy, a homogeneous mixture of magnesium and aluminum could also be used here.
  • this high-performance active compound is burned off, the magnesium first evaporates and the aluminum, whose boiling temperature is not reached during combustion, is released from the high-performance active compound. The burn rate is 2.8 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride and hard coal as a second fuel.
  • GZT serves as a flame spreading agent.
  • the burn rate is 2.7 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel. This active material burns particularly quickly. The burn rate is 8.0 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel.
  • the specific radiation power measured with this active material is almost identical to the specific radiation output of the high-performance active material according to Example 7.
  • the active material contains less magnesium.
  • the reducing primary flame becomes smaller and the second fuel and the further second fuel are converted earlier. Therefore, the specific radiation power during the burn-up is not higher than with this active mass, despite a considerably higher energy density than with the active material according to Example 7.
  • the burn rate is only 4.7 mm / s. This shows that the energy density of an active mass is less important than the ideal distribution of the zones of the flame.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel.
  • the zone distribution in the flame has been optimized.
  • the energy density of this active mass is lower than the energy density of the active mass according to Example 8. Nevertheless, when burned it has a very much higher specific radiation power than this.
  • the burn rate is 7.4 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and titanium hydride as a further second fuel. Titanium hydride is converted into titanium and hydrogen when heated by the primary flame. The active mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 3.2 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active material is a black-body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and zirconium hydride as a further second fuel.
  • zirconium and hydrogen are produced from zirconium hydride.
  • the flame that arises during combustion has four zones: a primary flame in which magnesium burns, a first zone of the secondary flame in which titanium burns, a second zone of the secondary flame in which zirconium burns, and a third zone of the secondary flame in which hydrogen burns.
  • the active mass is very powerful.
  • the burn rate is 5.0 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel, zirconium as an additional second fuel and nickel as an additional second fuel. Zirconium and nickel are present in an alloy in a mass ratio of 50/50.
  • the one in burning The flame resulting from the active mass has four zones: a primary flame in which magnesium burns, a first zone of the secondary flame in which titanium burns, a second zone of the secondary flame in which zirconium burns, and a third zone of the secondary flame in which nickel burns .
  • the active mass is very powerful.
  • the burn rate is 4.3 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and expanded graphite or carbon as a further second fuel.
  • Expanded graphite is graphite with atoms or small molecules embedded between the carbon layers. Expanded graphite expands significantly when exposed to heat. The active mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 5.8 mm / s. The expanded graphite creates an additional spatial effect.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as a second fuel, boron as an additional second fuel, titanium hydride as an additional second fuel and carbon as an additional, second fuel. Titanium hydride is converted into titanium and hydrogen when heated by the primary flame.
  • the active mass shows a flame with five zones during combustion: Magnesium burns in a primary flame, titanium in a first zone of the secondary flame, boron in a second zone of the secondary flame, hydrogen in a third zone of the secondary flame and carbon in a fourth zone of the secondary flame.
  • the active mass is relatively powerful.
  • the expanded graphite also creates a spatial effect. The active mass burns off relatively slowly. The burn rate is 1.8 mm / s.
  • This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel, boron as an additional second fuel and carbon as an additional second fuel.
  • the active material When burned, the active material shows a flame with four zones: Magnesium burns in a primary flame, titanium in a first zone of the secondary flame, boron in a second zone of the secondary flame and carbon in a third zone of the secondary flame.
  • the active mass is relatively powerful.
  • the expanded graphite also creates a spatial effect. The active mass burns off very quickly. The burn rate is 7.2 mm / s.
  • Measurement result of the radiation measurements 5 series of measurements were carried out in each case. All values given were determined and calculated separately for each series of measurements. The stated values are average values of the values determined for each series of measurements.
  • E a denotes the specific power in J measured in the A-band (approx. 1.8 - 2.6 ⁇ m) and "E b " the specific power measured in the B-band (approx. 3.5 - 4.6 ⁇ m) / (g sr).
  • “% MTV” indicates the sum of the specific performance in the A-band and in the B-band as a percentage of the specific performance measured for MTV.

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Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Hochleistungswirkmasse für pyrotechnische Infrarotscheinziele.The invention relates to a high-performance active compound for pyrotechnic infrared targets.

Aus der US 4,642,147 A ist eine Treibstoffzusammensetzung zur ausschließlichen Reaktion mit ihren eigenen Bestandteilen und nicht mit atmosphärischem Sauerstoff bekannt. Die Zusammensetzung umfasst fein verteiltes metallisches Aluminium als Treibstoff und Lithiumperchlorat oder eine Mischung aus Lithiumperchlorat und Ammoniumperchlorat als Oxidationsmittel. Dabei liegt das Aluminium mit einem Gewichtsanteil zwischen etwa 25% und etwa 50% vor. Das Oxidationsmittel und jede andere Sauerstoff enthaltene Substanz in der Zusammensetzung ist in einem solchen stöchiometrischen Verhältnis vorhanden, dass zu wenig Sauerstoff bereitgestellt wird, um das gesamte Aluminium zu Aluminiumoxid zu oxidieren aber genug, um alles davon zumindest zu Aluminiumsuboxid zu oxidieren.From the U.S. 4,642,147 A discloses a fuel composition to react only with its own constituents and not with atmospheric oxygen. The composition comprises finely divided metallic aluminum as fuel and lithium perchlorate or a mixture of lithium perchlorate and ammonium perchlorate as oxidizing agent. The aluminum is present in a weight proportion between approximately 25% and approximately 50%. The oxidizing agent and any other oxygen-containing substance in the composition is present in such a stoichiometric ratio that too little oxygen is provided to oxidize all of the aluminum to aluminum oxide but enough to oxidize all of it at least to aluminum suboxide.

Die US 4,204,895 A offenbart eine Scheinzielzusammensetzung, umfassend Magnesium, Bariumnitrat, Kaliumperchlorat, Kupfer, Polyvinylchlorid und ein Epoxi-Bindemittel.the U.S. 4,204,895 A discloses a decoy composition comprising magnesium, barium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, copper, polyvinyl chloride and an epoxy binder.

Aus der US 5,834,680 A ist eine Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE) enthaltende Formulierung für ein Scheinziel bekannt, welche Magnesium und Decacyclen umfasst. Weiterhin ist R45-M, ein Hydroxyl-terminiertes Polybutadien, als Bindemittel enthalten.From the U.S. 5,834,680 A discloses a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) -containing formulation for a decoy target which comprises magnesium and decacycles. It also contains R45-M, a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene, as a binder.

US 4,341,573 A betrifft eine pyrotechnische Signalzusammensetzung, welche einen pulsierenden Leuchteffekt zeigt. In der Zusammensetzung dient Schwefel zum Regulieren oder Steuern der Zündung oder Detonation von Kaliumnitrat und Aluminium. U.S. 4,341,573 A relates to a pyrotechnic signal composition which shows a pulsating light effect. In the composition, sulfur is used to regulate or control the ignition or detonation of potassium nitrate and aluminum.

Aus der US 3,462,325 A ist eine Leuchtzusammensetzung bekannt, welche Magnesium, Natriumperchlorat und ein Bindemittel umfasst, welches zwischen 48 und 72 Gew.-% Glycidylmethacrylat, zwischen 2 und 4 Gew.-% Ethylendimethacrylat und zwischen 25 und 50 Gew.-% eines monomerfreien ungesättigten Polyesterharzes umfasst.From the U.S. 3,462,325 A a luminous composition is known which comprises magnesium, sodium perchlorate and a binder which comprises between 48 and 72% by weight of glycidyl methacrylate, between 2 and 4% by weight of ethylene dimethacrylate and between 25 and 50% by weight of a monomer-free unsaturated polyester resin.

Die US 3,488,237 A offenbart eine Leuchtzusammensetzung, welche fein verteiltes Magnesium, Titan oder Mischungen davon enthält, welches/welche in einer Matrix von verfestigten geschmolzenen Salzmischungen dispergiert ist/sind. Die Salzmischungen bestehen im Wesentlichen aus Natriumoxalat, Natriumnitrat und einem Salz, ausgewählt aus einer Gruppe bestehend aus Natriumnitrat, Calciumnitrat oder Mischungen daraus.the U.S. 3,488,237 A discloses a luminous composition containing finely divided magnesium, titanium, or mixtures thereof, which is / are dispersed in a matrix of solidified molten salt mixtures. The salt mixtures essentially consist of sodium oxalate, sodium nitrate and a salt selected from a group consisting of sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate or mixtures thereof.

Die US 5,472,533 A offenbart eine Zusammensetzung für ein Scheinziel, umfassend Bor, Aluminium, Magnesium, Hexamin, Ammoniumperchlorat, Natriumnitrat, PTFE und Viton® als Bindemittel.the U.S. 5,472,533 A discloses a composition for a decoy comprising boron, aluminum, magnesium, hexamine, ammonium perchlorate, sodium nitrate, PTFE and Viton® as binders.

Die US 2009/320975 A1 offenbart eine perchloratfreie Leuchtsignalzusammensetzung, welche Magnesium, Bor, Kupfer, Bariumnitrat, PVC, Epon™ 813 und Versamid® 140 umfasst.the US 2009/320975 A1 discloses a perchlorate-free flare composition comprising magnesium, boron, copper, barium nitrate, PVC, Epon ™ 813 and Versamid® 140.

Aus der GB 2 354 060 A ist ein Infrarotscheinziel bekannt, welches eine Primer-Leuchtzusammensetzung und eine Spektralleuchtzusammensetzung umfasst, wobei die Spektralleuchtzusammensetzung Bor, Silikon, Kaliumnitrat und Viton® A als Bindemittel umfassen kann.From the GB 2 354 060 A an infrared target is known which comprises a primer luminous composition and a spectral luminous composition, wherein the spectral luminous composition can comprise boron, silicone, potassium nitrate and Viton® A as binders.

Herkömmliche Scheinzielwirkmassen für Schwarzkörperstrahler basieren überwiegend auf einer Mischung aus Magnesium, Teflon und dem Fluorkautschuk Viton. Entsprechend der Bestandteile wird diese Wirkmasse MTV genannt. MTV ist eine der am stärksten strahlenden bekannten Wirkmassen.Conventional decoy target compounds for blackbody emitters are mainly based on a mixture of magnesium, Teflon and the fluorine rubber Viton. According to the constituents, this active mass is called MTV. MTV is one of the most powerfully radiant active ingredients known.

Die für einige Scheinzieltypen geforderten Spezifikationen können mittels MTV als Wirkmasse nicht erfüllt werden, weil dessen spezifische Strahlungsleistung dafür zu gering ist. Ein weiterer mit der Verwendung von MTV als Scheinzielwirkmasse einhergehender Nachteil besteht darin, dass MTV beim Abbrand als sogenannter "Punktstrahler" wirkt, weil die dabei entstehende Flamme kein großes Volumen einnimmt. Für einen mehrere Kilometer entfernten Suchkopf erscheint ein solches Ziel stets als Punkt. MTV ist damit nicht in der Lage, die Abgasfahne eines Flugzeugs nachzubilden und hat damit bei bildauflösenden Suchköpfen keine entsprechende Täuschwirkung.The specifications required for some types of decoy target cannot be met using MTV as an effective mass because its specific radiation power is too low for this. Another disadvantage associated with the use of MTV as a decoy target is that MTV acts as a so-called "point emitter" when it burns, because the flame that is created does not occupy a large volume. For a seeker head several kilometers away, such a target always appears as a point. MTV is therefore not able to detect the exhaust plume of an aircraft and thus has no corresponding deceptive effect with image-resolving search heads.

Das Problem der nicht ausreichenden Strahlungsleistung von MTV wird üblicherweise dadurch gelöst, dass bei Scheinzielen ein größeres Kaliber gewählt wird, d. h. dass eine größere Masse an MTV verbrannt wird. Dies ist jedoch sowohl bei kinematischen Scheinzielen als auch bei angetriebenen Scheinzielen nachteilig, weil zum Beschleunigen der höheren Masse mehr Energie aufgewandt werden muss. Alternativ können auch mehrere MTV-Wirkmassen in Form von Salven gleichzeitig freigesetzt und gezündet werden.The problem of inadequate radiated power from MTV is usually solved by choosing a larger caliber for decoy targets, i. H. that a greater mass of MTV is burned. However, this is disadvantageous both in the case of kinematic decoy targets and in the case of powered decoy targets because more energy has to be expended to accelerate the higher mass. Alternatively, several MTV active masses can be released and ignited at the same time in the form of salvos.

Beim Abbrand großkalibriger MTV-Scheinziele oder gleichzeitigen Abbrand mehrerer MTV-Scheinziele wird bei einem bildauflösenden Suchkopf ein sogenannter Blooming-Effekt ausgelöst. Das bedeutet, dass der Suchkopf das Scheinziel bzw. die Scheinziele als sehr großen Gegenstand erfasst, weil die Detektoren einer Bilderfassungseinheit des Suchkopfs an der entsprechenden Stelle überlastet werden und auch benachbarte Detektoren ein falsches Signal erzeugen. Zur Täuschung von Suchköpfen sind daher Wirkmassen umso vorteilhafter, je mehr Strahlungsenergie sie emittieren, weil in diesem Fall auch punktförmige Scheinziele vom Suchkopf als große räumliche Strahlungsquellen wahrgenommen werden. Wenn dies mittels Salven von MTV-Scheinzielen oder großkalibrigen MTV-Scheinzielen bewirkt werden soll, wird für die Bereitstellung solcher Scheinziele viel Raum an Bord eines Flugzeugs oder Schiffs benötigt und es muss ein relativ hohes Gewicht befördert werden.When large-caliber MTV decoy targets are burned or several MTV decoy targets are burned at the same time, a so-called blooming effect is triggered with an image-resolving seeker head. This means that the seeker head detects the decoy or the decoy targets as a very large object because the detectors of an image acquisition unit of the seeker head are overloaded at the corresponding point and neighboring detectors also generate a false signal. In order to deceive seekers, the more radiant energy they emit, the more advantageous effective masses are, because in this case point-like decoy targets are also perceived by the seeker as large spatial radiation sources. If this is to be achieved by means of salvos from MTV decoys or large-caliber MTV decoys, a lot of space is required on board an aircraft or ship for the provision of such decoys and a relatively high weight must be carried.

Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher, eine Wirkmasse für pyrotechnische Infrarotscheinziele bereitzustellen, welche leistungsfähiger ist als herkömmliches MTV.The object of the present invention is therefore to provide an active compound for pyrotechnic infrared targets which is more efficient than conventional MTV.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst. Zweckmäßige Ausgestaltung ergeben sich aus den Merkmalen der Patentansprüche 2 bis 12.This object is achieved by the features of claim 1. Appropriate design results from the features of claims 2 to 12.

Erfindungsgemäß ist eine Hochleistungswirkmasse für pyrotechnische Infrarotscheinziele umfassend einen ersten Brennstoff, mindestens einen zweiten Brennstoff, ein Oxidationsmittel und ein Bindemittel vorgesehen, wobei der erste Brennstoff und das Oxidationsmittel hinsichtlich ihrer Redoxpotentiale so gewählt sind, dass das Oxidationsmittel den ersten Brennstoff nach Zündung in einer exothermen Reaktion unter Entstehung einer Primärflamme und Emission von Infrarotstrahlung oxidieren kann, wobei der zweite Brennstoff bei der Reaktion entzündet, erhitzt und/oder pyrolysiert und aus der Hochleistungswirkmasse freigesetzt wird, wobei der zweite Brennstoff so gewählt ist, dass dessen Redoxpotential oder das Redoxpotential mindestens eines Pyrolyseprodukts des zweiten Brennstoffs höher ist als das Redoxpotential des ersten Brennstoffs und dass der erhitzte oder entzündete zweite Brennstoff oder das Pyrolyseprodukt an der Luft brennen kann, wobei die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels höchstens so groß ist, dass sie gerade ausreicht, um den ersten Brennstoff vollständig zu oxidieren.According to the invention, a high-performance active compound for pyrotechnic infrared targets comprising a first fuel, at least one second fuel, an oxidizing agent and a binding agent is provided, the first fuel and the oxidizing agent being selected with regard to their redox potentials such that the oxidizing agent releases the first fuel in an exothermic reaction after ignition can oxidize with the formation of a primary flame and emission of infrared radiation, the second fuel igniting, heating and / or during the reaction is pyrolyzed and released from the high-performance active compound, the second fuel being selected so that its redox potential or the redox potential of at least one pyrolysis product of the second fuel is higher than the redox potential of the first fuel and that the heated or ignited second fuel or the pyrolysis product in the air can burn, the amount of oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active compound is at most so large that it is just sufficient to completely oxidize the first fuel.

Bei dem mindestens einen Pyrolyseprodukt kann es sich beispielsweise um Kohlenstoff handeln, wenn der zweite Brennstoff Steinkohle oder Holz ist, oder um Titan und Wasserstoff handeln, wenn der zweite Brennstoff Titanhydrid ist. Unter Pyrolyseprodukt wird hier insbesondere jedes Produkt verstanden, welches aus dem zweiten Brennstoff durch bloßes Erhitzen entsteht.The at least one pyrolysis product can be, for example, carbon if the second fuel is hard coal or wood, or titanium and hydrogen if the second fuel is titanium hydride. A pyrolysis product is understood here to mean, in particular, any product which is produced from the second fuel by simple heating.

Unter Primärflamme wird hier eine Flamme verstanden, in der keine Reaktion mit Sauerstoff erfolgt, d. h. eine anaerobe Flamme. Unter Sekundärflamme wird hier eine Flamme verstanden, in der eine Reaktion mit Sauerstoff erfolgt, d. h. eine aerobe Flamme.A primary flame is understood here to mean a flame in which there is no reaction with oxygen, i. H. an anaerobic flame. A secondary flame is understood here to mean a flame in which a reaction with oxygen takes place, i. H. an aerobic flame.

Ein Stoff wirkt umso stärker reduzierend, je niedriger sein Redoxpotential ist. Durch die unterschiedlichen Redoxpotentiale wird erreicht, dass beim Verbrennen der Hochleistungswirkmasse der erste Brennstoff mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagiert und der zweite Brennstoff oder das Pyrolyseprodukt entweder nicht mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagiert oder wenn er/es doch mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagieren sollte, das dabei entstehende Oxidationsprodukt durch den ersten Brennstoff in der Primärflamme wieder reduziert wird.A substance has a more reducing effect, the lower its redox potential. The different redox potentials ensure that when the high-performance active substance is burned, the first fuel reacts with the oxidizing agent and the second fuel or the pyrolysis product either does not react with the oxidizing agent or, if it does react with the oxidizing agent, the resulting oxidation product is transferred through the first fuel in the primary flame is reduced again.

Der zweite Brennstoff oder das Pyrolyseprodukt können so erst außerhalb der anaeroben Primärflamme reagieren, wenn sie mit dem in der Luft vorhandenen Sauerstoff und/oder Stickstoff in Kontakt kommen. Dadurch entsteht eine aerobe Sekundärflamme. Durch das Entstehen einer Primärflamme und einer Sekundärflamme wird die IR-Strahlung emittierende Fläche vergrößert und dadurch die Strahlungsleistung erhöht.The second fuel or the pyrolysis product can only react outside the anaerobic primary flame when they come into contact with the oxygen and / or nitrogen present in the air. This creates an aerobic secondary flame. Through the creation of a primary flame and a secondary flame, the area emitting IR radiation is enlarged and the radiation output is increased as a result.

Durch die starke Erhitzung des zweiten Brennstoffs oder des Pyrolyseprodukts in der Primärflamme wird dessen Reaktionsfähigkeit mit dem Sauerstoff und/oder Stickstoff der Luft stark erhöht, was eine heftige Reaktion bewirkt und dadurch zu einer Vergrößerung der Sekundärflamme beiträgt.Due to the strong heating of the second fuel or the pyrolysis product in the primary flame, its reactivity with the oxygen and / or nitrogen is the Air greatly increased, which causes a violent reaction and thus contributes to an increase in the secondary flame.

Die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels kann so bemessen sein, dass sie nicht ausreicht, um den ersten Brennstoff vollständig zu oxidieren. Dann entsteht eine weitere Zone der Sekundärflamme außerhalb der Primärflamme, in welcher der erste Brennstoff mit dem Luftsauerstoff reagiert und den Abbrand des schwächer reduzierenden zweiten Brennstoffs oder Pyrolyseprodukts hemmt. Erst außerhalb dieser Zone kann dann der zweite Brennstoff oder das Pyrolyseprodukt verbrennen. Dadurch wird eine weitere Vergrößerung der IR-Strahlung emittierenden Fläche der Flamme bewirkt. Außerdem wird auf diese Weise für dieselbe Strahlungsleistung weniger Oxidationsmittel benötigt, da der Luftsauerstoff als zusätzliches Oxidationsmittel genutzt wird.The amount of the oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active composition can be such that it is not sufficient to completely oxidize the first fuel. A further zone of the secondary flame then arises outside the primary flame, in which the first fuel reacts with the atmospheric oxygen and inhibits the burn-up of the less reducing second fuel or pyrolysis product. Only outside of this zone can the second fuel or the pyrolysis product burn. This brings about a further enlargement of the area of the flame that emits IR radiation. In addition, in this way, less oxidizing agent is required for the same radiation power, since the oxygen in the air is used as an additional oxidizing agent.

Vorzugsweise wird jedoch die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels so bemessen, dass der Unterschuss an Oxidationsmittel im Verhältnis zum ersten Brennstoff nicht allzu groß ist. Dadurch wird die Abbrandrate, d. h. die Geschwindigkeit, mit der die Wirkmasse abbrennt, beschleunigt. Das liegt daran, dass die Primärflamme dadurch heißer wird und mehr Hitze auf die verbleibende Hochleistungswirkmasse zurückstrahlt. Dadurch ist es möglich, eine Wirkmasse bereitzustellen, welche beim Abbrand eine deutlich höhere Strahlungsleistung als MTV aufweist und schneller abbrennt als MTV. Weiterhin ist die Anzündbarkeit gegenüber MTV deutlich verbessert, weil nur ein Teil der Wirkmasse aufgeheizt werden muss, um ein Anzünden der Wirkmasse zu erreichen und weil der zweite Brennstoff beim Anzünden oft eher mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagiert als der erste Brennstoff. Anfänglich, d. h. beim Anzünden kann nämlich auch der zweite Brennstoff mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagieren. Sobald eine Flamme entsteht, wird jedoch der durch das Oxidationsmittel oxidierte zweite Brennstoff durch den ersten Brennstoff zum zweiten Brennstoff reduziert.However, the amount of the oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active compound is preferably dimensioned in such a way that the deficiency of oxidizing agent in relation to the first fuel is not too great. This increases the burn rate, i. H. the speed at which the active material burns off accelerates. This is because the primary flame becomes hotter as a result and more heat radiates back onto the remaining high-performance active material. This makes it possible to provide an active mass which, when burned, has a significantly higher radiation power than MTV and burns off faster than MTV. Furthermore, the ignitability is significantly improved compared to MTV because only part of the active mass has to be heated up in order to ignite the active mass and because the second fuel often reacts with the oxidizing agent when igniting more than the first fuel. Initially, i.e. H. When igniting, the second fuel can also react with the oxidizing agent. As soon as a flame arises, however, the second fuel oxidized by the oxidizing agent is reduced to the second fuel by the first fuel.

Die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels ist so bemessen, dass die Zahl der vom gesamten Brennstoff in der Hochleistungswirkmasse in Redoxreaktionen abzugebenden Elektronen, die Zahl der Elektronen, die vom Oxidationsmittel aufgenommen werden können, mindestens um den Faktor 4, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 5, übersteigt. Dadurch kann die Energiedichte der Hochleistungswirkmasse weiter gesteigert werden.The amount of the oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active compound is such that the number of electrons to be given off by the entire fuel in the high-performance active compound in redox reactions, the number of electrons that can be absorbed by the oxidizing agent, at least by a factor of 4, in particular by a factor of at least 5, exceeds. As a result, the energy density of the high-performance active compound can be increased further.

Vorzugsweise ist die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels so bemessen, dass die Zahl der vom ersten Brennstoff in der Hochleistungswirkmasse in Redoxreaktionen abzugebenden Elektronen, die Zahl der Elektronen, die vom Oxidationsmittel aufgenommen werden können, mindestens um den Faktor 1,25, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 1,5, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 2,0, übersteigt. Dadurch wird neben der vom zweiten Brennstoff oder dem Pyrolyseprodukt gebildeten Zone der Sekundärflamme eine vom in der Primärflamme nicht umgesetzten ersten Brennstoff gebildete weitere Zone der Sekundärflamme erzeugt. Das vergrößert die abstrahlende Fläche der Flamme. Es ist jedoch zu beachten, dass die Temperatur der Primärflamme und damit deren Abstrahlung auf die noch abbrennende Hochleistungswirkmasse und damit auch die Abbrandrate umso geringer ist, je größer der genannte Faktor ist. Die Primärflamme ist umso heißer, je näher das Verhältnis von erstem Brennstoff zu Oxidationsmittel an einem stöchiometrischen Verhältnis liegt. Je nach Einsatzzweck können unterschiedliche Faktoren vorteilhaft sein.The amount of the oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active compound is preferably such that the number of electrons to be given off by the first fuel in the high-performance active compound in redox reactions, the number of electrons that can be absorbed by the oxidizing agent, by at least a factor of 1.25, in particular at least by a factor of 1.5, in particular at least by a factor of 2.0. As a result, in addition to the zone of the secondary flame formed by the second fuel or the pyrolysis product, a further zone of the secondary flame formed by the first fuel not converted in the primary flame is generated. This increases the radiating surface of the flame. It should be noted, however, that the temperature of the primary flame and thus its radiation on the high-performance active substance that is still burning, and thus also the burn rate, is lower the greater the factor mentioned. The closer the ratio of the first fuel to the oxidizing agent is to a stoichiometric ratio, the hotter the primary flame. Depending on the intended use, different factors can be advantageous.

Der erste Brennstoff umfasst Magnesium, Calcium, Lithium, Aluminium oder eine Legierung oder Mischung aus mindestens zwei dieser Metalle. Davon sind Magnesium, Calcium und Lithium und Mischungen oder Legierungen aus diesen Metallen besonders gut zur Erzeugung eines Dampfs des ersten Brennstoffs geeignet. Der entstehende Brennstoffdampf schafft eine reduzierende Atmosphäre, die eine Reaktion des zweiten Brennstoffs verhindert und bereits oxidierten zweiten Brennstoff zum zweiten Brennstoff reduziert. Das Entstehen des Dampfs des ersten Brennstoffs verbreitert darüber hinaus die Primärflamme.The first fuel comprises magnesium, calcium, lithium, aluminum or an alloy or mixture of at least two of these metals. Of these, magnesium, calcium and lithium and mixtures or alloys of these metals are particularly suitable for generating a vapor of the first fuel. The resulting fuel vapor creates a reducing atmosphere that prevents a reaction of the second fuel and reduces already oxidized second fuel to the second fuel. The creation of the vapor of the first fuel also broadens the primary flame.

Der zweite Brennstoff umfasst Aluminium, Magnesium, Titan, Zirkonium, Hafnium, Niob, Wolfram, Mangan, Eisen, Nickel, Kobalt, Zink, Zinn, Blei, Wismut, eine Legierung oder Mischung aus mindestens zwei dieser Metalle, eine Zirkonium-Nickel-Legierung oder - Mischung, eine Aluminium-Magnesium-Legierung oder -Mischung, eine Lithium-Aluminium-Legierung oder -Mischung, eine Lithium-Silizium-Legierung oder -Mischung, eine Calcium-Aluminium-Legierung oder -Mischung, eine Eisen-Titan-Legierung oder - Mischung, eine Zirkonium-Titan-Legierung oder -Mischung, Bor, Titanhydrid, Zirkoniumhydrid, ein Borhydrid, Hafniumhydrid, ein Lithiumkomplexhydrid, elementaren Kohlenstoff, Blähgrafit, Steinkohle, Holzkohle, Braunkohle, Phosphor, Schwefel, Silizium, Sägemehl oder Holz.The second fuel includes aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tungsten, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, tin, lead, bismuth, an alloy or mixture of at least two of these metals, a zirconium-nickel alloy or - mixture, an aluminum-magnesium alloy or mixture, a lithium-aluminum alloy or mixture, a lithium-silicon alloy or mixture, a calcium-aluminum alloy or mixture, an iron-titanium alloy or - mixture, a zirconium-titanium alloy or mixture, boron, titanium hydride, zirconium hydride, a borohydride, hafnium hydride, a lithium complex hydride, elemental carbon, expanded graphite, bituminous coal, charcoal, lignite, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, sawdust or wood.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn der zweite Brennstoff ein Metall, eine Mischung aus Metallen, eine Metalllegierung oder ein Metallhydrid umfasst. Metallhydride setzen bei Erwärmung durch die Primärflamme Wasserstoff und das Metall als Pyrolyseprodukte frei. Der entstehende Wasserstoff verbreitert die entstehende Flamme und bildet beim Abbrand eine zusätzliche Zone einer Sekundärflamme. Bei Metalllegierungen oder Mischungen aus Metallen enthaltenden erfindungsgemäßen Hochleistungswirkmassen können beim Abbrand neben den bereits genannten Reaktionen zusätzlich intermetallische Reaktionen und Festphasenreaktionen stattfinden, welche die Temperatur in der Hochleistungswirkmasse und der Flamme weiter steigern. Beispielsweise kann der erste Brennstoff Magnesium und der zweite Brennstoff eine Mischung oder Legierung aus Titan und Bor umfassen. Beim Abbrand dieser Wirkmasse brennt das Magnesium in der Primärflamme, das Titan in einer ersten Zone der Sekundärflamme und das Bor in einer weiteren Zone der Sekundärflamme. Zusätzlich reagieren Titan und Bor miteinander zu Titanborid. Diese Reaktion setzt sehr viel Wärme frei. Das Titanborid wird dadurch extrem heiß und strahlt effektiv bis es bei Kontakt mit Luft verbrennt und dabei noch mehr Strahlungsenergie freisetzt. Dadurch wird die strahlende Fläche der Flamme zusätzlich vergrößert.It is particularly advantageous if the second fuel comprises a metal, a mixture of metals, a metal alloy or a metal hydride. When heated by the primary flame, metal hydrides release hydrogen and the metal as pyrolysis products. The resulting hydrogen broadens the resulting flame and forms an additional zone of a secondary flame when it burns down. In the case of high-performance active compounds according to the invention containing metal alloys or mixtures of metals, in addition to the reactions already mentioned, intermetallic reactions and solid phase reactions can also take place during combustion, which further increase the temperature in the high-performance active compound and the flame. For example, the first fuel can comprise magnesium and the second fuel can comprise a mixture or alloy of titanium and boron. When this active material burns, the magnesium burns in the primary flame, the titanium in a first zone of the secondary flame and the boron in a further zone of the secondary flame. In addition, titanium and boron react with one another to form titanium boride. This reaction releases a lot of heat. The titanium boride becomes extremely hot and radiates effectively until it burns on contact with air, releasing even more radiant energy. This also increases the radiant surface of the flame.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn der zweite Brennstoff einen Siedepunkt aufweist, der oberhalb einer sich bei der Reaktion des ersten Brennstoffs mit dem Oxidationsmittel nach dessen Zündung einstellenden Reaktionstemperatur liegt. Dadurch wird einerseits erreicht, dass in der anaeroben Primärflamme heiße Partikel aus zweitem Brennstoff vorhanden sind, die als Schwarzkörperstrahler fungieren. Weiterhin fungieren die festen brennenden Teilchen in der aeroben Sekundärflamme als effektive Schwarzkörperstrahler. Die festen Teilchen des zweiten Brennstoffs strahlen dabei wesentlich effektiver als brennender Dampf, beispielsweise brennender Magnesiumdampf beim Abbrand von MTV.It is particularly advantageous if the second fuel has a boiling point which is above a reaction temperature that is established during the reaction of the first fuel with the oxidizing agent after its ignition. As a result, it is achieved on the one hand that hot particles from the second fuel are present in the anaerobic primary flame, which act as black body emitters. Furthermore, the solid burning particles in the aerobic secondary flame act as effective black body emitters. The solid particles of the second fuel radiate much more effectively than burning steam, for example burning magnesium steam when burning MTV.

Ein weiterer mit dem Vorhandensein fester Teilchen des zweiten Brennstoffs beim Abbrand einhergehender Vorteil besteht darin, dass die Wirkmasse beim Abbrand bei hoher Luftgeschwindigkeit weniger Leistungsverlust zeigt. Weiterhin entzieht ein zweiter Brennstoff, dessen Siedepunkt oberhalb der genannten Reaktionstemperatur liegt, der Reaktion des ersten Brennstoffs mit dem Oxidationsmittel keine Wärme durch Verdampfen. Dadurch wird die anaerobe Primärflamme heißer als beispielsweise bei MTV, bei dessen Abbrand nicht mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagierendes Magnesium verdampft wird. So kann beispielsweise mit Zirkonium als zweiten Brennstoff, dessen Siedepunkt oberhalb 4682 K liegt, bei ausreichender Energie eine Temperatur in der Primärflamme von bis zu 4682 K erreicht werden, während die Temperatur der Primärflamme beim Abbrand von MTV 1700 bis 1800 K nicht übersteigt.Another advantage associated with the presence of solid particles of the second fuel during the burn-up is that the active mass shows less power loss during burn-up at high air speeds. Furthermore, a second fuel, the boiling point of which is above the reaction temperature mentioned, does not remove any heat by evaporation from the reaction of the first fuel with the oxidizing agent. As a result, the anaerobic primary flame becomes hotter than, for example, in the case of MTV, which is burned down, and magnesium that does not react with the oxidizing agent is evaporated. For example, with zirconium as the second fuel, the boiling point of which is above 4682 K, a temperature in the Primary flame of up to 4682 K can be achieved, while the temperature of the primary flame does not exceed 1700 to 1800 K when burning MTV.

Der erste Brennstoff und/oder der zweite Brennstoff können in Form von Partikeln vorliegen oder in Partikeln enthalten sein. Die Partikel können eine unterschiedliche Größe, d. h. ein unterschiedliches Volumen, aufweisen. Ein Vorteil unterschiedlicher Größe der Partikel besteht darin, dass die größeren Partikel die mechanische Stabilität der Hochleistungswirkmasse erheblich erhöhen, da sie als mechanische Vernetzer, ähnlich wie Steine in Beton, wirken. Eine solche Vernetzungswirkung kann beispielsweise in Form grober Teilchen vorliegender Titanschwamm ausüben. Andererseits können sehr feine Partikel Lücken zwischen größeren Partikeln ausfüllen und dadurch die Energiedichte der Hochleistungswirkmasse erhöhen. Beispielsweise wird Bor häufig als sehr feines Pulver mit einer Partikelgröße unter 10 µm oder sogar unter 1 µm verkauft. Es kann dadurch Lücken zwischen größeren Magnesiumpartikeln ausfüllen. Ebenso wird Zirkoniumpulver üblicherweise mit einer sehr kleinen Körnung verkauft, so dass die Partikel in die Lücken zwischen größeren Partikeln passen.The first fuel and / or the second fuel can be in the form of particles or be contained in particles. The particles can be of different sizes; H. a different volume. One advantage of the different size of the particles is that the larger particles considerably increase the mechanical stability of the high-performance active compound, since they act as mechanical crosslinkers, similar to stones in concrete. Such a crosslinking effect can, for example, be exerted by titanium sponge in the form of coarse particles. On the other hand, very fine particles can fill gaps between larger particles and thereby increase the energy density of the high-performance active compound. For example, boron is often sold as a very fine powder with a particle size of less than 10 µm or even less than 1 µm. This allows it to fill in gaps between larger magnesium particles. Likewise, zirconium powder is commonly sold with a very small grain size so that the particles fit into the gaps between larger particles.

Die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel weisen vorzugsweise ein größeres durchschnittliches Volumen auf als die den ersten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel auf. Dadurch kann, insbesondere beim Abbrand der Wirkmasse bei hoher Luftgeschwindigkeit, eine Raumwirkung erreicht werden. Unter Raumwirkung wird allgemein verstanden, dass ein Teil der Hochleistungswirkmasse nach deren Zündung außerhalb einer entstehenden Flamme IR-Strahlung emittiert.The particles comprising the second fuel preferably have a larger average volume than the particles comprising the first fuel. As a result, a spatial effect can be achieved, especially when the active material is burned off at high air speeds. Spatial effect is generally understood to mean that part of the high-performance active compound, after it has been ignited, emits IR radiation outside a flame that is formed.

Vorzugsweise weisen die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel eine Wärmeleitfähigkeit von mindestens 20 W/(m x K) auf. Dadurch können die zweiten Partikel den Abbrand der Hochleistungswirkmasse beschleunigen, indem sie Wärme von der aus dem Abbrand des ersten Brennstoffs resultierenden Primärflamme während des Abbrands in die noch nicht abgebrannte Hochleistungswirkmasse einleiten. Dies ist besonders effektiv, wenn die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel in Form von Streifen, Drahtstücken oder Spänen vorliegen.The particles comprising the second fuel preferably have a thermal conductivity of at least 20 W / (m × K). As a result, the second particles can accelerate the burn-off of the high-performance active material by introducing heat from the primary flame resulting from the burn-up of the first fuel into the not yet burned-off high-performance active material. This is particularly effective when the particles comprising the second fuel are in the form of strips, pieces of wire or chips.

Vorzugsweise sind die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel, zumindest an ihre Oberfläche, porös ausgebildet. Das verbessert deren Anzündbarkeit. Ist der zweite Brennstoff ein Metall oder eine Metalllegierung kann in Poren solcher Partikel ein festes Kohlenstofffluorid, insbesondere Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE), oder ein fester Fluorkohlenwasserstoff enthalten sein. Dadurch wird eine sehr hohe Temperatur beim Abbrand der den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel erreicht. Gleichzeitig erhöht der Ruß die Abstrahlung von Schwarzkörperstrahlung.The particles comprising the second fuel are preferably porous, at least on their surface. This improves their ignitability. If the second fuel is a metal or a metal alloy, a solid carbon fluoride, in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or a solid fluorocarbon can be contained in pores of such particles. This creates a very high temperature when Burning off of the particles comprising the second fuel is achieved. At the same time, the soot increases the emission of black body radiation.

Der erste Brennstoff und der zweite Brennstoff können jeweils aus mindestens einem Metall bestehen, wobei der erste und der zweite Brennstoff zusammen in einer Legierung oder in einer, insbesondere homogenen, Mischung vorliegen. Handelt es sich bei dem ersten Brennstoff beispielsweise um Magnesium und bei dem zweiten Brennstoff um Aluminium und liegen diese Brennstoffe in Form einer Magnesium-Aluminium-Legierung vor, so verdampft bei der Reaktion des Magnesiums mit dem Oxidationsmittel das Magnesium, nicht jedoch das Aluminium, welches als zweiter Brennstoff freigesetzt wird.The first fuel and the second fuel can each consist of at least one metal, the first and the second fuel being present together in an alloy or in a, in particular homogeneous, mixture. If, for example, the first fuel is magnesium and the second fuel is aluminum and these fuels are in the form of a magnesium-aluminum alloy, the magnesium evaporates when the magnesium reacts with the oxidizing agent, but not the aluminum, which is released as a second fuel.

Als Bindemittel hat sich ein Fluorelastomer, insbesondere ein Fluorkautschuk, wie beispielsweise "Viton®" von der Firma "DuPont Performance Elastomere", als günstig erwiesen. Alternativ kann auch Polychloropren als Bindemittel verwendet werden. Bei dem Oxidationsmittel handelt es sich um ein halogenhaltiges Polymer, insbesondere Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE), oder Kohlenstofffluorid.A fluoroelastomer, in particular a fluororubber, such as, for example, "Viton®" from "DuPont Performance Elastomere", has proven to be advantageous as a binder. Alternatively, polychloroprene can also be used as a binder. The oxidizing agent is a halogen-containing polymer, in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or carbon fluoride.

Bei einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung ist in der erfindungsgemäßen Hochleistungswirkmasse zur Beschleunigung des Abbrands ein Abbrandkatalysator, insbesondere Kupferftalocyanin oder Blähgrafit, enthalten.In a preferred embodiment, a burn-off catalyst, in particular copper talocyanine or expanded graphite, is contained in the high-performance active composition according to the invention to accelerate the burn-off.

Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand von Zeichnungen und Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
eine schematische Darstellung der Zonenverteilung einer beim Abbrand einer MTV-Wirkmasse entstehenden Flamme und
Fig. 2
eine schematische Darstellung der Zonenverteilung einer beim Abbrand einer erfindungsgemäßen Hochleistungswirkmasse entstehenden Flamme.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to drawings and exemplary embodiments. Show it:
Fig. 1
a schematic representation of the zone distribution of a flame resulting from the burning of an MTV active mass and
Fig. 2
a schematic representation of the zone distribution of a flame arising when a high-performance active composition according to the invention is burned off.

Fig. 1 zeigt die beim Abbrand einer aus MTV bestehenden Wirkmasse 10 entstehende Flamme. Dabei entsteht eine anaerobe Primärflamme 12, in welcher der beim Abbrand entstehende Magnesiumdampf mit dem Teflon reagiert. Da das Magnesium im Verhältnis zum Teflon im Überschuss vorliegt, reagiert der nicht mit dem Teflon reagierende Magnesiumdampf in einer aeroben Sekundärflamme 14 mit dem Sauerstoff der Luft. Sowohl in der Primärflamme 12 als auch in der Sekundärflamme 14 entsteht sehr viel Ruß. Die Abbrandprodukte 18 enthalten abkühlende Reaktionsprodukte, wie Rauch, Ruß und Nebel. Fig. 1 shows the flame that arises when an active material 10 consisting of MTV is burned off. This creates an anaerobic primary flame 12 in which the magnesium vapor produced during the burn-off reacts with the Teflon. Since the magnesium is in excess in relation to the Teflon, the magnesium vapor which does not react with the Teflon reacts in an aerobic secondary flame 14 with the oxygen in the air. Arises both in the primary flame 12 and in the secondary flame 14 a lot of soot. The combustion products 18 contain cooling reaction products such as smoke, soot and mist.

Fig. 2 zeigt die beim Abbrand einer erfindungsgemäßen Hochleistungswirkmasse 11 entstehende Flamme. Die Hochleistungswirkmasse 11 enthält im Verhältnis zum Oxidationsmittel einen Überschuss an erstem Brennstoff. Beim Abbrand entsteht eine Primärflamme 12, in der das Oxidationsmittel vollständig mit dem ersten Brennstoff reagiert. Gegebenenfalls mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagierender zweiter Brennstoff wird in der Primärflamme 12 durch den ersten Brennstoff auf Grund von dessen niedrigerem Redoxpotential sofort zu zweitem Brennstoff reduziert. In der ersten Zone der Sekundärflamme 15 reagiert der nicht in der Primärflamme 12 umgesetzte erste Brennstoff mit dem Sauerstoff der Luft. Auf Grund des niedrigeren Redoxpotentials des ersten Brennstoffs reagiert hier nur der erste Brennstoff mit dem Sauerstoff. Der zweite Brennstoff reagiert in der zweiten Zone der Sekundärflamme 16 mit dem Luftsauerstoff. Die Abbrandprodukte 18 enthalten abkühlende Reaktionsprodukte, wie Rauch, Ruß und Nebel. Durch das Vorhandensein des zweiten Brennstoffs wird das Volumen der gesamten Flamme und damit die IR-Strahlung abgebende Fläche gegenüber der beim Abbrand einer MTV-Wirkmasse entstehenden Flamme deutlich vergrößert. Fig. 2 shows the flame that arises when a high-performance active compound 11 according to the invention is burned off. The high-performance active compound 11 contains an excess of the first fuel in relation to the oxidizing agent. During the burn-up, a primary flame 12 is created, in which the oxidizing agent reacts completely with the first fuel. Any second fuel that may react with the oxidizing agent is immediately reduced to the second fuel in the primary flame 12 by the first fuel due to its lower redox potential. In the first zone of the secondary flame 15, the first fuel not converted in the primary flame 12 reacts with the oxygen in the air. Because of the lower redox potential of the first fuel, only the first fuel reacts with the oxygen. The second fuel reacts in the second zone of the secondary flame 16 with the oxygen in the air. The combustion products 18 contain cooling reaction products such as smoke, soot and mist. Due to the presence of the second fuel, the volume of the entire flame and thus the area emitting IR radiation is significantly increased compared to the flame that occurs when an MTV active mass is burned off.

Aus sämtlichen der im Folgenden angegebenen Zusammensetzungen wurden jeweils fünf Tabletten mit ca. 21 mm Durchmesser und einem Gewicht von 10 g bei einem Pressdruck von 1500 bar gepresst. Als erster Brennstoff wurde dabei jeweils Magnesium, bezogen von der Fa. Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG, Fürth, Deutschland, eingesetzt. Im Falle des Beispiels 5 liegt Magnesium in einer Legierung mit dem zweiten Brennstoff Aluminium im Verhältnis 50/50 (bezogen auf die Masse) vor. Auch die Legierung wurde von der Fa. Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG bezogen. Die durchschnittliche Körnung der Magnesiumpartikel war etwa 50 µm. Das Kupferftalocyanin und das Ferrocen diente jeweils als Abbrandkatalysator und das Guanidinazotetrazolat (GZT) zur Vergrößerung der Primärflamme. Sofern nicht anders angegebenen, wurde das Titan von der Fa. Tropag Oscar H. Ritter Nachf. GmbH, Hamburg, Deutschland bezogen. Die Tabletten wurden abgebrannt und deren Leistung in Form von Strahlungsleistung mit einem Radiometer bestimmt. Die spezifische Leistung wurde im Verhältnis zur Leistung von Tabletten aus MTV als Standard bestimmt. Die Energie wurde jeweils in Joule/(g/sr) im A-Band, d. h. bei einer Wellenlänge von ca. 1,8 bis 2,6 µm, und im B-Band, d. h. bei einer Wellenlänge von ca. 3,5 bis 4,6 µm, im Standversuch, d. h. ohne Wind, gemessen. Das A-Band und das B-Band sind die Wellenlängen, die von herkömmlichen Suchköpfen erfasst werden.From all of the compositions given below, five tablets each with a diameter of approx. 21 mm and a weight of 10 g were pressed at a pressing pressure of 1500 bar. Magnesium, obtained from Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG, Fürth, Germany, was used as the first fuel. In the case of example 5, magnesium is present in an alloy with the second fuel aluminum in a ratio of 50/50 (based on mass). The alloy was also obtained from Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG. The average size of the magnesium particles was about 50 µm. The copper talocyanine and the ferrocene each served as a combustion catalyst and the guanidine azotetrazolate (GZT) to enlarge the primary flame. Unless otherwise stated, the titanium was obtained from Tropag Oscar H. Ritter Nachf. GmbH, Hamburg, Germany. The tablets were burned off and their power was determined in the form of radiation power with a radiometer. The specific performance was determined in relation to the performance of tablets from MTV as a standard. The energy was measured in joules / (g / sr) in the A band, ie at a wavelength of approx. 1.8 to 2.6 μm, and in the B band, ie at a wavelength of approx. 3.5 to 4.6 µm, measured in a standing test, ie without wind. The A-band and the B-band are the wavelengths that are detected by conventional seeker heads.

Alle Daten sind in fünf parallelen Messreihen jeweils im Vergleich zu MTV mit dem Radiometer in einem Abstand von 1 m gemessen worden. Das Radiometer wurde zuvor gegen eine Schwarzkörperstrahlerquelle bei 1273 K und einer Apertur von 22,2 mm bei einem Abstand von 0,4 m kalibriert, um absolute spezifische Strahlungsenergien in Joule pro Steradian (sr) und Gramm zu ermitteln.All data were measured in five parallel series of measurements, each in comparison to MTV with the radiometer at a distance of 1 m. The radiometer was previously calibrated against a black body source at 1273 K and an aperture of 22.2 mm at a distance of 0.4 m in order to determine absolute specific radiation energies in joules per steradian (sr) and gram.

Wirkmasse nach dem Stand der Technik: Stoff Typ Gewichtprozent Magnesium LNR 61 60,0 Teflonpulver Hoechst TF 9202 23,0 Viton 3M Fluorel FC-2175 12,0 Grafitpulver Merck 5,0 Active mass according to the state of the art: material Type Weight percent magnesium LNR 61 60.0 Teflon powder Hoechst TF 9202 23.0 Viton 3M Fluorel FC-2175 12.0 Graphite powder Merck 5.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Schwarzkörperwirkmasse um das als Standard eingesetzte MTV. Die Wirkmasse verbrennt mit einer Abbrandrate von 4,4 mm/s.This black body active material is the MTV used as a standard. The active material burns at a burn rate of 4.4 mm / s.

Beispiel 1:Example 1:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 48,048.0 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 12,012.0 TitanpulverTitanium powder Sphärisch, Körnung < 100 µmSpherical, grain size <100 µm 20,020.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid. Grobkörniges sphärisches Titan dient als zweiter Brennstoff. Die Wirkmasse verbrennt mit einer Abbrandrate von 3,3 mm/s.This high-performance active material is a black-body active material based on graphite fluoride. Coarse-grained spherical titanium serves as the second fuel. The active material burns at a burn rate of 3.3 mm / s.

Beispiel 2:Example 2:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 48,048.0 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 12,012.0 TitanpulverTitanium powder Sphärisch, Körnung < 45 µmSpherical, grain size <45 µm 20,020.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid. Feinkörniges sphärisches Titan dient als zweiter Brennstoff. Die Wirkmasse verbrennt mit einer Abbrandrate von 3,3 mm/s.This high-performance active material is a black-body active material based on graphite fluoride. Fine-grained spherical titanium serves as the second fuel. The active material burns at a burn rate of 3.3 mm / s.

Beispiel 3:Example 3:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 48,048.0 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 12,012.0 Titantitanium Svenska kemi, Körnung < 100 µmSvenska kemi, grain size <100 µm 20,020.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff. Das Titan liegt als bimodales Pulver, d. h. als Pulver, von dem 30% eine Körnung von 15 µm und 70% eine Körnung von 100 µm aufweisen, vor. Die Wirkmasse verbrennt mit einer Abbrandrate von 3,6 mm/s.This high-performance active material is a black-body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel. The titanium lies as a bimodal powder, i.e. H. as a powder, of which 30% have a grain size of 15 µm and 70% a grain size of 100 µm. The active material burns at a burn rate of 3.6 mm / s.

Beispiel 4:Example 4:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 48,048.0 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 11,911.9 Steinkohle, HaushaltsqualitätHard coal, household quality Körnung < 1,0 mmGrain size <1.0 mm 20,020.0 KupferftalocyaninCopper talocyanine BASF VossenblauBASF Vossenblau 0,10.1

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit feinkörnigem Steinkohlegranulat. Die Wirkmasse erzeugt auch eine Raumwirkung, d. h. sie emittiert durch aus der Hochleistungswirkmasse freigesetzte Steinkohlepartikel auch außerhalb der Flamme IR-Strahlung. Die Steinkohle fungiert hier im Wesentlichen als Quelle für Kohlenstoff, der hier als Pyrolyseprodukt des zweiten Brennstoffs entsteht und die Flamme verbreitert. Die Steinkohle in Haushaltsqualität enthält jedoch auch ca. 60% flüchtige, sehr kohlenstoffreiche aromatische Stoffe, die in der entstehenden Flamme feinen Ruß erzeugen, der eine extrem hohe Strahlungsleistung bewirkt. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 2,5 mm/s.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with fine-grain hard coal granules. The active compound also creates a spatial effect, ie it emits IR radiation outside the flame as a result of the hard coal particles released from the high-performance active compound. The hard coal functions here essentially as a source of carbon, which is created here as a pyrolysis product of the second fuel and spreads the flame. Household-quality hard coal, however, also contains around 60% volatile, very carbon-rich aromatic substances that produce fine soot in the resulting flame, which produces extremely high levels of radiation. The burn rate is 2.5 mm / s.

Beispiel 5:Example 5:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent MgAlMgAl Ecka MX 011Ecka MX 011 60,060.0 TeflonpulverTeflon powder Hoechst TF 9202Hoechst TF 9202 25,025.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 15,015.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Teflon mit Aluminium als zweiten Brennstoff. Der zweite Brennstoff liegt hier jedoch in einer Legierung mit dem ersten Brennstoff Magnesium in einem Gewichtsverhältnis von 50/50 vor. Statt der Legierung könnte hier auch ein homogenes Gemisch von Magnesium und Aluminium eingesetzt werden. Beim Abbrand dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse verdampft zunächst das Magnesium und das Aluminium, dessen Siedetemperatur beim Abbrand nicht erreicht wird, wird aus der Hochleistungswirkmasse freigesetzt. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 2,8 mm/s.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on Teflon with aluminum as the second fuel. The second fuel, however, is in an alloy with the first fuel magnesium in a weight ratio of 50/50. Instead of the alloy, a homogeneous mixture of magnesium and aluminum could also be used here. When this high-performance active compound is burned off, the magnesium first evaporates and the aluminum, whose boiling temperature is not reached during combustion, is released from the high-performance active compound. The burn rate is 2.8 mm / s.

Beispiel 6:Example 6:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 45,045.0 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 19,019.0 SteinkohleHard coal Haushaltsqualität, Körnung < 1,0 mmHousehold quality, grain size <1.0 mm 18,018.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 11,911.9 Guanidinazotetrazolat (GZT)Guanidine azotetrazolate (GZT) EigensyntheseSelf-synthesis 6,06.0 KupferftalocyaninCopper talocyanine BASF VossenblauBASF Vossenblau 0,10.1

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid und Steinkohle als zweiten Brennstoff. GZT dient als Flammenverbreiterungsmittel. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 2,7 mm/s.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride and hard coal as a second fuel. GZT serves as a flame spreading agent. The burn rate is 2.7 mm / s.

Beispiel 7:Example 7:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 47,547.5 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 11,511.5 Borboron Körnung: 1 µmGrain: 1 µm 13,013.0 Titantitanium Svenska kemi, Körnung: 250 - 425 µmSvenska kemi, grain size: 250 - 425 µm 7,07.0 KupferftalocyaninCopper talocyanine BASF VossenblauBASF Vossenblau 1,01.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Bor als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Diese Wirkmasse brennt besonders schnell. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 8,0 mm/s.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel. This active material burns particularly quickly. The burn rate is 8.0 mm / s.

Beispiel 8:Example 8:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 21,821.8 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 11,211.2 Borboron Körnung: 1 µmGrain: 1 µm 30,730.7 Titantitanium Chemetall Typ E trockenChemetall type E dry 15,315.3 FerrocenFerrocene Arapahoe ChemicalsArapahoe Chemicals 1,01.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Bor als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Die mit dieser Wirkmasse gemessene spezifische Strahlungsleistung ist fast identisch mit der spezifischen Strahlungsleistung der Hochleistungswirkmasse gemäß Beispiel 7. Die Wirkmasse enthält jedoch weniger Magnesium. Dadurch wird die reduzierende Primärflamme kleiner und der zweite Brennstoff und der weitere zweite Brennstoff werden früher umgesetzt. Daher ist die spezifische Strahlungsleistung beim Abbrand trotz erheblich höherer Energiedichte als bei der Wirkmasse gemäß Beispiel 7 nicht höher als bei dieser Wirkmasse. Die Abbrandrate beträgt nur 4,7 mm/s. Dies zeigt, dass die Energiedichte einer Wirkmasse weniger wichtig ist als die ideale Verteilung der Zonen der Flamme.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel. The specific radiation power measured with this active material is almost identical to the specific radiation output of the high-performance active material according to Example 7. However, the active material contains less magnesium. As a result, the reducing primary flame becomes smaller and the second fuel and the further second fuel are converted earlier. Therefore, the specific radiation power during the burn-up is not higher than with this active mass, despite a considerably higher energy density than with the active material according to Example 7. The burn rate is only 4.7 mm / s. This shows that the energy density of an active mass is less important than the ideal distribution of the zones of the flame.

Beispiel 9:Example 9:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 39,839.8 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 11,211.2 Borboron Körnung: 1 µmGrain: 1 µm 20,720.7 Titantitanium Svenska kemi, Körnung: 250 - 425 µmSvenska kemi, grain size: 250 - 425 µm 7,37.3 FerrocenFerrocene Arapahoe ChemicalsArapahoe Chemicals 1,01.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Bor als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Die Zonenverteilung in der Flamme wurde optimiert. Die Energiedichte dieser Wirkmasse ist geringer als die Energiedichte der Wirkmasse gemäß Beispiel 8. Dennoch weist sie beim Abbrand eine sehr viel höhere spezifische Strahlungsleistung auf als diese. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 7,4 mm/s.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel. The zone distribution in the flame has been optimized. The energy density of this active mass is lower than the energy density of the active mass according to Example 8. Nevertheless, when burned it has a very much higher specific radiation power than this. The burn rate is 7.4 mm / s.

Beispiel 10:Example 10:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 47,547.5 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 11,511.5 TitanhydridTitanium hydride Chemetall GmbHChemetall GmbH 13,013.0 Titantitanium Svenska kemi, Körnung: 250 - 425 µmSvenska kemi, grain size: 250 - 425 µm 7,07.0 KupferftalocyaninCopper talocyanine BASF VossenblauBASF Vossenblau 1,01.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Titanhydrid als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Aus Titanhydrid entstehen bei der Erwärmung durch die Primärflamme Titan und Wasserstoff. Die Wirkmasse ist sehr leistungsstark. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 3,2 mm/s.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and titanium hydride as a further second fuel. Titanium hydride is converted into titanium and hydrogen when heated by the primary flame. The active mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 3.2 mm / s.

Beispiel 11:Example 11:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 47,547.5 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 11,511.5 ZirkoniumhydridZirconium hydride Chemetall GmbHChemetall GmbH 13,013.0 Titantitanium Svenska kemi, Körnung: 250 - 425 µmSvenska kemi, grain size: 250 - 425 µm 7,07.0 KupferftalocyaninCopper talocyanine BASF VossenblauBASF Vossenblau 1,01.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Zirkoniumhydrid als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Aus Zirkoniumhydrid entstehen bei der Erwärmung durch die Primärflamme Zirkonium und Wasserstoff. Die beim Abbrand entstehende Flamme weist vier Zonen auf: Eine Primärflamme, in welcher Magnesium verbrennt, eine erste Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Titan verbrennt, eine zweite Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Zirkonium verbrennt, und eine dritte Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Wasserstoff verbrennt. Die Wirkmasse ist sehr leistungsstark. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 5,0 mm/s.This high-performance active material is a black-body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and zirconium hydride as a further second fuel. When heated by the primary flame, zirconium and hydrogen are produced from zirconium hydride. The flame that arises during combustion has four zones: a primary flame in which magnesium burns, a first zone of the secondary flame in which titanium burns, a second zone of the secondary flame in which zirconium burns, and a third zone of the secondary flame in which hydrogen burns. The active mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 5.0 mm / s.

Beispiel 12:Example 12:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 47,547.5 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 11,511.5 Zirkonium-NickelZirconium nickel 50/50 Degussa50/50 Degussa 13,013.0 Titantitanium Svenska kemi, Körnung: 250 - 425 µmSvenska kemi, grain size: 250 - 425 µm 7,07.0 KupferftalocyaninCopper talocyanine BASF VossenblauBASF Vossenblau 1,01.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff, Zirkonium als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff und Nickel als zusätzlichen zweiten Brennstoff. Zirkonium und Nickel liegen in einer Legierung in einem Massenverhältnis von 50/50 vor. Die beim Verbrennen der Wirkmasse entstehende Flamme weist vier Zonen auf: Eine Primärflamme, in der Magnesium verbrennt, eine erste Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Titan verbrennt, eine zweite Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Zirkonium verbrennt, und eine dritte Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Nickel verbrennt. Die Wirkmasse ist sehr leistungsstark. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 4,3 mm/s.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel, zirconium as an additional second fuel and nickel as an additional second fuel. Zirconium and nickel are present in an alloy in a mass ratio of 50/50. The one in burning The flame resulting from the active mass has four zones: a primary flame in which magnesium burns, a first zone of the secondary flame in which titanium burns, a second zone of the secondary flame in which zirconium burns, and a third zone of the secondary flame in which nickel burns . The active mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 4.3 mm / s.

Beispiel 13:Example 13:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 47,547.5 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 11,511.5 BlähgrafitExpanded graphite NGS Naturgraphit GmbH, Ex 180 SC, grobkörnigNGS Naturgraphit GmbH, Ex 180 SC, coarse-grained 13,013.0 Titantitanium Svenska kemi, Körnung: 250 - 425 µmSvenska kemi, grain size: 250 - 425 µm 7,07.0 KupferftalocyaninCopper talocyanine BASF VossenblauBASF Vossenblau 1,01.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Blähgrafit bzw. Kohlenstoff als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Bei Blähgrafit handelt es sich um Grafit, bei dem zwischen die Kohlenstoff-Schichten Atome oder kleine Moleküle eingelagert sind. Blähgrafit dehnt sich bei Beaufschlagung mit Wärme stark aus. Die Wirkmasse ist sehr leistungsstark. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 5,8 mm/s. Der Blähgrafit bewirkt eine zusätzliche Raumwirkung.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and expanded graphite or carbon as a further second fuel. Expanded graphite is graphite with atoms or small molecules embedded between the carbon layers. Expanded graphite expands significantly when exposed to heat. The active mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 5.8 mm / s. The expanded graphite creates an additional spatial effect.

Beispiel 14:Example 14:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 20,220.2 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 12,812.8 Borboron Körnung: 1 µmGrain: 1 µm 15,715.7 TitanhydridTitanium hydride Chemetall GmbHChemetall GmbH 15,315.3 BlähgrafitExpanded graphite NGS Naturgraphit GmbH,NGS Naturgraphit GmbH, 15,015.0 grobkörnigcoarse-grained FerrocenFerrocene Arapahoe ChemicalsArapahoe Chemicals 1,01.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff, Bor als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff, Titanhydrid als zusätzlichen zweiten Brennstoff und Kohlenstoff als weiteren zusätzlichen zweiten Brennstoff. Aus Titanhydrid entstehen bei der Erwärmung durch die Primärflamme Titan und Wasserstoff. Die Wirkmasse zeigt beim Abbrand eine Flamme mit fünf Zonen: In einer Primärflamme verbrennt Magnesium, in einer ersten Zone der Sekundärflamme Titan, in einer zweiten Zone der Sekundärflamme Bor, in einer dritten Zone der Sekundärflamme Wasserstoff und in einer vierten Zone der Sekundärflamme Kohlenstoff. Die Wirkmasse ist relativ leistungsstark. Der Blähgrafit bewirkt zusätzlich eine Raumwirkung. Die Wirkmasse brennt verhältnismäßig langsam ab. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 1,8 mm/s.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as a second fuel, boron as an additional second fuel, titanium hydride as an additional second fuel and carbon as an additional, second fuel. Titanium hydride is converted into titanium and hydrogen when heated by the primary flame. The active mass shows a flame with five zones during combustion: Magnesium burns in a primary flame, titanium in a first zone of the secondary flame, boron in a second zone of the secondary flame, hydrogen in a third zone of the secondary flame and carbon in a fourth zone of the secondary flame. The active mass is relatively powerful. The expanded graphite also creates a spatial effect. The active mass burns off relatively slowly. The burn rate is 1.8 mm / s.

Beispiel 15:Example 15:

Stoffmaterial TypType GewichtprozentWeight percent Magnesiummagnesium LNR 61LNR 61 40,040.0 GrafitfluoridGraphite fluoride Sigma-AldrichSigma-Aldrich 20,020.0 VitonViton 3M Fluorel FC-21753M Fluorel FC-2175 11,511.5 Borboron Körnung: 1 µmGrain: 1 µm 10,010.0 Titantitanium Svenska kemi, Körnung: 250 - 425 µmSvenska kemi, grain size: 250 - 425 µm 7,57.5 BlähgrafitExpanded graphite NGS Naturgraphit GmbH, feinkörnigNGS Naturgraphit GmbH, fine-grained 10,010.0 FerrocenFerrocene Arapahoe ChemicalsArapahoe Chemicals 1,01.0

Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff, Bor als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff und Kohlenstoff als zusätzlichen zweiten Brennstoff. Beim Abbrand zeigt die Wirkmasse eine Flamme mit vier Zonen: In einer Primärflamme verbrennt Magnesium, in einer ersten Zone der Sekundärflamme Titan, in einer zweiten Zone der Sekundärflamme Bor und in einer dritten Zone der Sekundärflamme Kohlenstoff. Die Wirkmasse ist relativ leistungsstark. Der Blähgrafit verursacht zusätzlich eine Raumwirkung. Die Wirkmasse brennt sehr schnell ab. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 7,2 mm/s.This high-performance active compound is a black-body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel, boron as an additional second fuel and carbon as an additional second fuel. When burned, the active material shows a flame with four zones: Magnesium burns in a primary flame, titanium in a first zone of the secondary flame, boron in a second zone of the secondary flame and carbon in a third zone of the secondary flame. The active mass is relatively powerful. The expanded graphite also creates a spatial effect. The active mass burns off very quickly. The burn rate is 7.2 mm / s.

Messergebnis der Strahlungsmessungen:
Es wurden jeweils 5 Messreihen durchgeführt. Alle angegebenen Werte wurden für jede Messreihe separat ermittelt und berechnet. Die angegebenen Werte sind Durchschnittswerte der für jede Messreihe ermittelten Werte. "Ea" bezeichnet dabei die im A-Band (ca. 1,8 - 2,6 µm) und "Eb" die im B-Band (ca. 3,5 - 4,6 µm) gemessene spezifische Leistung in J/(g sr). "% MTV" gibt die Summe der spezifischen Leistungen im A-Band und im B-Band in Prozent der für MTV gemessenen spezifischen Leistung an. Wirkmasse Ea/(J/ (g sr)) Eb/(J/ (g sr)) (Ea + Eb)/ (J/(g sr)) Eb/Ea % MTV MTV 166 82 248 0.496 100 Beispiel 1 312 157 469 0.506 178 Beispiel 2 313 156 469 0.500 178 Beispiel 3 219 141 361 0.646 145 Beispiel 4 315 177 492 0.562 198 Beispiel 5 218 103 322 0.474 122 Beispiel 6 293 188 482 0.641 188 Beispiel 7 212 135 347 0.635 140 Beispiel 8 207 137 344 0.661 139 Beispiel 9 308 204 512 0.662 207 Beispiel 10 212 139 351 0.654 141 Beispiel 11 206 133 339 0.645 137 Beispiel 12 183 121 304 0.659 123 Beispiel 13 163 120 283 0.735 114 Beispiel 14 154 126 280 0.816 113 Beispiel 15 185 130 315 0.705 127 Measurement result of the radiation measurements:
5 series of measurements were carried out in each case. All values given were determined and calculated separately for each series of measurements. The stated values are average values of the values determined for each series of measurements. "E a " denotes the specific power in J measured in the A-band (approx. 1.8 - 2.6 µm) and "E b " the specific power measured in the B-band (approx. 3.5 - 4.6 µm) / (g sr). "% MTV" indicates the sum of the specific performance in the A-band and in the B-band as a percentage of the specific performance measured for MTV. Active mass E a / (J / (g sr)) E b / (J / (g sr)) (E a + E b ) / (J / (g sr)) E b / E a % MTV MTV 166 82 248 0.496 100 example 1 312 157 469 0.506 178 Example 2 313 156 469 0.500 178 Example 3 219 141 361 0.646 145 Example 4 315 177 492 0.562 198 Example 5 218 103 322 0.474 122 Example 6 293 188 482 0.641 188 Example 7 212 135 347 0.635 140 Example 8 207 137 344 0.661 139 Example 9 308 204 512 0.662 207 Example 10 212 139 351 0.654 141 Example 11 206 133 339 0.645 137 Example 12 183 121 304 0.659 123 Example 13 163 120 283 0.735 114 Example 14 154 126 280 0.816 113 Example 15 185 130 315 0.705 127

BezugszeichenlisteList of reference symbols

1010
WirkmasseActive mass
1111
HochleistungswirkmasseHigh-performance active material
1212th
PrimärflammePrimary flame
1414th
SekundärflammeSecondary flame
1515th
erste Zone der Sekundärflammefirst zone of the secondary flame
1616
zweite Zone der Sekundärflammesecond zone of the secondary flame
1818th
AbbrandprodukteBurn-off products

Claims (12)

  1. High-intensity active composition (11) for pyrotechnic infra-red decoys, comprising a first fuel, at least one second fuel, an oxidizer and a binder, the first fuel and the oxidizer being selected in terms of their redox potentials in such a way that the oxidizer is able to oxidize the first fuel after ignition in an exothermic reaction, with formation of a primary flame (12) and emission of infra-red radiation, the primary flame (12) being an anaerobic flame, the second fuel in the course of the reaction being ignited, heated and/or pyrolysed and released from the high-intensity active composition (11), the second fuel being selected such that its redox potential or the redox potential of at least one pyrolysis product of the second fuel is higher than the redox potential of the first fuel and such that the heated or ignited second fuel or the pyrolysis product is able to burn in air, the amount of the oxidizer present in the high-intensity active composition (11) being no more than the amount just sufficient to oxidize fully the first fuel, where the amount of oxidizer present in the high-intensity active composition (11) is made such that the number of electrons to be given off in redox reactions by the total fuel in the high-intensity active composition (11) exceeds the number of electrons which can be accepted by the oxidizer by a factor of at least 4, where the oxidizer is a halogen-containing polymer or a carbon fluoride, where the first fuel comprises magnesium, calcium, lithium, aluminium or an alloy or mixture of at least two of these metals, where the second fuel comprises aluminium, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, tungsten, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, tin, lead, bismuth, an alloy or mixture of at least two of these metals, a zirconium-nickel alloy or mixture, an aluminium-magnesium alloy or mixture, a lithium-aluminium alloy or mixture, a lithium-silicon alloy or mixture, a calcium-aluminium alloy or mixture, an iron-titanium alloy or mixture, a zirconium-titanium alloy or mixture, boron, titanium hydride, zirconium hydride, a boron hydride, hafnium hydride, a lithium complex hydride, elemental carbon, expandable graphite, bituminous coal, charcoal, lignite coal, phosphorus, sulphur, silicon, sawdust or wood.
  2. High-intensity active composition (11) according to Claim 1,
    where the amount of oxidizer present in the high-intensity active composition (11) is made such that the number of electrons to be given off in redox reactions by the total fuel in the high-intensity active composition (11) exceeds the number of electrons which can be accepted by the oxidizer by a factor of at least 5.
  3. High-intensity active composition (11) according to either of the preceding claims,
    where the amount of oxidizer present in the high-intensity active composition (11) is made such that the number of electrons to be given off in redox reactions by the first fuel in the high-intensity active composition (11) exceeds the number of electrons which can be accepted by the oxidizer by a factor of at least 1.25, more particularly by a factor of at least 1.5, more particularly by a factor of at least 2.
  4. High-intensity active composition (11) according to any of the preceding claims,
    where the second fuel comprises a metal, a mixture of metals, a metal alloy or a metal hydride.
  5. High-intensity active composition (11) according to any of the preceding claims,
    where the first fuel comprises magnesium and the second fuel comprises a mixture or alloy of titanium and boron.
  6. High-intensity active composition (11) according to any of the preceding claims,
    where the second fuel has a boiling point which is above a reaction temperature which comes about on reaction of the first fuel with the oxidizer following its ignition.
  7. High-intensity active composition (11) according to any of the preceding claims,
    where the first fuel and/or the second fuel are/is present in the form of particles or are/is contained in particles.
  8. High-intensity active composition (11) according to Claim 7,
    where the particles comprising the second fuel have a thermal conductivity of at least 20 W/(m·K).
  9. High-intensity active composition (11) according to Claim 7 or 8,
    where the particles comprising the second fuel are present in the form of strips, wire pieces or swarf or are porous at least on their surface.
  10. High-intensity active composition (11) according to any of Claims 7 to 9,
    where the second fuel is a metal or a metal alloy and the particles comprising the second fuel are porous at least on their surface, and pores of these particles contain a solid carbon fluoride, more particularly polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or a solid hydrofluorocarbon.
  11. High-intensity active composition (11) according to any of Claims 7 to 10,
    where the particles comprising the second fuel have a greater average volume than the particles comprising the first fuel.
  12. High-intensity active composition (11) according to any of Claims 7 to 10,
    where the first fuel and the second fuel each consist of at least one metal, the first and second fuels being present together in an alloy or in a mixture, more particularly a homogeneous mixture.
EP11009507.2A 2010-12-08 2011-12-01 High-efficiency active mass for pyrotechnical infra-red decoys Active EP2463259B1 (en)

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DE102011103482A1 (en) * 2011-06-03 2012-12-06 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg High-performance active mass for a spectrally radiating infrared light target during burn-up
DE102011103483A1 (en) * 2011-06-03 2012-12-06 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Active mass for a spectrally radiating infrared light target with room effect during burnup
DE102012015761A1 (en) * 2012-08-09 2014-02-13 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Active mass for a pyrotechnic decoy with high emissivity
DE102012015757B4 (en) * 2012-08-09 2015-06-11 Diehl Bgt Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg Method for burnup acceleration of a pyrotechnic active mass
DE102019111722B3 (en) * 2019-05-06 2020-09-17 Ernst-Christian Koch Pyrotechnic active mass for infrared targets
CN113683087B (en) * 2021-09-30 2022-03-04 昆明理工大学 Surface modification method for expanded graphite in-situ deposition of nano metal particles

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