EP2463259A2 - High-efficiency active mass for pyrotechnical infra-red decoys - Google Patents
High-efficiency active mass for pyrotechnical infra-red decoys Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2463259A2 EP2463259A2 EP11009507A EP11009507A EP2463259A2 EP 2463259 A2 EP2463259 A2 EP 2463259A2 EP 11009507 A EP11009507 A EP 11009507A EP 11009507 A EP11009507 A EP 11009507A EP 2463259 A2 EP2463259 A2 EP 2463259A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fuel
- active mass
- performance active
- alloy
- particles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 169
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- -1 titanium hydride Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910000048 titanium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- QSGNKXDSTRDWKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N zirconium dihydride Chemical compound [ZrH2] QSGNKXDSTRDWKA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000568 zirconium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Al] SNAAJJQQZSMGQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- ZSJFLDUTBDIFLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel zirconium Chemical compound [Ni].[Zr] ZSJFLDUTBDIFLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000521 B alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000861 Mg alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ULGYAEQHFNJYML-UHFFFAOYSA-N [AlH3].[Ca] Chemical compound [AlH3].[Ca] ULGYAEQHFNJYML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ZVLDJSZFKQJMKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Si] Chemical compound [Li].[Si] ZVLDJSZFKQJMKD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- IXQWNVPHFNLUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron titanium Chemical compound [Ti].[Fe] IXQWNVPHFNLUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- PMTRSEDNJGMXLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium zirconium Chemical compound [Ti].[Zr] PMTRSEDNJGMXLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;molecular fluorine Chemical compound C.FF QLOAVXSYZAJECW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 19
- 229920002449 FKM Polymers 0.000 description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 16
- 229920003249 vinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 16
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 8
- ZMRUPTIKESYGQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N propranolol hydrochloride Chemical compound [H+].[Cl-].C1=CC=C2C(OCC(O)CNC(C)C)=CC=CC2=C1 ZMRUPTIKESYGQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ferrocene Chemical compound [Fe+2].C=1C=C[CH-]C=1.C=1C=C[CH-]C=1 KTWOOEGAPBSYNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001603 reducing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001973 fluoroelastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005457 Black-body radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004971 Cross linker Substances 0.000 description 1
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M Formate Chemical compound [O-]C=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910020068 MgAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000002902 bimodal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011362 coarse particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006735 deficit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 108010025181 halocyanin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002674 ointment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001084 poly(chloroprene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003384 small molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06C—DETONATING OR PRIMING DEVICES; FUSES; CHEMICAL LIGHTERS; PYROPHORIC COMPOSITIONS
- C06C15/00—Pyrophoric compositions; Flints
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B27/00—Compositions containing a metal, boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium or mixtures, intercompounds or hydrides thereof, and hydrocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F41—WEAPONS
- F41J—TARGETS; TARGET RANGES; BULLET CATCHERS
- F41J2/00—Reflecting targets, e.g. radar-reflector targets; Active targets transmitting electromagnetic or acoustic waves
- F41J2/02—Active targets transmitting infrared radiation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
- F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
- F42B4/00—Fireworks, i.e. pyrotechnic devices for amusement, display, illumination or signal purposes
- F42B4/26—Flares; Torches
Definitions
- the invention relates to a high-performance active mass for pyrotechnic Infrarotscheinziele.
- MTV effective mass
- Another disadvantage associated with the use of MTV as a fake target effective mass is that MTV acts as a so-called "spotlight" during burnup because the resulting flame does not occupy a large volume. For a seeker several kilometers away, such a target always appears as a dot. MTV is thus not able to emulate the exhaust plume of an aircraft and thus has no corresponding deceptive effect in image-resolving seekers.
- MTV insufficient radiative power of MTV is usually solved by choosing a larger caliber for decoys, ie burning a larger mass of MTV.
- this is disadvantageous both in kinematic decoys as well as in driven decoys, because more energy has to be expended to accelerate the higher mass.
- MTV active compounds in the form of salves can be released and ignited simultaneously.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide an active mass for pyrotechnic infrared light targets, which is more powerful than conventional MTV.
- a high-performance active mass for pyrotechnic infrared light targets comprising a first fuel, at least a second fuel, an oxidizing agent and a binder
- the first fuel and the oxidizing agent are selected with respect to their redox potentials, that the oxidizing agent, the first fuel after ignition in an exothermic reaction under the formation of a primary flame and emission of infrared radiation can oxidize
- the second fuel is ignited in the reaction, heated and / or pyrolyzed and released from the high-performance mass
- the second fuel is chosen so that its redox potential or the redox potential of at least one pyrolysis of the second fuel is higher than the redox potential of the first fuel and that the heated or ignited second fuel or the pyrolysis product can burn in the air, the amount of high-efficiency we in the
- the maximum amount of oxidizing agent contained in the mass of the oxidizing agent that is present is sufficient to completely oxidize the first fuel.
- the at least one pyrolysis product may be carbon if the second fuel is hard coal or wood, or titanium and hydrogen if the second fuel is titanium hydride.
- Pyrolysis product is understood here in particular any product which is formed from the second fuel by mere heating.
- primary flame is meant here a flame in which no reaction with oxygen takes place, d. H. an anaerobic flame.
- secondary flame is meant here a flame in which a reaction with oxygen takes place, i. H. an aerobic flame.
- a substance has the more reducing the lower its redox potential. Due to the different redox potentials is achieved that when burning the high performance active mass of the first fuel reacts with the oxidizing agent and the second fuel or the pyrolysis either not react with the oxidizing agent or if he / she should react with the oxidizing agent, the resulting oxidation product by the first fuel in the primary flame is reduced again.
- the second fuel or pyrolysis product can thus only react outside of the anaerobic primary flame when they come into contact with the oxygen and / or nitrogen present in the air. This creates an aerobic secondary flame. The emergence of a primary flame and a secondary flame, the IR-emitting surface is increased and thereby increases the radiant power.
- the amount of oxidant contained in the high-performance active mass may be such that it is insufficient to completely oxidize the first fuel. Then, another zone of the secondary flame arises outside the primary flame, in which the first fuel reacts with the atmospheric oxygen and inhibits the burnup of the weaker reducing second fuel or pyrolysis product. Only outside this zone can then burn the second fuel or the pyrolysis product. This causes a further increase of the IR radiation emitting surface of the flame. Also, this way less oxidizing agent is needed for the same radiant power, since the atmospheric oxygen is used as an additional oxidant.
- the amount of oxidant contained in the high performance active mass is such that the deficit of oxidant relative to the first fuel is not excessive.
- This will reduce the burn rate, i. H. accelerates the rate at which the active mass burns off. This is because the primary flame becomes hotter and more heat is radiated back to the remaining high-performance active mass.
- This makes it possible to provide an active mass, which has a significantly higher radiant power than MTV during burnup and burns faster than MTV.
- the ignitability to MTV is significantly improved because only a portion of the effective mass must be heated to achieve ignition of the active mass and because the second fuel when lighting often reacts with the oxidizing agent rather than the first fuel.
- the second fuel can also react with the oxidizing agent. However, as soon as a flame is generated, the second fuel oxidized by the oxidant is reduced by the first fuel to the second fuel.
- the amount of oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active mass is such that the number of electrons to be delivered by the entire fuel in the high-performance active mass in redox reactions, the number of electrons that can be absorbed by the oxidizing agent, at least by a factor of 2, in particular at least by a factor of 3, in particular by at least a factor of 4, in particular by at least a factor of 5, exceeds.
- the energy density of the high-performance active mass can be further increased.
- the amount of oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active mass is such that the number of electrons to be released from the first fuel in the high-performance active mass in redox reactions, the number of electrons that can be absorbed by the oxidizing agent, at least by a factor of 1.25, in particular at least by a factor of 1.5, in particular by at least a factor of 2.0.
- a further zone of the secondary flame formed by the first fuel not reacted in the primary flame is generated. This enlarges the radiating surface of the flame.
- the first fuel comprises a metal, a mixture of metals or a metal alloy.
- the metals are suitable first fuels with very negative redox potential, i. H. with strong reducing effect. It is very advantageous if the first fuel has a boiling point which is below a reaction temperature which occurs during the reaction of the first fuel with the oxidizing agent after it has been ignited. As a result, the first fuel evaporates at the reaction temperature. The resulting fuel vapor creates a reducing atmosphere which prevents reaction of the second fuel and reduces already oxidized second fuel to the second fuel. The emergence of the vapor of the first fuel also widens the primary flame.
- the first fuel may comprise magnesium, calcium, lithium, aluminum or an alloy or mixture of at least two of these metals. Of these, magnesium, calcium and lithium and mixtures or alloys of these metals are particularly well suited for producing a vapor of the first fuel.
- the second fuel comprises aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, calcium, lithium, niobium, tungsten, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, tin, lead, bismuth, an alloy or mixture of at least two of these metals Zirconium-nickel alloy or blend, an aluminum-magnesium alloy or blend, a lithium-aluminum alloy or blend, a lithium-silicon alloy or blend, a calcium-aluminum alloy or blend, a Iron-titanium alloy or mixture, a zirconium-titanium alloy or mixture, boron, titanium hydride, zirconium hydride, a borohydride, hafnium hydride, a lithium complex hydride, elemental carbon, expanded graphite, hard coal, charcoal, lignite, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, Sawdust, wood or plastic.
- the second fuel comprises a metal, a mixture of metals, a metal alloy or a metal hydride.
- Metal hydrides release hydrogen and the metal as pyrolysis products when heated by the primary flame. The resulting hydrogen widens the resulting flame and forms an additional zone of secondary flame during burnup.
- intermetallic reactions and solid phase reactions may additionally take place which further increase the temperature in the high-performance active material and the flame.
- the first fuel may include magnesium and the second fuel may include a mixture or alloy of titanium and boron.
- the second fuel has a boiling point which is above a reaction temperature which occurs during the reaction of the first fuel with the oxidizing agent after it has been ignited. This on the one hand ensures that in the anaerobic primary flame hot particles of second fuel are present, which act as black body radiator. Furthermore, the solid burning particles in the secondary aerobic flame function as effective black body radiators. The solid particles of the second fuel radiate much more effectively than burning steam, such as burning magnesium vapor during combustion of MTV.
- Another advantage associated with the presence of solid particles of the second fuel upon burnup is that the active mass exhibits less power loss upon burning at high air velocity. Furthermore, a second fuel, the boiling point of which is above said reaction temperature, does not remove heat by evaporation of the reaction of the first fuel with the oxidant. As a result, the anaerobic primary flame is hotter than, for example, MTV, in the combustion of which is not evaporated with the oxidizing agent reacting magnesium. For example, with zirconium as the second fuel, whose boiling point is above 4682 K, with sufficient energy, a temperature in the Primary flame of up to 4682 K can be achieved, while the temperature of the primary flame during combustion of MTV 1700 to 1800 K does not exceed.
- the first fuel and / or the second fuel may be in the form of particles or contained in particles.
- the particles may have a different size, i. H. have a different volume.
- An advantage of different size of the particles is that the larger particles increase the mechanical stability of the high-performance active mass considerably, since they act as mechanical crosslinkers, similar to stones in concrete. Such a crosslinking effect may, for example, be in the form of coarse particles of titanium sponge.
- very fine particles can fill in gaps between larger particles and thereby increase the energy density of the high-performance active mass.
- boron is often sold as a very fine powder with a particle size below 10 microns or even below 1 micron. It can thereby fill gaps between larger magnesium particles.
- zirconium powder is usually sold with a very small grain size so that the particles fit into the gaps between larger particles.
- the particles comprising the second fuel preferably have a larger average volume than the particles comprising the first fuel.
- the particles comprising the second fuel have a thermal conductivity of at least 20 W / (m ⁇ K).
- the second particles can accelerate the burnup of the high-performance active mass by introducing heat from the primary flame resulting from the burn-up of the first fuel during combustion into the high-efficiency active mass not yet burned off. This is particularly effective when the particles comprising the second fuel are in the form of strips, pieces of wire or chips.
- the particles comprising the second fuel are formed porous.
- the second fuel is a metal or a metal alloy
- a solid carbon fluoride in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a solid fluorohydrocarbon or another oxidizing agent, which is used in the Conversion with the second fuel forms carbon black, be included.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- the first fuel and the second fuel may each consist of at least one metal, wherein the first and the second fuel are present together in an alloy or in a, in particular homogeneous, mixture.
- the first fuel is magnesium and the second fuel is aluminum and those fuels are in the form of a magnesium-aluminum alloy, magnesium, but not aluminum, will vaporize upon reaction of the magnesium with the oxidant is released as the second fuel.
- a fluoroelastomer in particular a fluororubber, such as "Viton” from the company “DuPont Performance Elastomers”, has proven to be favorable.
- polychloroprene can be used as a binder.
- the oxidizing agent is preferably a halogen-containing polymer, in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or carbon fluoride.
- a burn-off catalyst in particular copper-containing formate or expanded graphite, is contained.
- Fig. 1 shows the flame resulting from the combustion of an active mass 10 consisting of MTV.
- the burn-off products 18 contain cooling reaction products, such as smoke, soot and mist.
- Fig. 2 shows the resulting during combustion of a high-performance active mass 11 flame invention.
- the high-performance active mass 11 contains an excess of the first fuel in relation to the oxidizing agent.
- a primary flame 12 is formed, in which the oxidant reacts completely with the first fuel.
- second fuel is reduced in the primary flame 12 by the first fuel due to its lower redox potential immediately to second fuel.
- the first fuel not reacted in the primary flame 12 reacts with the oxygen of the air. Due to the lower redox potential of the first fuel, only the first fuel reacts with the oxygen here.
- the second fuel reacts in the second zone of the secondary flame 16 with the atmospheric oxygen.
- the burn-off products 18 contain cooling reaction products, such as smoke, soot and mist. Due to the presence of the second fuel, the volume of the entire flame and thus the IR radiation emitting surface is significantly increased compared to the resulting during combustion of an MTV active mass flame.
- the first fuel used in each case was magnesium, obtained from the company Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG, Princeth, Germany.
- magnesium is present in an alloy with the second fuel aluminum in a ratio of 50/50 (by mass).
- the alloy was also purchased from Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG.
- the average grain size of the magnesium particles was about 50 ⁇ m.
- the copper halocyanin and the ferrocene served as burnup catalyst and guanidinazotetrazolate (GZT) to increase the primary flame. Unless stated otherwise, the titanium was purchased from Fa.
- the tablets were burned off and their power determined in the form of radiant power with a radiometer.
- the specific power was determined in relation to the performance of MTV tablets as standard.
- the energy was in Joule / (g / sr) in the A band, ie at a wavelength of about 1.8 to 2.6 microns, and in the B band, ie at a wavelength of about 3.5 to 4.6 microns, in a steady state, ie measured without wind.
- the A-band and B-band are the wavelengths detected by conventional seekers. All data were measured in five parallel series of measurements in each case in comparison to MTV with the radiometer at a distance of 1 m.
- the radiometer was previously calibrated against a blackbody source at 1273 K and an aperture of 22.2 mm at a distance of 0.4 m to obtain absolute specific radiative energies in joules per steradian (sr) and gram.
- This black body active mass is the standard MTV used.
- the active material burns at a burn rate of 4.4 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride. Coarse-grained spherical titanium serves as a second fuel. The active material burns at a burn rate of 3.3 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride. Fine-grained spherical titanium serves as the second fuel. The active material burns at a burn rate of 3.3 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel.
- the titanium is present as a bimodal powder, ie as a powder of which 30% have a grain size of 15 ⁇ m and 70% have a grain size of 100 ⁇ m.
- the active material burns at a burn rate of 3.6 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with fine-grained hard coal granules.
- the active mass also creates a spatial effect, d. H. it also emits IR radiation from outside the flame due to hard coal particles released from the high-performance active mass.
- the hard coal acts here essentially as a source of carbon, which is produced here as a pyrolysis product of the second fuel and widens the flame.
- the hard coal in household quality however, also contains about 60% volatile, very carbon-rich aromatic substances that produce in the resulting flame fine soot, which causes an extremely high radiant power.
- the burn rate is 2.5 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on Teflon with aluminum as the second fuel.
- the second fuel is present in an alloy with the first fuel magnesium in a weight ratio of 50/50.
- a homogeneous mixture of magnesium and aluminum could also be used here.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride and hard coal as the second fuel.
- CCT serves as a flame broadening agent.
- the burn rate is 2.7 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel. This active compound burns very fast. The burn rate is 8.0 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel.
- the specific radiant power measured with this active mass is almost identical to the specific radiant power of the high-performance active mass according to Example 7.
- the active mass contains less magnesium.
- the reducing primary flame becomes smaller and the second fuel and the second fuel are converted earlier. Therefore, the specific radiant power during burnup despite significantly higher energy density than the effective mass according to Example 7 is not higher than this effective mass.
- the burn rate is only 4.7 mm / s. This shows that the energy density of a working mass is less important than the ideal distribution of the zones of the flame.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel.
- the zone distribution in the flame has been optimized.
- the energy density of this active mass is less than the energy density of the active mass according to Example 8. Nevertheless, it has a much higher specific radiant power during combustion than this.
- the burning rate is 7.4 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and titanium hydride as a further second fuel. Titanium hydride produces titanium and hydrogen when heated by the primary flame. The effective mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 3.2 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and zirconium hydride as a further second fuel.
- Zirconium hydride produces zirconium and hydrogen when heated by the primary flame.
- the flame produced during combustion has four zones: a primary flame in which magnesium burns, a first zone of the secondary flame in which titanium burns, a second zone of the secondary flame in which zirconium burns, and a third zone of the secondary flame in which hydrogen is burned burns.
- the effective mass is very powerful.
- the burn rate is 5.0 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel, zirconium as a further second fuel and nickel as an additional second fuel. Zirconium and nickel are present in an alloy in a mass ratio of 50/50.
- the flame produced by the combustion of the active mass has four zones: a primary flame in which magnesium burns, a first zone of the secondary flame in which titanium burns, a second zone of the secondary flame in which zirconium burns, and a third zone of the secondary flame, in the nickel burns.
- the effective mass is very powerful.
- the burn rate is 4.3 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and expanded graphite or carbon as a further second fuel.
- Blähgrafit is graphite in which atoms or small molecules are embedded between the carbon layers. Blähgrafit expands when exposed to heat strong. The effective mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 5.8 mm / s. The Blähgrafit causes an additional room effect.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel, boron as a further second fuel, titanium hydride as an additional second fuel and carbon as a further additional second fuel. Titanium hydride produces titanium and hydrogen when heated by the primary flame.
- the active material shows during combustion a flame with five zones: In a primary flame burns magnesium, in a first zone of the secondary flame titanium, in a second zone of the secondary flame boron, in a third zone of the secondary flame hydrogen and in a fourth zone of the secondary flame carbon.
- the active mass is relatively powerful.
- the expandable graphite additionally causes a spatial effect.
- the active mass burns off relatively slowly. The burn rate is 1.8 mm / s.
- This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel, boron as a further second fuel and carbon as an additional second fuel.
- the active mass shows a flame with four zones: in a primary flame burns magnesium, in a first zone of the secondary flame titanium, in a second zone of the secondary flame boron and in a third zone of the secondary flame carbon.
- the active mass is relatively powerful.
- the expandable graphite additionally causes a spatial effect. The active mass burns off very quickly. The burn rate is 7.2 mm / s.
- E a refers to the specific power in the A-band (about 1.8 - 2.6 ⁇ m) and “Eb” in the B-band (about 3.5 - 4.6 ⁇ m) in J / (g sr).
- % MTV gives the sum of the specific powers in the A band and in the B band as a percentage of the specific power measured for MTV.
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Hochleistungswirkmasse für pyrotechnische Infrarotscheinziele.The invention relates to a high-performance active mass for pyrotechnic Infrarotscheinziele.
Herkömmliche Scheinzielwirkmassen für Schwarzkörperstrahler basieren überwiegend auf einer Mischung aus Magnesium, Teflon und dem Fluorkautschuk Viton. Entsprechend der Bestandteile wird diese Wirkmasse MTV genannt. MTV ist eine der am stärksten strahlenden bekannten Wirkmassen.Conventional fake target compounds for blackbody radiators are predominantly based on a mixture of magnesium, Teflon and the fluororubber Viton. According to the ingredients, this active mass is called MTV. MTV is one of the most radiant known active compounds.
Die für einige Scheinzieltypen geforderten Spezifikationen können mittels MTV als Wirkmasse nicht erfüllt werden, weil dessen spezifische Strahlungsleistung dafür zu gering ist. Ein weiterer mit der Verwendung von MTV als Scheinzielwirkmasse einhergehender Nachteil besteht darin, dass MTV beim Abbrand als sogenannter "Punktstrahler" wirkt, weil die dabei entstehende Flamme kein großes Volumen einnimmt. Für einen mehrere Kilometer entfernten Suchkopf erscheint ein solches Ziel stets als Punkt. MTV ist damit nicht in der Lage, die Abgasfahne eines Flugzeugs nachzubilden und hat damit bei bildauflösenden Suchköpfen keine entsprechende Täuschwirkung.The specifications required for some decoy types can not be met by MTV as the effective mass because its specific radiant power is too low. Another disadvantage associated with the use of MTV as a fake target effective mass is that MTV acts as a so-called "spotlight" during burnup because the resulting flame does not occupy a large volume. For a seeker several kilometers away, such a target always appears as a dot. MTV is thus not able to emulate the exhaust plume of an aircraft and thus has no corresponding deceptive effect in image-resolving seekers.
Das Problem der nicht ausreichenden Strahlungsleistung von MTV wird üblicherweise dadurch gelöst, dass bei Scheinzielen ein größeres Kaliber gewählt wird, d. h. dass eine größere Masse an MTV verbrannt wird. Dies ist jedoch sowohl bei kinematischen Scheinzielen als auch bei angetriebenen Scheinzielen nachteilig, weil zum Beschleunigen der höheren Masse mehr Energie aufgewandt werden muss. Alternativ können auch mehrere MTV-Wirkmassen in Form von Salven gleichzeitig freigesetzt und gezündet werden.The problem of insufficient radiative power of MTV is usually solved by choosing a larger caliber for decoys, ie burning a larger mass of MTV. However, this is disadvantageous both in kinematic decoys as well as in driven decoys, because more energy has to be expended to accelerate the higher mass. Alternatively, several MTV active compounds in the form of salves can be released and ignited simultaneously.
Beim Abbrand großkalibriger MTV-Scheinziele oder gleichzeitigen Abbrand mehrerer MTV-Scheinziele wird bei einem bildauflösenden Suchkopf ein sogenannter Blooming-Effekt ausgelöst. Das bedeutet, dass der Suchkopf das Scheinziel bzw. die Scheinziele als sehr großen Gegenstand erfasst, weil die Detektoren einer Bilderfassungseinheit des Suchkopfs an der entsprechenden Stelle überlastet werden und auch benachbarte Detektoren ein falsches Signal erzeugen. Zur Täuschung von Suchköpfen sind daher Wirkmassen umso vorteilhafter, je mehr Strahlungsenergie sie emittieren, weil in diesem Fall auch punktförmige Scheinziele vom Suchkopf als große räumliche Strahlungsquellen wahrgenommen werden. Wenn dies mittels Salven von MTV-Scheinzielen oder großkalibrigen MTV-Scheinzielen bewirkt werden soll, wird für die Bereitstellung solcher Scheinziele viel Raum an Bord eines Flugzeugs oder Schiffs benötigt und es muss ein relativ hohes Gewicht befördert werden.When firing large-caliber MTV decoys or burning multiple MTV decoys, a so-called blooming effect is triggered in an image-resolving seeker. This means that the seeker detects the decoy or the decoy as a very large object, because the detectors of an image acquisition unit of the seeker are overloaded in the appropriate place and also adjacent detectors generate a false signal. To deceive seekers therefore effective masses are the more advantageous, the more radiation energy they emit, because in this case, punctual decoys are perceived by the seeker as a large spatial radiation sources. When this is to be accomplished by salvaging MTV decoy targets or large caliber MTV decoy targets, the provision of such decoy targets requires much space on board an aircraft or ship, and a relatively high weight must be carried.
Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es daher, eine Wirkmasse für pyrotechnische Infrarotscheinziele bereitzustellen, welche leistungsfähiger ist als herkömmliches MTV.The object of the present invention is therefore to provide an active mass for pyrotechnic infrared light targets, which is more powerful than conventional MTV.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale des Patentanspruchs 1 gelöst. Zweckmäßige Ausgestaltung ergeben sich aus den Merkmalen der Patentansprüche 2 bis 19.This object is solved by the features of patent claim 1. Advantageous embodiment will become apparent from the features of claims 2 to 19.
Erfindungsgemäß ist eine Hochleistungswirkmasse für pyrotechnische Infrarotscheinziele umfassend einen ersten Brennstoff, mindestens einen zweiten Brennstoff, ein Oxidationsmittel und ein Bindemittel vorgesehen, wobei der erste Brennstoff und das Oxidationsmittel hinsichtlich ihrer Redoxpotentiale so gewählt sind, dass das Oxidationsmittel den ersten Brennstoff nach Zündung in einer exothermen Reaktion unter Entstehung einer Primärflamme und Emission von Infrarotstrahlung oxidieren kann, wobei der zweite Brennstoff bei der Reaktion entzündet, erhitzt und/oder pyrolysiert und aus der Hochleistungswirkmasse freigesetzt wird, wobei der zweite Brennstoff so gewählt ist, dass dessen Redoxpotential oder das Redoxpotential mindestens eines Pyrolyseprodukts des zweiten Brennstoffs höher ist als das Redoxpotential des ersten Brennstoffs und dass der erhitzte oder entzündete zweite Brennstoff oder das Pyrolyseprodukt an der Luft brennen kann, wobei die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels höchstens so groß ist, dass sie gerade ausreicht, um den ersten Brennstoff vollständig zu oxidieren.According to the invention, a high-performance active mass for pyrotechnic infrared light targets comprising a first fuel, at least a second fuel, an oxidizing agent and a binder is provided, wherein the first fuel and the oxidizing agent are selected with respect to their redox potentials, that the oxidizing agent, the first fuel after ignition in an exothermic reaction under the formation of a primary flame and emission of infrared radiation can oxidize, wherein the second fuel is ignited in the reaction, heated and / or pyrolyzed and released from the high-performance mass, the second fuel is chosen so that its redox potential or the redox potential of at least one pyrolysis of the second fuel is higher than the redox potential of the first fuel and that the heated or ignited second fuel or the pyrolysis product can burn in the air, the amount of high-efficiency we in the The maximum amount of oxidizing agent contained in the mass of the oxidizing agent that is present is sufficient to completely oxidize the first fuel.
Bei dem mindestens einen Pyrolyseprodukt kann es sich beispielsweise um Kohlenstoff handeln, wenn der zweite Brennstoff Steinkohle oder Holz ist, oder um Titan und Wasserstoff handeln, wenn der zweite Brennstoff Titanhydrid ist. Unter Pyrolyseprodukt wird hier insbesondere jedes Produkt verstanden, welches aus dem zweiten Brennstoff durch bloßes Erhitzen entsteht.For example, the at least one pyrolysis product may be carbon if the second fuel is hard coal or wood, or titanium and hydrogen if the second fuel is titanium hydride. Under Pyrolysis product is understood here in particular any product which is formed from the second fuel by mere heating.
Unter Primärflamme wird hier eine Flamme verstanden, in der keine Reaktion mit Sauerstoff erfolgt, d. h. eine anaerobe Flamme. Unter Sekundärflamme wird hier eine Flamme verstanden, in der eine Reaktion mit Sauerstoff erfolgt, d. h. eine aerobe Flamme.By primary flame is meant here a flame in which no reaction with oxygen takes place, d. H. an anaerobic flame. By secondary flame is meant here a flame in which a reaction with oxygen takes place, i. H. an aerobic flame.
Ein Stoff wirkt umso stärker reduzierend, je niedriger sein Redoxpotential ist. Durch die unterschiedlichen Redoxpotentiale wird erreicht, dass beim Verbrennen der Hochleistungswirkmasse der erste Brennstoff mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagiert und der zweite Brennstoff oder das Pyrolyseprodukt entweder nicht mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagiert oder wenn er/es doch mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagieren sollte, das dabei entstehende Oxidationsprodukt durch den ersten Brennstoff in der Primärflamme wieder reduziert wird.A substance has the more reducing the lower its redox potential. Due to the different redox potentials is achieved that when burning the high performance active mass of the first fuel reacts with the oxidizing agent and the second fuel or the pyrolysis either not react with the oxidizing agent or if he / she should react with the oxidizing agent, the resulting oxidation product by the first fuel in the primary flame is reduced again.
Der zweite Brennstoff oder das Pyrolyseprodukt können so erst außerhalb der anaeroben Primärflamme reagieren, wenn sie mit dem in der Luft vorhandenen Sauerstoff und/oder Stickstoff in Kontakt kommen. Dadurch entsteht eine aerobe Sekundärflamme. Durch das Entstehen einer Primärflamme und einer Sekundärflamme wird die IR-Strahlung emittierende Fläche vergrößert und dadurch die Strahlungsleistung erhöht.The second fuel or pyrolysis product can thus only react outside of the anaerobic primary flame when they come into contact with the oxygen and / or nitrogen present in the air. This creates an aerobic secondary flame. The emergence of a primary flame and a secondary flame, the IR-emitting surface is increased and thereby increases the radiant power.
Durch die starke Erhitzung des zweiten Brennstoffs oder des Pyrolyseprodukts in der Primärflamme wird dessen Reaktionsfähigkeit mit dem Sauerstoff und/oder Stickstoff der Luft stark erhöht, was eine heftige Reaktion bewirkt und dadurch zu einer Vergrößerung der Sekundärflamme beiträgt.Due to the strong heating of the second fuel or the pyrolysis product in the primary flame, its reactivity with the oxygen and / or nitrogen of the air is greatly increased, which causes a violent reaction and thereby contributes to an increase in the secondary flame.
Die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels kann so bemessen sein, dass sie nicht ausreicht, um den ersten Brennstoff vollständig zu oxidieren. Dann entsteht eine weitere Zone der Sekundärflamme außerhalb der Primärflamme, in welcher der erste Brennstoff mit dem Luftsauerstoff reagiert und den Abbrand des schwächer reduzierenden zweiten Brennstoffs oder Pyrolyseprodukts hemmt. Erst außerhalb dieser Zone kann dann der zweite Brennstoff oder das Pyrolyseprodukt verbrennen. Dadurch wird eine weitere Vergrößerung der IR-Strahlung emittierenden Fläche der Flamme bewirkt. Außerdem wird auf diese Weise für dieselbe Strahlungsleistung weniger Oxidationsmittel benötigt, da der Luftsauerstoff als zusätzliches Oxidationsmittel genutzt wird.The amount of oxidant contained in the high-performance active mass may be such that it is insufficient to completely oxidize the first fuel. Then, another zone of the secondary flame arises outside the primary flame, in which the first fuel reacts with the atmospheric oxygen and inhibits the burnup of the weaker reducing second fuel or pyrolysis product. Only outside this zone can then burn the second fuel or the pyrolysis product. This causes a further increase of the IR radiation emitting surface of the flame. Also, this way less oxidizing agent is needed for the same radiant power, since the atmospheric oxygen is used as an additional oxidant.
Vorzugsweise wird jedoch die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels so bemessen, dass der Unterschuss an Oxidationsmittel im Verhältnis zum ersten Brennstoff nicht allzu groß ist. Dadurch wird die Abbrandrate, d. h. die Geschwindigkeit, mit der die Wirkmasse abbrennt, beschleunigt. Das liegt daran, dass die Primärflamme dadurch heißer wird und mehr Hitze auf die verbleibende Hochleistungswirkmasse zurückstrahlt. Dadurch ist es möglich, eine Wirkmasse bereitzustellen, welche beim Abbrand eine deutlich höhere Strahlungsleistung als MTV aufweist und schneller abbrennt als MTV. Weiterhin ist die Anzündbarkeit gegenüber MTV deutlich verbessert, weil nur ein Teil der Wirkmasse aufgeheizt werden muss, um ein Anzünden der Wirkmasse zu erreichen und weil der zweite Brennstoff beim Anzünden oft eher mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagiert als der erste Brennstoff. Anfänglich, d. h. beim Anzünden kann nämlich auch der zweite Brennstoff mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagieren. Sobald eine Flamme entsteht, wird jedoch der durch das Oxidationsmittel oxidierte zweite Brennstoff durch den ersten Brennstoff zum zweiten Brennstoff reduziert.Preferably, however, the amount of oxidant contained in the high performance active mass is such that the deficit of oxidant relative to the first fuel is not excessive. This will reduce the burn rate, i. H. accelerates the rate at which the active mass burns off. This is because the primary flame becomes hotter and more heat is radiated back to the remaining high-performance active mass. This makes it possible to provide an active mass, which has a significantly higher radiant power than MTV during burnup and burns faster than MTV. Furthermore, the ignitability to MTV is significantly improved because only a portion of the effective mass must be heated to achieve ignition of the active mass and because the second fuel when lighting often reacts with the oxidizing agent rather than the first fuel. Initially, d. H. in fact, during ignition, the second fuel can also react with the oxidizing agent. However, as soon as a flame is generated, the second fuel oxidized by the oxidant is reduced by the first fuel to the second fuel.
In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung ist die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels so bemessen, dass die Zahl der vom gesamten Brennstoff in der Hochleistungswirkmasse in Redoxreaktionen abzugebenden Elektronen, die Zahl der Elektronen, die vom Oxidationsmittel aufgenommen werden können, mindestens um den Faktor 2, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 3, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 4, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 5, übersteigt. Dadurch kann die Energiedichte der Hochleistungswirkmasse weiter gesteigert werden.In an advantageous embodiment, the amount of oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active mass is such that the number of electrons to be delivered by the entire fuel in the high-performance active mass in redox reactions, the number of electrons that can be absorbed by the oxidizing agent, at least by a factor of 2, in particular at least by a factor of 3, in particular by at least a factor of 4, in particular by at least a factor of 5, exceeds. As a result, the energy density of the high-performance active mass can be further increased.
Vorzugsweise ist die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels so bemessen, dass die Zahl der vom ersten Brennstoff in der Hochleistungswirkmasse in Redoxreaktionen abzugebenden Elektronen, die Zahl der Elektronen, die vom Oxidationsmittel aufgenommen werden können, mindestens um den Faktor 1,25, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 1,5, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 2,0, übersteigt. Dadurch wird neben der vom zweiten Brennstoff oder dem Pyrolyseprodukt gebildeten Zone der Sekundärflamme eine vom in der Primärflamme nicht umgesetzten ersten Brennstoff gebildete weitere Zone der Sekundärflamme erzeugt. Das vergrößert die abstrahlende Fläche der Flamme. Es ist jedoch zu beachten, dass die Temperatur der Primärflamme und damit deren Abstrahlung auf die noch abbrennende Hochleistungswirkmasse und damit auch die Abbrandrate umso geringer ist, je größer der genannte Faktor ist. Die Primärflamme ist umso heißer, je näher das Verhältnis von erstem Brennstoff zu Oxidationsmittel an einem stöchiometrischen Verhältnis liegt. Je nach Einsatzzweck können unterschiedliche Faktoren vorteilhaft sein.Preferably, the amount of oxidizing agent contained in the high-performance active mass is such that the number of electrons to be released from the first fuel in the high-performance active mass in redox reactions, the number of electrons that can be absorbed by the oxidizing agent, at least by a factor of 1.25, in particular at least by a factor of 1.5, in particular by at least a factor of 2.0. As a result, in addition to the zone of the secondary flame formed by the second fuel or the pyrolysis product, a further zone of the secondary flame formed by the first fuel not reacted in the primary flame is generated. This enlarges the radiating surface of the flame. It is However, it should be noted that the greater the said factor, the lower the temperature of the primary flame and thus its radiation to the still burning high-performance active mass and thus also the burning rate. The closer the ratio of first fuel to oxidant is to a stoichiometric ratio, the hotter the primary flame is. Depending on the purpose, different factors can be advantageous.
Bei einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der erfindungsgemäßen Hochleistungswirkmasse umfasst der erste Brennstoff ein Metall, eine Mischung aus Metallen oder eine Metalllegierung. Unter den Metallen finden sich geeignete erste Brennstoffe mit sehr negativem Redoxpotential, d. h. mit stark reduzierender Wirkung. Sehr vorteilhaft ist es, wenn der erste Brennstoff einen Siedepunkt aufweist, der unterhalb einer sich bei der Reaktion des ersten Brennstoffs mit dem Oxidationsmittel nach dessen Zündung einstellenden Reaktionstemperatur liegt. Dadurch verdampft der erste Brennstoff bei der Reaktionstemperatur. Der entstehende Brennstoffdampf schafft eine reduzierende Atmosphäre, die eine Reaktion des zweiten Brennstoffs verhindert und bereits oxidierten zweiten Brennstoff zum zweiten Brennstoff reduziert. Das Entstehen des Dampfs des ersten Brennstoffs verbreitert darüber hinaus die Primärflamme.In an advantageous embodiment of the high-performance active mass according to the invention, the first fuel comprises a metal, a mixture of metals or a metal alloy. Among the metals are suitable first fuels with very negative redox potential, i. H. with strong reducing effect. It is very advantageous if the first fuel has a boiling point which is below a reaction temperature which occurs during the reaction of the first fuel with the oxidizing agent after it has been ignited. As a result, the first fuel evaporates at the reaction temperature. The resulting fuel vapor creates a reducing atmosphere which prevents reaction of the second fuel and reduces already oxidized second fuel to the second fuel. The emergence of the vapor of the first fuel also widens the primary flame.
Der erste Brennstoff kann Magnesium, Calcium, Lithium, Aluminium oder eine Legierung oder Mischung aus mindestens zwei dieser Metalle umfassen. Davon sind Magnesium, Calcium und Lithium und Mischungen oder Legierungen aus diesen Metallen besonders gut zur Erzeugung eines Dampfs des ersten Brennstoffs geeignet.The first fuel may comprise magnesium, calcium, lithium, aluminum or an alloy or mixture of at least two of these metals. Of these, magnesium, calcium and lithium and mixtures or alloys of these metals are particularly well suited for producing a vapor of the first fuel.
Vorzugsweise umfasst der zweite Brennstoff Aluminium, Magnesium, Titan, Zirkonium, Hafnium, Calcium, Lithium, Niob, Wolfram, Mangan, Eisen, Nickel, Kobalt, Zink, Zinn, Blei, Wismut, eine Legierung oder Mischung aus mindestens zwei dieser Metalle, eine Zirkonium-Nickel-Legierung oder -Mischung, eine Aluminium-Magnesium-Legierung oder -Mischung, eine Lithium-Aluminium-Legierung oder -Mischung, eine Lithium-Silizium-Legierung oder -Mischung, eine Calcium-Aluminium-Legierung oder -Mischung, eine Eisen-Titan-Legierung oder -Mischung, eine Zirkonium-Titan-Legierung oder -Mischung, Bor, Titanhydrid, Zirkoniumhydrid, ein Borhydrid, Hafniumhydrid, ein Lithiumkomplexhydrid, elementaren Kohlenstoff, Blähgrafit, Steinkohle, Holzkohle, Braunkohle, Phosphor, Schwefel, Silizium, Sägemehl, Holz oder Kunststoff.Preferably, the second fuel comprises aluminum, magnesium, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, calcium, lithium, niobium, tungsten, manganese, iron, nickel, cobalt, zinc, tin, lead, bismuth, an alloy or mixture of at least two of these metals Zirconium-nickel alloy or blend, an aluminum-magnesium alloy or blend, a lithium-aluminum alloy or blend, a lithium-silicon alloy or blend, a calcium-aluminum alloy or blend, a Iron-titanium alloy or mixture, a zirconium-titanium alloy or mixture, boron, titanium hydride, zirconium hydride, a borohydride, hafnium hydride, a lithium complex hydride, elemental carbon, expanded graphite, hard coal, charcoal, lignite, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, Sawdust, wood or plastic.
Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn der zweite Brennstoff ein Metall, eine Mischung aus Metallen, eine Metalllegierung oder ein Metallhydrid umfasst. Metallhydride setzen bei Erwärmung durch die Primärflamme Wasserstoff und das Metall als Pyrolyseprodukte frei. Der entstehende Wasserstoff verbreitert die entstehende Flamme und bildet beim Abbrand eine zusätzliche Zone einer Sekundärflamme. Bei Metalllegierungen oder Mischungen aus Metallen enthaltenden erfindungsgemäßen Hochleistungswirkmassen können beim Abbrand neben den bereits genannten Reaktionen zusätzlich intermetallische Reaktionen und Festphasenreaktionen stattfinden, welche die Temperatur in der Hochleistungswirkmasse und der Flamme weiter steigern. Beispielsweise kann der erste Brennstoff Magnesium und der zweite Brennstoff eine Mischung oder Legierung aus Titan und Bor umfassen. Beim Abbrand dieser Wirkmasse brennt das Magnesium in der Primärflamme, das Titan in einer ersten Zone der Sekundärflamme und das Bor in einer weiteren Zone der Sekundärflamme. Zusätzlich reagieren Titan und Bor miteinander zu Titanborid. Diese Reaktion setzt sehr viel Wärme frei. Das Titanborid wird dadurch extrem heiß und strahlt effektiv bis es bei Kontakt mit Luft verbrennt und dabei noch mehr Strahlungsenergie freisetzt. Dadurch wird die strahlende Fläche der Flamme zusätzlich vergrößert.It is particularly advantageous if the second fuel comprises a metal, a mixture of metals, a metal alloy or a metal hydride. Metal hydrides release hydrogen and the metal as pyrolysis products when heated by the primary flame. The resulting hydrogen widens the resulting flame and forms an additional zone of secondary flame during burnup. In the case of metal alloys or mixtures of metals containing high-performance active compounds according to the invention, in addition to the abovementioned reactions, intermetallic reactions and solid phase reactions may additionally take place which further increase the temperature in the high-performance active material and the flame. For example, the first fuel may include magnesium and the second fuel may include a mixture or alloy of titanium and boron. When burning this active mass burns the magnesium in the primary flame, the titanium in a first zone of the secondary flame and the boron in another zone of the secondary flame. In addition, titanium and boron react with each other to titanium boride. This reaction releases a lot of heat. The titanium boride is extremely hot and radiates effectively until it burns on contact with air and thereby releases even more radiant energy. As a result, the radiating surface of the flame is additionally increased.
Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn der zweite Brennstoff einen Siedepunkt aufweist, der oberhalb einer sich bei der Reaktion des ersten Brennstoffs mit dem Oxidationsmittel nach dessen Zündung einstellenden Reaktionstemperatur liegt. Dadurch wird einerseits erreicht, dass in der anaeroben Primärflamme heiße Partikel aus zweitem Brennstoff vorhanden sind, die als Schwarzkörperstrahler fungieren. Weiterhin fungieren die festen brennenden Teilchen in der aeroben Sekundärflamme als effektive Schwarzkörperstrahler. Die festen Teilchen des zweiten Brennstoffs strahlen dabei wesentlich effektiver als brennender Dampf, beispielsweise brennender Magnesiumdampf beim Abbrand von MTV.It is particularly advantageous if the second fuel has a boiling point which is above a reaction temperature which occurs during the reaction of the first fuel with the oxidizing agent after it has been ignited. This on the one hand ensures that in the anaerobic primary flame hot particles of second fuel are present, which act as black body radiator. Furthermore, the solid burning particles in the secondary aerobic flame function as effective black body radiators. The solid particles of the second fuel radiate much more effectively than burning steam, such as burning magnesium vapor during combustion of MTV.
Ein weiterer mit dem Vorhandensein fester Teilchen des zweiten Brennstoffs beim Abbrand einhergehender Vorteil besteht darin, dass die Wirkmasse beim Abbrand bei hoher Luftgeschwindigkeit weniger Leistungsverlust zeigt. Weiterhin entzieht ein zweiter Brennstoff, dessen Siedepunkt oberhalb der genannten Reaktionstemperatur liegt, der Reaktion des ersten Brennstoffs mit dem Oxidationsmittel keine Wärme durch Verdampfen. Dadurch wird die anaerobe Primärflamme heißer als beispielsweise bei MTV, bei dessen Abbrand nicht mit dem Oxidationsmittel reagierendes Magnesium verdampft wird. So kann beispielsweise mit Zirkonium als zweiten Brennstoff, dessen Siedepunkt oberhalb 4682 K liegt, bei ausreichender Energie eine Temperatur in der Primärflamme von bis zu 4682 K erreicht werden, während die Temperatur der Primärflamme beim Abbrand von MTV 1700 bis 1800 K nicht übersteigt.Another advantage associated with the presence of solid particles of the second fuel upon burnup is that the active mass exhibits less power loss upon burning at high air velocity. Furthermore, a second fuel, the boiling point of which is above said reaction temperature, does not remove heat by evaporation of the reaction of the first fuel with the oxidant. As a result, the anaerobic primary flame is hotter than, for example, MTV, in the combustion of which is not evaporated with the oxidizing agent reacting magnesium. For example, with zirconium as the second fuel, whose boiling point is above 4682 K, with sufficient energy, a temperature in the Primary flame of up to 4682 K can be achieved, while the temperature of the primary flame during combustion of MTV 1700 to 1800 K does not exceed.
Der erste Brennstoff und/oder der zweite Brennstoff können in Form von Partikeln vorliegen oder in Partikeln enthalten sein. Die Partikel können eine unterschiedliche Größe, d. h. ein unterschiedliches Volumen, aufweisen. Ein Vorteil unterschiedlicher Größe der Partikel besteht darin, dass die größeren Partikel die mechanische Stabilität der Hochleistungswirkmasse erheblich erhöhen, da sie als mechanische Vernetzer, ähnlich wie Steine in Beton, wirken. Eine solche Vernetzungswirkung kann beispielsweise in Form grober Teilchen vorliegender Titanschwamm ausüben. Andererseits können sehr feine Partikel Lücken zwischen größeren Partikeln ausfüllen und dadurch die Energiedichte der Hochleistungswirkmasse erhöhen. Beispielsweise wird Bor häufig als sehr feines Pulver mit einer Partikelgröße unter 10 µm oder sogar unter 1 µm verkauft. Es kann dadurch Lücken zwischen größeren Magnesiumpartikeln ausfüllen. Ebenso wird Zirkoniumpulver üblicherweise mit einer sehr kleinen Körnung verkauft, so dass die Partikel in die Lücken zwischen größeren Partikeln passen.The first fuel and / or the second fuel may be in the form of particles or contained in particles. The particles may have a different size, i. H. have a different volume. An advantage of different size of the particles is that the larger particles increase the mechanical stability of the high-performance active mass considerably, since they act as mechanical crosslinkers, similar to stones in concrete. Such a crosslinking effect may, for example, be in the form of coarse particles of titanium sponge. On the other hand, very fine particles can fill in gaps between larger particles and thereby increase the energy density of the high-performance active mass. For example, boron is often sold as a very fine powder with a particle size below 10 microns or even below 1 micron. It can thereby fill gaps between larger magnesium particles. Similarly, zirconium powder is usually sold with a very small grain size so that the particles fit into the gaps between larger particles.
Die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel weisen vorzugsweise ein größeres durchschnittliches Volumen auf als die den ersten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel auf. Dadurch kann, insbesondere beim Abbrand der Wirkmasse bei hoher Luftgeschwindigkeit, eine Raumwirkung erreicht werden. Unter Raumwirkung wird allgemein verstanden, dass ein Teil der Hochleistungswirkmasse nach deren Zündung außerhalb einer entstehenden Flamme IR-Strahlung emittiert.The particles comprising the second fuel preferably have a larger average volume than the particles comprising the first fuel. As a result, in particular during combustion of the active mass at high air velocity, a spatial effect can be achieved. Room effect is generally understood to mean that a part of the high-performance active mass emits IR radiation outside of a flame arising after it has been ignited.
Vorzugsweise weisen die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel eine Wärmeleitfähigkeit von mindestens 20 W/(m x K) auf. Dadurch können die zweiten Partikel den Abbrand der Hochleistungswirkmasse beschleunigen, indem sie Wärme von der aus dem Abbrand des ersten Brennstoffs resultierenden Primärflamme während des Abbrands in die noch nicht abgebrannte Hochleistungswirkmasse einleiten. Dies ist besonders effektiv, wenn die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel in Form von Streifen, Drahtstücken oder Spänen vorliegen.Preferably, the particles comprising the second fuel have a thermal conductivity of at least 20 W / (m × K). As a result, the second particles can accelerate the burnup of the high-performance active mass by introducing heat from the primary flame resulting from the burn-up of the first fuel during combustion into the high-efficiency active mass not yet burned off. This is particularly effective when the particles comprising the second fuel are in the form of strips, pieces of wire or chips.
Vorzugsweise sind die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel, zumindest an ihre Oberfläche, porös ausgebildet. Das verbessert deren Anzündbarkeit. Ist der zweite Brennstoff ein Metall oder eine Metalllegierung kann in Poren solcher Partikel ein festes Kohlenstofffluorid, insbesondere Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE), ein fester Fluorkohlenwasserstoff oder ein sonstiges Oxidationsmittel, welches bei der Umsetzung mit dem zweiten Brennstoff Ruß bildet, enthalten sein. Dadurch wird eine sehr hohe Temperatur beim Abbrand der den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel erreicht. Gleichzeitig erhöht der Ruß die Abstrahlung von Schwarzkörperstrahlung. Der erste Brennstoff und der zweite Brennstoff können jeweils aus mindestens einem Metall bestehen, wobei der erste und der zweite Brennstoff zusammen in einer Legierung oder in einer, insbesondere homogenen, Mischung vorliegen. Handelt es sich bei dem ersten Brennstoff beispielsweise um Magnesium und bei dem zweiten Brennstoff um Aluminium und liegen diese Brennstoffe in Form einer Magnesium-Aluminium-Legierung vor, so verdampft bei der Reaktion des Magnesiums mit dem Oxidationsmittel das Magnesium, nicht jedoch das Aluminium, welches als zweiter Brennstoff freigesetzt wird.Preferably, the particles comprising the second fuel, at least on their surface, are formed porous. This improves their ignitability. If the second fuel is a metal or a metal alloy, a solid carbon fluoride, in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a solid fluorohydrocarbon or another oxidizing agent, which is used in the Conversion with the second fuel forms carbon black, be included. As a result, a very high temperature is achieved during combustion of the particles comprising the second fuel. At the same time, the soot increases the radiation of blackbody radiation. The first fuel and the second fuel may each consist of at least one metal, wherein the first and the second fuel are present together in an alloy or in a, in particular homogeneous, mixture. For example, if the first fuel is magnesium and the second fuel is aluminum and those fuels are in the form of a magnesium-aluminum alloy, magnesium, but not aluminum, will vaporize upon reaction of the magnesium with the oxidant is released as the second fuel.
Als Bindemittel hat sich ein Fluorelastomer, insbesondere ein Fluorkautschuk, wie beispielsweise "Viton" von der Firma "DuPont Performance Elastomere", als günstig erwiesen. Alternativ kann auch Polychloropren als Bindemittel verwendet werden. Bei dem Oxidationsmittel handelt es sich vorzugsweise um ein halogenhaltiges Polymer, insbesondere Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE) oder Kohlenstofffluorid.As a binder, a fluoroelastomer, in particular a fluororubber, such as "Viton" from the company "DuPont Performance Elastomers", has proven to be favorable. Alternatively, polychloroprene can be used as a binder. The oxidizing agent is preferably a halogen-containing polymer, in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or carbon fluoride.
Bei einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung ist in der erfindungsgemäßen Hochleistungswirkmasse zur Beschleunigung des Abbrands ein Abbrandkatalysator, insbesondere Kupferftalocyanin oder Blähgrafit, enthalten.In a preferred embodiment, in the high-performance active composition according to the invention for accelerating the burnup, a burn-off catalyst, in particular copper-containing formate or expanded graphite, is contained.
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand von Zeichnungen und Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. Es zeigen:
- Fig. 1
- eine schematische Darstellung der Zonenverteilung einer beim Abbrand einer MTV-Wirkmasse entstehenden Flamme und
- Fig. 2
- eine schematische Darstellung der Zonenverteilung einer beim Abbrand einer erfindungsgemäßen Hochleistungswirkmasse entstehenden Flamme.
- Fig. 1
- a schematic representation of the zone distribution of an emerging during combustion of an MTV active mass flame and
- Fig. 2
- a schematic representation of the zone distribution of a resulting during combustion of a high-performance active mass invention flame.
Aus sämtlichen der im Folgenden angegebenen Zusammensetzungen wurden jeweils fünf Tabletten mit ca. 21 mm Durchmesser und einem Gewicht von 10 g bei einem Pressdruck von 1500 bar gepresst. Als erster Brennstoff wurde dabei jeweils Magnesium, bezogen von der Fa. Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG, Fürth, Deutschland, eingesetzt. Im Falle des Beispiels 5 liegt Magnesium in einer Legierung mit dem zweiten Brennstoff Aluminium im Verhältnis 50/50 (bezogen auf die Masse) vor. Auch die Legierung wurde von der Fa. Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG bezogen. Die durchschnittliche Körnung der Magnesiumpartikel war etwa 50 µm. Das Kupferftalocyanin und das Ferrocen diente jeweils als Abbrandkatalysator und das Guanidinazotetrazolat (GZT) zur Vergrößerung der Primärflamme. Sofern nicht anders angegebenen, wurde das Titan von der Fa. Tropag Oscar H. Ritter Nachf. GmbH, Hamburg, Deutschland bezogen. Die Tabletten wurden abgebrannt und deren Leistung in Form von Strahlungsleistung mit einem Radiometer bestimmt. Die spezifische Leistung wurde im Verhältnis zur Leistung von Tabletten aus MTV als Standard bestimmt. Die Energie wurde jeweils in Joule/(g/sr) im A-Band, d. h. bei einer Wellenlänge von ca. 1,8 bis 2,6 µm, und im B-Band, d. h. bei einer Wellenlänge von ca. 3,5 bis 4,6 µm, im Standversuch, d. h. ohne Wind, gemessen. Das A-Band und das B-Band sind die Wellenlängen, die von herkömmlichen Suchköpfen erfasst werden. Alle Daten sind in fünf parallelen Messreihen jeweils im Vergleich zu MTV mit dem Radiometer in einem Abstand von 1 m gemessen worden. Das Radiometer wurde zuvor gegen eine Schwarzkörperstrahlerquelle bei 1273 K und einer Apertur von 22,2 mm bei einem Abstand von 0,4 m kalibriert, um absolute spezifische Strahlungsenergien in Joule pro Steradian (sr) und Gramm zu ermitteln.From each of the compositions given below, in each case five tablets with a diameter of approximately 21 mm and a weight of 10 g were pressed at a pressure of 1500 bar. The first fuel used in each case was magnesium, obtained from the company Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG, Fürth, Germany. In the case of Example 5, magnesium is present in an alloy with the second fuel aluminum in a ratio of 50/50 (by mass). The alloy was also purchased from Ecka Granulate GmbH & Co. KG. The average grain size of the magnesium particles was about 50 μm. The copper halocyanin and the ferrocene served as burnup catalyst and guanidinazotetrazolate (GZT) to increase the primary flame. Unless stated otherwise, the titanium was purchased from Fa. Tropag Oscar H. Ritter Nachf. GmbH, Hamburg, Germany. The tablets were burned off and their power determined in the form of radiant power with a radiometer. The specific power was determined in relation to the performance of MTV tablets as standard. The energy was in Joule / (g / sr) in the A band, ie at a wavelength of about 1.8 to 2.6 microns, and in the B band, ie at a wavelength of about 3.5 to 4.6 microns, in a steady state, ie measured without wind. The A-band and B-band are the wavelengths detected by conventional seekers. All data were measured in five parallel series of measurements in each case in comparison to MTV with the radiometer at a distance of 1 m. The radiometer was previously calibrated against a blackbody source at 1273 K and an aperture of 22.2 mm at a distance of 0.4 m to obtain absolute specific radiative energies in joules per steradian (sr) and gram.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Schwarzkörperwirkmasse um das als Standard eingesetzte MTV. Die Wirkmasse verbrennt mit einer Abbrandrate von 4,4 mm/s.This black body active mass is the standard MTV used. The active material burns at a burn rate of 4.4 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid. Grobkörniges sphärisches Titan dient als zweiter Brennstoff. Die Wirkmasse verbrennt mit einer Abbrandrate von 3,3 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride. Coarse-grained spherical titanium serves as a second fuel. The active material burns at a burn rate of 3.3 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid. Feinkörniges sphärisches Titan dient als zweiter Brennstoff. Die Wirkmasse verbrennt mit einer Abbrandrate von 3,3 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride. Fine-grained spherical titanium serves as the second fuel. The active material burns at a burn rate of 3.3 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff. Das Titan liegt als bimodales Pulver, d. h. als Pulver, von dem 30% eine Körnung von 15 µm und 70% eine Körnung von 100 µm aufweisen, vor. Die Wirkmasse verbrennt mit einer Abbrandrate von 3,6 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel. The titanium is present as a bimodal powder, ie as a powder of which 30% have a grain size of 15 μm and 70% have a grain size of 100 μm. The active material burns at a burn rate of 3.6 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit feinkörnigem Steinkohlegranulat. Die Wirkmasse erzeugt auch eine Raumwirkung, d. h. sie emittiert durch aus der Hochleistungswirkmasse freigesetzte Steinkohlepartikel auch außerhalb der Flamme IR-Strahlung. Die Steinkohle fungiert hier im Wesentlichen als Quelle für Kohlenstoff, der hier als Pyrolyseprodukt des zweiten Brennstoffs entsteht und die Flamme verbreitert. Die Steinkohle in Haushaltsqualität enthält jedoch auch ca. 60% flüchtige, sehr kohlenstoffreiche aromatische Stoffe, die in der entstehenden Flamme feinen Ruß erzeugen, der eine extrem hohe Strahlungsleistung bewirkt. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 2,5 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with fine-grained hard coal granules. The active mass also creates a spatial effect, d. H. it also emits IR radiation from outside the flame due to hard coal particles released from the high-performance active mass. The hard coal acts here essentially as a source of carbon, which is produced here as a pyrolysis product of the second fuel and widens the flame. The hard coal in household quality, however, also contains about 60% volatile, very carbon-rich aromatic substances that produce in the resulting flame fine soot, which causes an extremely high radiant power. The burn rate is 2.5 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Teflon mit Aluminium als zweiten Brennstoff. Der zweite Brennstoff liegt hier jedoch in einer Legierung mit dem ersten Brennstoff Magnesium in einem Gewichtsverhältnis von 50/50 vor. Statt der Legierung könnte hier auch ein homogenes Gemisch von Magnesium und Aluminium eingesetzt werden. Beim Abbrand dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse verdampft zunächst das Magnesium und das Aluminium, dessen Siedetemperatur beim Abbrand nicht erreicht wird, wird aus der Hochleistungswirkmasse freigesetzt. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 2,8 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on Teflon with aluminum as the second fuel. However, the second fuel is present in an alloy with the first fuel magnesium in a weight ratio of 50/50. Instead of the alloy, a homogeneous mixture of magnesium and aluminum could also be used here. When this high-performance active material burns off, the magnesium first evaporates and the aluminum, whose boiling temperature is not reached during combustion, is liberated from the high-performance active material. The burn rate is 2.8 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid und Steinkohle als zweiten Brennstoff. GZT dient als Flammenverbreiterungsmittel. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 2,7 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride and hard coal as the second fuel. CCT serves as a flame broadening agent. The burn rate is 2.7 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Bor als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Diese Wirkmasse brennt besonders schnell. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 8,0 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel. This active compound burns very fast. The burn rate is 8.0 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Bor als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Die mit dieser Wirkmasse gemessene spezifische Strahlungsleistung ist fast identisch mit der spezifischen Strahlungsleistung der Hochleistungswirkmasse gemäß Beispiel 7. Die Wirkmasse enthält jedoch weniger Magnesium. Dadurch wird die reduzierende Primärflamme kleiner und der zweite Brennstoff und der weitere zweite Brennstoff werden früher umgesetzt. Daher ist die spezifisch Strahlungsleistung beim Abbrand trotz erheblich höherer Energiedichte als bei der Wirkmasse gemäß Beispiel 7 nicht höher als bei dieser Wirkmasse. Die Abbrandrate beträgt nur 4,7 mm/s. Dies zeigt, dass die Energiedichte einer Wirkmasse weniger wichtig ist als die ideale Verteilung der Zonen der Flamme.This high-performance active mass is a black body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel. The specific radiant power measured with this active mass is almost identical to the specific radiant power of the high-performance active mass according to Example 7. However, the active mass contains less magnesium. As a result, the reducing primary flame becomes smaller and the second fuel and the second fuel are converted earlier. Therefore, the specific radiant power during burnup despite significantly higher energy density than the effective mass according to Example 7 is not higher than this effective mass. The burn rate is only 4.7 mm / s. This shows that the energy density of a working mass is less important than the ideal distribution of the zones of the flame.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Bor als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Die Zonenverteilung in der Flamme wurde optimiert. Die Energiedichte dieser Wirkmasse ist geringer als die Energiedichte der Wirkmasse gemäß Beispiel 8. Dennoch weist sie beim Abbrand eine sehr viel höhere spezifische Strahlungsleistung auf als diese. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 7,4 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and boron as a further second fuel. The zone distribution in the flame has been optimized. The energy density of this active mass is less than the energy density of the active mass according to Example 8. Nevertheless, it has a much higher specific radiant power during combustion than this. The burning rate is 7.4 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Titanhydrid als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Aus Titanhydrid entstehen bei der Erwärmung durch die Primärflamme Titan und Wasserstoff. Die Wirkmasse ist sehr leistungsstark. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 3,2 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and titanium hydride as a further second fuel. Titanium hydride produces titanium and hydrogen when heated by the primary flame. The effective mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 3.2 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Zirkoniumhydrid als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Aus Zirkoniumhydrid entstehen bei der Erwärmung durch die Primärflamme Zirkonium und Wasserstoff. Die beim Abbrand entstehende Flamme weist vier Zonen auf: Eine Primärflamme, in welcher Magnesium verbrennt, eine erste Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Titan verbrennt, eine zweite Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Zirkonium verbrennt, und eine dritte Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Wasserstoff verbrennt. Die Wirkmasse ist sehr leistungsstark. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 5,0 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and zirconium hydride as a further second fuel. Zirconium hydride produces zirconium and hydrogen when heated by the primary flame. The flame produced during combustion has four zones: a primary flame in which magnesium burns, a first zone of the secondary flame in which titanium burns, a second zone of the secondary flame in which zirconium burns, and a third zone of the secondary flame in which hydrogen is burned burns. The effective mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 5.0 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff, Zirkonium als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff und Nickel als zusätzlichen zweiten Brennstoff. Zirkonium und Nickel liegen in einer Legierung in einem Massenverhältnis von 50/50 vor. Die beim Verbrennen der Wirkmasse entstehende Flamme weist vier Zonen auf: Eine Primärflamme, in der Magnesium verbrennt, eine erste Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Titan verbrennt, eine zweite Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Zirkonium verbrennt, und eine dritte Zone der Sekundärflamme, in der Nickel verbrennt. Die Wirkmasse ist sehr leistungsstark. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 4,3 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel, zirconium as a further second fuel and nickel as an additional second fuel. Zirconium and nickel are present in an alloy in a mass ratio of 50/50. The flame produced by the combustion of the active mass has four zones: a primary flame in which magnesium burns, a first zone of the secondary flame in which titanium burns, a second zone of the secondary flame in which zirconium burns, and a third zone of the secondary flame, in the nickel burns. The effective mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 4.3 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff und Blähgrafit bzw. Kohlenstoff als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff. Bei Blähgrafit handelt es sich um Grafit, bei dem zwischen die Kohlenstoff-Schichten Atome oder kleine Moleküle eingelagert sind. Blähgrafit dehnt sich bei Beaufschlagung mit Wärme stark aus. Die Wirkmasse ist sehr leistungsstark. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 5,8 mm/s. Der Blähgrafit bewirkt eine zusätzliche Raumwirkung.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel and expanded graphite or carbon as a further second fuel. Blähgrafit is graphite in which atoms or small molecules are embedded between the carbon layers. Blähgrafit expands when exposed to heat strong. The effective mass is very powerful. The burn rate is 5.8 mm / s. The Blähgrafit causes an additional room effect.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff, Bor als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff, Titanhydrid als zusätzlichen zweiten Brennstoff und Kohlenstoff als weiteren zusätzlichen zweiten Brennstoff. Aus Titanhydrid entstehen bei der Erwärmung durch die Primärflamme Titan und Wasserstoff. Die Wirkmasse zeigt beim Abbrand eine Flamme mit fünf Zonen: In einer Primärflamme verbrennt Magnesium, in einer ersten Zone der Sekundärflamme Titan, in einer zweiten Zone der Sekundärflamme Bor, in einer dritten Zone der Sekundärflamme Wasserstoff und in einer vierten Zone der Sekundärflamme Kohlenstoff. Die Wirkmasse ist relativ leistungsstark. Der Blähgrafit bewirkt zusätzlich eine Raumwirkung. Die Wirkmasse brennt verhältnismäßig langsam ab. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 1,8 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active compound based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel, boron as a further second fuel, titanium hydride as an additional second fuel and carbon as a further additional second fuel. Titanium hydride produces titanium and hydrogen when heated by the primary flame. The active material shows during combustion a flame with five zones: In a primary flame burns magnesium, in a first zone of the secondary flame titanium, in a second zone of the secondary flame boron, in a third zone of the secondary flame hydrogen and in a fourth zone of the secondary flame carbon. The active mass is relatively powerful. The expandable graphite additionally causes a spatial effect. The active mass burns off relatively slowly. The burn rate is 1.8 mm / s.
Es handelt sich bei dieser Hochleistungswirkmasse um eine Schwarzkörperwirkmasse auf Basis von Grafitfluorid mit Titan als zweiten Brennstoff, Bor als weiteren zweiten Brennstoff und Kohlenstoff als zusätzlichen zweiten Brennstoff. Beim Abbrand zeigt die Wirkmasse eine Flamme mit vier Zonen: In einer Primärflamme verbrennt Magnesium, in einer ersten Zone der Sekundärflamme Titan, in einer zweiten Zone der Sekundärflamme Bor und in einer dritten Zone der Sekundärflamme Kohlenstoff. Die Wirkmasse ist relativ leistungsstark. Der Blähgrafit verursacht zusätzlich eine Raumwirkung. Die Wirkmasse brennt sehr schnell ab. Die Abbrandrate beträgt 7,2 mm/s.This high-performance active mass is a black body active material based on graphite fluoride with titanium as the second fuel, boron as a further second fuel and carbon as an additional second fuel. During combustion, the active mass shows a flame with four zones: in a primary flame burns magnesium, in a first zone of the secondary flame titanium, in a second zone of the secondary flame boron and in a third zone of the secondary flame carbon. The active mass is relatively powerful. The expandable graphite additionally causes a spatial effect. The active mass burns off very quickly. The burn rate is 7.2 mm / s.
Es wurden jeweils 5 Messreihen durchgeführt. Alle angegebenen Werte wurden für jede Messreihe separat ermittelt und berechnet. Die angegebenen Werte sind Durchschnittswerte der für jede Messreihe ermittelten Werte. "Ea" bezeichnet dabei die im A-Band (ca. 1,8 - 2,6 µm) und "Eb" die im B-Band (ca. 3,5 - 4,6 µm) gemessene spezifische Leistung in J/(g sr). "% MTV" gibt die Summe der spezifischen Leistungen im A-Band und im B-Band in Prozent der für MTV gemessenen spezifischen Leistung an.
- 1010
- Wirkmasseeffective mass
- 1111
- HochleistungswirkmasseHigh-performance active mass
- 1212
- Primärflammeprimary flame
- 1414
- Sekundärflammesecondary flame
- 1515
- erste Zone der Sekundärflammefirst zone of the secondary flame
- 1616
- zweite Zone der Sekundärflammesecond zone of the secondary flame
- 1818
- Abbrandproduktecombustion products
Claims (16)
wobei die Menge des in der Hochleistungswirkmasse (11) enthaltenen Oxidationsmittels so bemessen ist, dass die Zahl der vom gesamten Brennstoff in der Hochleistungswirkmasse (11) in Redoxreaktionen abzugebenden Elektronen, die Zahl der Elektronen, die vom Oxidationsmittel aufgenommen werden können, mindestens um den Faktor 2, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 3, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 4, insbesondere mindestens um den Faktor 5, übersteigt.High-performance active mass (11) according to claim 1,
wherein the amount of oxidant contained in the high-performance active mass (11) is such that the number of electrons to be released by the entire fuel in the high-efficiency active mass (11) in redox reactions, the number of electrons that can be absorbed by the oxidizing agent, at least by a factor 2, in particular at least by a factor of 3, in particular by at least a factor of 4, in particular by at least a factor of 5 exceeds.
wobei die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel eine Wärmeleitfähigkeit von mindestens 20 W/(m • K) aufweisen.High-performance active mass (11) according to claim 11,
wherein the particles comprising the second fuel have a thermal conductivity of at least 20 W / (m • K).
wobei die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel in Form von Streifen, Drahtstücken oder Spänen vorliegen oder, zumindest an ihrer Oberfläche, porös ausgebildet sind.High-performance active mass (11) according to claim 11 or 12,
wherein the particles comprising the second fuel are in the form of strips, pieces of wire or chips or, at least on their surface, are porous.
wobei der zweite Brennstoff ein Metall oder eine Metalllegierung ist und die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel, zumindest an ihrer Oberfläche, porös ausgebildet sind und in Poren dieser Partikel ein festes Kohlenstofffluorid, insbesondere Polytetrafluorethylen (PTFE), ein fester Fluorkohlenwasserstoff oder ein sonstiges Oxidationsmittel, welches bei der Umsetzung mit dem zweiten Brennstoff Ruß bildet, enthalten ist.High-performance active mass (11) according to one of claims 11 to 13,
wherein the second fuel is a metal or a metal alloy and the particles comprising the second fuel, at least on their surface, are porous and formed in pores of these particles is a solid carbon fluoride, in particular polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a solid fluorocarbon or other oxidizing agent forms soot in the reaction with the second fuel.
wobei die den zweiten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel ein größeres durchschnittliches Volumen aufweisen als die den ersten Brennstoff umfassenden Partikel.High-performance active mass (11) according to one of claims 11 to 14,
wherein the particles comprising the second fuel have a larger average volume than the particles comprising the first fuel.
wobei der erste Brennstoff und der zweite Brennstoff jeweils aus mindestens einem Metall besteht, wobei der erste und der zweite Brennstoff zusammen in einer Legierung oder in einer, insbesondere homogenen, Mischung vorliegen.High-performance active mass (11) according to one of claims 11 to 14,
wherein the first fuel and the second fuel each consist of at least one metal, wherein the first and the second fuel are present together in an alloy or in a, in particular homogeneous, mixture.
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DE102010053813A DE102010053813A1 (en) | 2010-12-08 | 2010-12-08 | High-performance active mass for pyrotechnic infrared light targets |
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EP (1) | EP2463259B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102010053813A1 (en) |
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EP2695870A3 (en) * | 2012-08-09 | 2016-01-06 | Diehl BGT Defence GmbH & Co.KG | Active pyrotechnic materials containing a combustion accelerating agent |
EP2695872A3 (en) * | 2012-08-09 | 2017-07-26 | Diehl Defence GmbH & Co. KG | Material for a pyrotechnic decoy flare with high emissivity |
EP2530065A3 (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2017-08-30 | Diehl Defence GmbH & Co. KG | High performance active material for an infra-red decoy which emits spectral radiation upon combustion |
EP2530064A3 (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2017-09-13 | Diehl Defence GmbH & Co. KG | Active material for an infra-red decoy with area effect which emits spectral radiation upon combustion |
CN113683087A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2021-11-23 | 昆明理工大学 | Surface modification method for expanded graphite in-situ deposition of nano metal particles |
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DE102019111722B3 (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2020-09-17 | Ernst-Christian Koch | Pyrotechnic active mass for infrared targets |
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US8568542B2 (en) * | 2008-06-25 | 2013-10-29 | United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Perchlorate-free yellow signal flare composition |
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2010
- 2010-12-08 DE DE102010053813A patent/DE102010053813A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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2011
- 2011-12-01 EP EP11009507.2A patent/EP2463259B1/en active Active
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EP2530065A3 (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2017-08-30 | Diehl Defence GmbH & Co. KG | High performance active material for an infra-red decoy which emits spectral radiation upon combustion |
EP2530064A3 (en) * | 2011-06-03 | 2017-09-13 | Diehl Defence GmbH & Co. KG | Active material for an infra-red decoy with area effect which emits spectral radiation upon combustion |
EP2695870A3 (en) * | 2012-08-09 | 2016-01-06 | Diehl BGT Defence GmbH & Co.KG | Active pyrotechnic materials containing a combustion accelerating agent |
EP2695872A3 (en) * | 2012-08-09 | 2017-07-26 | Diehl Defence GmbH & Co. KG | Material for a pyrotechnic decoy flare with high emissivity |
AU2013206582B2 (en) * | 2012-08-09 | 2018-03-08 | Diehl Defence Gmbh & Co. Kg | Pyrotechnic active composition with a combustion accelerant |
CN113683087A (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2021-11-23 | 昆明理工大学 | Surface modification method for expanded graphite in-situ deposition of nano metal particles |
CN113683087B (en) * | 2021-09-30 | 2022-03-04 | 昆明理工大学 | Surface modification method for expanded graphite in-situ deposition of nano metal particles |
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ZA201108935B (en) | 2012-08-29 |
IL216847A0 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
IL216847A (en) | 2016-10-31 |
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EP2463259B1 (en) | 2021-08-04 |
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