EP1418145B1 - Méthode et appareil pour produire coupons de papier plié - Google Patents

Méthode et appareil pour produire coupons de papier plié Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1418145B1
EP1418145B1 EP03024224A EP03024224A EP1418145B1 EP 1418145 B1 EP1418145 B1 EP 1418145B1 EP 03024224 A EP03024224 A EP 03024224A EP 03024224 A EP03024224 A EP 03024224A EP 1418145 B1 EP1418145 B1 EP 1418145B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
folding
double
material web
width
glue
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP03024224A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1418145A1 (fr
Inventor
Heinz Focke
Thomas Häfker
Jens Schmidt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Focke and Co GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Focke and Co GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Focke and Co GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Focke and Co GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP1418145A1 publication Critical patent/EP1418145A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1418145B1 publication Critical patent/EP1418145B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H45/00—Folding thin material
    • B65H45/12—Folding articles or webs with application of pressure to define or form crease lines
    • B65H45/30—Folding in combination with creasing, smoothing or application of adhesive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H37/00—Article or web delivery apparatus incorporating devices for performing specified auxiliary operations
    • B65H37/02—Article or web delivery apparatus incorporating devices for performing specified auxiliary operations for applying adhesive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H45/00—Folding thin material
    • B65H45/12—Folding articles or webs with application of pressure to define or form crease lines
    • B65H45/28—Folding in combination with cutting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2301/00—Handling processes for sheets or webs
    • B65H2301/50—Auxiliary process performed during handling process
    • B65H2301/51—Modifying a characteristic of handled material
    • B65H2301/511—Processing surface of handled material upon transport or guiding thereof, e.g. cleaning
    • B65H2301/5113—Processing surface of handled material upon transport or guiding thereof, e.g. cleaning applying adhesive
    • B65H2301/51132—Processing surface of handled material upon transport or guiding thereof, e.g. cleaning applying adhesive hot melt adhesive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65H—HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL, e.g. SHEETS, WEBS, CABLES
    • B65H2511/00—Dimensions; Position; Numbers; Identification; Occurrences
    • B65H2511/50—Occurence
    • B65H2511/51—Presence
    • B65H2511/512—Marks, e.g. invisible to the human eye; Patterns
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • Y10T156/1002—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor with permanent bending or reshaping or surface deformation of self sustaining lamina
    • Y10T156/1007—Running or continuous length work
    • Y10T156/1015—Folding

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing folded print media of thin material with at least two folding legs connected together by adhesive bonding.
  • the folding coupon serves as an additive for packs, in particular cigarette packs.
  • the aim of the cigarette pack is to offer the consumer the largest possible volume of print media that includes factual information, advertisements or coupons.
  • the usually multiply folded folding coupons are first separated as a blank from a material web (paper) and conveyed through a folding unit (buckle-folder), which performs the (multiple) folding. Following the folding unit, at least two folding legs of the folding coupon are connected to one another by spot or sheet-like bonding.
  • the thus formed fold coupon is introduced into the manufacturing process of the (cigarette) pack and positioned within the pack. In cigarette packs, it is common to place the fold coupon between the actual cigarette pack and an outer wrapper made of foil. Alternatively, the fold coupon may also be attached to the outside of the outer wrapper.
  • the double wide continuous material web is provided with glue of the type Hotmelt. After curing of the strip-shaped, longitudinal and transverse glue areas, the continuous web is folded centrally in the longitudinal direction so that two continuous web legs are positioned one above the other. The web thus formed is heated by a heat and printing station passed through. By applying heat, the glue is reactivated. The two web legs are then pressed against each other and connected to each other ( US 4,420,147 ).
  • the invention has for its object to perform the production of particular multiply folded folding coupons so that the folding coupons can be supplied without sacrificing performance in the production of the package itself.
  • One with respect to the width of the print carrier double-width continuous web is provided with glue fields of hot glue with respect to the folding leg to be bonded and these after folding by supplying heat and pressure to each other, with of the provided with cured glue panels web blanks with respect to the print carrier separated double width and the double-wide blanks are fed to a folding unit for performing the folds according to the design of the print carrier to be produced and wherein after folding the double-wide blank, the glue fields activated by supplying heat and the folding legs are connected by pressure and then wherein the Double width print media are severed longitudinally to produce two adjacent print media.
  • glue fields or glue spots namely glue spots or small glue surfaces of hot-melt adhesive
  • glue fields or glue spots namely glue spots or small glue surfaces of hot-melt adhesive
  • the peculiarity of the device according to the invention is that it is an independent apparatus unit that can be attached to a packaging machine so that the finished folding coupons are transferred directly to the packaging machine, and in particular to a film wrapping machine.
  • the device is provided with at least one glue unit for applying the glue fields in accordance with printed marks attached to the material web. Furthermore, a subsequent to the folding unit for the folding coupon activation unit for hot-melt is formed in a special way.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shown apparatus for producing folded print media, namely folding coupons 10, is formed as an independent unit with machine frame or machine housing.
  • the apparatus may be connected to a packaging machine to introduce the finished folding coupons 10 into the packaging process.
  • a suitable, advantageous solution results from this EP 1 125 843 ,
  • the folding coupons 10 are made of a continuous material web 11 made of paper or similar material.
  • the material web 11 is withdrawn from a reel 12, 13, which is part of the device.
  • the material web 11 passes through a splicing unit 14 for connecting an outgoing material web to a new one. It connects to a railway pendulum 15, which generates several path loops as compensation memory. Thereafter, the material web 11 enters the upper part of the device in which a preparation for the production of folding coupons 10 takes place.
  • the material web 11 For the production of the folding coupons 10, the material web 11 must first be exactly aligned in the direction of movement and passes through a unit 16 for edge control for this purpose. Thereafter, the material web 11 is deflected to form an upright or vertical web portion 17. In this area, the material web 11 is provided with glue, namely with glue dots or glue fields 18, 19.
  • the glue is transferred by glue units 20, 21, preferably after Principle of Maisbeleimung work, ie with contact nozzles that receive a short time investment on the web for transferring one or more glue fields 18, 19.
  • the glue units 20, 21 are arranged on both sides of the material web 11, namely the height offset from one another.
  • the material web 11 is provided with precisely positioned print marks, by means of which certain organs can be controlled.
  • the print mark reader 22 is a particularly optoelectronic sensor which detects the print marks and then generates control signals.
  • the blanks 25 are successively conveyed by conveying members in a folding unit 26 (buckle folder).
  • a folding unit 26 buckle folder
  • complete folding coupons 10 leave the folding unit 26 with regard to the folding.
  • the folding coupons 10 may be formed in different ways.
  • a first version is in Fig. 7 shown in cross section. Thereafter, the blank 25 is folded so that a total of four folding legs 27, 28, 29, 30 arise. The folding is performed so that an inner folding leg 29 is covered by folding legs 28 and 30.
  • An outer folding leg 27 is connected to the adjacent inner leg 28, by a free edge of the folding leg 27 facing adhesive field 18 of the described embodiment.
  • a so-formed folding coupon 10 is made of an elongated, rectangular blank ( Fig. 12 ) folded.
  • a double web is driven, so a material web 11 twice the width.
  • the severed from the web 11, the folding unit 26 supplied blank 25 has accordingly Fig. 12 a double width and consists of two juxtaposed individual blanks 31, 32.
  • the individual folding legs 27..30 are characterized by transverse dashed lines, these lines are also transverse fold lines.
  • Each of the individual blanks 31, 32 is assigned a glue field 18.
  • the consisting of the two individual blanks 31, 32 existing Blank 25 is introduced into the folding unit 26. For this reason, a double-width folding coupon emerges ( Fig. 6 ).
  • a specially trained device 34 is arranged, which completes the folding coupons 10.
  • the device 34 consists of a heating station 35 and a separating station 36.
  • the (double-width) folding coupons 10 coming from the folding unit 26 pass directly into the device 34 for aftertreatment and are passed through the heat station 35 through a coupon conveyor and then through the Separation station 36 transported therethrough.
  • the device 34 consists for this purpose of several belt conveyors 37, 38, 39.
  • Each of these belt conveyors 37..39 consists of two opposing upper and lower endless belts.
  • the arranged on common shafts or axles belt conveyors 37, 38, 39 are arranged at a distance from each other.
  • a heating element 42 is arranged in each case. These are elongate, running in the direction of transport radiator with a heating element, eg. B. a heating cartridge. This produces the required temperature to reactivate the glue of the glue fields 18, 19.
  • a heating element eg. B. a heating cartridge.
  • each folding coupon 10 is positioned for each folding coupon 10, a heating element 42 above the movement path of the respective folding coupon 10, in the region of the glue field 18, 19. This is directed for optimum heat transfer upward.
  • each elongated support members 43 are arranged, which fill the intermediate space formed between the belt conveyors.
  • the required heat is applied by the heating elements 42, 43, and the required pressure is applied to the folding legs 27, 28 to be joined by the conveying runs 40, 41.
  • the (double-width) folding coupons are severed centrally by a separating knife 44.
  • the separating knife 44 is mounted on the circumference of a knife roller 45.
  • a counter-roller 46 is in the range of the cutting blade 44 with a running around groove 47 provided.
  • the knife roller 45 is disposed below and the counter-roller 46 above the movement path of the folding coupons 10.
  • the coupon conveyor extends over both stations.
  • the peripheral belt conveyors 37, 39 run into the region of the separating station 36.
  • deflection rollers 48 for the belt conveyors 37, 39 are mounted on a common axis with a knife roller 45 and counter roller 46.
  • the middle belt conveyor 38 terminates at a distance from the knife roller 45 on a deflection roller 49 of a transverse axis mounted in this area.
  • a special feature is the folding coupon 10 according to Fig. 11 , This is folded in principle in the same way as the folding coupon 10 according to Fig. 7 , but of double-layered material or of a double-layered blank 25.
  • a folding coupon 10 For the production of such a folding coupon 10 is a two-ply material web 11 according to Fig. 8, Fig. 9 for use.
  • the originally double-width material web 11 is double-folded by folding over edge web thighs 50, 51, resulting in edges of the material web 11 folding edges.
  • the web legs 50, 51 are dimensioned so that in the longitudinal center of the web 11, a small distance between the mutually facing edges of the web legs 50, 51 is formed, namely a longitudinal gap 52nd
  • Blanks 10 are separated and transferred to the folding unit 26.
  • the blank 25 prepared for this type of folding coupon 10 has the in Fig. 9 shown cross-sectional shape and in plan view of the Fig. 8 apparent structure.
  • double-layered folding legs 27, 28, 29, 30 are formed, wherein the outer, free folding leg 27 consists of two layers 53, 54.
  • the two layers 53, 54 are interconnected by an (additional) glue field 19.
  • the entire folding leg 27 or its inner layer 54 is connected by the glue panel 18 with a facing position of the next folding leg 28.
  • the material web 11 must also with regard to the attachment of the glue fields 18, 19 to the particular embodiment of the folding coupon 10 according to Fig. 11 to get prepared.
  • Fig. 13 shows a section of the material web 11 for a folding coupon 10 according to Fig. 11 , before folding the web legs 50, 51.
  • a middle dotted line 55 the dividing plane is indicated in the range of double-wide, double-layered Folding coupon according to Fig. 10 is severed.
  • the dashed lines show the fold lines, wherein the lines running in the longitudinal direction of the edge-side fold edges of the two-ply material web 11 according to Fig. 9 correspond. Due to the special bonding of free folding legs according to Fig. 11
  • Each partial web of the material web 11 is assigned two glue fields 18, 19. These are positioned on different sides, ie at the top and bottom of the material web 11.
  • the glue fields 18, 19 arrive in a covering position accordingly Fig. 11 .
  • the glue fields 18, 19 can be offset relative to one another at least in the transverse direction of the material web 11, so that in the finished fold coupon 10, the respective glue fields 18, 19 are likewise transversely offset.
  • a severing of the double-width folded coupon 10 in the longitudinal center, namely along the line 55.
  • the separating cut is performed in the region of the longitudinal gap 52, so that the (folded) web legs 50, 51 are not detected by the separating cut.
  • FIG. 5 Another special feature is in Fig. 5 shown.
  • a preforming of the material or the material web 11 may be appropriate.
  • an embossing member 56 according to Fig. 5 intended.
  • the embossing member 56 consists of two embossing rollers, namely an upper roller 57 with rib-like projections 58 and a lower counter roller 59 with axially parallel grooves 60.
  • the unfolded or in the sense of Fig. 8 / Fig. 9 folded web 10 is conveyed through between the two rollers.
  • transverse grooves 61 are formed in the material or in the material web 11.
  • These grooves 61 correspond to the folding lines in the production of the folding coupon 10 in the folding unit 26.
  • the distances between the projections 58 and the grooves 60 correspond to the positions of Querfaltlinien which are produced in the region of the folding unit 26. Projections 58 and grooves 60 work together during the stamping process.
  • the device for producing folding coupons 10 (FIG. Fig. 1 ) is suitably set up so that, alternatively, one or the other embodiment of folding coupons 10 according to Fig. 7 or Fig. 11 can be made.
  • an auxiliary unit 62 of the device is used. This is attached to the top of the device and can either be an integral part of the device or removably attached to it.
  • the material web 11 is deflected horizontally following the gluing or following the glue units 20, 21 and opposite to the described embodiment (arrows in FIG Fig. 1 ) conveyed through the auxiliary unit 62 (dashed line).
  • the material web 11 passes through a folding unit 63, which is shown schematically. The latter is formed in a known manner such that, during transport, the two web legs 50, 51 are continuously moved into the position Fig. 8, Fig. 9 be folded.
  • the now double-layered material web 11 is conveyed through the stamping element 56 already described. After two redirections then passes the thus prepared material web 11 again in the range of the device already described, namely passed past the print mark reader 22.
  • the subsequent sequence in the device corresponds to the described embodiment.

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  • Making Paper Articles (AREA)
  • Folding Of Thin Sheet-Like Materials, Special Discharging Devices, And Others (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Procédé de fabrication de supports d'impression pliés (10) formés d'un matériau mince avec au moins deux replis (27, 28) reliés l'un à l'autre par collage, dans lequel une bande de matériau continue (11) de double largeur par rapport à la largeur des supports d'impression (10) est pourvue de zones (18, 19) de colle thermodurcissable en vue des replis (27, 28) à coller et ceux-ci sont reliés l'un à l'autre après pliage par application de chaleur et de pression, dans lequel des découpes (25) de double largeur par rapport aux supports d'impression (10) sont séparées de la bande de matériau (11) pourvue de zones de colle durcie (18, 19) et les découpes de double largeur (25) sont acheminées à un groupe de pliage (26) pour effectuer les pliages en fonction de la configuration des supports d'impression à fabriquer (10), dans lequel, après pliage de la découpe à double largeur (25), les zones de colle (18, 19) sont activées par application de chaleur et les replis sont reliés l'un à l'autre par application de pression et dans lequel les supports d'impression (10) de double largeur sont séparés dans la direction longitudinale pour fabriquer chaque fois deux supports d'impression (10) se trouvant l'un à côté de l'autre.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les découpes (25) sont séparées par une bande de matériau (11) de largeur double en double couche, dans lequel la bande de matériau (11) est pliée de sorte que deux parties latérales (50, 51) de la bande soient repliées pour se superposer à une zone centrale de la bande de matériau de manière que la bande de matériau (11) à double couche présente des arêtes de pliage sur les deux bords.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les parties latérales (50, 51) de la bande de matériau (11) s'étendent à faible distance l'une de l'autre de sorte que soit formé entre les parties latérales (50, 51) de la bande un espacement longitudinal (52), de préférence dans un plan central longitudinal de la bande de matériau (11).
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que les supports d'impression (10) fabriqués à partir de la découpe (25) formée en double couche présentent deux zones de colle (18, 19) pour chaque support d'impression (10), dans lequel les zones de colle (18, 19) sont appliquées sur les côtés opposés de la bande de matériau (11).
  5. Dispositif de fabrication de supports d'impression pliés (10) par séparation de découpes (25) d'une bande de matériau (11) de double largeur, qui est pourvue de zones de colle thermofusible pour relier des replis (27, 28) des supports d'impression (10) l'un à l'autre, dans lequel les replis (27, 28) se trouvant l'un à côté de l'autre par pliage peuvent être reliés l'un à l'autre dans un poste de chauffage (35) par application de chaleur et de pression, dans lequel la bande de matériau (11) de double largeur peut être retirée d'une bobine (12, 13) et avancée, au cours du transport, dans un poste de collage (20, 21) pour transférer les zones de colle (18, 19) sur la bande de matériau (11), le poste de collage (20, 21) pouvant être commandé par au moins un lecteur de marques d'impression (22) en fonction de marques d'impression sur la bande de matériau (11), dans lequel la bande de matériau (11) pourvue de colle peut être acheminée à un groupe de séparation (24) pour séparer des découpes (25) de double largeur de la bande de matériau (11), dans lequel les découpes (25) de double largeur peuvent être acheminées à un groupe de pliage suivant (26) pour fabriquer des supports d'impression pliés (10) de double largeur, dans lequel le poste de chauffage (35) avec des éléments chauffants est aménagé après le groupe de pliage (26) et les découpes (25) ou les supports d'impression (10) de double largeur pliés peuvent être acheminés dans la zone du poste de chauffage (35) entre des transporteurs à courroie (37, 38, 39) et dans lequel les supports d'impression (10) de double largeur peuvent être acheminés à la suite du poste de chauffage (35) à travers un poste de séparation (36) pour séparer les supports d'impression (10) de double largeur dans la direction longitudinale.
  6. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la bande de matériau (11) de double largeur peut être acheminée, à la suite du groupe de collage (20, 21), en variante à travers une unité de pliage (63) dans la zone d'un groupe supplémentaire (62), dans lequel la bande de matériau (11) peut être pliée en double couche dans la zone de l'unité de pliage (63) pour former deux parties latérales (50, 51) de la bande.
  7. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le poste de chauffage (35) présente un appareil (34) pour le traitement ultérieur du support d'impression (10) avec plusieurs transporteurs à courroie (37, 38, 39) pour transporter les supports d'impression (10), dans lequel les transporteurs à courroie (37, 38, 39) sont aménagés à distance l'un de l'autre et, entre ceux-ci, sont agencés des éléments chauffants (42) pour transférer de la chaleur aux supports d'impression (10).
  8. Dispositif selon la revendication 7 ou l'une quelconque des autres revendications, caractérisé en ce que les supports d'impression (10) peuvent être transportés dans la zone du poste de chauffage (35) entre les brins de transport (40, 41) des transporteurs à courroie (37, 38, 39) pour transférer une pression sur les supports d'impression (10).
  9. Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que, pour séparer des supports d'impression (10) de double largeur dans le poste de séparation (36), un couteau de séparation rotatif de forme circulaire (44) est agencé sur un rouleau (45) prévu à cet effet et coopère avec un rouleau antagoniste (46).
  10. Dispositif selon la revendication 5 ou l'une quelconque des autres revendications, caractérisé en ce que la bande de matériau (11) peut être envoyée à travers un organe d'estampage (56) pour appliquer des gorges transversales (56) correspondant à des lignes de pliage des supports d'impression (10), dans lequel l'organe d'estampage (56) est aménagé à la suite des groupes de collage (20, 21), de préférence à la suite de l'unité de pliage (63) pour la fabrication de bandes de matériau (11) à double couche.
EP03024224A 2002-11-08 2003-10-22 Méthode et appareil pour produire coupons de papier plié Expired - Lifetime EP1418145B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE10252550 2002-11-08
DE10252550A DE10252550A1 (de) 2002-11-08 2002-11-08 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von Falt-Coupons

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1418145A1 EP1418145A1 (fr) 2004-05-12
EP1418145B1 true EP1418145B1 (fr) 2009-12-16

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP03024224A Expired - Lifetime EP1418145B1 (fr) 2002-11-08 2003-10-22 Méthode et appareil pour produire coupons de papier plié

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20040159395A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1418145B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2004161497A (fr)
CN (1) CN100450904C (fr)
BR (1) BR0304844B1 (fr)
DE (2) DE10252550A1 (fr)

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CN107902474A (zh) * 2017-11-02 2018-04-13 佛山市顺德区阿波罗环保器材有限公司 多层材料贴合折叠成型方法
CN111170050B (zh) * 2020-01-17 2021-11-02 湖北福好医疗用品有限公司 快速供料无纺布折叠切片机
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DE19818160A1 (de) * 1998-04-23 1999-10-28 Markus Kneip Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen einer Broschüre aus einem Bogen
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JP2002029183A (ja) * 2000-07-17 2002-01-29 Dainippon Printing Co Ltd 連続用紙の圧着裂断システム

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JP2004161497A (ja) 2004-06-10
EP1418145A1 (fr) 2004-05-12
BR0304844A (pt) 2005-02-22
CN1498839A (zh) 2004-05-26
US20040159395A1 (en) 2004-08-19
BR0304844B1 (pt) 2014-01-28
DE10252550A1 (de) 2004-05-27
DE50312234D1 (de) 2010-01-28

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