EP0644778B1 - TECHNETIUM-99m LABELED PEPTIDES FOR IMAGING - Google Patents

TECHNETIUM-99m LABELED PEPTIDES FOR IMAGING Download PDF

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EP0644778B1
EP0644778B1 EP93915221A EP93915221A EP0644778B1 EP 0644778 B1 EP0644778 B1 EP 0644778B1 EP 93915221 A EP93915221 A EP 93915221A EP 93915221 A EP93915221 A EP 93915221A EP 0644778 B1 EP0644778 B1 EP 0644778B1
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acm
reagent
peptide
technetium
binding
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EP0644778A1 (en
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Richard T. Dean
John Lister-James
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CIS Bio International SA
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Diatide Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
    • A61K51/082—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins the peptide being a RGD-containing peptide
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K51/00—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo
    • A61K51/02—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by the carrier, i.e. characterised by the agent or material covalently linked or complexing the radioactive nucleus
    • A61K51/04—Organic compounds
    • A61K51/08—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins
    • A61K51/088—Peptides, e.g. proteins, carriers being peptides, polyamino acids, proteins conjugates with carriers being peptides, polyamino acids or proteins
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2123/00—Preparations for testing in vivo

Definitions

  • This invention relates to radiodiagnostic reagents and peptides, and methods for producing labeled radiodiagnostic agents. Specifically, the invention relates to scintigraphic imaging agents for imaging sites in a mammalian body comprising specific-binding peptides labeled with technetium-99m (Tc-99m) via a radiolabel-binding moiety which forms a complex with Tc-99m.
  • Tc-99m technetium-99m
  • the peptide reagents of the invention are covalently linked to a polyvalent linker moiety, so that the polyvalent linker moiety is covalently linked to a multiplicity of the specific-binding peptides, and the Tc-99m binding moieties are covalently linked to a plurality of the specific-binding peptides, the polyvalent linker moiety, or to both the specific-binding peptides and the polyvalent linker moiety.
  • Methods and kits for making such reagents, and methods for using such reagents are also provided.
  • radiotracers In the field of nuclear medicine, certain pathological conditions are localized, or their extent is assessed, by detecting the distribution of small quantities of internally-administered radioactively labeled tracer compounds (called radiotracers or radiopharmaceuticals). Methods for detecting these radiopharmaceuticals are known generally as imaging or radioimaging methods.
  • the radiolabel is a gamma-radiation emitting radionuclide and the radiotracer is located using a gamma-radiation detecting camera (this process is often referred to as gamma scintigraphy).
  • the imaged site is detectable because the radiotracer is chosen either to localize at a pathological site (termed positive contrast) or, alternatively, the radiotracer is chosen specifically not to localize at such pathological sites (termed negative contrast).
  • radionuclides are known to be useful for radioimaging, including 67 Ga, 99m Tc (Tc-99m), 111 In, 123 I, 125 I, 169 Yb or 186 Re. A number of factors must be considered for optimal radioimaging in humans. To maximize the efficiency of detection, a radionuclide that emits gamma energy in the 100 to 200 keV range is preferred. To minimize the absorbed radiation dose to the patient, the physical half-life of the radionuclide should be as short as the imaging procedure will allow. To allow for examinations to be performed on any day and at any time of the day, it is advantageous to have a source of the radionuclide always available at the clinical site.
  • Tc-99m is a preferred radionuclide because it emits gamma radiation at 140 keV, it has a physical half-life of 6 hours, and it is readily available on-site using a molybdenum-99/technetium-99m generator.
  • Radiotracers Small synthetic peptides that bind specifically to targets of interest may be advantageously used as the basis for radiotracers. This is because: 1. they may be synthesized chemically (as opposed to requiring their production in a biological system such as bacteria or mammalian cells, or their isolation from a biologically-derived substance such as a fragment of a protein); 2. they are small, so that non-target bound radiotracer is rapidly eliminated from the body, thereby reducing background (non-target) radioactivity and allowing good definition of the target; and 3. small peptides may be readily manipulated chemically to optimize their affinity for a particular binding site.
  • Tc-99m labeled small synthetic peptides offer clear advantages as radiotracers for gamma scintigraphy, due to the properties of Tc-99m as a radionuclide for imaging and the utility of specific-binding small synthetic peptides as radiotracer molecules.
  • Radiolabeled proteins and peptides have been reported in the prior art.
  • PCT/US88/02276 disclose a method for detecting fibrin deposits in an animal comprising covalently binding a radiolabeled compound to fibrin.
  • PCT/US88/03318 disclose a method for detecting a fibrin-platelet clot in vivo comprising the steps of (a) administering to a patient a labeled attenuated thrombolytic protein, wherein the label is selectively attached to a portion of the thrombolytic protein other than the fibrin binding domain; and (b) detecting the pattern of distribution of the labeled thrombolytic protein in the patient.
  • Sobel, 1989, PCT/US89/02656 discloses a method to locate the position of one or more thrombi in an animal using radiolabeled, enzymatically inactive tissue plasminogen activator.
  • PCT/GB90/00933 discloses radioactively labeled peptides containing from 3 to 10 amino acids comprising the sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), capable of binding to an RGD binding site in vivo .
  • RGD arginine-glycine-aspartic acid
  • Tc-99m is normally obtained as Tc-99m pertechnetate (TcO 4 - ; technetium in the + 7 oxidation state), usually from a molybdenum-99/technetium-99m generator.
  • Tc-99m pertechnetate TcO 4 - ; technetium in the + 7 oxidation state
  • pertechnetate does not bind well to other compounds. Therefore, in order to radiolabel a peptide, Tc-99m pertechnetate must be converted to another form.
  • technetium Since technetium does not form a stable ion in aqueous solution, it must be held in such solutions in the form of a coordination complex that has sufficient kinetic and thermodynamic stability to prevent decomposition and resulting conversion of Tc-99m either to insoluble technetium dioxide or back to pertechnetate.
  • the Tc-99m complex is particularly advantageous for the Tc-99m complex to be formed as a chelate in which all of the donor groups surrounding the technetium ion are provided by a single chelating ligand. This allows the chelated Tc-99m to be covalently bound to a peptide through a single linker between the chelator and the peptide.
  • ligands are sometimes referred to as bifunctional chelating agents having a chelating portion and a linking portion. Such compounds are known in the prior art.
  • Flanagan et al . European Patent Application No. 90306428.5 disclose Tc-99m labeling of synthetic peptide fragments via a set of organic chelating molecules.
  • Baidoo & Lever, 1990, Bioconjugate Chem. 1 : 132-137 describe a method for labeling biomolecules using a bisamine bisthiol group that gives a cationic technetium complex.
  • Rodwell et al ., 1991, PCT/US91/03116 disclose linear arrays of the peptide sequence RGD.
  • the present invention provides reagents useful in preparing radioimaging agents.
  • the present invention provides reagents comprised of a multiplicity of specific-binding peptide moieties, having an affinity for targeted sites in vivo sufficient to produce a scintigraphically-detectable image.
  • the incorporation of a multiplicity of specific-binding peptide moieties in the reagents of the invention permits the use of specific binding peptides whose individual binding affinity would not otherwise be sufficient to produce a scintigraphically-detectable image in vivo . In other cases, an improvement in otherwise acceptable scintigraphic images produced by a particular specific-binding peptide is achieved using the reagents of this invention.
  • the present invention provides reagents for preparing scintigraphic imaging agents comprising a multiplicity of specific-binding peptide moieties covalently linked to a polyvalent linker moiety, wherein technetium-99m binding moieties are covalently linked to the specific-binding peptides, the polyvalent linker moiety, or to both the specific-binding peptides and the polyvalent linker moieties.
  • the invention also provides Tc-99m labeled scintigraphic imaging agents prepared from such peptide reagents.
  • the specific-binding peptides of the invention are comprised of peptides that specifically bind to a target in vivo .
  • the invention provides reagents capable of being Tc-99m labeled for imaging sites within a mammalian body, comprising a multiplicity of specific binding peptides each having an amino acid sequence of 3-100 amino acids, covalently linked to a polyvalent linking moiety, and further comprising Tc-99m binding moieties covalently linked to a plurality of the specific-binding peptides,the polyvalent linker moiety, or both.
  • Preferred embodiments of the invention comprise linear and cyclic specific binding peptides.
  • the present invention provides reagents capable of being Tc-99m labeled for imaging sites within a mammalian body, comprising a multiplicity of specific binding peptide having an amino acid sequence of 3-100 amino acids, covalently linked to a polyvalent linking moiety, and a further comprising Tc-99m binding moiety covalently linked to a plurality of the specific-binding peptides, the polyvalent linker moiety, or both, wherein the Tc-99m binding moiety has formula: C(pgp) S -(aa)-C(pgp) S wherein C(pgp) S is a protected cysteine and (aa) is an amino acid.
  • the amino acid is glycine.
  • the peptide comprises between 3 and 30 amino acids.
  • Preferred embodiments of the invention comprise linear and cyclic specific binding peptides.
  • the invention provides reagents capable of being Tc-99m labeled for imaging sites within a mammalian body, comprising a multiplicity of specific binding peptides having an amino acid sequence of 3-100 amino acids, covalently linked to a polyvalent linking moiety, and further comprising a Tc-99m binding moiety covalently linked to a plurality of the specific-binding peptides, the polyvalent linker moiety, or both, wherein the Tc-99m binding moiety has formula: A 1 -CZ 1 (B 1 )-[C(R 1 R 2 )] n -X 1 wherein
  • the invention provides peptide reagents capable of being Tc-99m labeled for imaging sites within a mammalian body comprising a multiplicity of specific binding peptides having an amino acid sequence of 3-100 amino acids, covalently linked to a polyvalent linking moiety, and further comprising a Tc-99m binding moiety covalently linked to a plurality of the specific-binding peptides, the polyvalent linker moiety, or both, wherein the Tc-99m binding moiety has formula: [for purposes of this invention, radiolabel-binding moieties having this structure will be referred to as picolinic acid (Pic)-based moieties] or wherein X is H or a protecting group and (amino acid) is any amino acid.
  • Pic picolinic acid
  • radiolabel-binding moieties having this structure will be referred to as picolylamine (Pica)-based moieties.
  • the amino acid is glycine and X is an acetamidomethyl protecting group.
  • the peptide is comprised between 3 and 30 amino acids. Preferred embodiments of the invention comprise linear and cyclic specific binding peptides.
  • peptide reagents capable of being labeled with Tc-99m for imaging sites within a mammalian body, comprising a multiplicity of specific binding peptides having an amino acid sequence of 3-100 amino acids, covalently linked to a polyvalent linking moiety, and further comprising a Tc-99m binding moiety covalently linked to the specific-binding peptides, the polyvalent linker moiety, or both, wherein the Tc-99m binding moiety has formula: wherein each R can be independently H, CH 3 or C 2 H 5 ; each (pgp) S can be independently a thiol protecting group or H; m, n and p are independently 2 or 3; A 2 is linear or cyclic lower alkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, combinations or substituted derivatives thereof; and wherein each R is independently H, CH 3 or C 2 H 5 ; m, n and p are independently 2 or 3; A 3 is linear or cyclic lower alky
  • the reagents of the invention are provided wherein the specific binding peptides or the radiolabel-binding moieties or both are covalently linked to a polyvalent linking moiety.
  • Polyvalent linking moieties of the invention are comprised of at least 2 identical linker functional groups capable of covalently bonding to specific binding peptides or Tc-99m binding moieties.
  • Preferred linker functional groups are primary or secondary amines, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups or thiol-reactive groups.
  • the polyvalent linking moieties are comprised of a multiplicity of polyvalent linking moieties covalently linked to form a branched polyvalent linking moiety.
  • the polyvalent linking moieties are comprised of lysine, bis -succinimdylmethylether (BSME), 4-(2,2-dimethylacetyl)benzoic acid (DMAB), tris (succinimidylethyl)amine (TSEA), N -[2-( N ', N '- bis (2-succinimidoethyl) aminoethyl)]- N 6 , N 9 - bis (2-methyl-2-mercaptopropyl)-6,9-diazanonanamide (BAT-BS), 4-(O-CH 2 CO-Gly-Gly-Cys.amide)acetophenone (ETAC) and bis -succinimidohexane (BSH).
  • BSME bis -succinimdylmethylether
  • DMAB 4-(2,2-dimethylacetyl)benzoic acid
  • TSEA tris
  • the invention also comprises scintigraphic imaging agents that are complexes of the reagents of the invention with Tc-99m and methods for radiolabeling the reagents of the invention with Tc-99m.
  • Radiolabeled complexes provided by the invention are formed by reacting the reagents of the invention with Tc-99m in the presence of a reducing agent.
  • Preferred reducing agents include but are not limited to dithionite ion, stannous ion, and ferrous ion.
  • Complexes of the invention are also formed by labeling the reagents of the invention with Tc-99m by ligand exchange of a prereduced Tc-99m complex as provided herein.
  • kits for preparing scintigraphic imaging agents that are the reagents of the invention radiolabeled with Tc-99m.
  • Kits for labeling the reagents of the invention with Tc-99m are comprised of a sealed vial containing a predetermined quantity of a reagent of the invention or mixtures thereof and a sufficient amount of reducing agent to label the reagent with Tc-99m.
  • This invention provides methods for preparing reagents of the invention by chemical synthesis in vitro .
  • peptides are synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis.
  • This invention provides methods for using scintigraphic imaging agents that are Tc-99m labeled reagents for imaging a site within a mammalian body by obtaining in vivo gamma scintigraphic images. These methods comprise administering an effective diagnostic amount of a Tc-99m radiolabeled reagent of the invention and detecting the gamma radiation emitted by the Tc-99m localized at the site within the mammalian body.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a gamma-scintiphoto of deep-vein thrombus imaging in mongrel dogs using Tc-99m labeled scintigraphic imaging agents of the invention as described in Example 5.
  • the present invention provides a reagent for preparing a scintigraphic imaging agent for imaging sites within a mammalian body comprising a multiplicity of specific-binding peptide moieties, each specific binding peptide having an amino acid sequence of 3-100 amino acids, covalently linked to a polyvalent linking moiety, and a Tc-99m binding moiety covalently linked to a plurality of the specific-binding peptides, the polyvalent linker moiety, or both, said reagent optionally being radiolabelled with technetium-99m.
  • Labeling with Tc-99m is an advantage of the present invention because the nuclear and radioactive properties of this isotope make it an ideal scintigraphic imaging agent.
  • This isotope has a single photon energy of 140 keV and a radioactive half-life of about 6 hours, and is readily available from a 99 Mo- 99m Tc generator.
  • Other radionuclides known in the prior art have effective half-lives which are much longer (for example , 111 In, which has a half-life of 67.4 h) or are toxic ( for example , 125 I).
  • the thiol-protecting groups may be the same or different and may be but are not limited to:
  • Preferred protecting groups have the formula -CH 2 -NHCOR wherein R is a lower alkyl having 1 and 8 carbon atoms, phenyl or phenyl-substituted with lower alkyl, hydroxyl, lower alkoxy, carboxy, or lower alkoxycarbonyl.
  • the most preferred protecting group is an acetamidomethyl group.
  • Each specific-binding peptide-containing embodiment of the invention is comprised of a sequence of amino acids.
  • amino acid as used in this invention is intended to include all L- and D- amino acids, naturally occurring and otherwise.
  • Reagents comprising specific-binding peptides provided by the invention include but are not limited to the following (the amino acids in the following peptides are L-amino acids except where otherwise indicated):
  • Polyvalent linking moieties are covalently linked to the specific peptides of the invention, the Tc-99m binding moieties, or both.
  • Polyvalent linking moieties provided by the invention are comprised of at least 2 linker functional groups capable of covalently bonding to specific binding peptides or Tc-99m binding moieties. Such functional groups include but are not limited to primary and secondary amines, hydroxyl groups, carboxylic acid groups and thiol reactive groups.
  • Polyvalent linking moieties are comprised of preferably at least three functional groups capable of being covalently linked to specific binding peptides or technetium-99m binding moieties.
  • Preferred polyvalent linking moieties include amino acids such as lysine, homolysine, ornithine, aspartic acid and glutamic acid; linear and cyclic amines and polyamines; polycarboxylic acids; and compounds containing moieties that react with activated thiols such as di- and tri-maleimides. Also preferred are embodiments wherein the polyvalent linking moieties comprise a multiplicity of polyvalent linking moieties covalently linked to form a branched polyvalent linking moiety.
  • the term "branched" polyvalent linking moieties is intended to include but are not limited to polyvalent linking moieties having formula:
  • Specific-binding peptides of the present invention can be chemically synthesized in vitro . Such peptides can generally advantageously be prepared on an amino acid synthesizer.
  • the peptides of this invention can be synthesized wherein the radiolabel-binding moiety is covalently linked to the peptide during chemical synthesis in vitro , using techniques well known to those with skill in the art.
  • Such peptides covalently-linked to the radiolabel-binding moiety during synthesis are advantageous because specific sites of covalent linkage can be determined.
  • Radiolabel binding moieties of the invention may be introduced into the target specific peptide during peptide synthesis.
  • the radiolabel-binding moiety can be synthesized as the last (i.e., amino-terminal) residue in the synthesis.
  • the picolinic acid-containing radiolabel-binding moiety may be covalently linked to the ⁇ -amino group of lysine to give, for example, ⁇ N(Fmoc)-Lys- ⁇ N[Pic-Gly-Cys(protecting group)], which may be incorporated at any position in the peptide chain. This sequence is particularly advantageous as it affords an easy mode of incorporation into the target binding peptide.
  • the picolylamine (Pica)-containing radiolabel-binding moiety [-Cys(protecting group)-Gly-Pica] can be prepared during peptide synthesis by including the sequence [-Cys(protecting group)-Gly-] at the carboxyl terminus of the peptide chain. Following cleavage of the peptide from the resin the carboxyl terminus of the peptide is activated and coupled to picolylamine. This synthetic route requires that reactive side-chain functionalities remain masked (protected) and do not react during the conjugation of the picolylamine.
  • This invention also provides specific-binding small synthetic peptides which incorporate bisamine bisthiol (BAT) chelators which may be labeled with Tc-99m, resulting in a radiolabeled peptide having Tc-99m held as neutral complex.
  • BAT bisamine bisthiol
  • the technetium complex preferably a salt of Tc-99m pertechnetate
  • the reagents of this invention is reacted with the reagents of this invention in the presence of a reducing agent.
  • Preferred reducing agents are dithionite, stannous and ferrous ions; the most preferred reducing agent is stannous chloride.
  • the reducing agent is a solid-phase reducing agent.
  • Complexes and means for preparing such complexes are conveniently provided in a kit form comprising a sealed vial containing a predetermined quantity of a reagent of the invention to be labeled and a sufficient amount of reducing agent to label the reagent with Tc-99m.
  • the complex may be formed by reacting a reagent of this invention with a pre-formed labile complex of technetium and another compound known as a transfer ligand.
  • This process is known as ligand exchange and is well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the labile complex may be formed using such transfer ligands as tartrate, citrate, gluconate or mannitol, for example.
  • Tc-99m pertechnetate salts useful with the present invention are included the alkali metal salts such as the sodium salt, or ammonium salts or lower alkyl ammonium salts.
  • a kit for preparing technetium-99m labeled reagents is provided.
  • An appropriate amount of a reagent is introduced into a vial containing a reducing agent, such as stannous chloride or a solid-phase reducing agent, in an amount sufficient to label the reagent with Tc-99m.
  • a transfer ligand as described such as tarate, citrate, gluconate or mannitol, for example
  • Technetium-99m labeled scintigraphic imaging agents according to the present invention can be prepared by the addition of an appropriate amount of Tc-99m or Tc-99m complex into the vials and reaction under conditions described in Example 4 hereinbelow.
  • the kit may also contain conventional pharmaceutical adjunct materials such as, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts to adjust the osmotic pressure, buffers, preservatives and the like.
  • the components of the kit may be in liquid, frozen or dry form. In a preferred embodiment, kit components are provided in lyophilized form.
  • Radiolabeled scintigraphic imaging reagents according to the present invention may be prepared by reaction under conditions described in Example 3 hereinbelow.
  • Radioactively labeled reagents provided by the present invention are provided having a suitable amount of radioactivity.
  • Technetium-99m labeled scintigraphgic imaging agents provided by the present invention can be used for visualizing sites in a mammalian body.
  • the technetium-99m labeled scintigraphic imaging agents are administered in a single unit injectable dose.
  • the unit dose to be administered has a radioactivity of about 0.01 mCi to about 100 mCi, preferably 1 mCi to 20 mCi.
  • the solution to be injected at unit dosage is from about 0.01 mL to about 10 mL.
  • imaging of the organ or tumor in vivo can take place in a matter of a few minutes. However, imaging can take place, if desired, in hours or even longer, after the radiolabeled reagent is injected into a patient. In most instances, a sufficient amount of the administered dose will accumulate in the area to be imaged within about 0.1 of an hour to permit the taking of scintiphotos. Any conventional method of scintigraphic imaging for diagnostic purposes can be utilized in accordance with this invention.
  • the technetium-99m labeled reagents and complexes provided by the invention may be administered intravenously in any conventional medium for intravenous injection such as an aqueous saline medium, or in blood plasma medium.
  • aqueous saline medium or in blood plasma medium.
  • Such medium may also contain conventional pharmaceutical adjunct materials such as, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts to adjust the osmotic pressure, buffers, preservatives and the like.
  • pharmaceutical adjunct materials such as, for example, pharmaceutically acceptable salts to adjust the osmotic pressure, buffers, preservatives and the like.
  • the preferred media are normal saline and plasma.
  • Triphenylmethylmercaptan (362.94 g, 1.31 mol, 100 mol %) dissolved in anhydrous THF (2 L) was cooled in an ice bath under argon.
  • Sodium hydride (60% in oil; 54.39 g, 1.35 mol, 104 mol%) was added in portions over 20 min.
  • 2-bromo-2-methylpropanal (206.06 g, 1.36 mol, 104 mol%; see Stevens & Gillis, 1957, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 79 : 3448-51) was then added slowly over 20 min. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 12 hours. The reaction was quenched with water (1 L) and extracted with diethyl ether (3x 1 L).
  • the ether extracts were combined, washed with saturated NaCl solution (500 mL), dried over Na 2 SO 4 and filtered. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to afford a thick orange oil.
  • the crude oil was dissolved in toluene (200 mL) and diluted to 2 L with hot hexanes. The mixture was filtered through a sintered glass funnel and cooled at -5°C for 12 hours. The white crystalline solid which formed was removed by filtration to afford 266.36 g (59% yield) of the tide compound. The melting point of the resulting compound was determined to be 83-85°C.
  • Ethylenediamine (1.3 mL, 0.0194 mol, 100 mol%) was added to 2-methyl-2-(triphenylmethylthio)propanal (13.86 g, 0.0401 mol, 206 mol%) dissolved in methanol (40 mL) and anhydrous THF (40 mL) under argon, and the pH was adjusted to pH 6 by dropwise addition of acetic acid. The solution was stirred for 20 min at 20°C. Sodium cyanoborohydride (1.22 g, 0.0194 mol, 100 mol %) was added and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Additional sodium cyanoborohydride (1.08 g) was added and the reaction was stirred at 20°C for 17 hours.
  • the solution was concentrated to a paste and then partitioned between diethyl ether (150 mL) and 0.5 M KOH (200 mL). The aqueous layer was further extracted with diethyl ether (2x 50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with NaCl solution and concentrated to a clear colorless oil. The oil dissolved in diethyl ether (200 mL) and then acidified with 4.0 M HCl in dioxane until no further precipitation was seen. The white precipitate was collected by filtration and washed with diethyl ether. The white solid was recrystallized from hot water at a pH of ⁇ 2.
  • the product was collected by filtration to afford 29.94 g as a mix of mono- and di- HCl salts.
  • the HCl salts were partitioned between 1 M KOH (100 mL) and ethyl acetate (100 mL).
  • the aqueous was extracted with ethyl acetate (2x 30 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed with NaCl solution, dried with Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated to give pure product as the free base as a light yellow oil (18.53 g, 82% yield).
  • N - bis -[2-(4-methoxybenzylthio)-2-methylpropyl]-ethylenediamine (4.13 g, 8.66 mmol) in CH 3 CN (50 mL) was added K 2 CO 3 (1.21 g, 8.75 mmol, 101 mol%) followed by ethyl 5-bromovalerate (2.80 mL, 17.7 mmol, 204 mol%).
  • the reaction was stirred at reflux overnight and was then concentrated to a paste in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate (100 mL) and 0.5 M KOH (100 mL).
  • N - bis -[2-(4-methoxybenzylthio)-2-methylpropyl]ethylenediamine (86 mg, 0.969 mmol) in THF (40 mL) was added water (30 mL) and 1 M KOH (2.5 mL, 2.5 mmol, 260 mol%). The homogeneous solution was heated to a slow reflux overnight. The solution was then cooled to room temperature and the THF was removed under rotary evaporation. The residue was diluted to 50 mL with H 2 O and the pH was adjusted to ⁇ 2-3 with 1 M HCl. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3x 30 mL) and the combined organic layers were washed with NaCl solution (50 mL), dried with Na 2 SO 4 and concentrated to give crude acid (422 mg, 75% yield).
  • BAT-BM was prepared as follows. BAT acid ( N 9 -( t -butoxycarbonyl)- N 6 , N 9 - bis (2-methyl-2-triphenylmethylthiopropyl)-6,9-diazanonanoicacid)(10.03g, 10.89 mmol) and 75mL of dry methylene chloride (CH 2 Cl 2 ) were added to a 250mL round-bottomed flask equipped with magnetic stir bar and argon balloon. To this solution was added diisopropylcarbodiimide (3.40mL, 21.7 mmol, 199 mole%), followed by N-hydroxysuccinimide (3.12g, 27.1 mmol, 249 mole%).
  • BAT acid N 9 -( t -butoxycarbonyl)- N 6 , N 9 - bis (2-methyl-2-triphenylmethylthiopropyl)-6,9-diazanonanoicacid
  • CH 2 Cl 2 dry methylene
  • This crude product was added to a 1000mL round-bottomed flask, equipped with magnetic stir bar, containing 300mL THF, and then 30mL saturated sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ), 100mL water and N-methoxycarbonylmaleimide (6.13g, 39.5 mmol, 363 mole%) were added. This heterogeneous mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. THF was removed from the mixture by rotary evaporation, and the aqueous residue was twice extracted with ethylacetate (2X 75mL). The combined organic layers of these extractions were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered through a medium frit and concentrated to about 12g of crude product.
  • NaHCO 3 saturated sodium bicarbonate
  • SPPS Solid phase peptide synthesis
  • Resin-bound products were routinely cleaved for 1.5 - 3 h at room temperature using a solution comprised of trifluoroacetic acid, optionally comprising water, thioanisole, ethanedithiol, and triethylsilane in ratios of 100 : 5 : 5 : 2.5 : 2.
  • N-terminal acetyl groups were introduced by treating the free N-terminal amino peptide bound to the resin with 20% v/v acetic anhydride in NMP (N-methylpyrrolidinone) for 30 min.
  • 2-chloroacetyl and 2-bromoacetyl groups were introduced either by using the appropriate 2-halo-acetic acid as the last residue to be coupled during SPPS or by treating the N-terminus free amino peptide bound to the resin with either the 2-halo-acetic acid/ diisopropylcarbodiimide/ N-hydroxysuccinimide in NMP of the 2-halo-acetic anhydride/ diisopropylethylamine in NMP.
  • 2-haloacetylated peptides were cyclized by stirring an 0.1 - 1.0 mg/mL solution in phosphate or bicarbonate buffer (pH 8) containing 0.5 - 1.0 mM EDTA for 4 - 48 hours, followed by acidification with acetic acid, lyophilization and HPLC purification.
  • Cys-Cys disulfide bond cyclizations were performed by treating the precursor cysteine-free thiol peptides at 0.1mg/mL in pH 7 buffer with aliquots of 0.006M K 3 Fe(CN) 6 until a stable yellow color persisted. The excess oxidant was reduced with excess cysteine, the mixture lyophilized and then purified by HPLC.
  • the "Pic” group was introduced by using picolinic acid as the last residue in peptide synthesis.
  • the "Pica” group was introduced by conjugating picolylamine to a precursor peptide using diisopropylcarbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide.
  • BAT ligands were introduced either by using the appropriate BAT acid as the last residue to be coupled during SPPS or by treating the N-terminus free amino peptide bound to the resin with BAT acid/ diisopropylcarbodiimide/ N-hydroxysuccinimide in NMP.
  • [BAM] was conjugated to the peptide by first activating the peptide carboxylate with a mixture of diisopropylcarbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide or HBTU/HOBt in DMF, NMP or CH 2 Cl 2 , followed by coupling in the presence of diisopropylethylamine; after coupling, the conjugate was deprotected as described above.
  • BSME adducts were prepared by reacting single thiol-containing peptides (5 to 50 mg/mL in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 8) with 0.5 molar equivalents of BMME ( bis -maleimidomethylether) pre-dissolved in acetonitrile at room temperature for approximately 1-18 hours. The solution was concentrated and the product was purified by HPLC. Where appropriate, BSH adducts were prepared by using bis -maleimidohexane in place of BMME.
  • TSEA adducts were prepared by reacting single thiol-containing peptide (at concentrations of 10 to 100 mg/mL peptide in DMF, or 5 to 50 mg/mL peptide in 50mM sodium phosphate (pH 8)/acetonitrile or THF) with 0.33 molar equivalents of TMEA ( tris (2-maleimidoethyl)amine; see US-A-5091542 and EP-A-453012) pre-dissolved in acetonitrile or DMF, with or without 1 molar equivalent of triethanolamine, at room temperature for approximately 1-18h.
  • TMEA tris (2-maleimidoethyl)amine
  • BAT-BS adducts were prepared by reacting single thiol-containing peptide (at concentrations of 2 to 50 mg/mL peptide in 50mM sodium phosphate (pH 8)/ acetonitrile or THF) with 0.5 molar equivalents of BAT-BM ( N -[2-( N' , N' - bis (2-maleimidoethyl)aminoethyl)]- N 9 -( t -butoxycarbonyl)- N 6 , N 9 - bis (2-methyl-2-triphenylmethylthiopropyl)-6,9-diazanonanamide; see WO 93/21962) pre-dissolved in acetonitrile or THF, at room temperature for approximately 1-18h.
  • DMAB adducts were prepared by reacting single thiol-containing peptides (10 to 100 mg/mL in DMF) with 0.5 molar equivalents of TMEB (described in Example 2) and 1 molar equivalent of triethanolamine at room temperature for approximately 12 to 18 hours. DMF was then removed in vacuo and the product purified by HPLC.
  • Tc-99m gluceptate was prepared by reconstituting a Glucoscan vial (E.I. DuPont de Nemours, Inc.) with 1.0 mL of Tc-99m sodium pertechnetate containing up to 200 mCi and allowed to stand for 15 minutes at room temperature. 25 ⁇ l of Tc-99m gluceptate was then added to the reagent and the reaction allowed to proceed at room temperature or at 100°C for 15-30 min and then filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ m filter.
  • Glucoscan vial E.I. DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
  • Tc-99m labeled peptide reagent purity was determined by HPLC using the conditions described in the Footnotes in Table I. Radioactive components were detected by an in-line radiometric detector linked to an integrating recorder. Tc-99m gluceptate and Tc-99m sodium pertechnetate elute between 1 and 4 minutes under these conditions, whereas the Tc-99m labeled peptide eluted after a much greater amount of time.
  • Pic is picolinoyl (pyridine-2-carbonyl); Acm is acetamidomethyl; Apc is L-(S-(3-aminopropyl)cysteine); F D is D-phenylalanine; Y D is D-tyrosine; K(N ⁇ -BAT) is a lysine covalently linked to a BAT moiety via the ⁇ -amino group of the sidechain; ma is 2-mercaptoacetic acid; BAT is N 6 , N 9 - bis (2-mercapto-2-methylpropyl)-6,9-diazanonanoic acid; BAT-BS is N-[2-N ' ,N ' - bis (2-succinimidoethyl)aminoethyl]-N 6 ,N 9 - bis (2-mercapto-2-methylpropyl)-6,9-diazanonanamide; BSME is bis -succinimidomethylether; T
  • Mongrel dogs (25-35lb., fasted overnight) were sedated with a combination of ketamine and aceprozamine intramuscularly and then anesthetized with sodium pentabarbital intravenously.
  • an 18-gauge angiocath was inserted in the distal half of the right femoral vein and a 8mm Dacron®-entwined stainless steel embolization coil (Cook Co., Bloomington IN) was placed in the femoral vein at approximately mid-femur. The catheter was removed, the wound sutured and the placement of the coil documented by X-ray. The animals were then allowed to recover overnight.
  • each animal was re-anesthetized, intravenous saline drips placed in each foreleg and a urinary bladder catheter inserted to collect urine.
  • the animal was placed supine under a gamma camera which was equipped with a low-energy, all purpose collimator and photopeaked for Tc-99m.
  • Tc-99m labeled peptide [185-370 mBq (5-10 mCi) Tc-99m] was injected sequentially into one foreleg intravenous line at its point of insertion. The second line was maintained for blood collection.
  • Gamma camera imaging was started simultaneously with injection. Anterior images over the heart were acquired as a dynamic study (10 sec image acquisitions) over the first 10 min, and then as static images at 1, 2, 3 and 4h post-injection. Anterior images over the legs were acquired for 500,000 counts or 20 min (whichever was shorter), at approximately 10-20 min, and at approximately 1, 2, 3 and 4h post-injection. Leg images were collected with a lead shield placed over the bladder.
  • each animal was deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital.
  • Two blood samples were collected on a cardiac puncture using a heparinized syringe followed by a euthanasing dose of saturated potassium chloride solution administered by intercardiac or bolus intravenous injection.
  • the femoral vein containing the thrombus, a similar section of vein of the contralateral (control) leg, sections of the vessel proximal to the thrombus and samples of thigh muscle were then carefully dissected out.
  • the thrombus, coil and coil Dacron fibres were then dissected free of the vessel.
  • the thrombus, saline-washed vessel samples, coil and coil Dacron fibres were separated, and each sample was placed in a pre-weighed test tube. The samples were weighed and counted in a gamma well counter in the Tc-99m channel, along with known fractions of the injected doses.
  • Fresh thrombus weight, percent injected dose (%ID)/g in the thrombus and blood obtained just prior to euthanasia and thrombus/blood and thrombus/muscle ratios were determined. From the computer-stored images, thrombus/background ratios were determined by analysis of the counts/pixel measured in regions-of-interest (ROI) drawn over the thrombus and adjacent muscle. Tissue data from these experiments are shown in the following Table.

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  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
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  • Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
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  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
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AU688264B2 (en) 1998-03-12
AU4528793A (en) 1994-01-04
JPH07506592A (ja) 1995-07-20
HK1007685A1 (en) 1999-04-23
US5976494A (en) 1999-11-02
DE69310733T2 (de) 1997-10-30
DE69310733D1 (de) 1997-06-19
US5508020A (en) 1996-04-16
DK0644778T3 (da) 1997-11-03
ES2105292T3 (es) 1997-10-16
EP0644778A1 (en) 1995-03-29
US6667389B1 (en) 2003-12-23
CA2137009A1 (en) 1993-12-23
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