CN1950665B - 由锡黄铜合金构成的传热管 - Google Patents

由锡黄铜合金构成的传热管 Download PDF

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CN1950665B
CN1950665B CN2005800140665A CN200580014066A CN1950665B CN 1950665 B CN1950665 B CN 1950665B CN 2005800140665 A CN2005800140665 A CN 2005800140665A CN 200580014066 A CN200580014066 A CN 200580014066A CN 1950665 B CN1950665 B CN 1950665B
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爱德华·罗特曼
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Luvata Espoo Oy
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
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    • B22D21/00Casting non-ferrous metals or metallic compounds so far as their metallurgical properties are of importance for the casting procedure; Selection of compositions therefor
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    • B22DCASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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    • C22C9/04Alloys based on copper with zinc as the next major constituent
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
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    • F28D1/0477Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary conduit assemblies for one heat-exchange medium only, the media being in contact with different sides of the conduit wall, in which the other heat-exchange medium is a large body of fluid, e.g. domestic or motor car radiators with heat-exchange conduits immersed in the body of fluid with tubular conduits the conduits being bent, e.g. in a serpentine or zig-zag the conduits being bent in a serpentine or zig-zag
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28FDETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/10Tubular elements and assemblies thereof with means for increasing heat-transfer area, e.g. with fins, with projections, with recesses
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    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
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    • F28F21/00Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • F28F21/081Heat exchange elements made from metals or metal alloys
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28DHEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0068Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for refrigerant cycles

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Abstract

本发明提供了由锡黄铜合金构成的传热管,得到了抗蚁巢腐蚀性优异的适合ACR***的传热管。

Description

由锡黄铜合金构成的传热管
技术领域
本发明一般涉及用在空调制冷***中的抗腐蚀传热管。
背景技术
已知空调制冷(“ACR”)***对称为“蚁巢腐蚀”(也指“蚁巢腐蚀”)的独特类型的腐蚀敏感。蚁巢腐蚀被认为只发生在铜基合金中。其具有独特的形貌,看起来散布的坑让人联想到蚁巢形状。典型地,所述坑通常是微观的并且伴随着铜表面的变色。所述变色可以是紫色、蓝-灰色或黑色,其表现出自催化、周期性氧化/还原反应,这些反应发生在水溶性铜和有机酸络合物之间。
蚁巢腐蚀可以使热交换器盘管破坏。大多数对蚁巢腐蚀的早期观察显示,反应从管的内部开始并发展到管的外部。通常认为这是由空气存在下某种润滑剂的分解引起的。这些情况通常限于某些区域,而且一旦空调(AC)设备装上致冷剂并投入使用就可以观察到。
近来,暖通空调(HVAC)相关工业涉及外-到-内的腐蚀。约5年前注意到,消费者关于换气AC***的室内盘管泄漏的投诉数量显著增加,换气AC***是美国住宅市场中冷却***的主要形式。进一步调查发现,超过一半热交换器盘管破坏的原因是蚁巢腐蚀。这种泄漏事件增加的主要起源被认为可以归于更大量挥发性有机化合物的使用、,来自新型建筑材料的排放增加和由于密集建筑的室内的较少流通。此外,换热管壁厚度降低和在热、潮湿区域增加AC***的运行来控制温度和内部湿度也可能是因素。
不需要结合特殊理论,蚁巢腐蚀的发生被认为需要四个要素:铜金属、氧、潮湿和有机酸(可以由油或其它有机分子的水解或其它分解产生)的存在。由于期望通过除去这些因素的任一个来阻止腐蚀过程,而铜是用于热交换***的优选金属,因此,需要具有增强的抗蚁巢腐蚀性的用于ACR***的铜基材料。此外,需要由抗蚁巢腐蚀的组合物构成的用于ACR***的换热管,使得整个管壁具有抗腐蚀性。
发明内容
[6]通过提供由抗蚁巢腐蚀性优异的锡黄铜合金构成的传热管,从而使本发明满足上述需求。
附图说明
[7]在附图中举例说明了本发明,其中全部附图中的类似附图标记指定相同或类似的部件:
图1是传热管的一部分的透视图;
图2是散热片型热交换器的透视图;和
图3是不同合金的抗腐蚀性数据的图示。
具体实施方式
[8]本发明提供了抗蚁巢腐蚀的传热管。所述传热管由锡黄铜合金构成。相对于用于制造传热管的现有技术组合物,所述锡黄铜合金使传热管具有增强的抗蚁巢腐蚀性。这些现有技术组合物的一些实例包括C220合金,其是标准的黄铜合金,和C122合金,其目前用在AC管道中。因此,在此使用的“抗蚁巢腐蚀”指的是抗蚁巢腐蚀性增强的程度,相对于用于制造传热管的现有技术组成的抗蚁巢腐蚀性而言。
[9]在一个实施方案中,本发明的传热管由包含铜、锌和锡的合金构成。可以进一步包含铅、铁、磷或其它元素,或者不包含这些元素。在本发明的一个实施方案中,提供一种抗蚁巢腐蚀的传热管,其包含最高35%的锌。在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供一种制造热交换器的方法,其中由锡黄铜构成的传热管壁包含最高35%的锌。在优选的实施方案中,传热管由称为C422的合金构成,其组成在下面的表1和3中描述的具体实施方案中列出。
[10]下面的实施例意欲说明本发明且不以任何方式限制其范围。
实施例1
[11]这个实施例描述了本发明的一个实施方案。本领域的技术人员显而易见的是,还可以预料对此结构的常规的改进和变化。
[12]参考图1,在20一般性地显示了管的一部分,其可以由锡黄铜合金组成并在优选的实施方案中具体为锡黄铜合金No.422。管20可以由许多不同方法形成。包括但不限于,使用本发明提供的合金和本领域技术人员熟知的标准方法焊接、挤压和铸轧。
[13]管20可以用在例如供熟或冷却***中,用于在流经管内部的一种温度的流体和流经管外部的不同温度的流体之间的热传递,其中管外部流体的一个实例可以是空气。管20包含具有内表面24的壁22和纵轴26。内表面可以是光滑壁或可以用增强28内部增强,如本领域技术人员显而易见的。
转到图2,本发明的管20可以包含在热交换器组件21中。热交换器组件21是可以以本发明的方式使用的热交换器组件的一个实例。本发明还应用于其它类型的ACR热交换器,如本领域技术人员显而易见的。
制造热交换器组件21的通用方法是,首先在两个管板34之间装配多个散热片32,随后将多个发夹管36穿过散热片32中选定的孔38和各个管板34中类似的孔38。接下来,在发夹管36的末端形成钟形物,然后延伸管臂来确保管和散热片之间坚固的机械装配。由于所述管与散热片之间的坚固装配,换热管的传热面积被散热片的面积增大。由于增加了表面面积,散热片和管热交换器提供了超过同样尺寸的光管型热交换器的改善的传热性能。通过在发夹管36的末端装备多个U形弯头42来形成穿过热交换器管的一个或多个闭合的流体流动通道,完成了所述热交换组件。
如本领域技术人员显而易见的,还可以通过铜焊构成管-到-片的连接。
实施例2
这个实施例表明暴露于蚁酸对金属带和管的影响,包括本发明的锡黄铜合金,和那些通常用于空调制冷***的,例如标准黄铜合金C220合金,和目前用在很多AC管道的C122合金。
为了进行抗蚁巢腐蚀性试验,将用特氟隆分离的各个合金(如表1中总结的)的一个约1”x1”试样挂在三个密封缸的顶部空间,每个密封缸含有100ml等分的浓度为500ppm的蚁酸溶液.
表1
标称的合金组成(%)
  合金   Cu   Pb   Fe   Sn   Zn   P
  C122   rem<sup>*</sup>(包含Ag)   0,015-0,040
  C220   89.0-91.0   0.05最大  rem.<sup>*</sup>
  C422   86.0-89.0   0.05最大   0.05最大   0.8-1.4  rem,<sup>*</sup>   0.35最大
  C425   87.0-90.0   0,05最大   0.05最大   1.5-3.0  rem.<sup>*</sup>   0.35最大
rem=余量
另外三个含有100ml等分的醋酸溶液的缸,浓度也是500ppm。第七个缸用100ml等分的去离子水(DIW)作为对照。使上述缸基本上如下面实施例3所述地受到循环供热。在第10、20和30天将一个含有蚁酸溶液的缸和另一个含有醋酸溶液的缸从试验中移出。第30天移出DIW对照。
移出时,将金属试样装在环氧树脂上来评估蚁巢腐蚀的深度和点蚀密度。点蚀密度以在16mm条边上25x放大时可见的坑数目计算。得到将暴露时间与测试试样的横截面上腐蚀深度相联系的半定量数据。使用金相显微镜的目镜标线(eye reticule)来确定腐蚀的深度。
表2中的结果表明,对于蚁酸试验,30天蚁巢腐蚀敏感度(按最大坑深度排序)趋势是C422<C425<C122<C220。对于醋酸测试,在30天蚁巢腐蚀敏感度(按最大坑深度排序)趋势是C422<C122<C220<C425。
表2
Outokumpu蚁巢带测试
40/20℃,500ppm蚁酸或醋酸
Figure G2005800140665D00051
表3提供了由类似实验得到的数据,也包括由表1中组成构成的管。
表3
比较合金C220和C422与合金C122的蚁巢敏感性
表3还提供了涉及C422的蚁巢腐蚀抵抗特性的数据,以C122抗性的倍数表达。因此,这个实施例表明,锡黄铜合金C422比其它合金包括那些通常用在空调制冷***中的制造传热管的合金,明显地更抗蚁巢腐蚀,。
实施例3
这个实施例表明,包含锡黄铜合金C422的传热管相对于其它组成具有较高的抗蚁巢腐蚀性。表4中总结了用在本实施例中的管的组分。
表4
合金组成(%)
合金  Cu   Pb   Fe   Sn   Zn   P
  C122  Rem<sup>*</sup>(包含Ag)   0.015-0.040
  C220  89.0-91.0   0.05最大   0.05最大   Rem<sup>*</sup>
  C422  86.0-89.0   0.05最大   0.05最大   0.8-1.4   Rem<sup>*</sup>   0.35最大
Rem=余量
如下进行C122、C220和C422的蚁巢腐蚀抗性对比。
将由表4中各个金属组成构成的管吊在加压的测试容器底部的100ml等分的每百万去离子(DI)水约500份(ppm)的蚁酸之上。因为铜管吊在测试液体上,这些管只与腐蚀性蒸汽和冷凝物接触。使用可以使蚁巢腐蚀最佳的温度循环将管暴露于蒸汽和冷凝物。通常,温度循环包括将测试容器在夜晚和周末保持在温度为40℃的烘箱中。每个工作日9个小时,将烘箱关掉并将烘箱门打开使测试容器冷却到室温(20℃),此时通过检查压力来评估测试容器。当检测到压力显著降低时,通过浸入水中和/或用液体肥皂滴的气泡检测来定位泄漏。将包含泄漏源的管段从铜管切除,装入真空浸渍树脂,使泄漏位置抛光并拍摄显微照片。由此确定,管泄漏由通过管壁的蚁巢坑腐蚀引起。
表5给出了合金C122、C220和C422的抗腐蚀性测试结果(通过时间对管破坏测量)。当两个C422管在暴露约26周后没有破坏时,将他们移出并检验。两个管中都存在蚁巢腐蚀,但是没有发展到12.5mm壁厚度的一半。测试C422制造的管所暴露的溶液来确保到实验结束保持足够水平的蚁酸。蚁酸的水平分别降低到342ppm和368ppm,表明整个测试中可以保持充分的腐蚀剂。
由此,表5中总结的结果表明相对于通常构成目前空调制冷***的传热管的组成,C422合金的较高抗蚁巢腐蚀性特征。除了表5中总结的数据以外,注意到当C422样品在约26周后移出而没有泄漏时,在这些实验中观察的坑深度小于壁厚的一半。这与C122和C220的最大坑深度形成明显对比,其坑深度是观察到的C422尺寸的倍数。这些数据强调了与表面涂层相反,基本上全部由在此描述的抗蚁巢腐蚀性合金构成的管壁的相对益处。
表5蚁巢敏感性对比
Figure G2005800140665D00071
图3图示地总结了从类似的实验得到的结果,其中压力降低到0表示已经发生破坏并且管已经泄漏。图3数据中的一些中断由与管性能无关的状况引起。尽管如此,在此显示的结果表明,暴露在腐蚀环境150天后,锡黄铜合金C422可以无泄漏地保持压力,而通常用于ACR管道的组成较快速地破坏。
因此,本实施例表明,与主要由铜或黄铜构成的管比较,锡黄铜合金No.422具有较高的抗蚁巢腐蚀性。
虽然结合特定实施方案描述了,但不意味着将本发明的范围限制于所列出的具体形式,相反,本发明意欲覆盖可以包括在由所附权利要求所限定的本发明的实质和范围内的这些替换、修改和等效物。

Claims (15)

1.包含最高为3.0%的锡的锡黄铜合金的用途,其特征在于,该锡黄铜合金用于使得传热管抗蚁巢腐蚀。
2.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金包含0.8-1.4%的锡。
3.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金包含86%-90%的铜。
4.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金包含86%-89%的铜。
5.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金包含9.6%-13.2%的锌。
6.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金包含最高35%的锌。
7.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金包含不超过0.05%的铅。
8.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金包含不超过0.05%的铁。
9.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金包含不超过90%的铜,不超过3.0%的锡和不超过13.2%的锌。
10.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金基本上由86.0%-90.0%的铜、0.8%-3.0%的锡、不超过0.05%的铅、不超过0.05%的铁、不超过0.35%的磷和余量的锌组成。
11.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金基本上由86.0%-89.0%的铜、0.8%-1.4%的锡,不超过0.05%的铅、不超过0.05%的铁、不超过0.35%的磷和余量的锌组成。
12.权利要求1的用途,所述锡黄铜合金基本上由87.0%-90.0%的铜、1.5%-3.0%的锡,不超过0.05%的铅、不超过0.05%的铁、不超过0.35%的磷和余量的锌组成。
13.权利要求1的用途,其中所述管通过焊接、挤压或铸轧形成。
14.权利要求1的用途,其中所述传热管包含在热交换器组件中,所述热交换器组件进一步包含多个散热片和至少一个管板。
15.权利要求14的用途,其中所述热交换器组件用于空调制冷***。
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