Technical background
The high speed of China various places capital construction in recent years, sustainable development, construct a road, build railway, quarry, open a mine, do hydraulic and electric engineering foundation engineering etc. original ecology is damaged, cause water and soil loss, formed a large amount of exposed rock mass slope engineering wounds and need carry out ecological management or ecological recovery.But exposed rock mass is not owing to have soil, lack of water, few fertile, and habitat conditions is poor, and ecological limiting factor is many, and ecological recovery faces many difficulties, therefore becomes a difficult problem of carrying out ecological construction both at home and abroad.At present both at home and abroad main the employing climbed rattan plantation, alien earth sparging or spray sowing technology to carry out massif multiple green.It is multiple green slower to climb the rattan plantation, and the bank protection ability is relatively poor, also is not suitable for high side slope.About alien earth sparging or spray sowing technology, Zhang Junyun etc. have announced a kind of prescription of alien earth sparging planting matrix in " bed for planting vegetation on rock slope to protect it " patent (number of patent application 00120508.0); Guilt unit etc. has again been announced the prescription of another kind of alien earth sparging planting matrix in " rock side slope ecological protection plant growth matrix " patent application (number of patent application 02104143.1); Wang Qing has just waited the people to announce that in " fluid power spray-planting machine " patent application (number of patent application 02210923.4) a kind of hydraulic means that adopts carries out domatic device structure of sowing grass seeds by duster; Select for use about plant, Zhou Peide etc. have recommended 9 kinds of shrubs such as 12 kinds of herbaceos perennials such as Festuca Arundinacea and winter jasmine in " vegetation slope pavement engineering " book.Domaticly comparatively fast reply immediately greenly though adopt above-mentioned technology to make, exist the maintenance cost too high, easy shortcoming such as degenerations is particularly more remarkable in the big limestone regional plant degeneration of acid soil matter area and alkalescence.The objective of the invention is to develop the vegetation slope pavement method of the domatic low-maintenance of a kind of exposed rock mass.The implementing of this technology helps stable, town and country water and soil conservation and ecological environmental protection, improvement and the reparation of the exposed rock mass ecologically fragile areas ecosystem, and faster also there is remarkable result in acid soil matter area and the big exposed rock mass in limestone area of alkalescence with lasting ecological recovery.The present invention realizes by following technical measures.
Summary of the invention
Employing is the vegetation slope pavement scheme of assisting to the slope of rock mass alien earth sparging based on pteridophyta spore, other plant seed, and technology path is: the spore-domatic drop cloth-maintenance of sowing grass seeds by duster of spore-spore processing-mixed substrate-domatic linked network, fixed network-soil moved in to improve the original and the plant seed-hydraulic pressure of sowing grass seeds by duster of gathering pteridophyte.Concrete grammar is described below.
1, gathers the spore of pteridophyte
At first be to select suitable pteridophyte.The pteridophyte kind is a lot, and China has 2600 kinds approximately, though they have dimension beam tube tissue, does not produce seed, and spore is its agamic product, generally produces in the sporangium at the leaf back side.Pteridophyte is stronger to adaptive capacity to environment, and that the present invention selects as required is wherein drought-enduring, the pteridophyta spore of impoverishment tolerant, anti-extremely hot, cold-resistant, acid resistance medium or alkaline medium is as acquisition target, and concrete kind sees Table 1.
Table 1
The pteridophyte Chinese | Formal name used at school | Characteristics | Suitable application region |
The awns beanstalk | Dicranopteris pedata | The Li Baikemang beanstalk belongs to, medium-sized Lu Sheng fern, the leaf papery, extremely drought-resistant, adapt to strongly acidic soil, the domatic adhesion of root and rock is strong, anti-strong illumination, the impoverishment tolerant soil property can have group of one's own, adapts to low level management.Herb can be used as medicine, and reducing fever and causing diuresis, dissolving stasis and hemostasis function are arranged | Each province on the south the Changjiang river, the exposed massif of pH value 4.5-5.5 |
Fern | Pteridium aquilinum var.latiusculum | The Pteridiaceae Cyclosorus, the happiness sun, drought-enduring, cold-resistant, the impoverishment tolerant soil property, anti-extensive management, the power that accrues is strong, has group of one's own, near the pH value 5.5-6.5 root, root can be used as medicine, and diuresis is analgesic | Regional mountain region tailo to the north of the Yangtze river basin reaches |
Ciliate desert-grass |
Pteris vittata |
Wind tail Pteridiaceae Pteris, the root-like stock accumbency, drought-enduring, alkaline-resisting, impoverishment tolerant, near the soil pH value 7-8 root is to have to dispel the wind, desinsection, control the medicinal plant of infantile malnutrition due to digestive disturbances or intestinalparasites function |
Limestone mountain region, areas to the south, Qinling Mountains Schattenseite |
Swollen sufficient fern |
Hypodematium crenatum |
The Hypodematiaceae sufficient Cyclosorus of swelling, can be born in the limestone seam of arid, near pH value about 8 root, southwest limestone indicator plant, anti-shade |
Schattenseite area, south |
Cyrtomium caryotideumPresl |
Cyrtomium caryotideum |
The Dryopteridaceae Cyrtomium, the leaf keratin has certain drought resistance and cold resistance, and anti-shade is alkaline-resisting, also is the medicinal material of energy desinsection detoxifcation |
The limestone mountain region |
Aleuritopteris argentea Fee |
Aleuritopteris argentea |
Sinopteridaceae powder back of the body fern, extremely drought-resistant, cold-resistant, can survive the winter by open country in the north, can be in limestone seam near the pH value 7-8 existence root, be the Chinese medicine of removing toxicity for detumescence |
All can adapt in alkalescence, neutrality, the micro acid medium |
The Er Yejinmao psilophyton |
Gymnopteris bipinnata var.auriculata |
Hemionitidaceae gold hair Psilophyton, the living fern of middle-size and small-size stone, the sturdy accumbency of root-like stock, extremely drought-resistant, cold-resistant, anti-sunlight direct projection, happiness is born in the shrub arid crack of stone, it is very wide to distribute, run into extremely arid weather blade and curl automatically, to reduce water evaporates |
East China, North China, northwest, southwest |
Selaginella tamariscina |
Selaginella tamariscina |
The Selaginaceae Rock lily plant, the living fern of small-sized stone, vitality and drought resistance are extremely strong, more cold-resistant, can low level management, be astringing to arrest bleeding Chinese medicine |
It is domatic to can be used for the various places arid |
Lygodium japonicum |
Lygodium japonicum |
The Lygodiaceae Lygodium japonicum belongs to the liana fern, like sandy acid soil (pH4.5-5.0), happiness light, anti-low level management, cauline leaf can be used for preventing and treating two spotted spider mite and cotton aphid |
Warm temperate zone and subtropical zone |
The Mongolian oak fern |
Drynaria fortunei |
Drynariaceae Mongolian oak Cyclosorus, the strong stem of loose root has stronger drought-resistant ability, and root-like stock is promoting blood circulation and stopping pain, control traumatic injury Chinese medicine |
Each province on the south the Changjiang river |
The acquisition time of spore is selected in the spore maturing stage in late summer to autumn, adopts the spore that blade middle and lower part maturity is good, vitality is strong, use paper bag packing, in order to avoid produce mould.
2, spore is handled
In the spore of collecting, usually containing a lot of sporangium fragments and liver moss, algae and mushroom pollutes, 100-150 order dusting cover at first sieves, the spore that sifts out was put into 5% clorox soaking disinfection 5-10 minute, use aseptic water washing 1-2 time then, take out the back drying, put into refrigerating box and store for future use, for quickening spore germination, handle 0.5-60 second then through 0.5-2T magnetic field before the sowing earlier with gibberellin treatment 3-5 minute of 10-50ppm.
3, mixed substrate
Require matrix water conservation, air capacity of soils good, adopt 1-2 part loam, 0.5-1 part peat, 1 part of clear bactericide weight ratio preparation of plain sand, 0.0001-0.0005 part polyacrylamide type water-loss reducer, 0.00005-0.0005 part acrylamide polymer types of binders, 0.01-0.15 part Portland cement and 0.00005-0.0001 part 3% polyoxy, in matrix, to add the mixing of 0.003-0.01 part white lime for alkali-proof fern and sieve, in matrix, will add 0.001-0.01 part ferrous sulfate adjustment of acidity for the sour fern of happiness as mixed substrate.
4, domatic linked network, fixed network
Exposed rock mass lacks the required soil of plant growing, therefore must be before the spore of sowing grass seeds by duster to domatic soil moved in to improve the original (nutrient matrix that is mixed), and linked network, fixed network are to make the integral body of nutrient matrix formation that is mixed by net for the spraying machine soil moved in to improve the original time.Net adopts the galvanized wire mesh of ¢ 2-3mm, by inserting being connected with massif through the ¢ of antirust processing 10-16mm screw-thread steel of massif.
5, the soil moved in to improve the original and the plant seed of sowing grass seeds by duster
In order to create conditions for the spore of sowing grass seeds by duster, be ejected on the exposed rock mass by the spraying machine depended on pressure after the above-mentioned nutrient matrix that is mixed evenly added shrub seeds, jetted layers thickness 5-20cm, the density of shrub seeds is 20-200 grain/m
2, it is main that shrub seeds is selected the indigenous tree species of the strong stress resistance that adapts to local condition for use, in order to the stable phytocoenosium that forms shrub and pteridophyte stereoscopic configurations.
6, the hydraulic pressure spore of sowing grass seeds by duster
The Water Soluble Compound fertilizer, water that with acrylamide polymer types of binders, polyacrylamide type water-loss reducer, the clear bactericide of 3% polyoxy, paper pulp fiber, N, P, the pure content of K are 30-40% are by (0.2-0.4): (0.4-0.8): (0.1-0.2): (10-20): (0.5-5): 1000 weight ratios are injected the hydraulic pressure spray seeder, the back adding spore that stirs stirred 2-3 minute again, was ejected into domatic under the spray seeder hydraulic coupling drives.The density of different types of spore sowing is 1000-10000/m
2, that does not broadcast is overstocked, and when spore was overstocked, gametophyte was too crowded, a little less than the growth potential.The water of sowing grass seeds by duster will be used soft water, and alkaline excessive as water should add small amounts of phosphoric acid adjusted.
7, domatic drop cloth
Spore is tiny, does not after planting need earthing, but in order to make spore grow up to gametophyte smoothly and further to form sporophyte, must make domatic maintenance moistening, and domatic lid nonwoven helps reducing water evaporates, and nonwoven density should be not less than 15g/m
2
8, maintenance
Moisture control is wanted suitably will keep domatic moistening after broadcasting, and 2-3 week can sprout.Fertilising should be executed thin liquid fertilizer, but per three week spraying concentration be 0.5-1.0% potassium dihydrogen phosphate aqueous solution once, broadcasting back about 50 days to the even atomized water spray of gametophyte of growing gradually, broadcast back 100 days left and right sides sporophyte seedling and can grow 1-2cm to create the fertilization chance.
But can be formed with plant community low level management, stable of good bank protection function behind the maintenance 1-1.5 such as pteridophyte of employing present technique alien earth sparging.The some of them pteridophyte has medical value, can suitably gather the useful part utilization.
Embodiment
The weathered granite cut slope adopts and carries out ecological recovery and water and soil conservation based on the alien earth sparging technology of the pteridophyte of sowing grass seeds by duster in crane highway k100-k800 highway section, river, Guangdong.This area's sunshine time is longer, belongs to subtropical climate, average annual rainfall 1100-1650mm, the longest continuous arid fate 43 days, 12.3 ℃ of January mean temperature of air, 29.1 ℃ of July mean temperature of air.The slope of rock mass slope is high 28 meters, and 63 ° of the gradients have the two-stage platform, domatic area 1800m
2
The present embodiment pteridophyte of selecting for use of sowing grass seeds by duster is the awns beanstalk, and sporangiorus is born in middle part on the lateral vein of every group of blade, gathers ripe spore in mid-August, is loaded in the envelope, and it is standby to put into 4 ℃ of refrigerators.In the domatic back of cleaning on domatic at interval one meter evenly bore bolthole, aperture ¢ 25mm, anchor pole select for use ¢ 12mm, length 300-400mm, end to scribble the spiral of pitch antifouling paint, with cement mortar anchor pole are fixed in the hole.Select No. 14 galvanized wire mesh lappings for use, lap width uses the iron wire colligation in anchor pole greater than 5cm between net.Off the netly tie up that the pad bamboo chip is regulated net and domatic distance remains on 5-6cm.Mixed substrate selects the domatic top layer of 0.1T loam, 0.05T peat, the plain sand of 0.1T, 0.10Kg polyacrylamide water-loss reducer, 0.05Kg acrylamide polymer binding agent, 15Kg 42.5 (R) Portland cement inorganic binder, the clear bactericide of 0.01Kg3% polyoxy and the preparation of 1.0Kg ferrous sulfate; be blended in volume and be in 0.4 cube the cement mixer and carry out, stir pigeonpea and each 35 mixing of white popinac seed of adding after 1.5 minutes through soaking seed 12 hours.The concrete sprayer that contains the mixed-matrix employing SGP-6 model of pigeonpea and white popinac seed to domatic injection, the aerodynamic air compressor machine volume that provides that is equipped with is 12 cubic metres, air pressure is 0.5MPa, air mass flow is 8.0 cubic metres/minute, injection is undertaken by the front, the Jia Shui while spraying, jet thickness 8-12cm will all cover net.
The processing of spore at first was 100 order dusting covers, and the spore that sifts out was put into 5% clorox soaking disinfection 5 minutes, used aseptic water washing then 2 times, and the gibberellin treatment of usefulness 30ppm 3 minutes was handled 30 seconds with the magnetic field of 1T intensity again.Before spore added hydraulic pressure spray seeder mixed liquor, aforesaid high polymer binder, water-loss reducer, bactericide, pulp fluff material, Water Soluble Compound fertilizer injected the water tank of hydraulic pressure spray seeder, 1000m in proportion
2Domatic various material usage is as shown in table 2.
Table 2
Title material | Unit | Consumption | Remarks |
High polymer binder | Kg | 3 | Acrylamide polymer |
The macromolecule water-loss reducer | Kg | 5 | Polyacrylamide |
Paper pulp | Kg | 180 | |
Awns beanstalk spore | 1,000,000 | 4.5 | |
Water Soluble Compound fertilizer | Kg | 30 | Contain nitrate nitrogen, N, P, the pure content 40% of K |
Water | L | 8000 | pH5.5-6.0 |
The clear bactericide of polyoxy | Kg | 2.0 | 3% aqua |
The back adding spore that stirs stirred 2 minutes again, was ejected into domatic under the spray seeder hydraulic coupling drives.4500/the m of density of spore
2About; Broadcasting the bonnet quality is 15g/m
2Nonwoven.Keep domatic moistening, broadcast spore germination in back 13 days, the first quarter, the sporophyte seedling reached 2.0cm, and the awns beanstalk has covered domaticly after 1 year with pigeonpea and white popinac, has had bank protection and water and soil conservation function, just can be under nearly natural conditions low level management.