CN1770982A - 降低氨基化合物加热过程中丙烯酰胺生成量的方法 - Google Patents

降低氨基化合物加热过程中丙烯酰胺生成量的方法 Download PDF

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CN1770982A
CN1770982A CNA2004800096831A CN200480009683A CN1770982A CN 1770982 A CN1770982 A CN 1770982A CN A2004800096831 A CNA2004800096831 A CN A2004800096831A CN 200480009683 A CN200480009683 A CN 200480009683A CN 1770982 A CN1770982 A CN 1770982A
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compound
acid
acrylamide
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A·奥弗特因
K·克劳默尔
B·诺瓦科夫斯基
U·奥博米勒-耶维克
A·特勒舍尔
W·斯蒂格卖耶
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A21BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
    • A21DTREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
    • A21D2/00Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking
    • A21D2/08Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking by adding organic substances
    • A21D2/14Organic oxygen compounds
    • A21D2/22Ascorbic acid
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A21BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
    • A21DTREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
    • A21D13/00Finished or partly finished bakery products
    • A21D13/80Pastry not otherwise provided for elsewhere, e.g. cakes, biscuits or cookies
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A21BAKING; EDIBLE DOUGHS
    • A21DTREATMENT, e.g. PRESERVATION, OF FLOUR OR DOUGH, e.g. BY ADDITION OF MATERIALS; BAKING; BAKERY PRODUCTS; PRESERVATION THEREOF
    • A21D2/00Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking
    • A21D2/08Treatment of flour or dough by adding materials thereto before or during baking by adding organic substances
    • A21D2/14Organic oxygen compounds
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23KFODDER
    • A23K20/00Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K20/10Organic substances
    • A23K20/174Vitamins
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23LFOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L19/00Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L19/10Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops
    • A23L19/12Products from fruits or vegetables; Preparation or treatment thereof of tuberous or like starch containing root crops of potatoes
    • A23L19/18Roasted or fried products, e.g. snacks or chips
    • A23L19/19Roasted or fried products, e.g. snacks or chips from powdered or mashed potato products
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23LFOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L5/00Preparation or treatment of foods or foodstuffs, in general; Food or foodstuffs obtained thereby; Materials therefor
    • A23L5/20Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification
    • A23L5/27Removal of unwanted matter, e.g. deodorisation or detoxification by chemical treatment, by adsorption or by absorption
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23LFOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L7/00Cereal-derived products; Malt products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L7/10Cereal-derived products
    • A23L7/117Flakes or other shapes of ready-to-eat type; Semi-finished or partly-finished products therefor
    • A23L7/13Snacks or the like obtained by oil frying of a formed cereal dough

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种在还原物质存在下,降低氨基化合物加热时丙烯酰胺的生成量的方法,包括在加热前将氨基化合物与抗坏血酸和/或维生素E相混合。

Description

降低氨基化合物加热过程中丙烯酰胺生成量的方法
本发明涉及在还原物质存在下,降低氨基化合物加热过程中丙烯酰胺的生成量的方法,该方法包括在加热前将氨基化合物与抗坏血酸和/或维生素E相混合。
由食品热应力(thermal stress)导致丙烯酰胺的形成,特别是在富含碳水化合物的食品中,诸如马铃薯食品和谷物食品,长期以来一直是一个公开讨论的主题。动物实验表明丙烯酰胺可致癌,且在高剂量时甚至是神经毒性的。
丙烯酰胺形成的机理目前仍然不是很清楚。但是,有证据表明α-氨基酸和还原糖之间的梅拉德氏反应(Maillard reaction)在其中起着重要作用。
在Nature 2002,419,448(D.Mottram et al.)中,在模型试验的基础上,更加详细地描述了梅拉德反应和相关的丙烯酰胺的形成。特别是,在高温(如180℃)、弱酸性缓冲环境中,葡萄糖与天冬酰胺氨基酸的反应产生了大量的丙烯酰胺(>100mg/摩尔氨基酸)。
R.H.Stadler等人(Nature 2002;419,449)也发现了相似的结果。
在Deutsche Lebensmittel Rundschau,Number 11,2002,397 ff.中,R.Weiβhaar和B.Gutsche同样也描述了在还原糖存在的条件下,天冬酰胺热分解生成丙烯酰胺。作者还使用了特别是抗坏血酸作为还原剂。
在上述现有技术中没有记载同时使用氨基酸、还原糖和抗坏血酸的情况。
本发明的一个目的是显著降低氨基化合物热处理过程中丙烯酰胺的生成量。
我们发现利用本文开头所述的方法可以实现该目的。
为了本发明的目的,术语抗坏血酸不仅包括L-抗坏血酸(维生素C),而且包括D-抗血酸(异抗坏血酸)以及两种非对映体形式的盐和脂肪酸酯。
抗坏血酸盐的例子是碱金属或碱土金属盐如抗坏血酸钠、抗坏血酸钾或抗坏血酸钙,以及抗坏血酸与有机胺化合物的盐,诸如抗坏血酸胆碱或者L-抗坏血酸肉碱。优选使用抗坏血酸的碱金属盐,特别优选抗坏血酸钠。
抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯是例如L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯或L-抗坏酸硬脂酸酯。
为了本发明的目的,术语维生素E包括维生素E、维生素E的衍生物及其混合物。本文中的维生素E指天然的或合成的α-,β-,γ-或δ-生育酚和生育三烯醇。维生素E衍生物例如是C1-C20-链烷酸生育酚酯,如生育酚醋酸酯或生育酚棕榈酸酯。
在本发明方法的一个优选实施例中,为了降低丙烯酰胺的生成量使用了L-抗血酸及其盐,特别是L-抗血酸钠。下文中术语抗血酸或抗坏血酸盐是指L型。
氨基化合物例如是氨基酸如天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、蛋氨酸、半胱氨酸、色氨酸、组氨酸或赖氨酸和包括这些氨基酸的蛋白质。优选的氨基酸是天冬氨酸以及优选的蛋白质是含天冬氨酸的蛋白质。
适用于本发明所述方法的还原物质优选地是还原糖,例如葡萄糖、果糖、甘露糖、核糖、半乳糖、乳糖、纤维二糖或麦芽糖。
此外,本发明所述方法的一个特征是在温度大于90℃,优选120℃到250℃,特别优选150℃到200℃下,加热氨基化合物的过程中降低丙烯酰胺的生成量。
本发明所述方法的一个更优选的实施方案可使得在加热食品或动物饲料,特别优选的是在加热淀粉类食品,非常特别地是在焙烤、锅煎、煮沸或油炸含马铃薯和谷物的食品时降低丙烯酰胺的生成量。
含马铃薯和谷物的食品的例子具体是马铃薯片、法式油炸马铃薯条、煎马铃薯、马铃薯薄饼、面包、面包干、甜面包干、早餐麦片、曲奇饼干和饼干。
与没有加入抗坏血酸和/或维生素E的反应产品相比较,使用本发明的方法可以降低60%到99%,优选75%到90%的丙烯酰胺生成量。
基于氨基化合物的量,使用的抗坏血酸和/或维生素E的量为5-150mol%。
本发明的方法的一个特别优选的实施方案是在温度为150℃到200℃时,降低含马铃薯或谷物的食品在加热过程中丙烯酰胺的生成量,所述食品中含天冬氨酸或含天冬氨酸蛋白质,所述方法包括在加热前向食品中加入L-抗坏血酸或L-抗坏血酸钠。
本发明的方法通过下面的实施例进行更详细的描述。
实施例1
将1.32g(10mmol)天冬氨酸与1.98g(10mmol)水合葡萄糖的混合物置于高压锅中的10g 0.5M的磷酸盐缓冲液(pH5.5)中,在180℃下加热30分钟。通过气相色谱分析,生成的混合物中含有133mg丙烯酰胺/mol天冬氨酸。
实施例2
与实施例1的方法相似,1.76g(10mmol)抗坏血酸与1.32g(10mmol)天冬氨酸混合加热,生成26mg丙烯酰胺/mol天冬氨酸。
实施例3
与实施例1的方法相似,1.32g天冬氨酸,1.98g水合葡萄糖与1.76g抗坏血酸混合加热,生成31mg丙烯酰胺/mol天冬氨酸。
实施例4
与实施例1的方法相似,1.32g天冬氨酸,1.98g水合葡萄糖与0.88g(5mmol)抗坏血酸混合加热,生成36mg丙烯酰胺/mol的天冬氨酸。
实施例5
在加工焙烤曲奇饼干时使用抗坏血酸降低丙烯酰胺的生成量
a.85份天冬氨酸含量为1.4mg/g预制曲奇饼干生面团混合物(Greens“Ready to Mix Cookies)与15份水相混合并揉制。然后将面团展成约0.5cm厚,压制出6份,直径约7cm。
b.通过与5a相似的方法,又制成6份第二种曲奇饼干生面团,其中进一步掺入7mg抗坏血酸/克生面团混合物。
将所有这12个样品在190℃下焙烤12.5分钟。
焙烤程序结束后,分析样品中的丙烯酰胺含量。下表中给出的数值清楚地表明在焙烤工序前加入抗坏血酸的曲奇饼干生面团在焙烤过程中丙烯酰胺的生成量降低。
  丙烯酰胺含量(μg/kg焙烤物)
  样品A   样品B   样品C
 不含维生素C的焙烤曲奇   66μg/kg   89μg/kg   100μg/kg
 含维生素C的焙烤曲奇   19μg/kg   45μg/kg   56μg/kg
实施例6
使用抗坏血酸降低马铃薯糕油炸过程中丙烯酰胺的生成量
a.将天冬氨酸含量为12.9mg/g马铃薯片的22份干的无水马铃薯片(Vico S.A.“Mr.Mash Real Potato Flakes”),与78份沸水混合并静置一小段时间。取3份,每份30克,制成马铃薯团,在185℃的葵花油中炸6.5分钟。
b.通过与6a相似的方法,又制成3份第二种马铃薯团,其中进一步掺入65mg抗坏血酸/g马铃薯片。
油炸后,分析所有样品的丙烯酰胺含量。下表中给出的数值清楚地表明油炸加入抗坏血酸的马铃薯团中丙烯酰胺的生成量降低了。
  丙烯酰胺含量(μg/kg焙烤物)
  样品A   样品B   样品C
 不加维生素C的马铃薯球   954μg/kg   1428μg/kg   1095μg/kg
 加入维生素C的马铃薯球   346μg/kg   307μg/kg   424μg/kg

Claims (11)

1.一种在还原物质存在下,减少氨基化合物加热过程中丙烯酰胺生成量的方法,包括在加热前将氨基化合物与抗坏血酸和/或维生素E相混合。
2.一种如权利要求1所述的方法,其中在还原糖存在下对氨基化合物进行加热。
3.一种如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其中氨基化合物是氨基酸或蛋白质。
4.一种如权利要求3所述的方法,在加热天冬氨酸或含天冬氨酸蛋白质的过程中降低丙烯酰胺的生成量。
5.一种如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法,在温度大于90℃时降低丙烯酰胺的生成量。
6.一种如权利要求5所述的方法,其中温度为120℃到250℃。
7.一种如权利要求1-6中任一项所述的方法,在加热食品和动物饲料的过程中降低丙烯酰胺的生成量。
8.一种如权利要求7所述的方法,其中是加热淀粉类食品。
9.一种如权利要求8所述的方法,其中在焙烤、锅煎、蒸煮或油炸含马铃薯和谷物食品的过程中降低丙烯酰胺的生成量。
10.一种如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的方法,其中丙烯酰胺的生成量降低了60%到99%。
11.一种如权利要求1-10中任一项所述的方法,包括在加热前将氨基化合物与L-抗坏血酸或L-抗坏血酸钠相混合。
CNA2004800096831A 2003-04-11 2004-04-07 降低氨基化合物加热过程中丙烯酰胺生成量的方法 Pending CN1770982A (zh)

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CN103271253B (zh) * 2013-06-19 2014-07-02 贵阳学院 油炸马铃薯片时一种抑制丙烯酰胺产生的抑制剂及其用法
CN103918957A (zh) * 2014-04-18 2014-07-16 河北科技大学 一种降低油炸谷物类食品丙烯酰胺含量的前处理方法

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