CN115336516A - Factory seedling raising matrix and seedling raising method for tea trees - Google Patents
Factory seedling raising matrix and seedling raising method for tea trees Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
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Abstract
The invention discloses an industrial seedling raising matrix for tea trees, which comprises 25 to 35 percent of turf ratio, 25 to 35 percent of laterite, 15 to 25 percent of vermiculite ratio and 15 to 25 percent of perlite ratio according to volume ratio; the invention also discloses an industrial seedling raising method for tea trees, which comprises the following steps: step 1, proportioning a substrate; step 2, cuttage; step 3, comprehensive management after cuttage; step 4, measuring 30 growth indexes; and 5, processing data. The pH value of the Jiangxi red loam used by the invention is more suitable for the growth of the tea trees, and meanwhile, the contents of organic matters and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the Jiangxi red loam are higher, so that more nutrients can be provided for the tea trees, and the physiological and biochemical metabolism of the tea trees is promoted, so that the growth of the tea trees is promoted; the tea tree industrialized seedling method is intensive seedling, facilitates standardized management, saves a seedling raising field and saves manpower and material resources.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an industrial seedling raising substrate and a seedling raising method for tea trees, and belongs to the field of plant planting.
Background
Tea plant [ Camellia Sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze ] is perennial evergreen woody plant of Camellia of Theaceae, is native to tropical and subtropical zone, is a leaf plant which is warm and wet, and the tea of the tender leaf of the plant after processing is one of three kinds of alcohol-free beverages in the world. The tea is rich in vitamins, tea polyphenols, amino acids and other substances and 14 trace elements essential to human body, so that the tea has the effects of preventing radiation, refreshing brain, promoting urination, promoting digestion, reducing weight and preventing diseases.
Statistics in 2012 show that the annual tea yield is about 480 ten thousand tons (FAOSTAT, 2012) and the annual tea yield value is 400 hundred million dollars. Tea leaves are used as consumer products required by daily life, and the tea leaf consumption keeps continuously increasing in the world. The tea is a traditional economic crop and a foreign exchange product in China and plays an important role in rural economy in China, so that the development of a clone improved variety tea garden is the basis for promoting the rapid development of the tea industry. However, in the process of clone breeding, the following problems often occur: (1) The survival rate of transplanted tea seedlings is very low, which leads to 'annual development, annual planting and annual planting in the same field'; (2) The quality of the newly built tea garden is not high, the reconstruction cost of the old tea garden is high, and the wastefulness is serious; (3) the purity of seedlings is not high; and (4) the tea seedlings are not high in outplanting rate and poor in benefit of seedling raising units. The four problems seriously affect the improved variety construction process of the tea garden, and seriously strike the enthusiasm of tea farmers in constructing new tea gardens, thereby becoming the bottleneck problem which is urgently needed to be solved in the current development of the industry. Therefore, the industrial seedling culture of tea trees is a trend of industrial development. The existing matrix used for the factory seedling raising of the tea trees has the problems of long seedling raising and revival period and low cuttage survival rate.
Disclosure of Invention
The purpose of the invention is as follows: in order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the factory seedling raising substrate for the tea trees and the seedling raising method, which aim at solving the problems of low survival rate of cuttage of the substrate adopted in the prior art and long seedling raising and seedling revival period.
The technical scheme is as follows: in order to solve the technical problem, the tea plant industrial seedling raising substrate provided by the invention comprises 25-35% of turf, 25-35% of laterite, 15-25% of vermiculite and 15-25% of perlite according to volume ratio.
Furthermore, the volume ratio of the grass carbon to the red loam is 30%, the vermiculite ratio is 20% and the perlite ratio is 20%.
Further, the red loam was taken from Yingtan City in Jiangxi province.
An industrial seedling raising method for tea trees comprises the following steps:
step 1, substrate proportioning: mixing 30% of grass carbon, 30% of red loam, 20% of vermiculite and 20% of perlite according to the volume ratio to prepare a seedling culture substrate;
step 3, comprehensive management after cuttage: watering 1 time each day in the morning and evening in sunny days, 1 time each day in cloudy days, and watering every other day after 30 days; irrigating for 1 time every 3-5 days after rooting, and gradually controlling the irrigation amount and gradually prolonging the irrigation interval time after the seedlings are grown into plants to obtain the early seedlings of the Sucha.
Step 4, measuring growth indexes: measuring and counting the bud head length at intervals of 15d after 30d cuttage, and analyzing the influence of different substrates on the growth condition of the cuttage seedlings; measuring the germination rate after 30 days; measuring the growth condition of the root system after 80 days, wherein the growth condition comprises the number of roots and the longest root length; and (4) counting the survival rate of the cutting seedlings after 120 d.
And further, the scions cut in the step 2 are 3-5 cm long, and each scion is reserved with one robust axillary bud and one complete true leaf.
Furthermore, the upper cut of the cutting is a plane and is 0.5cm away from the axillary buds, and the lower cut is a bevel face of 45 degrees.
Has the advantages that: (1) The grass carbon in the substrate formula of the invention contains a large amount of water, and plant residues and mineral substances which are not thoroughly decomposed, the vermiculite has the capability of ion exchange, and the perlite can adjust soil hardening, increase the fertilizer efficiency, promote the growth of cutting seedlings, improve the survival rate and shorten the seedling recovering period.
(2) The pH value of the Jiangxi red loam used in the invention is more suitable for the growth of the tea trees, and meanwhile, the Jiangxi red loam has higher organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents, can provide more nutrients for the tea trees, and promotes the physiological and biochemical metabolism of the tea trees so as to promote the growth of the tea trees; the Jiangxi red loam also has the characteristics of acidity, thinness, stickiness and drought, has good water retention and moisture retention capacity, and provides a good environment for the growth of the root system of the tea seedling; in addition, the red loam can provide sufficient iron ions for the cutting seedlings, improve the growth rate, substance synthesis and accumulation, root activity and nutrient transportation of the cutting seedlings, promote the survival of the tea tree cutting seedlings, and shorten the seedling raising and recovering period.
(3) The tea tree industrialized seedling method is intensive seedling, facilitates standardized management, saves a seedling raising field, saves manpower and material resources, and is compared with conventional seedling: the industrialized plug seedling has strong water-retaining capacity, root lumps are not easy to scatter, and the industrialized plug seedling is suitable for long-distance transportation; the stress resistance of the seedlings is enhanced, the roots are not easy to be injured during planting, and the seedling reviving period is almost not generated.
(4) The method is industrial plug seedling, the adopted substrate contains laterite which has the characteristic of viscosity, root lumps are not easy to scatter, the distance between tea seedlings is close to the growth vigor, the tea seedlings are more suitable for mechanical transplanting, and the transplanting rate is increased by 4-5 times; the seedling raising period is shortened, the survival rate of tea seedlings is improved, the growth of the tea seedlings is accelerated, diseases and insect pests are effectively prevented, the excellent properties of the tea tree female parents are maintained, the cultivated tea seedlings are neat in garden, and the management whole process mechanization is convenient to realize.
(5) The method has very important significance for solving the problems of low survival rate of matrix cuttage and long seedling recovering period in industrial seedling culture, promoting the industrial seedling culture under the facility agricultural condition, shortening the seedling culture period, reducing the production cost, improving the product quality and market competitiveness and promoting the rapid development of the tea industry.
Drawings
FIG. 1 influence of different treatments on the germination rate of tea seedlings;
FIG. 2 influence of different treatments on the length of the bud of a tea seedling;
FIG. 3-1 Effect of different treatments on the number of tea shoots rooted;
FIG. 3-2 Effect of different treatments on the longest root length of tea shoots;
FIG. 3-3 the effect of different treatments on the rooting rate of tea seedlings;
FIG. 4 shows the effect of different treatments on the survival rate of tea seedlings;
FIG. 5-1 effect of different treatments on the growth of 'Su cha Zao' tea seedlings;
FIG. 5-2 effect of different treatments on shoot length of 'Sucha Zao' tea seedlings;
FIG. 5-3 the effect of different treatments on the growth of 'Yingshuang' tea seedlings;
figure 5-4 effect of different treatments on 'frost-facing' tea shoot bud length.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example 1 tea tree industrialized seedling substrate
An industrial seedling raising substrate for tea trees comprises 25-35% of turf, 25-35% of red loam, 15-25% of vermiculite and 15-25% of perlite according to volume ratio. According to the volume ratio, the grass carbon ratio is 30 percent, the red soil ratio is 30 percent, the vermiculite ratio is 20 percent, and the perlite ratio is 20 percent. The red soil is taken from Yingtan City in Jiangxi province.
The analysis results of the ingredients of the Jiangxi red loam and the common rural soil adopted by the invention are shown in table 1, the pH value of the Jiangxi red loam used by the invention is more suitable for the growth of tea trees, and meanwhile, the Jiangxi red loam has higher organic matter and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents, can provide more nutrients for the tea trees, and promotes the physiological and biochemical metabolism of the tea trees so as to promote the growth of the tea trees; the Jiangxi red loam also has the characteristics of acidity, thinness, stickiness and drought, has good water retention and moisture retention capacity, and provides a good environment for the growth of tea seedling roots; in addition, the laterite can provide sufficient iron ions for the cutting seedlings, the growth rate, the substance synthesis and accumulation, the root activity and the transportation of nutrient substances of the cutting seedlings are improved, the growth of the tea tree cutting seedlings is promoted, and the seedling culture and slow seedling stage is shortened.
The seedling raising method adopted by the invention is that a black plug tray with the square holes of 38mm multiplied by 45mm and 72 holes is arranged in the multi-span sunlight greenhouse, the temperature of which is constant at 25 ℃, the day and night are constant for 12 hours respectively. Compared with the traditional greenhouse and open field seedling culture method, the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse are controllable, the tea seedlings grow more rapidly under the conditions of proper temperature, humidity and illumination, the traditional seedling culture period is shortened from 1 year to 4 months, the seedling culture period is greatly shortened, and the process of converting tea trees into productivity is accelerated.
Table 1:2 basic characteristics of soil
From the comparison of the basic characteristics of the two soils in the table 1, it can be seen that the red soil in the west of the Yangtze river has higher organic matters and higher contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and phosphorus, and from the subsequent comparative examples, the acid-base value of the red soil in the west of the Jiangtze river used by the invention is more suitable for the growth of tea trees, and meanwhile, the red soil in the west of the Jiangtze river has higher contents of the organic matters, the nitrogen, the phosphorus and the potassium, so that more nutrients can be provided for the tea trees, and the physiological and biochemical metabolism of the tea trees can be promoted, so that the growth of the tea trees can be promoted.
An industrial seedling raising method for tea trees comprises the following steps:
step 1, substrate proportioning: mixing 30% of grass carbon, 30% of laterite, 20% of vermiculite and 20% of perlite according to the volume ratio to prepare a seedling culture substrate;
Step 3, comprehensive management after cuttage: watering 1 time in the morning and evening in sunny days, 1 time in cloudy days, and watering every other day after 30 days; irrigating for 1 time every 3-5 days after rooting, and gradually controlling the irrigation amount and gradually prolonging the irrigation interval time after the seedlings are grown into plants to obtain the early seedlings of the Sucha.
Step 4, measuring growth indexes: measuring and counting the bud head length at intervals of 15d after 30d cuttage, and analyzing the influence of different substrates on the growth condition of the cuttage seedlings; measuring the germination rate after 30 days; measuring the growth conditions of the root system after 80 days, including the number of rooting, the longest root length and the rooting rate; and (4) counting the survival rate of the cutting seedlings at 120 d.
And 5, data processing: excel and SPSS 23.0 software are used for data statistics, graph analysis is carried out by Graphpad, and the most suitable tea plant industrialized seedling substrate is obtained.
Comparative example 1
The comparative example differs from example 1 in that the matrix formulation is turf to vermiculite to perlite = 20 by volume ratio.
Comparative example 2
The comparative example differs from example 1 in that the matrix formulation is peat: red loam: vermiculite: perlite = 45.
Comparative example 3
The comparative example differs from example 1 in that the matrix formulation is peat: red soil: vermiculite: perlite = 15.
Comparative example 4
The comparative example differs from example 1 in that the matrix formulation is a volume ratio of laterite: vermiculite: perlite = 60.
Comparative example 5
This comparative example differs from example 1 in that the matrix formulation is a common garden soil.
Comparative example 6
The comparative example differs from example 1 in that the matrix formulation is peat: ordinary garden soil: vermiculite: perlite = 30.
In summary, the seedling raising results of example 1 and comparative examples 1 to 6 were compared together. See table 2, example 1 replaced a, comparative example 1 was T1, comparative example 2 was T2, comparative example 3 was T3, comparative example 4 was T4, comparative example 5 was T5, and comparative example 6 was T6.
Table 2:7 different treatment formulas
The influence of different treatments on the germination rate of the cuttage tea seedlings is shown in a figure 1, and the result is that A is more than T3, T2 is more than T1, T6 is more than T4 and T5. The germination rate of 7 different treatments is the highest and reaches 97.22 percent; secondly, T3 treatment is carried out, and the germination rate of the cutting seedlings has no significant difference with that of the A treatment, which indicates that the T3 treatment is also beneficial to the germination of the cutting seedlings; the germination rates of T1 and T2 treatment are not significantly different and are slightly lower than those of T3 treatment, the germination rates of T4 and T6 treatment are not significantly different and are obviously lower than those of T1 and T2 treatment, T5 treatment is common garden soil and is the lowest in germination rate, and the prepared substrate has a promoting effect on the germination of the tea tree cutting seedlings.
The summary arrangement of the height data of the cutting seedlings of 30-90 d is shown in figure 2, and the result shows that the variation trends of the bud length of the overground part of the cutting seedlings are basically consistent in different stages of tea seedling growth, but the bud length growth index of the cutting seedlings under the A treatment condition is always higher than that of other 6 treatments, and the T3 treatment is repeated, which indicates that the T3 treatment is also favorable for increasing the height of the tea seedlings; the lengths of the bud heads of the tea seedlings treated by the T1 and the T2 are similar and are slightly lower than those of the tea seedlings treated by the A and the T3; the growth vigor of the T4, T5 and T6 matrix tea seedlings has no significant difference and is relatively worst.
The influence of different treatments on the tea seedling rooting number, the longest root length and the rooting rate is shown in a graph from 3-1 to 3-3, and the results of the rooting number and the longest root length of the cutting seedling are A more than T3 more than T2 more than T1 more than T6 more than T4 more than T5. The significance of the root number and the longest root length of the cutting seedling under the condition of treatment A is higher than that of other treatments, the root number is as high as 56, and the longest root length is as long as 5 cm; secondly, T3 treatment is carried out, the rooting number and the longest root length of the cutting seedlings are obviously better than those of T1, T2, T4, T5 and T6 treatment, and the cutting seedlings also have promotion effect on rooting of the cutting seedlings; the rooting numbers and the longest root lengths of the cutting seedlings of the matrixes T4, T5 and T6 have no significant difference and are relatively lowest.
The investigation result of the rooting rate of the cutting seedlings is that A is more than T3 and more than T2 and more than T1 and more than T4 and more than T6 and more than T5, the rooting rate of the cutting tea seedlings under the condition of treatment A is optimal and is obviously higher than that of other treatments, and the rooting rate is as high as 90%; secondly, the treatment of T2 and T3 has no significant difference and is slightly lower than that of the treatment A, which shows that the treatment of T2 and T3 can promote the rooting of the tea tree cutting seedling; and secondly, T1, T4 and T6 treatment which has no significant difference but is obviously superior to T5 treatment indicate that the prepared matrix has a promoting effect on rooting of the tea tree cutting seedlings.
The influence of different treatments on the survival rate of the tea seedlings is shown in figure 4, the results are that A is more than T3, more than T1, more than T2, more than T4, more than T6 and more than T5, the survival rate of the A treatment is remarkably higher than that of other 6 groups, and is as high as 87.97 percent; the survival rate of the tea seedlings treated by the T3 is not obviously different from that of the tea seedlings treated by the A, which shows that the survival rate of the cutting seedlings can be obviously improved by the T3 matrix; the survival rates of the cutting seedlings processed by the T2 and the T5 are not significantly different and are lowest, and the survival rates of the tea seedlings processed by the T1, the T4 and the T6 are not significantly different and are lower than those processed by the A and the T3 but higher than those processed by the T2 and the T5, which shows that the survival of the cutting seedlings is promoted.
Comparative example 7
This comparative example differs from example 1 in that the test material used was a ` Yingshu ` tea seedling planted in Jiangning district Bo tea garden, nanjing, jiangsu province.
The influence of the T5 treatment and the A treatment on the growth conditions of the 'Su tea early' and 'Yingshuang' cutting seedlings is shown in a graph from 5-1 to 5-4, the germination rates and rooting rates of the Su tea early and Yingshuang tea seedlings under the A treatment condition are obviously increased compared with the T5 treatment, the survival rates of the Su tea early and Yingshuang tea seedlings are slightly higher than the survival rates of the T5 treatment, and the A treatment condition can effectively promote the germination rates and rooting rates of the Su tea early and Yingshuang cutting seedlings and has a great promotion effect on the survival of the tea seedlings. The growth conditions of the lengths of the overground bud heads of the early and frost-faced cutting seedlings of the Xisu tea treated by the two treatments are as follows: the bud length of the cutting seedling under the condition of treating A in each period is obviously higher than that under the condition of treating T5, which shows that the treatment A can obviously promote the growth of Sucha early and Yingshuang tea seedlings and shorten the seedling slowing and seedling raising periods; therefore, the substrate A has the promotion effect on the growth of different varieties of tea trees and the shortening of seedling raising and seedling revival stages.
The proper matrix has great influence on the tea tree cutting seedlings. Among the seven seedling raising substrates, the germination rate, plant height, rooting number, rooting rate, longest root length and survival rate of the 'Sucha early' and 'Yingshuang' cutting seedlings under the substrate A condition are obviously increased, and meanwhile, the T3 substrate also has a great promotion effect on the growth of the cutting tea seedlings. Comprehensive analysis shows that the growth condition of the cutting seedlings under the condition of the substrate A is optimal, the germination rate and the survival rate of the cutting tea seedlings of different tea tree varieties are obviously improved, the growth of new buds and root systems is promoted, the seedling revival and seedling raising period is shortened, the problems of low survival rate, long seedling revival and seedling raising period and the like of the conventional factory seedling raising substrate for tea trees are solved, and the process of converting new varieties of tea trees into productivity is accelerated. Therefore, the most suitable matrix for the factory seedling culture of the tea trees is turf: red loam: vermiculite: perlite =30:30:20:20.
the foregoing illustrates and describes the principles, general features, and advantages of the present invention. It should be understood by those skilled in the art that the above embodiments do not limit the present invention in any way, and all technical solutions obtained by using equivalent substitution or equivalent transformation fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. An industrial seedling raising matrix for tea trees is characterized in that the volume ratio of grass carbon is 25-35%, the volume ratio of laterite is 25-35%, the volume ratio of vermiculite is 15-25%, and the volume ratio of perlite is 15-25%.
2. The factory seedling raising substrate for tea trees as claimed in claim 1, wherein: according to the volume ratio, the grass carbon ratio is 30 percent, the red soil ratio is 30 percent, the vermiculite ratio is 20 percent, and the perlite ratio is 20 percent.
3. The factory seedling raising substrate for tea trees as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the red loam is taken from Yingtan City in Jiangxi province.
4. An industrialized seedling raising method for tea trees is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, substrate proportioning: mixing 30% of grass carbon, 30% of laterite, 20% of vermiculite and 20% of perlite according to the volume ratio to prepare a seedling culture substrate;
step 2, cuttage: selecting a 'Sucha Zao' branch of a tea tree which is grown in the same year, has a stem diameter of more than 3mm, does not have diseases and insect pests, has a strong growth vigor and is lignified or semi-lignified, shearing the cutting in 10 to 11 months per year, then soaking the cutting in 800 times of carbendazim solution for 20min, washing and airing the cutting with clear water to seven minutes of dryness, inserting the cutting into a hole tray with a thoroughly poured substrate, and spraying rooting water to irrigate roots;
step 3, comprehensive management after cuttage: watering 1 time in the morning and evening in sunny days, 1 time in cloudy days, and watering every other day after 30 days; and (3) irrigating for 1 time every 3 to 5 days after rooting, after the seedlings grow into plants, gradually controlling the irrigation amount and gradually prolonging the irrigation interval time to obtain the Sucha early seedlings.
5. The factory seedling raising method for tea trees as claimed in claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: and (3) cutting the cuttings obtained in the step (2), wherein the cuttings are 3 to 5cm long, and each cutting is reserved with one robust axillary bud and one complete true leaf.
6. The industrialized seedling method for tea trees as claimed in claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the upper cutting opening of the cutting edge of the cutting is a plane and is 0.5cm away from the axillary bud, and the lower cutting opening of the cutting edge is an inclined plane 45 degrees.
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| 张强等: "茶树无性系良种‘二段法’快繁育苗技术", 中国茶叶 * |
| 杨洁等: "茶树无土扦插快速繁育技术研究", 信阳农业高等专科学校学报 * |
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