CN115299286A - Method for culturing crown of young tea tree of large-leaf tea - Google Patents
Method for culturing crown of young tea tree of large-leaf tea Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for culturing young tea tree crowns of large-leaf tea, which comprises the following steps: picking or pruning tea seedlings in a nursery stage, reclaiming tea fields, applying base fertilizer and transplanting, carrying out 2-time shaping and pruning and multi-time topping and picking in batches on the transplanted tea seedlings to culture crowns, applying fertilizer in a matching way, putting the tea seedlings into production at the beginning of 1.5 years after transplanting, putting the tea seedlings into production formally in 2.5 years and the like. The invention adopts specific seedling-stage crown management and fertilization technology, improves the technical problems of slower formation of lateral branches (skeleton branch layers) and tea canopy surfaces (picking surfaces) of young tea trees and long production time, simultaneously shoots off and picks new shoots of the tea seedlings from the second year after the nursery stage and transplantation, and can be used as famous tea raw materials for sale, thereby increasing the benefits of the nursery and the young tea garden and leading the young tea garden to be produced early and earning early for about 1 year. The technology has higher popularization and utilization value.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, and discloses a method for cultivating young tea tree crowns of large-leaf tea.
Background
When a new tea garden is established or an old tea garden is changed and planted, the shaping and trimming technology is used for culturing the bone branches and the crowns of young tea trees, and the method is the most important cultivation technology for determining the early and late delivery period of the tea garden and the high yield of the tea trees. Generally, in tea areas in the south of China, due to the fact that the climate is warm and moist, the accumulated temperature of annual activities is high (generally exceeding 5000 ℃), the hydrothermal condition is good, a new tea garden is built by arbor or semi-arbor large-leaf seeds, young tea trees grow vigorously, grow in large quantities and grow for a long time, and the crown of the tea trees is cultured by adopting a segmented pruning method in the young period, so that the crown culture of the tea trees can be promoted and the tea trees can be put into production in advance. In the southwest tea area of China, arbor type or half arbor type large-leaf varieties are planted, although the growth vigor and the growth amount of tea trees in the juvenile period are more vigorous than those of small-and-medium-leaf varieties but less strong than those of tea trees in the southern tea area, tea seedlings of the large-leaf varieties are generally weaker in branching capability than those of the tea trees of the small-and-medium-leaf varieties, the branching parts are higher, and the branches are sparser. Therefore, the effect of cultivating the crown by adopting the sectional pruning is weaker than that of the tea area in the south, and tea farmers are difficult to master the sectional pruning technology. Based on the factors, a large-leaf variety of tea trees are planted in the southwest tea area, and the same conventional shaping and pruning method as that of small and medium-sized leaves is mostly adopted for cultivating the crown of the tea trees in young tea trees.
The young tea trees with large leaves cultivated by the conventional shaping pruning method are generally transplanted with tea seedlings in autumn of the current year, are put into production initially in the fourth year (about 2.5 years after transplanting) and put into production formally in the fifth year (3.5 years after transplanting), and before shaping pruning is finished, the young tea trees are strictly forbidden to pick fresh leaves to cultivate skeleton branches and crowns, so that tea growers only have investment in agricultural materials and labor in the second and third years after transplanting the tea seedlings, and no profit is generated. After the first year of planting, the trees are mainly raised, the yield and income of fresh leaves are less, and certain benefits are obtained only after the formal casting in the fifth year after the orchard establishment. Therefore, the investment of newly-built tea gardens is long, economic benefits are generated slowly, and the enthusiasm of tea growers for planting new tea gardens or changing new tea gardens into old tea gardens is influenced. Meanwhile, through years of observation, the tea seedlings bred by large-leaf varieties have strong top end advantages, most of the tea seedlings (more than 80 percent) have no branches, only one main branch is provided, after the tea seedlings are transplanted to a new tea garden, the conventional three-time shaping pruning technology is adopted, the pruning stimulation effect is limited, the lateral branches generated after pruning are less than small and medium-sized leaves, the annual growth amount of the branches is larger than that of the small and medium-sized leaves, the length of the grown new branches can reach 30-60 cm after most of the tea seedlings are subjected to fixed pruning, but the second and third shaping pruning are realized by increasing the length of the branches at the pruning openings by about 10-15 cm and pruning the leaves, namely the length of the branches discarded by shearing exceeds 20cm, so that the meristem lateral branches are less, and the formation and the production of tea canopies (picking surfaces) are slow. Therefore, a new technology is needed to solve the problems of less lateral branches of the big leaf seeds and slow picking surface formation, and the advantages of vigorous growth potential and large growth amount in crown culture of the big leaf seeds are needed to be exerted so as to promote early production and early profit of the tea garden.
In order to overcome the technical defects that after a conventional three-time shaping and pruning technology is applied, the lateral branches are less formed and the tea fluffs are slow to form due to strong apical dominance of large-leaf young tea trees, through years of exploration and practice, a comprehensive tree crown cultivation technology of nursery topping or pruning, 2-time shaping and pruning after transplanting, multiple topping and picking in batches and matched fertilizer cultivation management is developed, and the cultivation of bone dry branches and crown of young tea trees and the formation of tea fluffs can be promoted. The specific key technology is as follows: during the breeding period of the large-leaf tea seedlings, topping and picking or pruning the tea seedlings in the nursery to change the condition that more than 80 percent of the tea seedlings have no branch, so that first-level lateral branches are generated when the tea seedlings are out of the nursery; after the tea seedlings are transplanted to a new tea garden, the formation of 2-4-level lateral branches (skeleton branches) and tea fluffs (picking surfaces) is accelerated by the technology of topping in batches and trimming for 2 times, meanwhile, the type and the method of fertilization are changed, the requirements of tea seedling branch long root on N, P and K elements are fully met, the tea seedlings can be put into production in spring (1.5 years after transplantation) in the third year after transplantation by the comprehensive technology, the tea seedlings are mainly cultivated in summer and autumn, the tea seedlings are collected as assistance, the tea seedlings are slightly trimmed for 1 time at the end of autumn, and the tea seedlings can be put into production formally in spring (2.5 years after transplantation) in the fourth year after transplantation. By applying the technology, the production of the tea garden is earlier than that of the tea garden cultured by adopting the conventional shaping and trimming technology by 1 year.
Disclosure of Invention
The method aims at solving the problems that tea seedlings bred by large-leaf tea tree varieties in tea areas in southwest have strong top end advantages, most of the tea seedlings (more than 80 percent) have no branch and only have one main branch, and after the tea seedlings are transplanted to a new tea garden, the conventional shaping and trimming technology is applied, but the side branches are less, the cultivation speed of bone trunk branches, tree crowns and picking surfaces is influenced, and the production time is long. Based on this, the present invention proposes the following technical solutions to solve or improve the above technical problems:
a method for culturing young tea tree crown of large-leaf tea comprises:
(1) In the tea seedling breeding period, generally in the second year after cuttage for 5-6 months, when part of tea seedlings with vigorous growth vigor grow to the height of 15-20 cm, topping and picking the tea seedlings, picking 1 leaf of the top bud, keeping the height, topping and picking in 3-4 batches, wherein the topping time interval is about 7-10 days each time; after picking, applying nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium according to a ratio of 15:15:15, spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution foliar fertilizer simultaneously to enable single tea seedlings to generate 2-3 branches when the seedlings are out of nursery, namely, the grade 1 branch;
(2) Tea field reclamation, base fertilizer application and transplantation:
(1) the method for tea land reclamation, base fertilizer application and tea seedling transplanting is the same as the conventional technology. The tea seedling planting adopts double-row single-plant planting, and the transplanting time is in the middle and last ten days of 9 months or 10 months in autumn, so that the tea seedling transplanted in the current year begins to grow new roots;
(2) before transplanting the tea seedlings, a fertilizing ditch with the depth of 5-8 cm is opened in the center of the planting rows for transplanting two rows of tea seedlings, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied according to the proportion of 15:15:15, covering soil after application; the small row spacing of the transplanted tea seedlings is more than 33.3 cm;
(3) And (3) carrying out 1 st shaping pruning on branches of the just transplanted tea seedlings:
shaping and trimming the tea seedlings 1 st time immediately after transplanting in autumn, trimming upper branches and leaves of lateral branches of the tea seedlings at a position 24-26 cm away from the ground, and keeping 2-3 leaves of the lateral branches;
(4) And (5) in the second year after transplanting, culturing the crown in a key way:
in the second year after the tea seedlings are transplanted, multiple topping picking in batches, secondary sizing pruning and matched fertilization technologies are used for culturing tree crowns, and the lateral branches (skeleton branches) on the 2 nd to 3 rd layers are cultured to enable the tea trees to preliminarily form a canopy surface and basically close the rows;
(5) In spring of the third year after transplanting, the tea garden starts to put into production for the first time, and fresh tea leaf raw materials with famous quality are picked; after summer, the trees are harvested less and cultivated more until autumn; slightly pruning the tea trees at 60-65 cm above the ground at the end of autumn;
(6) And in the spring of the fourth year after transplanting, the tea trees are formally put into production and picked, the management technology is combined with the conventional tea garden, picking and reserving are carried out, and light pruning is carried out in autumn.
Further, the fertilizing in the step (2) comprises:
after the tea garden is reclaimed and base fertilizer is applied, before tea seedlings are transplanted, N is applied in the central ditch of the row for transplanting two rows of tea seedlings: p: the K ratio is 1:1:1 (15).
Further, the fertilizing in the step (4) comprises:
(1) fertilizing in the second year after transplanting comprises: furrow application for 2 times and broadcast application for more than 3 times, fertilization times: the top dressing is increased to more than 5 times, and the base fertilizer is fertilized for 1 time; applying N: p: the K ratio is 1:1:1 (15).
(2) Fertilizing in the third year after transplanting comprises: topdressing is carried out for 4 times, and N is mainly applied in the ditch in the first two times: p: the K ratio is 24:6:12 or 3:1:2, applying N twice: p: the K ratio is 30:5:5, the fertilizer application amount of the special compound fertilizer for the tea trees is 8-15 kg/mu each time, the other fertilizer application amounts are the same, the base fertilizer is applied for 1 time, and the base fertilizer application amount is the same as that of the conventional tea garden management.
Further, the 5 times of topdressing in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
broadcasting compound fertilizer at a position 3-5cm away from the edge of the main stem of the tea seedling when a new root of the tea seedling grows out in the middle ten days of 4 months for the first time, wherein N: p: k is 1:1:1, the fertilizing amount (3 +/-0.5) kg/mu;
ditching and applying in the middle of two small rows of tea seedlings in 5 middle ten days, wherein the fertilizing amount (5 +/-0.5) kg/mu, and covering soil after applying;
spreading the fertilizer 3-5cm away from the edge of the main trunk of the tea seedling in the middle ten days of the month for the third time, wherein the fertilizer amount (8 +/-0.5) kg/mu;
in the middle and last ten days of 7 months, the fourth time, the fertilizer is broadcast and applied 3-5cm away from the edge of the main trunk of the tea seedling, and the fertilizing amount (10 +/-0.5) kg/mu;
and in the fifth time, in about 8 middle ten days, ditching and applying 10cm away from the outer edge of the crown, wherein the depth of the ditch is about 5-8 cm, the fertilizing amount (12 +/-0.5) kg/mu is applied, and then covering soil.
Further, the time of the base fertilizer in the step (1) is 10 last ten days.
Further, the topping and picking in the step (4) comprises the following steps:
(1) in the spring of the second year after the tea seedlings are transplanted, when the branches of the tea seedlings grow to have new tips and grow to 1 bud, 5 leaves and 6 leaves, the tea seedlings are subjected to topping and picking, and the branch tips remained after 1-time topping are gradually lignified to form second-stage branches (second-layer bone dry branches) for culture;
(2) the axillary buds of the picked new shoots (namely on the second-stage branch of the culture) grow second round new shoots, the branch tips left after the second round new shoots are picked are cultured into third-stage branches, and so on, so that 2 nd-3 rd-layer branches (bone trunk branches) can be preliminarily cultured, tea tree picking canopy surfaces are formed, and the young tea trees are up to more than 55cm and basically sealed;
(3) and (5) carrying out secondary shaping and pruning on the tea seedlings in 10 months.
Further, the topping picking in the step (1) needs to be carried out for a plurality of times in batches after the young shoots on different parts of the tea seedlings germinate and grow to 1 bud, five leaves and six leaves first, and the topping picking frequency is at least 7-8 times from spring to autumn for 1 tea seedling; the topping and picking standard is to pick 1 bud and 1 leaf or 1 bud and 2 leaves for initial development.
Further, the second sizing and trimming in step (3) includes: the branches and leaves above 45-50 cm away from the ground are cut off, and the second fixed cutting height of the conventional technology is 25-30 cm.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
aiming at the problems that the tea seedlings bred by large-leaf varieties have strong top growth advantages, most of the tea seedlings (more than 80 percent) have no branch and only have one main branch, and after the tea seedlings are transplanted to a new tea garden, although three times of shaping pruning are carried out, the number of the lateral branches (skeleton branches) is small, the cultivation speed of the skeleton branches, tree crowns and picking surfaces is influenced, and the production time of the tea garden is long. The method adopts a specific topping, secondary shaping trimming technology, topping picking and reserving technology and a matched fertilizing technology in the seedling stage to cultivate first-level lateral branches (first-level bone dry branches) before tea seedlings are outplanted, and increases the economic benefit of the nursery; and culturing second, third or fourth-level bone dry branches in the second year after transplanting, improving the tree height and the tree breadth, and culturing fluffy surface production branches to enable the delivery period of the tea trees to be about one year ahead. The technical problems of less branches of young tea trees of large-leaf species, slow formation of crowns and tea puffiness and long production time of more than 3 years are solved.
Detailed Description
The following embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, so that the implementation process of the present invention, which adopts technical means to solve the technical problems and achieve the technical effects, can be fully understood and implemented.
Example 1
A method for culturing young tea tree crown of large-leaf tea comprises:
(1) Picking or pruning the tea seedlings in nursery stage
In the tea seedling breeding period, generally, when the tea seedlings which grow vigorously in the nursery grow to about 15-20 cm in height in the second year 5-6 months after cuttage, in order to avoid the tea seedlings from only growing main branches and not growing side branches, the tea seedlings are subjected to topping and picking, 1 bud at the top is picked, and when topping, the tea seedlings are paid attention to the height of picking and are kept low due to different growth heights; topping in 3-4 batches. And (3) pruning the tea seedlings except topping, horizontally shearing the branches and leaves at the position 15cm away from the ground when the growth height of the tea seedlings reaches 20cm within 5-6 months, and shearing for the second time at the position 20cm away from the ground after the tea seedlings grow to 25 cm. Meanwhile, in order to promote the production of the lateral branches to be robust, after topping, the nursery is changed from conventional urea fertilizer application to N application: p: the K ratio is 1:1:1, applying the compound fertilizer for more than 2 times, wherein 10-15kg of the compound fertilizer is applied to each mu of the compound fertilizer every time, and the interval between two times of applying the compound fertilizer is about 30 days; gently flicking the tea seedlings by branches after each fertilization to enable fertilizer particles to uniformly shake on the surface of the furrow, and then spraying clear water to wash the seedlings or spraying the fertilizer before raining; meanwhile, spraying 2-3 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution foliar fertilizer after topping for about 10 days, and spraying the foliar fertilizer before 10 am or after 4 pm, wherein the spraying concentration of the potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 0.3% (the components are 52% of phosphorus pentoxide and 34% of potassium oxide). By topping or pruning, the top advantages of the tea seedlings can be relieved, and the tea seedlings are promoted to generate 2-3 branches; the nutrient substances are promoted to be conveyed to the branches by applying the compound fertilizer and the foliar fertilizer, so that the branches grow healthily. The 2-3 branches formed in the seedling stage are the first layer of bone dry branches or first-level lateral branches of the cultivated young tea trees. That means that the first-class lateral branches (bone dry branches) of the tea seedlings are cultured in advance at the seedling stage. In the conventional technology, the tea seedlings are cultured by 1 st fixed shearing after being transplanted.
The fresh leaves picked by topping can be used as famous tea raw materials for sale, more than 20-30 ten thousand tea seedlings generally exist in 1 mu of nursery garden, therefore, more than 20 ten thousand 1 buds and 1 leaf can be picked by topping, according to the determination that the average weight of 1 bud and 1 leaf picked on the tea seedling is 0.152-0.174 g, 1 bud and 1 leaf can be picked in 1 mu by about 30kg, the sale price of 1 bud and 1 leaf is about 30-40 yuan/kg per mu, the income is increased by 900-1200 yuan, and the economic benefit of the nursery garden can be increased.
(2) Tea field reclamation, base fertilizer application and transplantation:
the conventional technology is adopted, but the requirements on the tea seedling planting specification and time are met, and the compound fertilizer is applied to the center of the planting row for tea seedling transplanting and then the tea seedling is transplanted. Specifically, the method comprises the following steps:
(1) the tea seedling planting adopts double-row single-plant planting, but the transplanting time is in the middle and last ten days of 9 months or 10 months in autumn, and because the soil temperature and the gas temperature in the time period are higher, new roots can grow after the tea seedlings are transplanted in the front and back of 10 months in the year, and the survival rate is improved.
(2) In order to promote the transplanted tea seedlings to absorb fertilizer as soon as possible after new roots grow out, before the tea seedlings are transplanted, a fertilizing ditch with the depth of about 5-8 cm is opened in the center of the rows of the two rows of the tea seedlings, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are applied according to the proportion of 1:1:1 composite fertilizer. The fertilizing amount is about 10kg per mu, and the soil is covered after the fertilizing. Note that the small row spacing of two small rows of tea seedlings is more than 33.3 cm.
(3) And (3) carrying out 1 st shaping pruning on branches of the just transplanted tea seedlings:
because the top of the main trunk or main branch of the tea seedling is cut or trimmed 15-20 cm away from the ground in the seedling stage, when the tea seedling is transplanted in autumn for the 1 st shaping trimming, no main branch can be cut, the upper branches and leaves of the lateral branches are cut at the position 24-26 cm away from the ground, namely 2-3 leaves of the lateral branches are reserved. And the conventional 1 st fixed shearing technology only shears the main branches and shears the positions 15-20 cm away from the ground.
The function is as follows: (1) so that nutrients are supplied to the lateral branches, namely the first-stage branches, which are reserved after being cut in a centralized manner, and the lateral branches grow robustly; (2) is favorable for growing 2-4 second-level branches (bone dry branches) (3) after new shoots germinate at axillary buds of each lateral branch in spring of the 2 nd year and cutting off tea seedlings to avoid different heights.
(4) And (3) cultivating the crown in the second year after transplanting by multiple topping picking and secondary shaping pruning:
in the second year after the tea seedlings are transplanted, multiple topping picking and secondary shaping pruning are carried out, a matched fertilization technology is adopted, namely topping picking, secondary shaping pruning and matched fertilization technology are used for culturing tree crowns, 2-3 layers of skeleton branches can be cultured, and tea trees initially form fluffy surfaces, namely picking surfaces.
And (3) in spring to autumn of the second year after transplanting the tea seedlings, when new shoots on the tea seedlings grow to 1 bud, 5 leaves and 6 leaves, topping and picking for multiple times at irregular intervals, picking 1 bud and 1 leaf, paying attention to the picking height and keeping the picking height, and picking the middle and keeping the side. Thus, in spring, tea seedlings can grow at least 4 first round new shoots from overwintering buds of 2-3 grade-1 lateral branches formed in the original nursery stage, and the new shoots remained after topping are gradually lignified to form secondary branches, wherein the number of the second shoots is generally more than 4; and (3) a second round of young shoots can grow from axillary buds on the young shoots after topping (namely culturing the second-level branches), the young shoots are topped and picked when growing to 1 bud 5 and 6 leaves, the remained young shoots are cultured into the 3-level branches, and the rest is done in sequence. On the basis, in autumn of about 10 months, the tea seedlings are shaped and trimmed for the second time, and branches and leaves above 45-50 cm away from the ground are cut off (the height of the regular second shaped trimming is 25-30 cm away from the ground). The tea trees with the top and the shed surface being relatively tidy after the picking can be not trimmed. Therefore, the young shoots of the tea trees can be promoted to germinate and grow on the lateral branches through multiple topping picking in batches and secondary shaping and pruning, the branch levels and the branch number are obviously increased, 3 layers of skeleton branches are generally formed, 2 levels (layers) of lateral branches are cultured more than those of the lateral branches in the conventional crown culture method, the covered surfaces of the tea canopies and the crowns are rapidly increased, and the tea tree picking canopy surface is preliminarily formed.
As the tea buds of different parts of the same tea plant sprout sooner or later and the tea buds 1 form 5 or 6 leaves in different time, after the tea plant sprouts exist, the tea plant sprouts 1 can be topped for more than 7 times, and the 2 nd and 3 rd layer of bone dry branches can be cultured. When the area of a newly-built tea garden is large, 1 bud of 1 leaf of fresh leaves picked can be sold as a raw material for making famous tea, so that a small amount of fresh leaves can be taken in within 1 year after tea planting.
In order to ensure that the young shoots and lateral branches growing after topping and picking are strong and strong, the fertilization management of the tea garden needs to be enhanced, the fertilization technologies (fertilizer types, fertilization methods and fertilization technologies) are changed and innovated (described specially below), and the adopted fertilization technology is a matched fertilization technology of the crown cultivation technology.
According to field investigation, by adopting the technologies of topping picking, secondary shaping pruning and matched fertilization, in autumn of the second year of transplantation, namely after tea seedlings are transplanted for a whole year, the tree height can reach 56-68 cm, the width of a double-row planted tree can reach 65.4-85.2 cm, and the average width is 74.45cm; the trunk height is 16.60cm on average, the diameter is 7.97-12.95cm, and the average diameter is 10.95cm; the number of the primary branches is 2-5, the average number is 3.29, the diameter is 4.81-9.06 cm, and the average number is 6.38cm; the number of the secondary branches is 5-14, the average number is 8.6, the diameter is 2.05-5.98 cm, and the average number is 4.07cm.
However, if only 2-3 batches of tea seedlings are topped and the tea trees managed by the conventional fertilizer culture are adopted, the difference between the growth vigor, the growth amount and the branches of the tea trees which are topped more than 7 times in the whole year is larger. According to observation, the height of the tea tree is 51.7-62.3 cm, the average tree width is 58.4cm, the trunk diameter is 6.49-8.6 cm, the average is 7.70cm, the number of primary branches is 2-3, the average is 2.84, the diameter is 3.13-6.68 cm, and the average is 4.69cm; the number of the secondary branches is 3-8, the average number is 5.12, the diameter is 2.12-5.42 cm, and the average number is 3.56cm.
(5) In the third year after transplanting (namely transplanting for 1 year and half), the tea garden is put into production for the first time, and is cut for generation from spring to autumn, the third fixed cutting is not carried out, and the light cutting is carried out at the end of autumn:
by adopting the technology, the tea garden can be put into production at the beginning in spring of the third year after the transplantation of the tea seedlings (when the tea seedlings are transplanted for one year and half), and single buds or 1 bud and 1 leaf and other famous tea raw materials can be mainly picked.
By adopting the two-time shaping pruning, multiple-time batch topping picking and matched fertilization technology (introduced below), the tree width of the tea tree can reach about 60cm generally and the tree height is more than 50cm when the tea tree is transplanted for one year and a half, namely the third spring after transplantation, the side branches (bone dry branches) at the 2 nd and 3 rd layers are cultured, the tea tree can be put into production at the beginning of spring, the picking of the single-bud tea is mainly used, 5-8 kg of single buds can be picked generally in each mu of spring, about 8-10 kg of 1 bud and 1 leaf can be picked, and the yield per mu can reach more than 2000 yuan. After the spring tea is picked, the fluffy tea is mainly used for cultivating in summer, a few fluffy tea is more used for cultivating, famous tea raw materials are mainly used for cultivating, and fresh leaves are appropriately picked in autumn, so that the income of the whole year of picking fresh leaves can generally reach more than 3000 yuan. Thus, in autumn, the height of the tea tree can reach more than 80cm, the tree width can reach more than 90cm, according to investigation, the height of the tea tree with good growth vigor can reach 105.1-111.23 cm, and the tree width can reach 103.27-110.68 cm. And then slightly pruning in 60-65 cm away from the ground in autumn, and cutting off the crown surface of the tree, wherein the height and the breadth of the tree both reach the standard of producing tea trees. And the conventional crown culture technology is adopted, the tree can not be picked, the 3 rd shaping pruning is carried out at the end of autumn to culture the skeletal branches and the tea canes above the 3 rd layer, only labor, fertilizers and other agricultural materials are input all the year round, and no output exists.
(6) And (4) formally putting the tea trees into production and picking in the spring of the fourth year after transplanting (namely half the 3 years after transplanting).
After the tea trees cultured by the technology are lightly pruned at the end of autumn in the last year, the height of the trees is generally more than 60cm, the tree width is more than 80cm, the trees can be put into picking formally, the famous tea is mainly picked in spring, at least 10-15 kg/mu of single buds and 1 leaf of 1 bud can be picked by 20-30 kg/mu, leaves are properly left in summer and autumn for growing, the tea trees are lightly pruned at the end of autumn, and other management is the same as that of the tea trees cultured by the conventional method. Table 1 shows the tree vigor index of tea trees measured after spring tea picking.
TABLE 1 comparison of the tree vigor indexes of young tea gardens of the technology of secondary fixed shearing, topping and picking and matched fertilization with those of conventional management tea gardens
(7) The tea trees are put into production formally, the famous tea is mainly picked in spring, at least 10-15 kg/mu can be picked, 1 bud and 1 leaf are more than 20-30 kg/mu, the acre yield in spring can reach more than 3000 yuan, the acre yield in summer and autumn can reach about 1000 yuan, and the annual yield can reach more than 4000 yuan.
(8) The conventional fertilization technology is changed, and different fertilizer types and fertilization methods are adopted:
the conventional technology for culturing the tea garden is put into production for about one year later than the new technology, the main reason is that three times of shaping pruning and non-topping picking are adopted, the effects of removing the top advantages of tea seedlings and promoting branches are limited, and 2-3 years are needed for culturing 3 layers of bone dry branches and forming picking surfaces; and secondly, the conventional fertilization technology is adopted in the new tea garden, the fertilization management level is not high, and the additional fertilization mainly comprises single application of nitrogen fertilizer urea, so that the requirements of tea seedling branches and cultured bone branches on nutrition, particularly phosphorus and potassium, cannot be met. Therefore, the fertilization management should be enhanced, and the following innovation should be implemented on the fertilization technology: firstly, on the basis of applying base fertilizer of a newly-built tea garden, before transplanting tea seedlings, compound fertilizer is applied in the center of small tea rows, the fertilizer can be absorbed as soon as possible after the tea seedlings grow new roots in the same year, secondly, the fertilizer applied in top dressing is changed from single application of nitrogen fertilizer to application of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, so as to meet the requirements of tea seedling branches and long roots on phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, thirdly, the number of times of fertilizer application is increased, and the top dressing is applied for more than 5 times in the second year after transplanting, fourthly, in the fertilizer application method, cost saving and efficiency improvement are considered, and broadcasting application and furrow application are combined, so as to meet the requirement of rapid growth of the tea seedlings.
(1) After applying base fertilizer, applying compound fertilizer between planting lines before transplanting;
(2) topdressing and fertilizing technology in the second year after transplanting;
(3) the top dressing application method comprises the following steps: applying 3 times in furrow and 3 times in broadcast;
(4) fertilizer: the ratio of N, P and K is 15:15:15, compound fertilizer;
(5) fertilizing times: the top dressing is increased to more than 5 times, and the base fertilizer is fertilized for 1 time.
The specific fertilization method comprises the following steps: and (3) when new roots grow out in middle and late ten days of 4 months, spreading compound fertilizer at a position 3-5cm away from the periphery of the trunk of each tea seedling, wherein the spreading amount per mu is about 3 +/-0.5 kg. And ditching and applying in the middle of two small rows of tea seedlings in the middle ten days of the second month, wherein the depth of ditches is about 5-8 cm, the fertilizing amount is about 5 +/-0.5 kg/mu, and covering soil after applying. 8 +/-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer per mu is applied in 3 rd time in middle ten days of 6 months, 10kg +/-0.5 per mu is applied in about 4 th 7 th ten days of 7 months, furrows are applied at the outer sides 5-10 cm away from the trunks of the tea seedlings in 5-8 cm in middle and last ten days of 8 months, the furrows are applied with the depth of about 5-8 cm, and 12kg +/-0.5 per mu of compound fertilizer is applied. And applying the base fertilizer in 10 middle ten days, wherein the base fertilizer application technology is the same as the conventional technology.
And (3) applying additional fertilizer in the third year after transplanting, wherein the additional fertilizer is applied for not less than 4 times, and the proportion of | N, P and K is 24 for 2 times, and the proportion of N, P and K is 30:5: the compound fertilizer of 5 has fertilizing amount of 10-15 kg/mu, the 1 st topdressing is applied in the middle ten days of 2 months before spring tea, the 2 nd topdressing is applied in the clearness, the 3 rd topdressing and the 4 th topdressing are respectively applied in the middle and last ten days of 5 months and 7 months, the fertilizing methods are all performed by ditching at the position about 6-10 cm away from the outer edge of the crown, the depth of the ditch is about 5-8 cm, and the soil is covered after the fertilizing. The base fertilizer application technology is the same as that of the conventional tea garden.
Comparative example 1
Conventional large-leaf tea tree crown culture technology
(1) The tea seedlings are not picked or trimmed in the nursery period: the method is characterized in that large-leaf variety tea seedlings are bred in the southwest tea area, topping picking or trimming is not carried out in the seedling stage, the tea seedlings naturally grow in the idle stage, the top growth advantage of the large-leaf variety tea seedlings is strong, the growth vigor is strong, the branching capability is weak, the branching positions are high, in addition, when the tea seedlings are bred in the southwest tea area at present, the cuttage density of short spikes is increased (more than 30 ten thousand plants per mu), at least 80% of the bred tea seedlings are not branched, only 1 main branch is formed, and fresh leaf picking income is avoided in the nursery stage. Meanwhile, the tea seedlings are fertilized in a nursery stage, and nitrogen fertilizer urea is generally applied.
(2) The tea land reclamation, base fertilizer application, tea seedling transplantation and other technologies and the tea tree planting density are the same as those of the conventional newly-built tea garden. The large-leaf tea trees are planted by single-row and double-row single-plant planting, and can be transplanted in autumn or early spring, but the transplanting time is mostly carried out before and after 11 months in winter, and the transplanting time is later, and the tea seedlings cannot root in the current year after being planted. And before planting tea seedlings, except for applying base fertilizer, no fertilizer is applied to the center of planting rows.
(3) And (4) carrying out 1 st shaping and pruning on the main branches of the tea seedlings which are just transplanted. After the tea seedlings are transplanted in autumn, shaping and pruning are carried out for the first time. The pruning method comprises the following steps: for most tea seedlings with only main branches but no branches, cutting off branches and leaves above the main branches 15-20 cm away from the ground; cutting off the main branches at the positions 15-20 cm away from the ground of a few tea seedlings with branches, but not cutting off the side branches.
(4) And (4) after transplanting, only keeping the young shoots for rest without picking new shoots, shaping and pruning for the second time, and culturing the 1 st and 2 nd layer branches. And strictly picking bud leaves in the second year after the tea seedlings are transplanted, carrying out secondary shaping and pruning at the end of autumn, mainly culturing the second layer of skeleton branches, and adopting a conventional fertilization technology. The specific technology comprises the following steps: after the tea seedlings are transplanted to the autumn of the second year, namely after the first shaping pruning is carried out for one year, the first layer of bone dry branches (first-level lateral branches) are mainly cultured in the period, so that the new shoots growing on the tea seedlings are strictly forbidden to be picked in spring, summer and autumn and only kept in the culture, and when the height of the tea tree reaches more than 40cm at the end of autumn, the second shaping pruning is carried out on the tea seedlings, and the pruning method comprises the following steps: cutting off the branches at the position 25-30 cm away from the ground, or increasing the cut by 10-15 cm at the last cut.
According to the results of field investigation for many years, the tea seedlings produced in the tea garden by the conventional pruning method have the advantages that the tea seedlings are only 2-3 lateral branches (namely first-stage branches) near the first cut of most tea seedlings and few tea seedlings do not have branches due to the weak branching capability of large-leaf tea trees from the first setting pruning to the second autumn. According to observation, in the autumn of the second year after transplanting, the height of the tea seedlings can reach 45.6-76.3 cm, the diameter of the trunk can reach 4.74-7.25 cm, the length of the grown branches (first-level branches) in the current year can reach 30-47.23 cm, the diameter can reach 3.02-6.29 cm, and the number of the leaves is 14-24. A few tea seedlings can be branched by 3-4 branches near the cut, but the branches are more and weaker, and the growth advantage of the middle main branch is still outstanding. In short, there is a problem that the number of primary branches is small, that is, only 2 to 3 primary branches are cultured in one year after cultivation, and the culture time is long and the number is small. Therefore, the effect of relieving the apical dominance of the tea seedlings of the large-leaf variety and promoting branching by the 1 st fixed shearing is limited.
(5) Transplanting in autumn of the third year, shaping and trimming for the third time, and culturing second and third layers of bone dry branches: and (3) after the second fixed shearing is finished for about one year (when the tea seedlings are transplanted for two whole years), namely in autumn of the third year after the tea seedlings are transplanted, the height of the tea seedlings can generally grow to be more than 55cm, third fixed shearing is carried out to culture second and third layers of lateral branches (skeleton branches), and the shearing method is improved by about 10cm on the basis of the second shearing by using horizontal shearing or is used for shearing off a fluffy surface branch leaf layer 45-50 cm away from the ground. During this period, fresh leaves are not generally picked to leave leaves for tree maintenance. Therefore, fresh leaves are not picked generally within two years after the tea seedlings are transplanted, no tea picking income exists, and only investment is needed.
(6) Initial production of tea trees: and (4) transplanting for two or half years, namely, performing initial production of tea trees in spring in the fourth year after tea seedlings are transplanted, picking famous tea raw materials in spring, keeping leaves for tree cultivation in summer, picking in autumn as appropriate, and slightly trimming when the tea trees are not in the ground of 60-70 cm in autumn. The output per mu can reach more than 2000 yuan.
(7) Transplanting for three and half years, namely the fifth spring after transplanting tea seedlings, wherein the height of the tree is more than 70cm, the width of the tree is more than 80cm, and the tea trees are formally put into production and picked: the income of the fresh leaves reaches at least 3000 yuan per year. The tea is mainly prepared from famous and high-quality tea, and is properly cultivated in a greenhouse and lightly pruned in autumn.
(8) The fertilizer application technology comprises the following steps:
(1) topdressing: topdressing is generally carried out for 2-3 times in the second year after transplanting, and nitrogen fertilizer urea fertilizer is mainly applied. After new roots grow in the middle and late ten days of 4 months in the next year, applying 1 st topdressing in a furrow with the depth of about 10cm and the distance of 5-8 cm from the outer edge of the crown of the tea seedling. Generally, the fertilizer is applied for 1 time again in 6-7 months, the urea is applied for 1 time 1.5-2.0 kg/mu in the fertilizing amount 1, the urea is applied for 2 times 2.5-3 kg/mu in the fertilizing amount 2 times, or the urea is applied for 1 time again in 8 middle ten days, and the fertilizing amount is 3-5 kg/mu. The 3 rd year after transplanting is topdressing method, the fertilizer is applied for 2-3 kg/mu in the same way as the 2 nd year after transplanting, the fertilizer application amount is 2-3 kg/mu in the 1 st time, 4-5 kg in the 2 nd time, 6-8 kg in the 3 rd time, and the base fertilizer is applied in autumn.
(2) A base fertilizer application technology:
and applying base fertilizer at the end of autumn in the next year after transplanting, and applying the base fertilizer to a fertilizing ditch with the width of about 15cm and the depth of 15-20 cm parallel to the tea rows, wherein the width of the ditch is 10-15 cm at the outer edge of the crown. The base fertilizer is used for composting 1000 kg/mu, or the cake fertilizer is used for fertilizing 100 kg/mu, 15 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 7.5 kg/mu of potassium sulfate are added, or the compound fertilizer is used for fertilizing about 10-20 kg/mu. The fertilizing amount is properly increased in the third year after planting.
And (3) comparison of fertilization effects: although young tea trees are small in size, the long root system and branches of tea seedlings all need nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other nutrient elements. In the conventional technology, nitrogen fertilizer is generally only applied, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizer are needed for the growth of new roots and new lateral branches of tea trees, so that the tea trees picked by secondary fixed shearing and topping adopt compound fertilizers with different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios for additional fertilizer, and the tea trees are more favorable for growth of the lateral branches of the tea trees to form a bone trunk branch layer and a picking surface.
The foregoing description describes several preferred embodiments of the invention, but as aforementioned, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to the forms disclosed herein, and is not to be construed as limited to other embodiments, but may be utilized in various other combinations, modifications, and variations, within the scope of the inventive concept, as determined by the above teachings or as indicated by the teachings or knowledge of the relevant art. And that modifications and variations may be effected by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
Claims (8)
1. A method for culturing young crown of Camellia sinensis with large leaf diameter comprises:
(1) Topping the tea seedlings:
in the tea seedling breeding period, when the tea seedlings grow to 15-20 cm, topping and picking the tea seedlings, picking 1 bud at the top, keeping the height, topping in 3-4 batches, and topping each time at an interval of 7-10 days; after topping and picking, the nursery garden is applied for 2 times with the proportion of N to P to K being 15:15:15, the fertilizing amount is 10-15 kg/mu each time, and the interval between two fertilizing is 30 days; in addition, leaf fertilizer of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution for 2-3 times is sprayed at an interval of 10 days after topping, the spraying concentration is 0.3 percent, and 2-3 grade-1 branches are generated on tea seedlings; or
Cutting off the tea seedlings at 15cm above the ground when the height of the tea seedlings reaches 20cm in the second 6 months after the tea seedlings are planted; when the cut tea seedlings grow to 25cm high, cutting the tea seedlings flat again at a position 20cm away from the ground to enable the tea seedlings to generate 2-3 grade-1 branches;
(2) Tea land reclamation, base fertilizer application, transplantation and first shaping and pruning:
(1) the method comprises the following steps of (1) reclaiming tea land, applying base fertilizer, planting tea seedlings by adopting double-row single-plant planting, wherein the transplanting time is from middle and last ten days of 9 months to 10 months;
(2) after applying base fertilizer and covering soil, opening a fertilizing ditch with the depth of 5-8 cm at the center of the two rows of tea seedlings planted in the planting ditch, and applying the fertilizer with the ratio of N to P to K being 15:15:15, fertilizing 10kg per mu, covering soil after applying, and transplanting tea seedlings; the small row spacing of the transplanted tea seedlings is more than 33.3cm, and the large row spacing is 1.8-2.0 m;
(3) and (3) carrying out 1 st shaping pruning on branches of the tea seedlings which are just transplanted:
after the tea seedlings are transplanted, shaping and pruning for the 1 st time, wherein the pruning parts are lateral branches on the tea seedlings, and the pruning height is based on the principle of keeping 2-3 leaves on the lateral branches of the tea seedlings;
(3) Culturing bone dry branches and tea puffs on the second layer and above:
in spring to autumn of the second year after the tea seedlings are transplanted, the 2 nd-3 th layer of lateral branches and tree crowns are cultivated by applying the technologies of batch multi-time topping picking, second shaping pruning and matched fertilization, the second shaping pruning time is at the end of autumn, and the pruning height is 45-50 cm above the ground, so that the tea trees initially form a canopy surface;
(4) In the spring of the third year after the tea seedlings are transplanted, the tea trees are put into production at the beginning, and famous tea raw materials are picked in spring; after summer and autumn, collecting less and reserving more trees, continuously culturing the trees, and culturing the 4 th layer of branches and production branches; pruning at 60-65 cm above the ground at the end of autumn;
(5) The tea trees are formally put into production and picked in the spring of the fourth year after transplanting, and then the conventional management technology is adopted in the tea garden.
2. The culture method according to claim 1, wherein:
the fertilization in the step (2) comprises the following steps:
after the new tea garden completes the reclamation, the base fertilizer is applied and the soil is covered, N is applied in the central ditch of the small row for transplanting two rows of tea seedlings: p: the K ratio is 1:1:1, fertilizing 10 kg/mu of compound fertilizer, and covering soil after applying; and (3) topping and picking in the nursery period, and applying N, P and K according to the proportion of 1:1:1, 10-15kg of the compound fertilizer is applied to each mu of nursery garden every time, and 0.3 percent potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution foliar fertilizer is sprayed for 2-3 times after topping, and is sprayed for 1 time at intervals of 10 days.
3. The culture method according to claim 1, wherein:
the step (4) of fertilizing comprises the following steps:
(1) fertilizing in the second year after transplanting comprises: applying additional fertilizer in furrow for 2 times, applying broadcast fertilizer for 3 times or more, applying base fertilizer in furrow for 1 time, and applying fertilizer for the following times: the top dressing is increased to more than 5 times, and the base fertilizer is fertilized for 1 time; top dressing mainly comprises N: p: the K ratio is 15:15:15, compound fertilizer;
(2) fertilizing in the third year after transplanting comprises: applying topdressing 4 times in the middle ten days of 2 months, 4 middle ten days of 4 months, 5 middle and last ten days of 7 months, and applying N for the first two times: p: the K ratio is 24:6:12 or 3:1:2, applying N twice: p: the K ratio is 30:5:5, applying 10-15 kg/mu of fertilizer for each time and applying base fertilizer for 1 time in furrows.
4. The culture method according to claim 3, wherein:
the topdressing for more than 5 times in the step (1) comprises the following steps:
broadcasting N at a position 3-5cm away from the edge of the main stem of the tea seedling in the middle ten days of 4 months for the first time: p: k is 1:1:1, the fertilizing amount (3 plus or minus 0.5) kg/mu;
ditching and applying in the middle of two small rows of tea seedlings in the middle ten days of the 5 th month for the second time, wherein the fertilizing amount (5 +/-0.5) kg/mu is applied, and covering soil after applying;
spreading compound fertilizer in the middle ten days of the third month, wherein the fertilizing amount (8 +/-0.5) kg/mu;
in 7-month middle ten days, ditching and applying 10cm away from the outer edge of the crown, wherein the depth of the ditch is about 5-8 cm, applying 10 +/-0.5 kg of compound fertilizer per mu, and covering soil after applying;
and in 8 th month, spreading compound fertilizer with the fertilizing amount (12 +/-0.5) kg/mu.
5. The culture method according to claim 3, wherein:
the time of the base fertilizer in the step (1) is from 10 last ten days to middle ten days.
6. The crown cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein:
the topping and picking in the step (4) comprises the following steps:
(1) in spring, summer and autumn of the second year after the tea seedling is transplanted, when the overwintering bud grows out a new tip and grows to 1 bud 5 and 6 leaves, topping and picking the tea seedling, picking 1 bud 1 leaf, and lignifying the remained branch tip after topping to obtain a second-stage branch for culture;
(2) after 1-time topping, spring shoot axillary buds grow to form a second round of new shoots, and when 1 shoot grows to 5 leaves and 6 leaves, topping and picking are carried out, branch shoots remained after picking are used for culturing third-stage branches, third round of new shoots are sent out at the axillary buds after the second round of new shoots are topped, and when 1 shoot grows to 5 leaves and 6 leaves, picking is carried out again to form 4-stage branches, the height of the tea tree is more than 55cm, and tea tree picking canopy surfaces are formed preliminarily;
(3) and (5) carrying out second shaping and pruning on the tea seedlings in the middle ten days of 10 months.
7. The culture method according to claim 6, wherein:
the topping and picking standard is to pick 1 bud and 1 leaf or 1 bud and 2 leaves for initial development.
8. The culture method according to claim 6, wherein:
the step (3) of shaping and trimming for the second time comprises the following steps:
the pruning is carried out at the end of autumn, and the pruning height is that the branch and leaf layers above 45-50 cm away from the ground are pruned.
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