CN114029338A - Optimized restoration method for black nightshade in moderate cadmium polluted soil - Google Patents
Optimized restoration method for black nightshade in moderate cadmium polluted soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN114029338A CN114029338A CN202111314353.5A CN202111314353A CN114029338A CN 114029338 A CN114029338 A CN 114029338A CN 202111314353 A CN202111314353 A CN 202111314353A CN 114029338 A CN114029338 A CN 114029338A
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- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 235000002594 Solanum nigrum Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 240000002307 Solanum ptychanthum Species 0.000 title claims description 32
- 235000008406 SarachaNachtschatten Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000004790 Solanum aculeatissimum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000008424 Solanum demissum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000018253 Solanum ferox Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000000208 Solanum incanum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000013131 Solanum macrocarpon Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000009869 Solanum phureja Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000000341 Solanum ptychanthum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 235000017622 Solanum xanthocarpum Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000004720 fertilization Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000618 nitrogen fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002686 phosphate fertilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000061457 Solanum nigrum Species 0.000 abstract description 25
- 241000207763 Solanum Species 0.000 abstract description 15
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005067 remediation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium bis(dihydrogenphosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].OP(O)([O-])=O.OP(O)([O-])=O YYRMJZQKEFZXMX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910000389 calcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002738 chelating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019691 monocalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- WZLMXYBCAZZIRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [N].[P].[K] Chemical compound [N].[P].[K] WZLMXYBCAZZIRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000013522 chelant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003203 everyday effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 231100000086 high toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- TVBSSDNEJWXWFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid perchloric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O.OCl(=O)(=O)=O TVBSSDNEJWXWFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940072033 potash Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000015320 potassium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005728 strengthening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002054 transplantation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003911 water pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/10—Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically, biologically or by using enzymes
- B09C1/105—Reclamation of contaminated soil microbiologically, biologically or by using enzymes using fungi or plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
A method for optimally repairing nightshade in moderate cadmium-polluted soil comprises transplanting seedlings of a cadmium hyperaccumulator plant, namely nightshade, into the moderate cadmium-polluted soil according to the natural growth period of the seedlings, additionally applying fertilizer in a bud period to promote the growth of the nightshade and improve the absorption and enrichment capacities of the nightshade on cadmium in the soil; when the black nightshade grows to the fruiting period or the mature period, the whole black nightshade is harvested and moved away from the polluted soil, so that the aim of restoring the moderate cadmium polluted soil is fulfilled. The method has the advantages of low restoration cost, strong operability, wide application range, no secondary pollution to soil and good environmental, social and economic benefits, and the restoration efficiency of the solanum nigrum can be improved only by fertilizing.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a technology in the field of heavy metal soil remediation, in particular to a method for improving the remediation efficiency of soil solanum nigrum with cadmium pollution of more than 1.36mg/kg by utilizing a fertilizer ratio.
Background
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal with long decomposition period (half-life period exceeding 20 years), high mobility, high toxicity and difficult degradation, is easily absorbed and enriched by crops in production activities, not only seriously affects the yield and quality of the crops, but also can be accumulated in human bodies through food chains to harm health. Most of the super-enriched plants found grow slowly, have low biomass and have no obvious repairing effect when the concentration of heavy metals is too high. In view of this, studies to improve the efficiency of plant restoration have attracted attention from a large number of scholars. At present, the conventional method is to add a chelating agent into the polluted soil to activate the heavy metal in the soil, improve the bioavailability of the heavy metal, promote plants to absorb the heavy metal, increase the accumulation amount and achieve the aim of improving the remediation efficiency. However, the chelating agent has the defects of leaching loss of soil elements, water pollution, difficult degradation of chelate residues, high cost and the like, so that the research on how to repair the moderate cadmium polluted soil by using proper hyper-accumulative plants and scientific fertilization management measures is an urgent problem to be solved in the stage of strengthening repair.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the invention provides the method for optimally repairing the nightshade in the medium cadmium polluted soil, which has the advantages of low repairing cost, strong operability, wide application range, no secondary pollution to the soil and good environmental benefit, social benefit and economic benefit, and the repairing efficiency of the nightshade can be improved only by fertilizing.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the invention relates to an optimized restoration method of nightshade in moderate cadmium polluted soil, which is characterized in that a seedling of a cadmium hyperaccumulator plant, namely nightshade, is transplanted in the moderate cadmium polluted soil according to the natural growth period of the seedling, additional fertilization is carried out in the bud period to promote the growth of the nightshade, and the absorption and enrichment capacities of the nightshade on cadmium in the soil are improved; when the black nightshade grows to the fruiting period or the mature period, the whole black nightshade is harvested and moved away from the polluted soil, so that the aim of restoring the moderate cadmium polluted soil is fulfilled.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of soil conditioning of an exemplary potted plant;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of seedling transplantation of Solanum nigrum according to the embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the end stage growth period of Solanum nigrum according to the example;
fig. 4 and 5 are schematic diagrams illustrating effects of the embodiment.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1 to fig. 3, for the present embodiment, a method for optimizing and repairing black nightshade in medium cadmium-contaminated soil is provided, in which conventionally cultivated black nightshade seedlings are transplanted into medium cadmium-contaminated soil according to their natural growth period, and additional fertilization is performed in the bud period to promote the growth of black nightshade and the absorption of cadmium. And when the black nightshade grows to a fruiting period or a mature period, harvesting the whole black nightshade, thereby achieving the purpose of restoring the soil with moderate cadmium pollution.
The application amount of the additional fertilizer is that each kilogram of soil is applied with 0.15-0.45 g of nitrogenous fertilizer, 0.075-0.225 g of phosphate fertilizer and 0.1-0.4 g of potash fertilizer, and the additional fertilizer is applied to the soil in a water-soluble form.
And (3) additionally fertilizing, wherein watering is carried out during the period to ensure that the moderate cadmium polluted soil keeps 60% of the field water capacity, so that the moderate cadmium polluted soil can normally grow until the mature period.
The black nightshade is planted in acid soil with moderate cadmium pollution, the total cadmium content is 1.36mg/kg, the pH value is 6.6, and the upper height of the black nightshade seedling during transplanting is 8-11 cm.
In the embodiment, the black nightshade which is wholly or reaped and removed from the soil with moderate cadmium pollution is further treated in a harmless way by adopting an incineration method (the residual cadmium after the incineration can be further treated by adopting technologies such as landfill, recovery and the like), so that the secondary pollution is avoided.
Through specific practical experiments, in an intelligent greenhouse of the institute of agriculture and biology of Shanghai traffic university, a plastic pot with the diameter of 25cm and the height of 20cm is adopted in a pot experiment, and soil is collected from rice field soil of Yongfeng village in urban cities and towns of Taicanu city of Jiangsu province. The basic physical and chemical properties are as follows: the pH value is 6.6, the organic matter content is 28.95g/kg, the total cadmium content is 1.36mg/kg, and is 0.3mg/kg higher than the standard cadmium content range of the soil environment quality in China (6.5< pH < 7.5).
After the soil to be tested is air-dried and sieved by a 5mm sieve, 3kg of soil is filled in each pot, and 3 fertilizers (urea, calcium superphosphate and potassium chloride) are selected by utilizing a '3414' fertilizer efficiency test, wherein 4 levels are set for each fertilizer, and the total number of the fertilizers is 14 for treatment, as shown in table 1. In the test, black nightshade seedlings (containing 6 true leaves) with consistent growth vigor are transplanted to test pots in 7-15 days in 2018, 1 seedling is transplanted in each pot, each treatment is repeated for 3 times, each treatment is repeated for 6 pots, and the same conventional management is adopted in each test pot. After 20 days of planting, 14 fertilizer formulas and dosages (see table 1) prepared according to different proportions of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are uniformly added into the pot in a water-soluble state. And pouring a proper amount of tap water according to the water content in the basin every day, and keeping the water content of the soil in the basin to be about 60-70% of the field water capacity.
And (5) harvesting the solanum nigrum plants 60 days after fertilization. Dividing the solanum nigrum plant into 3 parts of roots, stems and leaves, respectively washing with tap water to remove soil and dirt on the surface of a plant sample, then washing with deionized water, draining, deactivating enzyme at 105 ℃ for 2 hours, then drying at 70 ℃ to constant weight, weighing dry weight, crushing with a crusher, and sieving with a 100-mesh sieve for later use. The cadmium content of the plant sample is digested by a nitric acid-perchloric acid method, the cadmium content is measured by an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer, and the cadmium enrichment coefficient and the transport coefficient of the solanum nigrum under different fertilization treatments are calculated.
TABLE 1 fertilization mode and dosage table after planting Solanum nigrum
The test result shows that:
as can be seen in fig. 4, in moderately (1.36mg/kg) cadmium lightly contaminated soil, the biomass (dry weight) of each individual solanum nigrum treated with 14 fertilizer formulations was higher than that of the control treatment without fertilizer, indicating that the fertilization treatment can significantly increase the biomass of each individual solanum nigrum, but the ability to increase the biomass of each individual solanum nigrum with different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios was different. Of these, 9-treated solanum nigrum showed the largest biomass of 14.93g, while the control solanum nigrum showed the largest biomass of 10.43g, which was 69.86% of the 9-treated solanum nigrum.
As can be seen in FIG. 5, Solanum nigrum, as a cadmium super-enriched plant, mainly concentrates cadmium in the stems and leaves of the underground part, with the lowest content of the underground part. In moderate (1.36mg/kg) cadmium lightly polluted soil, the individual plant Cd content of the solanum nigrum treated by 14 fertilizer formulas is higher than that of the control treatment without fertilizer, which shows that the cadmium content of the individual plant of the solanum nigrum can be improved by the fertilizer treatment, but the cadmium content of the individual plant can be improved by different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios. Among them, 14 treated cadmium was the highest with an overground part content of 16.17mg/kg and an underground part content of 6.14mg/kg, while the overground part cadmium content of the control group was 6.09mg/kg and the underground part was 1.53mg/kg, which were 37.66% and 24.92% of 14 treatment.
As can be seen from Table 2, the cadmium content of the soil taken away by the nightshade treated by 14 fertilizer formulas is different due to different fertilizer ratios. Among them, the content of cadmium carried away by the black nightshade under the treatment of 14 is the highest, the total content of the single plant is 210.24 mug, while the whole plant of the control group is only 54.39 mug, which is only 25.87% of that of the 14 treatment. Except for the 14 treatments, the cadmium content of the whole plants treated by 8 and 9 treatments is 164.58 mu g and 173.46 mu g respectively, which is one of the treatments with higher cadmium content.
TABLE 2 treatment takes away the cadmium content of the soil
The transport coefficient is the capacity of the plant for transporting heavy metals in the soil to the overground part, the enrichment coefficient is the ratio of the content of the heavy metals in the overground part of the plant to the content of the heavy metals in the soil, and the larger the numerical value of the transport coefficient and the content of the heavy metals in the soil is, the stronger the absorption and transfer capacity of the plant to the heavy metals in the soil is. As can be seen from Table 3, 14 treatments had different degrees of influence on the enrichment factor of Solanum nigrum, but the fertilization treatments were all higher than the control group, indicating that the fertilization can significantly improve the absorption capacity of Solanum nigrum for cadmium. Among the 14 treatments, the enrichment factor of solanum nigrum under 14 treatments was the highest, 11.88, which is 2.65 times that of the control group, and is consistent with the highest cadmium content of solanum nigrum under 14 treatments in fig. 2.
TABLE 3 enrichment and transfer coefficient of Solanum nigrum under various fertilization treatments
It can also be seen from table 3 that 14 treatments had different effects on the transport coefficient of solanum nigrum, and that the transport coefficient was lower than that of the control treatment, indicating that improper nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ratio of the fertilizer formulation affected cadmium transport. In 14 treatments, the transport coefficient is larger than 1, which indicates that the black nightshade has strong transfer capacity to cadmium. Wherein the transport coefficient of the black nightshade is the highest under the treatment of 2, and is 2.85; the transport coefficient of the nightshade after the treatment of 14 is 2.63, and the transport coefficients of the residual fertilization treatments are lower than those of the control group, which shows that the fertilization reduces the transport of soil cadmium from the underground part to the overground part on the whole, inhibits the toxic action of cadmium on the overground part of the nightshade, and enriches more cadmium on the roots of the nightshade. Combining the above results, it was found that under the 14 th treatment, the effect of nightshade on remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil was the best. Therefore, in the soil with moderate cadmium pollution (1.36mg/kg), the remediation efficiency of the black nightshade on the soil with the moderate cadmium pollution can be improved according to the application amount of 2.89g of urea, 2.82g of calcium superphosphate and 0.96g of potassium chloride per kilogram of soil.
In conclusion, the invention can promote the growth of the black nightshade in the cadmium-polluted soil, improve the stress resistance and the repair efficiency of the black nightshade in the actual cadmium-polluted soil environment, and has practical significance for comprehensively promoting the actual application and popularization of the plant repair technology.
The foregoing embodiments may be modified in many different ways by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined by the appended claims and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
Claims (5)
1. An optimized restoration method for nightshade in moderate cadmium-polluted soil is characterized in that seedlings of a cadmium hyperaccumulation plant, namely nightshade, are transplanted into the moderate cadmium-polluted soil according to the natural growth period of the seedlings, additional fertilization is performed in a bud period to promote the growth of the nightshade, and the absorption and enrichment capacities of the nightshade on cadmium in the soil are improved; when the black nightshade grows to the fruiting period or the mature period, the whole black nightshade is harvested and moved away from the polluted soil, so that the aim of restoring the moderate cadmium polluted soil is fulfilled.
2. The optimized nightshade restoration method for the moderate cadmium pollution soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the additional fertilizer application amount is 0.15-0.45 g of nitrogen fertilizer, 0.075-0.225 g of phosphate fertilizer and 0.1-0.4 g of potassium fertilizer applied to each kilogram of soil, and the additional fertilizer application amount is applied to the soil in a water-soluble state.
3. The method for optimally repairing the nightshade in the medium cadmium polluted soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the additional fertilization is carried out, watering is carried out in the period so as to ensure that the medium cadmium polluted soil keeps 60% of the field water capacity, and the medium cadmium polluted soil is enabled to grow normally until the mature period.
4. The optimized nightshade restoration method for moderate cadmium polluted soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nightshade is planted in the moderate cadmium polluted acid soil, the total cadmium content is 1.36mg/kg, the pH value is 6.6, and the upper height of the nightshade during transplanting is 8-11 cm.
5. The optimized nightshade restoration method for moderate cadmium polluted soil as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nightshade removed from the moderate cadmium polluted soil as a whole or harvested is subjected to harmless treatment by incineration, so as to avoid secondary pollution.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN115889448A (en) * | 2022-11-11 | 2023-04-04 | 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 | Method for promoting safe production of medium rice-rape crop rotation in Cd-polluted farmland |
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| CN109304366A (en) * | 2018-09-21 | 2019-02-05 | 南京农业大学 | A kind of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer is in the application for strengthening heavy metal accumulation plant extract serious pollution Cadmium in Soil |
| CN111530919A (en) * | 2020-04-30 | 2020-08-14 | 上海交通大学 | Cadmium-arsenic combined polluted soil plant optimization restoration method based on black nightshade |
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- 2021-11-08 CN CN202111314353.5A patent/CN114029338A/en active Pending
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