CN113854031B - Cultivation method of simplified main trunk tree form of blueberry - Google Patents
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- CN113854031B CN113854031B CN202111253567.6A CN202111253567A CN113854031B CN 113854031 B CN113854031 B CN 113854031B CN 202111253567 A CN202111253567 A CN 202111253567A CN 113854031 B CN113854031 B CN 113854031B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
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Abstract
The invention discloses a cultivation method of a simplified main trunk tree form of a blueberry, which comprises the following steps: cutting off the planted nursery stock branches between 10 days of 2 months and 20 days of 3 months in the nth year; after the seedling branches germinate, 1-3 upright young shoots are selected and reserved; when the remaining young shoots grow to be longer than 40cm, pinching the young shoots; in month 5 of the nth year, pinching a new tip on the prepared trunk at the moment; selecting and reserving 1 prepared trunk and branch tips thereof before sprouting in the (n + 1) th spring; selecting and reserving 2-4 secondary trunks on the trunks; cutting the branches on the remaining secondary trunks; in the later stage of germination, removing sprouts on the trunk and sprouts at the base of the trunk; in the 5 th month of the (n + 1) th year, pinching the new tip of the secondary trunk; after sprouting in the (n + 2) th spring, removing sprouts on the main trunk and the secondary trunk and sprouts at the base part of the main trunk; shoots are produced on the main branch, called fruiting branches. The invention has the following advantages and effects: convenient shearing and culturing.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of blueberry tree cultivation, in particular to a cultivation method of simplified main stem tree forms of blueberries.
Background
Blueberry, also known as Vaccinium uliginosum, black soybean (Daxing Anlin), diospyros kaki (Daxiao Xingan, illinum), diguo, long Guo, pond fruit (Jilin), nastuo (Mongolian language), ji Ete, uygur (Erlenchun language), etc., is a perennial low shrub of Vaccinium of Ericaceae. Native to north america and east asia, and are distributed in korea, japan, mongolia, russia, europe, north america, and countries and regions of black dragon river, inner mongolia, jilin Changbai mountain, etc. in china, and grow in regions with elevation of 900-2300 m.
The blueberry fruit contains rich nutrient components, especially anthocyanin, and has good nutrition and health care effects, and also has the functions of preventing cranial nerve aging, strengthening heart, resisting cancer, softening blood vessels, enhancing human immunity and the like. The earliest countries for blueberry cultivation were the united states, but the cultivation history to date was less than a hundred years. It is one of the five healthy fruits recommended by the world food and agriculture organizations because of its high health value.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a cultivation method of simplified trunk tree forms of blueberries, and aims to achieve the effect of convenient pruning and cultivation.
The technical purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a cultivation method of a simplified main stem tree form of a blueberry comprises the following steps:
s1, cutting off the planted nursery stock branches between 10 days of 2 months and 20 days of 3 months in the nth year, wherein the height of a cutting-off position is 8-12cm higher than a ridge surface or the ground;
s2, after the seedling branches sprout, when the young shoots grow to be 8-12cm long, selecting and reserving 1-3 upright young shoots, and erasing the rest young shoots, wherein the maximum diameter of the reserved young shoots is larger than that of the erased young shoots;
s3, when the length of the remained young shoots is more than 40cm, pinching the young shoots to enable the length of the remained young shoots to be 25-35cm, and enabling the remained young shoots to be called as a prepared trunk;
s4, in 5 months of the nth year, when the length of the young sprout growing on each prepared trunk is more than 40cm, pinching the young sprout on the prepared trunk at the moment so that the length of the remained young sprout is 25-35cm;
s5, before sprouting in spring of the (n + 1) th year, selecting and reserving 1 prepared trunk with the largest maximum diameter and branch tips on the prepared trunk, cutting other prepared trunks from the base, reserving the reserved prepared trunks as trunks, and reserving new tips as secondary trunks;
s6, selecting and reserving 2-4 secondary trunks from the trunk, cutting off the rest secondary trunks, wherein the maximum diameter of the reserved secondary trunks is larger than that of the cut-off secondary trunks, and selecting trees with the secondary trunks distributed at the periphery of the trunk;
s7, cutting the branches on the remaining secondary trunks to be short, and keeping the remaining length to be 4-8cm;
s8, in the later stage of germination, removing sprouts on the trunk and sprouts at the base of the trunk;
s9, in the 5 th month of the (n + 1) th year, when the length of the young shoot on the secondary trunk is greater than 45cm, pinching the young shoot of the secondary trunk at the moment, so that the length of the remained young shoot is 35-40cm, and the young shoot is called as a main branch at the moment;
s10, after sprouting in the (n + 2) th spring, erasing sprouts on the main trunk and the secondary trunk and sprouts at the base part of the main trunk, so that no new shoots exist at the secondary trunk and the parts below the secondary trunk;
s11, sending new shoots on the main branches, namely bearing branches, and completing tree form culture when the bearing branches enter a bearing period;
wherein n is a natural number greater than 0.
The invention is further provided with: the height of the cut-off part in the S1 is 10cm higher than the ridge surface or the ground.
The invention is further provided with: and 2 young shoots are selected and reserved in the S2.
The invention is further configured as follows: the length of the young shoots left in S3 and S4 is 30cm.
The invention is further provided with: and the length of the branches in the S7 is 5cm.
The invention is further provided with: the young shoots left in S9 had a length of 40cm.
The invention is further provided with: and (4) within a plurality of years after the tree form culture is finished, keeping the main trunk, the secondary trunk and the main branches, and only trimming the fruiting branches on the main branches.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: compared with traditional fruit trees such as apples, oranges, peaches and pears, the traditional blueberry tree body is in a bush shape without an obvious trunk, and perennial main branches germinating at the base part become basic frames of the tree body, so that the layers are unclear, and in addition, the base part is strong in sprouting property, new thick and strong overgrown branches are extracted at different parts every year, the complexity is high, the tree shape is disturbed, the production foundation is poor, the shaping and pruning operation difficulty is increased, and the work (pruning, picking and the like) efficiency is low.
The blueberry trees cultured by the tree form culture method have a simplified tree form, are simple in structure, and determine the top end advantages by culturing the trunk, so that the sprout tillers at the base part are inhibited, and the spindly branches are reduced; secondly, considering that the thickness of the annual branch of the blueberry is smaller than that of the tree and fruit tree; therefore, the multi-level structure is formed by multiple times of cultivation, the length of each level of branch is controlled, the thickness of each level of branch is increased, the dryness and polarity of the trunk are enhanced, and bush filling is avoided.
Meanwhile, the blueberry tree cultivated by the method simplifies the low-stem tree shape, so that the base branches of the blueberry tree are few, the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the middle lower part among the plant rows are improved, and the plant diseases and insect pests are reduced; the fruiting part is in the middle and upper part of the tree body, so that the field management operations such as picking, trimming and the like are facilitated, and the working efficiency is improved. More importantly, the tree body is simple in structure, branches are clear in major and minor, cultivation is easy, trimming is more convenient, and trimming labor is reduced.
Moreover, the method used in the application can be understood and learned at a glance, the pruning is labor-saving, time-saving and labor-saving, the popularization and the application in a large area are facilitated, and the method has outstanding contribution to the development in the industry.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings required to be used in the description of the embodiments are briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the description below are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art that other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a blueberry tree cultivated by the cultivation method of the simplified trunk tree form of the blueberry.
In the figure, 1, a main stem; 2. a secondary trunk; 3. main branches; 4. and (5) bearing branches.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to specific embodiments. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely a few embodiments of the invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments of the present invention without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
A cultivation method of a simplified main stem tree form of a blueberry comprises the following steps:
s1, cutting off the planted nursery stock branches between 10 days of 2 months and 20 days of 3 months in the nth year, wherein the nutrient supply of the branches reserved after cutting off is more concentrated, and thicker and stronger new shoots are grown, wherein the height of a cutting-off position is 8-12cm higher than the ridge surface or the ground, the cutting-off position is preferably 10cm, and other optional lengths can be selected according to actual conditions;
s2, after the seedling branches sprout, when the young shoots grow to be 8-12cm long, the young shoots are preferably 10cm in the application, other optional lengths can be selected according to actual conditions, 1-3 (preferably 2, or 1 or 3 according to the conditions) upright young shoots are selected and reserved, and the rest young shoots are erased, so that competitive nutrition can be reduced, the young shoots reserved by concentrated nutrient supply can grow more robustly and are beneficial to tree-shaped culture, and the maximum diameters of the reserved young shoots are larger than the maximum diameters of the erased young shoots;
s3, when the length of the remained young shoots is larger than 40cm, pinching the young shoots (the pinching can control the length of the young shoots and increase the thickness of the young shoots, so that the buds on the young shoots are full and full, the young shoots are germinated to be thicker), and the length of the remained young shoots is 25-35cm, preferably 30cm in the application, or other optional lengths can be selected according to actual conditions, and the remained young shoots are called as a prepared trunk;
s4, in the 5 th month of the nth year, when the length of the new tip growing on each prepared trunk is larger than 40cm, pinching the new tip on the prepared trunk (promoting more new tips to grow and being beneficial to root growth) at the moment so that the length of the remaining new tip is 25-35cm, the length is preferably 30cm in the application, and other optional lengths can be selected according to actual conditions;
s5, before sprouting in spring of the (n + 1) th year, selecting and reserving 1 prepared trunk with the largest maximum diameter and branch tips on the prepared trunk, cutting other prepared trunks from the base, reserving the reserved prepared trunks as trunks, and reserving new tips as secondary trunks;
s6, selecting and reserving 2-4 secondary trunks on the trunk, preferably 3 in the application, or selecting 2 or 4 secondary trunks according to actual conditions, and cutting the rest secondary trunks, wherein the maximum diameter of the reserved secondary trunks is larger than that of the cut secondary trunks, selecting trees with the secondary trunks distributed at the periphery of the trunk, and discarding the trees if the reserved sturdy trunks are distributed at the same side or close to the same side of the trunk;
s7, cutting the branches on the secondary trunks (beneficial to growing more new shoots), and keeping the length of the branches to be 4-8cm, preferably 5cm in the application, or selecting other optional lengths according to actual conditions;
s8, in the later stage of germination, eliminating the sprouts on the trunk and the sprouts at the base of the trunk, and avoiding growing new shoots to influence the tree shape;
s9, in the 5 th month of the (n + 1) th year, when the young shoot length on the secondary trunk is greater than 45cm, pinching the young shoot of the secondary trunk at the moment to enable the left young shoot length to be 35-40cm, wherein the length is preferably 40cm in the application, other optional lengths can be selected according to actual conditions, and the young shoot at the moment is called as a main branch;
s10, after sprouting in the (n + 2) th spring, erasing sprouts on the main trunk and the secondary trunk and sprouts at the base part of the main trunk, so that no new shoots exist at the secondary trunk and the parts below the secondary trunk;
s11, sending new shoots on the main branches, namely bearing branches, and completing tree form culture when the bearing branches enter a bearing period;
the form after completion of the culture is shown in FIG. 1, which expresses the cultured tree form, but not all of the tree forms.
Wherein n is a natural number greater than 0, i.e., n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 … …, etc., but does not refer to a specific year.
And (4) within a plurality of years after the tree form culture is finished, keeping the main trunk, the secondary trunk and the main branches, and only trimming the fruiting branches on the main branches.
Compared with traditional fruit trees such as apples, oranges, peaches and pears, the traditional blueberry tree body is in a bush shape without an obvious trunk, and the perennial main branches germinated from the base part become a basic tree body framework, so that the tree body is not well-arranged, and the base part has strong tillering property, so that new thick and strong overgrown branches are extracted from different parts every year, the complexity is high, the tree shape is disturbed, the production foundation is poor, the shaping and trimming operation difficulty is increased, and the working efficiency (trimming, picking and the like) is low.
The blueberry trees cultured by the tree form culture method have a simplified tree form, are simple in structure, and determine the top end advantages by culturing the trunk, so that the sprout tillers at the base part are inhibited, and the spindly branches are reduced; secondly, considering that the thickness of the annual branch of the blueberry is smaller than that of the tree and fruit tree; therefore, the multi-level structure is formed by multiple times of cultivation, the length of each level of branch is controlled, the thickness of each level of branch is increased, the dryness and polarity of the trunk are enhanced, and bush filling is avoided.
Meanwhile, the blueberry tree cultivated by the method simplifies the low-stem tree shape, so that the base branches of the blueberry tree are few, the ventilation and light transmission conditions of the middle lower part among the plant rows are improved, and the plant diseases and insect pests are reduced; the bearing part is positioned in the middle and upper part of the tree body, so that the field management operations such as picking, trimming and the like are facilitated, and the working efficiency is improved. More importantly, the tree body is simple in structure, branches are clear in major and minor, cultivation is easy, trimming is more convenient, and trimming labor is reduced.
Moreover, the method used in the application can be understood and learned at a glance, the pruning is labor-saving, time-saving and labor-saving, the popularization and the application in a large area are facilitated, and the method has outstanding contribution to the development in the industry.
The planting variety is a southern high cluster blueberry 'Misidi' with a 20-degree gentle slope, ridging cultivation is carried out, the ridge height is 30cm, the width is 100cm, the row direction is in the north-south direction along a contour line, and the planting row spacing is 1.0m multiplied by 2.0m. The soil improvement is completed in advance. The nursery stock is 3-year-old tissue culture nutrition pot seedling.
In the 1 st year, the planting time is 2 months at the end and before germination. After field planting, the nursery stock branches are remained for 10cm long and are trimmed to be dry. After sprouting, when the young shoots grow to 10cm long, selecting and reserving 2 upright and robust young shoots, wherein one young shoot is used for subsequent cultivation as a main stem, and the rest young shoots are cut off from the base. When the length of the two remained young shoots reaches 40cm, 30cm long pinching parts are respectively remained, and 3-4 young shoots grow at the pinching parts. In the middle and last ten days of 5 months, when the young shoots are 40cm in length, 30cm long pinching is reserved for subsequent cultivation as secondary trunks. And in the later stage, timely erasing the sprout at the base of the seedling.
In the 2 nd year, before spring germination, 1 upright and thick main stem and the secondary main stem are selected and reserved, and the other main stem is cut from the base. 3 thick strong branches which are evenly distributed are selected and left on the main trunk as a secondary main trunk, and 5cm long short sections are left on all branches on the secondary main trunk. Timely erasing the sprouts on the trunk and the sprouts at the base of the trunk. In the middle ten days of the 5 th month, when the young shoots on the secondary trunks are 45cm in length, 40cm long pinching is left respectively, and the young shoots are cultured as main branches.
In the 3 rd year, the sprouts on the trunk, the secondary trunks and the sprouts at the base parts of the trunks are removed in time in the whole growing period of the sprouts in spring. Only 5-6 shoots are reserved on each main branch and cultured into bearing branches.
In 4 th year and later, sprouts and tillers on and below the secondary trunks are continuously erased, and the top advantages of the main branches are maintained. And (5) entering a fruiting period, fruiting on the bearing branches, and germinating and updating the bearing branches.
The cultivation of the main tree form of the blueberries is finished, the tree height is 120-150 cm, the crown width (east west south north) is 150-170 cm, 80-100 cm, the tree height and the crown width are obviously controlled, the spacing between the tree rows is increased, the ventilation and light transmission conditions are improved, and the field production operation is facilitated.
Entering the full-term production period, the average single-plant yield is 3.8kg, and each 667m 2 The yield is 1200kg, and the yield is high. The average single fruit weight is more than 2.0g, the soluble solid content of the fruit is more than 12%, and the quality is excellent.
In the same plot, the planting variety is 'Misidi', the planting conditions and the management level are the same, the row direction is south and north, the plant row spacing is 1.0m multiplied by 2.0m, and in the 5 th year after planting, the blueberry tree growth vigor, the blueberry yield, the blueberry fruit quality and the blueberry pruning efficiency are compared under the condition that the trunk tree form (the tree form cultured by the application) and the bush-shaped tree form (the conventional tree form) are compared. The 5 connected strains were 1 cell with 3 replicates per treatment.
The results are reported in the following table (averaged):
as is apparent from Table 1, the simplified trunk tree height and crown width of the blueberry are obviously smaller than those of the traditional bush shape, particularly the crown width (101 cm multiplied by 168 cm) of the tree is smaller than the row spacing of 2.0m, so that the blueberry is beneficial to field operation, ventilation and light transmission, the photosynthetic efficiency is improved, the plant diseases and insect pests are reduced, and the fruit quality is improved. The yield is not much different from the traditional tree form, but the weight and the quality of the single fruit of the fruit are better than those of the latter. In the aspect of pruning efficiency, the tree form of the main trunk is simplified, the structure is simple, no thin and weak branches exist under the secondary trunk, and compared with the traditional tree form (the main branches are clustered, and the base branches are more), the pruning is simpler, and the efficiency is 2 times that of the latter.
It should be noted that, in the present specification, the embodiments are described in a progressive manner, each embodiment focuses on differences from other embodiments, and the same and similar parts among the embodiments may be referred to each other.
The above description is only for the purpose of describing the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and any variations and modifications made by those skilled in the art based on the above disclosure are within the scope of the appended claims.
Claims (6)
1. A cultivation method of a simplified main stem tree form of a blueberry is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, cutting off the planted nursery stock branches between 10 days of 2 months and 20 days of 3 months in the nth year, wherein the height of a cutting-off position is 8-12cm higher than a ridge surface or the ground;
s2, after the seedling branches sprout, when the young shoots grow to be 8-12cm long, selecting and reserving 1-3 upright young shoots, and erasing the rest young shoots, wherein the maximum diameter of the reserved young shoots is larger than that of the erased young shoots;
s3, when the length of the remained young shoots is more than 40cm, pinching the young shoots to enable the length of the remained young shoots to be 25-35cm, and enabling the remained young shoots to be called as a prepared trunk;
s4, in 5 months of the nth year, when the length of the young sprout growing on each prepared trunk is more than 40cm, pinching the young sprout on the prepared trunk at the moment so that the length of the remained young sprout is 25-35cm;
s5, before sprouting in spring of the (n + 1) th year, selecting and reserving 1 prepared trunk with the largest maximum diameter and branch tips on the prepared trunk, cutting other prepared trunks from the base, reserving the reserved prepared trunk as a trunk, and reserving new tips on the prepared trunk as a secondary trunk in the step S4;
s6, selecting and reserving 2-4 secondary trunks from the trunk, cutting the rest secondary trunks, wherein the maximum diameter of the reserved secondary trunks is larger than that of the cut secondary trunks, and selecting trees with the secondary trunks distributed at the periphery of the trunk;
s7, cutting the branches on the remaining secondary trunks to be short, and keeping the remaining length to be 4-8cm;
s8, in the later stage of germination, removing sprouts on the trunk and sprouts at the base of the trunk;
s9, in the 5 th month of the (n + 1) th year, when the length of the young shoot on the secondary trunk is greater than 45cm, pinching the young shoot of the secondary trunk at the moment, so that the length of the remained young shoot is 35-40cm, and the young shoot is called as a main branch at the moment;
s10, after sprouting in the (n + 2) th spring, erasing sprouts on the main stem and the secondary stem and sprouts at the base part of the main stem, so that no new shoots exist at the secondary stem and the parts below the secondary stem;
s11, sending out new shoots on the main branches, namely bearing branches, entering a bearing period of the bearing branches, and finishing tree form culture;
wherein n is a natural number greater than 0;
and in a plurality of years after the tree form culture is finished, the main trunk, the secondary trunk and the main branches are reserved, and only the bearing branches on the main branches are trimmed.
2. The cultivation method of the simplified trunk tree form of blueberry according to claim 1, characterized in that: the height of the cut-off part in the S1 is 10cm higher than the ridge surface or the ground.
3. The cultivation method of the simplified trunk tree form of blueberry according to claim 1, characterized in that: and 2 young shoots are selected and reserved in the S2.
4. The cultivation method of the simplified trunk tree form of blueberry according to claim 1, characterized in that: the length of the young shoots left in S3 and S4 is 30cm.
5. The cultivation method of the simplified trunk tree form of blueberry according to claim 1, characterized in that: and the length of the branches in the S7 is 5cm.
6. The cultivation method of the simplified trunk tree form of blueberry according to claim 1, characterized in that: the young shoots left in S9 had a length of 40cm.
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