CN113079926A - Plum tree high grafting and seed changing method - Google Patents
Plum tree high grafting and seed changing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN113079926A CN113079926A CN202110392772.4A CN202110392772A CN113079926A CN 113079926 A CN113079926 A CN 113079926A CN 202110392772 A CN202110392772 A CN 202110392772A CN 113079926 A CN113079926 A CN 113079926A
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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Abstract
The invention provides a plum tree top grafting and seed changing method, and belongs to the technical field of fruit tree grafting. The technical scheme of the invention comprises the following steps: before grafting in spring, root cutting is carried out on the stock, scions and the stock are selected, thinning treatment is carried out on the top end of the stock, wound healing agent is smeared, grafting is carried out by a bark inserting method, and management after grafting is carried out. The method starts with improving the growth force of the scions and the stocks, adjusting the nutrition supply, improving the wound healing speed, improving the grafting survival rate, shortening the tree body recovery time after grafting, maintaining better branching capability, realizing early fruiting, reducing the economic loss of fruit growers, exciting the cultivation enthusiasm of the fruit growers and promoting the industrial development.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree grafting, and particularly relates to a plum tree top grafting and seed changing method.
Background
Grafting is a common asexual propagation means on fruit trees in recent years, can effectively maintain the excellent properties of scion varieties, can utilize the favorable characteristics of stocks to achieve the purposes of early fruiting, enhancing the cold resistance, drought resistance, disease and pest resistance and the like, can also economically utilize propagation materials and increase the number of seedlings, and has very important significance for the improvement of the varieties and the improvement of the economic value.
The grafting is generally carried out by a root grafting method, a branch grafting method and a bud grafting method, the plum tree is generally propagated by adopting the bud grafting method, and the propagation is generally carried out in spring and summer; according to the difference of the growth period of the stock, the method can be divided into low grafting and high grafting, the low grafting generally takes annual seedlings as the stock, and is a commonly used technology for seedling breeding, but the low grafting has the disadvantages of slow growth vigor, slow fruit bearing and the like, the seedling needs to undergo the stages of transplanting, growth in childhood and the like after grafting survival, the normal flowering and fruiting can often take 3-4 years, if the variety is updated in a orchard formed by adopting the low grafting mode, the yield can not be generated within 3-4 years, and the economic benefit is seriously influenced. The top grafting and changing technology can effectively accelerate the production time of new varieties, even flowers can bloom in the same year after grafting, and fruits can be obtained in the second year, so that the orchard-forming orchard is usually updated by the top grafting and changing technology, partial loss can be avoided, and meanwhile, the income can be realized more quickly. However, in the process of high grafting, the grafting survival rate is low due to factors such as improper treatment of grafting time, selection of scions and stocks, grafting methods, tree body and garden management and the like, huge economic loss is brought to fruit growers, the planting enthusiasm of the fruit growers is contused, and some new high-quality varieties are difficult to popularize. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the technique of top grafting and seed changing of plum trees to improve the survival rate, promote the popularization of new varieties and improve economic benefits.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention aims to provide a plum tree top grafting and seed changing method, which can improve the survival rate of plum tree top grafting and seed changing, shorten the tree body recovery time after plum tree grafting, maintain good branching ability, and achieve early fruiting.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a plum tree top grafting and seed changing method comprises the step of carrying out root cutting treatment on a plum tree stock before grafting in spring, wherein the root cutting treatment comprises the steps of digging an annular ditch at a position 20-50cm away from a tree head on one side of the stock tree body and cutting off horizontal roots in the ditch.
Preferably, the root cutting treatment period is 5-15 days before grafting.
Preferably, the depth of the annular groove is 30-40cm, and the length of the annular groove is 1/3-3/4 weeks around the trunk of the rootstock.
Preferably, the grafting period is before the plumule of the plum tree stock sprouts in spring, and the temperature is above 10 ℃.
More preferably, the air temperature is 10-15 ℃.
Preferably, the grafting adopts a bark grafting method.
Preferably, the branches of the rootstock are cut short during grafting, the bark at the position of 3-5cm away from the top end of the rootstock is thinned, and a cambium with the thickness of 0.1-0.5cm is left.
More preferably, the rootstock is coated with a wound healing agent after being truncated.
Preferably, the scion is a 1-year-old summer and autumn shoot with the diameter of 0.5-1.0cm and 2-3 full buds during grafting.
Preferably, 2-3 branches on a plum tree with the tree age of 3-8 years are selected as the stocks during grafting, and 1-2 scions are grafted on each stock branch.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention provides a plum tree top grafting and seed changing method, which comprises the step of carrying out root cutting treatment on plum tree stocks before spring grafting. Grafting in spring, wherein the temperature is proper, the buds of the plum trees are germinated nearby, the growth force is strong, the speed is high, and the joints are easy to heal; before grafting, the plum tree is subjected to half-edge root cutting treatment, partial horizontal roots are cut off, the growth of the root system can be weakened, the balance between the overground part and the underground part is kept, and grafting survival is facilitated.
When high grafting is carried out, a bark grafting method is adopted for grafting, the operation is simple, the survival is easy, the later branch is more, and the forming is easy; the branches of the plum trees are selected as the stocks, the branches are new branches of the plum trees, the vitality is strong, the growth speed of callus is high, and the healing speed of the scion and stock joints after grafting is accelerated; an annual new branch which grows vigorously and has better meristematic ability is selected as a scion, so that the healing speed of the scion and the stock is increased; the mode of multi-branch grafting and single-branch multi-graft is adopted in the grafting, so that the survival rate of single plants can be obviously improved, and the economic loss is reduced.
When the stock is prepared, the bark at the top end of the stock interface is firstly thinned, the butt joint fit of the stock and the scion cambium during grafting is improved, and the healing is accelerated; further, the wound healing agent is coated on the cross section, so that the water evaporation can be reduced, the branches can be prevented from being dried up due to water loss, and the invasion of plant diseases and insect pests can be prevented. The method starts with improving the growth force of the scions and the stocks, adjusting the nutrition supply, improving the wound healing speed, improving the grafting survival rate, shortening the tree body recovery time after grafting, maintaining better branching capability, realizing early fruiting, reducing the economic loss of fruit growers, exciting the cultivation enthusiasm of the fruit growers and promoting the industrial development.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a plum tree top grafting and seed changing method, which comprises the step of carrying out root cutting treatment on plum tree stocks before spring grafting. The plum tree grafting comprises spring grafting and summer grafting. According to the method, grafting is preferentially carried out in spring, the temperature in spring is proper, the buds of the plum trees are close to sprout, the growth force is strong, the speed is high, and the joints are easy to heal; the spring top grafting is superior to summer, mainly lies in that the branches and leaves of the plum tree are vigorous in summer, the water and fertilizer supply imbalance between the overground part and the underground part is easily caused after the top grafting, the branches and leaves on the overground part are suddenly reduced, the transpiration effect is weakened, the nutrition supply of the interface is blocked, the wound healing and the sprouting are influenced, and the survival rate is reduced. The preferable spring grafting period is that the temperature is above 10 ℃ before the plumule of the plum tree stock germinates; the more preferable temperature is 10-15 ℃.
The method carries out partial root breaking treatment on the plum tree before grafting so as to be different from the direct grafting in the prior art, and has the advantages that the root breaking treatment cuts off partial horizontal roots, the root system growth can be weakened, and the balance between the overground part and the underground part is kept. The root cutting treatment of the invention is to dig an annular ditch at the position 20-50cm away from the tree head on one side of the tree body of the stock and cut off the horizontal roots in the ditch. Preferably, the depth of the annular groove is 30-40cm, and the length of the annular groove is 1/3-3/4 circles around the trunk of the stock. More preferably, a 33-37cm deep annular ditch is dug at the position 30-40cm away from the tree head on one side of the stock tree body, the length of the annular ditch is half of the circumference of the trunk of the stock, and half root cutting treatment is carried out. Preferably, the root cutting treatment is carried out 5 to 15 days before grafting; more preferably 10 days before grafting. And backfilling the original soil after root breaking.
The prior art of high grafting and seed changing methods of plum trees comprises a grafting method, a cleft grafting method, an abdominal grafting method and the like. The grafting is preferably carried out by adopting a bark grafting method, the bark grafting method is simple to operate and easy to survive, and the grafting method has multiple branches at the later stage and is easy to form. As an alternative embodiment, the bark grafting method of the invention can cut a cut surface with the length of about 3-5cm at the lower part opposite to the top bud of the scion, then cut a short cut surface with the length of about 0.6cm at the tip of the back of the long cut surface, cut a vertical cut with the length of about 2-3cm on the stock, insert the cut scion with the long cut surface inwards to align the scion with the cambium layer of the stock, leave the upper part white for 0.1-0.5cm, and wrap the grafting opening from bottom to top by using a special grafting film, so that the bud eye is required to be completely closed without leaving. During grafting, 1-2 scions are preferably grafted on each stock branch, and single-branch multi-grafting can obviously improve the survival rate of single-plant trees and reduce economic loss.
According to the invention, the annual new branch which grows vigorously and has better meristematic ability is preferably selected as the scion, and compared with the aged branch, the annual new branch has stronger healing ability and faster healing speed after being grafted with the stock. Further preferably, the scion is a 1-year-old summer and autumn shoot with a diameter of 0.5-1.0cm and 2-3 full buds. More preferably, the scion is selected from 1-year-old summer shoots which are excellent, pure and strong in growth, have full axillary buds, are free from diseases and insect pests, have the diameter of 0.6-0.8cm and have 2-3 full buds. After the scion is selected, the scion can be wrapped by a film, and the scion is cut in the same day generally, and the grafting is finished within 2-3 days.
According to the invention, the branches of the plum tree are preferably selected as the stock, the branches are new branches of the plum tree, and compared with the trunk which is taken as the stock, the branches have strong vitality, the growth speed of the callus is high, and the healing speed of the stock-ear interface after grafting is accelerated. Further preferably, 2-3 branches on a plum tree with the age of 3-8 years are used as the stock. More preferably, 2-3 branches on 4-6-year-old plum trees are used as the rootstocks. The multi-branch grafting can obviously improve the survival rate of single trees and reduce the economic loss.
The bark at the top end of the stock interface is preferably thinned, and compared with direct grafting after short cutting, the thinned bark at the top end of the stock can improve the butt joint fit of the stock scion cambium during grafting and accelerate healing. Preferably, the branches of the rootstock are cut short, the bark at the position of 3-5cm away from the top end of the rootstock is thinned, and a cambium with the thickness of 0.1-0.5cm is left. More preferably, the branch of 40-50cm above the ground of the stock is cut short, the bark of 4cm at the top end of the stock is thinned, and a cambium with the thickness of 0.2-0.4cm is left. The invention preferably applies the wound healing agent after thinning the bark at the top end of the rootstock. The wound healing agent is not particularly limited, and the common grafting wound healing agent can be selected, such as a 'guoshiguang' wound healing agent and the like.
The invention also comprises a management step after grafting, which is to remove sprouts in time after grafting, remove sprouts on the rootstock in time and perform fertilizer and water management well.
The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
Selecting 6-year-old plum trees, and performing high grafting and seed changing in the middle and late ten days of 2 months at the temperature of 10-15 ℃. And (3) performing root cutting treatment on the half of the underground part of the stock 10 days before grafting, wherein the root cutting position is 35cm away from the tree head, and the furrow depth is 35 cm. Cutting the stock branch at 45cm on the ground, thinning the thicker bark at 4cm on the top of the stock until a cambium with the thickness of about 0.3cm is left; the section is coated with a "guoshiguang" wound healing agent. Selecting 1-year-old summer shoots which are good, pure and strong in variety, have full development, full axillary buds, no plant diseases and insect pests and have the diameter of 0.7cm as scions, cutting and wrapping with a film; grafting a new branch by adopting a bark grafting mode, selecting a scion with 2 full buds, cutting a cut surface with the length of about 3cm at the lower part opposite to a top bud, cutting a short cut surface with the length of about 0.6cm at the tip of the back of the long cut surface, cutting a vertical cut with the length of about 5cm on a stock, inserting the cut long cut surface of the scion inwards to align the scion with a cambium of the stock, leaving 0.3cm white at the upper part, and wrapping a grafting port by using a special grafting film from bottom to top to require totally sealing without leaving bud eyes; grafting 3 branches per plant, and grafting 2 scions per branch; grafting is completed within 2 days. And timely removing sprouts after grafting, timely removing sprouts on the stock and well managing fertilizer and water.
30 plants are inoculated and changed at a high rate, survival condition is observed after 15 days, 28 plants survive, and the survival rate is 93.3 percent.
Example 2
Selecting 3-year-old plum trees, and performing high grafting and seed changing in the middle and late ten days of 2 months at the temperature of about 10-15 ℃. And (3) performing root cutting treatment on the half of the underground part of the stock 5 days before grafting, wherein the root cutting position is 20cm away from the tree head, and the furrow depth is 30 cm. Cutting the branch of the stock at a position 40cm above the ground, thinning a thicker bark at a position 3cm away from the top end of the stock until a cambium with the thickness of about 0.1cm is left; the section is coated with a "guoshiguang" wound healing agent. Selecting 1-year-old autumn shoots which are good, pure and strong in variety, have full development, full axillary buds, no plant diseases and insect pests and have the diameter of 0.5cm as scions, cutting and wrapping with films; grafting a new branch by adopting a bark grafting mode, selecting a scion with 2 full buds, cutting a cut surface with the length of about 3cm at the lower part opposite to a top bud, cutting a short cut surface with the length of about 0.6cm at the tip of the back of the long cut surface, cutting a vertical cut with the length of about 5cm on a stock, inserting the cut long cut surface of the scion inwards to align the scion with a cambium of the stock, leaving 0.3cm white at the upper part, and wrapping a grafting port by using a special grafting film from bottom to top to require totally sealing without leaving bud eyes; each plant is grafted with 2 branches, and each branch is grafted with 1 scion; grafting is completed within 2 days. And timely removing sprouts after grafting, timely removing sprouts on the stock and well managing fertilizer and water.
30 plants were inoculated and changed, survival was observed after 15 days, 26 plants survived, and the survival rate was 86.7%.
Example 3
Selecting 8-year-old plum trees, and performing high grafting and seed changing in the middle and late ten days of 2 months at the temperature of about 10-15 ℃. And (3) performing root cutting treatment on the half of the underground part of the stock 15 days before grafting, wherein the root cutting position is 50cm away from the tree head, and the furrow depth is 40 cm. Cutting the stock branch at a position 50cm above the ground, thinning a thicker bark at a position 5cm away from the top end of the stock until a cambium with the thickness of about 0.5cm is left; the section is coated with a "guoshiguang" wound healing agent. Selecting 1-year-old autumn shoots which are good, pure and strong in variety, have full development, full axillary buds, no plant diseases and insect pests and 1.0cm in diameter as scions, cutting and wrapping with films; grafting a new branch by adopting a bark grafting mode, selecting a scion with 3 full buds, cutting a cut surface with the length of about 3cm at the lower part opposite to a top bud, cutting a short cut surface with the length of about 0.6cm at the tip of the back of the long cut surface, cutting a vertical cut with the length of about 5cm on a stock, inserting the cut long cut surface with the cut scion amount inwards to align the scion with a cambium of the stock, leaving 0.3cm white at the upper part, and wrapping a grafting port by using a special grafting film from bottom to top to require totally closed without bud eyes; grafting 3 branches per plant, and grafting 2 scions per branch; grafting is completed within 3 days. And timely removing sprouts after grafting, timely removing sprouts on the stock and well managing fertilizer and water.
30 plants are inoculated and changed at a high speed, survival condition is observed after 15 days, 24 plants survive, and the survival rate is 80.0 percent.
Comparative example 1
Top grafting and changing seeds for plum tree without breaking root
Selecting 6-year-old plum trees, and performing high grafting and seed changing in the middle and late ten days of 2 months at the temperature of 10-15 ℃. Cutting the stock branch at 45cm on the ground, thinning the thicker bark at 4cm on the top of the stock until a cambium with the thickness of about 0.3cm is left; the section is coated with a "guoshiguang" wound healing agent. Selecting 1-year-old summer shoots which are good, pure and strong in variety, have full development, full axillary buds, no plant diseases and insect pests and have the diameter of 0.7cm as scions, cutting and wrapping with a film; grafting a new branch by adopting a bark grafting mode, selecting a scion with 2 full buds, cutting a cut surface with the length of about 3cm at the lower part opposite to a top bud, cutting a short cut surface with the length of about 0.6cm at the tip of the back of the long cut surface, cutting a vertical cut with the length of about 5cm on a stock, inserting the cut scion with the long cut surface inwards to align the scion with a cambium layer of the stock, leaving 0.3cm white at the upper part, and wrapping a grafting port by using a special grafting film from bottom to top to require totally sealing without leaving bud eyes; grafting 3 branches per plant, and grafting 2 scions per branch; grafting is completed within 2 days. And timely removing sprouts after grafting, timely removing sprouts on the stock and well managing fertilizer and water.
30 plants are inoculated and changed at a high rate, survival condition is observed after 15 days, 20 plants survive, and survival rate is 66.7%.
Comparative example 2
Plum tree 5 months top grafting
Selecting 6-year-old plum trees, and performing high grafting and seed changing in the middle and late ten days of 5 months at the temperature of about 30 ℃. And (3) performing root cutting treatment on the half of the underground part of the stock 10 days before grafting, wherein the root cutting position is 35cm away from the tree head, and the furrow depth is 35 cm. Cutting the stock branch at 45cm on the ground, thinning the thicker bark at 4cm on the top of the stock until a cambium with the thickness of about 0.3cm is left; the section is coated with a "guoshiguang" wound healing agent. Selecting 1-year-old summer shoots which are good, pure and strong in variety, have full development, full axillary buds, no plant diseases and insect pests and have the diameter of 0.7cm as scions, cutting and wrapping with a film; grafting a new branch by adopting a bark grafting mode, selecting a scion with 2 full buds, cutting a cut surface with the length of about 3cm at the lower part opposite to a top bud, cutting a short cut surface with the length of about 0.6cm at the tip of the back of the long cut surface, cutting a vertical cut with the length of about 5cm on a stock, inserting the cut scion with the long cut surface inwards to align the scion with a cambium layer of the stock, leaving 0.3cm white at the upper part, and wrapping a grafting port by using a special grafting film from bottom to top to require totally sealing without leaving bud eyes; grafting 3 branches per plant, and grafting 2 scions per branch; grafting is completed within 2 days. And timely removing sprouts after grafting, timely removing sprouts on the stock and well managing fertilizer and water.
30 plants are inoculated and changed at a high rate, survival condition is observed after 15 days, 17 plants survive, and survival rate is 56.7%.
Comparative example 3
Plum tree top grafting, changing stock without treatment and smearing healing agent
Selecting 6-year-old plum trees, and performing high grafting and seed changing in the middle and late ten days of 2 months at the temperature of 10-15 ℃. And (3) performing root cutting treatment on the half of the underground part of the stock 10 days before grafting, wherein the root cutting position is 35cm away from the tree head, and the furrow depth is 35 cm. The branch of the stock is cut short at a position of 45cm above the ground. Selecting 1-year-old summer shoots which are good, pure and strong in variety, have full development, full axillary buds, no plant diseases and insect pests and have the diameter of 0.7cm as scions, cutting and wrapping with a film; grafting a new branch by adopting a bark grafting mode, selecting a scion with 2 full buds, cutting a cut surface with the length of about 3cm at the lower part opposite to a top bud, cutting a short cut surface with the length of about 0.6cm at the tip of the back of the long cut surface, cutting a vertical cut with the length of about 5cm on a stock, inserting the cut scion with the long cut surface inwards to align the scion with a cambium layer of the stock, leaving 0.3cm white at the upper part, and wrapping a grafting port by using a special grafting film from bottom to top to require totally sealing without leaving bud eyes; grafting 3 branches per plant, and grafting 2 scions per branch; grafting is completed within 2 days. And timely removing sprouts after grafting, timely removing sprouts on the stock and well managing fertilizer and water.
30 plants are inoculated and changed at a high rate, survival is observed after 15 days, 23 plants survive, and the survival rate is 76.7 percent.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A plum tree high grafting and seed changing method is characterized by comprising the step of carrying out root cutting treatment on a plum tree stock before grafting in spring, wherein the root cutting treatment comprises the steps of digging an annular ditch at a position 20-50cm away from a tree head on one side of the tree body of the stock, and cutting horizontal roots in the ditch.
2. The plum tree high grafting method according to claim 1, wherein the root cutting treatment period is 5-15 days before grafting.
3. The plum tree high grafting method according to claim 1, wherein the depth of the annular groove is 30-40cm, and the length of the annular groove is 1/3-3/4 circles around the rootstock trunk.
4. The plum tree top grafting and replanting method according to claim 1, wherein the grafting period is before the plum tree rootstock sprout in spring, and the air temperature is above 10 ℃.
5. The plum tree high inoculation method according to claim 4, wherein the air temperature is 10-15 ℃.
6. The plum tree high grafting method according to claim 1, wherein the grafting adopts a bark grafting method.
7. The plum tree high grafting method according to claim 1 or 6, wherein the stock branch is cut short during grafting, the bark at the position of 3-5cm from the top end of the stock is thinned, and a cambium with the thickness of 0.1-0.5cm is left.
8. The plum tree high grafting method according to claim 7, wherein the stock is cut short and then wound healing agent is applied.
9. The plum tree high grafting method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the scion is 0.5-1.0cm in diameter and has 1 year-old summer and autumn shoots with 2-3 plump buds during grafting.
10. The plum tree top grafting method according to claim 1, wherein 2-3 branches of a plum tree with the age of 3-8 years are selected as stocks during grafting, and 1-2 scions are grafted on each stock branch.
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