CN111616007A - Rice cultivation method based on rice oil triple cropping - Google Patents
Rice cultivation method based on rice oil triple cropping Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a rice cultivation method based on three cropping of rice oil, wherein before next crop is planted, no tillage, no herbicide, no irrigation of field water and no rotary tillage are carried out, the surface of the field is kept dry, the previous crop is harvested and crushed to obtain crushed straws of the previous crop, and the remaining stubble of the previous crop is left after harvesting; pressing down the stubble of the previous crop and sowing the seeds of the next crop; the invention changes the soil plough layer structure, forms a straw layer, a seed fertilizer layer and a soil layer from top to bottom, realizes the full returning of the crop straws at one time, converts the straws into a covering, covers the seeds and the fertilizer, is beneficial to improving the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer, and realizes the optimal coupling of the crop straw treatment, the mechanized production and the crop growth. The chopped straw is arranged above the seeds to be used as a protective layer, so that the seeds are sun-proof, rain-proof and bird-proof.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of cultivation, in particular to a rice cultivation method based on rice oil triple cropping.
Background
According to statistics, 65789 million tons of total grain yield in 2018 in the country is estimated according to a grain-stalk ratio of 1:1.2, and other crop stalks are added, so that over 8 million tons of stalks are produced in the country, the stalks contain a large amount of organic matters, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and trace elements, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrient content in 7.2 million tons of stalks is equal to 640 million tons of urea, 930 million tons of calcium superphosphate and 930 million tons of potassium sulfate.
Tests prove that the crop stem turning and returning or covering and returning is an effective yield increase measure, the yield is increased by more than 10 percent, but the crop stem resource in China becomes the bottleneck of next-season farming operation in busy farming season, and the yield is reduced in the next season due to improper operation. Therefore, how to realize straw returning and simplify straw returning is one of the key problems that must be solved at present.
Meanwhile, water for soil preparation and field soaking in rice production is also a bottleneck problem in crop production, a crawler-type combine harvester is generally used for harvesting in the first season in rice production in south China after the fields are sunned, and a plough layer is dehydrated and dried to bear the operation of the harvester. After the operation of the harvester is finished, the next crop is planted, the first procedure is irrigation and field soaking, 150 cubes are generally needed per mu, and the requirement is met in the shortest time to reduce the agricultural consumption, so that if a large area of early rice is planted simultaneously after rape is harvested and a large area of late rice is planted simultaneously after the early rice is harvested, sufficient water is difficult to provide in a short time, and partial rice fields are difficult to sow or transplant in time.
Water resources are one of the most precious resources, agricultural water conservation is the water conservation field with the greatest potential, and agricultural water in China accounts for 80% of the total water consumption in China, paddy field water accounts for 90% of the agricultural water, and if irrigation and no tillage can be realized in the operation of a rice and rice tanker, huge ecological benefits and social benefits can be generated.
The rice seeding area is 4.51 hundred million mu in 2018 years in China, the theoretical calculation of water for paddy steeping 678 hundred million cubic meters is the main body of water for rice production, the water for rice production is the main body of water for agricultural production, and the agricultural production is the main body of water resource consumption in China, so that the water for paddy steeping is saved and the water consumption in China is a big bureau.
Chinese patent CN200910272552.7 discloses a no-tillage seedling-throwing whole-course aerobic cultivation method for rice in a fixed compartment ditch, details the advantages of the no-tillage cultivation method in the background technology, is beneficial to improving the soil ventilation, reducing the greenhouse gas emission and the like, but the invention does not relate to the technologies of effective treatment of straws, water storage and fertilizer conservation, soil fertilization and the like, and the patent is used for seedling throwing and can not be used for direct seeding.
The following chinese patent CN201410013807 discloses a method for constructing straw soil layer by layer and using rice, and details the advantages of the construction of straw soil layer by layer in the background art: changing the soil plough layer structure to form a thin mud layer, a straw layer and a soil layer from top to bottom; is beneficial to deep fertilizer application and improvement of the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer; the water content of the compartment body soil is reduced, the soil ventilation is improved, and the utilization efficiency of natural rainfall is improved; realizes the no-tillage, no-baking straw and no-soaking field water for rice field production. The patent is that straws are paved on a bottom layer, ditch mud is paved on a middle layer, rice or rape seeds are scattered on an upper layer, and a protective layer is not arranged above the seeds, so that the plant can not be protected from sun, rain and wash and bird damage.
The following chinese patent CN201310498040 discloses a three-dimensional reinforced cultivation method for rice fixed compartment and furrow, and details the advantages of the method in the background art: the process comprises the steps of rice variety selection, soil preparation, fertilization, seedling raising, planting, watering, pest control and the like, wherein super rice varieties with strong tillering capability, disease resistance and large ear and high yield are selected, seedling raising is carried out by adopting a plastic plug seedling raising mode, a box is opened according to the width of a fixed box, the thickness of a cultivated layer is increased, seedlings are planted according to double triangles, roots are promoted by gas, tillering is promoted by roots, ears are increased, and large ears and large grains are realized. The patent is used for seedling throwing and can not be used for direct seeding. This patent is exclusively used in the direct seeding, and there is the straw of shredding as the protective layer above the seed moreover, sun-proof, rain-proof erodees, prevents the bird pest.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is as follows: in order to solve the problems of difficult straw treatment, large field soaking water consumption, environmental influence caused by herbicide application, long crop replacement, more weeds produced by direct seeding and easy lodging, the rice cultivation method based on rice oil three-cropping system is provided, early rice is sown while rape is reaped, late rice is sown while early rice is reaped, farming season is strived for, water, fertilizer, oil and labor are saved, harvested fresh straws are cut into pieces and are scattered on the stubble of the last crop just sown, and the purposes of water conservation, fertilizer conservation and yield increase are achieved.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a rice cultivation method based on rice oil triple cropping comprises the following steps:
s1, planting rape;
s2, before planting early season rice, no tillage, no herbicide application, no irrigation of field water, no rotary tillage, keeping the surface of the field dry, harvesting rape and crushing the harvested rape straws to obtain crushed rape straws, and leaving the stubble of the rape after harvesting; pressing down the remaining stubble of the rape, and directly sowing early rice seeds; after the remaining stubble of the rape rebounds, scattering the rape crushed straw and covering the rape crushed straw on the surface of the remaining stubble of the rape;
s3, before planting late rice, no ploughing, no herbicide application, no irrigation of field water, no rotary tillage, keeping the surface of the field dry, harvesting early rice and crushing the harvested early rice straw to obtain crushed early rice straw, and leaving the stubble of the early rice after harvesting; pressing down the remaining stubble of early rice, and directly sowing seeds of late rice; after the stubble of the early rice is rebounded, throwing the early rice crushed straw and covering the early rice crushed straw on the stubble surface of the early rice;
wherein, the seeds of early rice and late rice need to be soaked before direct seeding.
Sowing seeds of early rice and late rice, and covering rape and early rice straw respectively. During covering, the chopped straws are scattered through a roller device added at a straw outlet at the rear of the harvester, and then fall to cover the seeds in a loose, soft and transparent state, so that the hard, plate and solid states formed by the conventional straw covering method are avoided. The crop seeds sowed on the same day have a positive loose, soft and transparent straw state in the germination and emergence period, so that the sun is shaded to form a cool environment, and the air is ventilated to provide an oxygen-rich condition, thereby being beneficial to the germination and emergence of the seeds. And after 7-20 days, when the weed seeds germinate and emerge, the straw layer begins to agglomerate into a plate, so that the weed is not breathable, the growth of new leaves is hindered, and the growth of weeds is inhibited. By throwing the chopped straws, a bidirectional mechanism of soft covering crop seeds and plate-seed covering weed seeds is formed, and ecological regulation and control of promoting seedlings by grass and controlling grass by grass are realized.
The rice is planted by the rice tanker, and the rape harvesting and early rice sowing and the early rice harvesting and late rice sowing are completed on the same land at the same time, so that zero farming consumption is realized, and the land capability is not delayed. Form a bidirectional mechanism for fully utilizing warm and light water resources and inhibiting weed growth of crop groups on the overground part and the underground part of the crop, and realize ecological regulation and control of controlling the weeds by seedlings.
Preferably, the seed soaking of early rice and late rice seeds comprises the following steps: soaking seeds in one thousandth of strong chlorine essence or Junchongqing solution for 5-6 hours or carbendazim solution for 10-12 hours; washing with clear water, soaking 1 seed for 8-12h, soaking 1 seed for the next 8-12h, and rising and falling 3 times to break the chest.
Preferably, the oilseed rape planting in S1 comprises the steps of: after the late rice is harvested in the first year, the field blocks are arranged into compartment surfaces before the rape is transplanted or directly sown, the width of each compartment surface is 200-800 cm, compartment grooves are formed between every two adjacent compartments, the width of each compartment groove is 30-40 cm, the depth of each compartment groove is 45-60 cm, and the rape is planted on the compartment surfaces.
Preferably, the stubble height after rape harvesting is 25-35 cm, and the stubble height after early rice harvesting is 40-50 cm.
Preferably, when the rape is harvested, fertilizer is spread on the compartment surface for the early rice to grow, the applied fertilizer comprises nitrogen fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, the nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 50-70% of the total nitrogen content of the early rice, the potassium fertilizer accounts for 50-70% of the total potassium content of the early rice, and the phosphate fertilizer accounts for 100% of the total phosphorus content of the early rice, or the same amount of compound fertilizer is spread.
Preferably, the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, the potassium fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer is respectively as follows: the pure N of the nitrogen fertilizer is 120.0kg/hm2～150.0kg/hm2Potassium fertilizer K2O is 96.0kg/hm2～120.0kg/hm2Phosphate fertilizer P2O5Is 60.0kg/hm2～75.0kg/hm2. And (3) uniformly spreading fertilizer on the compartment surface by using a seeder added behind the harvester while harvesting the early rice for the late rice to grow. The total amount of the fertilizer is the same as or slightly lower than that of the early rice, and the fertilizer is operated as the early rice.
Preferably, the hard compartment surface is sunned before the early rice or the late rice is harvested, and a 15-30 cm water layer is reserved in the compartment ditch. And (3) rice field management: managing water and fertilizer and controlling plant diseases and insect pests according to a conventional mode, but not applying a herbicide and controlling weeds by means of duck group activities.
Preferably, the rice field management comprises the following steps:
rice topdressing: applying nitrogen fertilizer within 15-25 days after direct seeding according to seedling condition, wherein pure nitrogen is 75.0kg/hm2(ii) a 15-25% of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer and 45-55% of the total amount of potassium fertilizer applied according to the seedling condition at the young ear differentiation stage and ear stage of the rice;
water management: water conservation and water storage are mainly used for water management before the young ear differentiation stage and the milk stage in the young ear differentiation stage, and water drainage is mainly used after the young ear differentiation stage and the milk stage in the young ear differentiation stage;
disease, insect and grass control: the prevention and control of diseases, insects and weeds mainly take biological prevention and control as well as physical prevention and control and chemical prevention and control as assistance.
Preferably, the biological control comprises the following specific steps: no herbicide is applied, 100-40 days old ducks are placed in each hectare in the growth period of the rice, and the symbiotic weed control of the rice and the ducks is utilized. Weed suppression in crop populations; the straw covers and controls weeds, forms a foundation without applying herbicide, and improves the quality of crops and soil.
Preferably, directly sowing rape after harvesting the late rice, directly sowing early rice while harvesting the rape, sowing the late rice while harvesting the early rice, and circulating according to the program: harvesting late rice → direct seeding rape → harvesting early rice while direct seeding rape → harvesting late rice → direct seeding rape … …
The rice oil three-cropping system has very high comprehensive benefits, but seasons are short, straws are difficult to treat before rice sowing, field soaking water supply is short, and no covering is left after seed direct sowing, which is four bottlenecks of large-area production; the straw is cut up in a straw cutting mode of the harvester, and is further scattered through a roller device added at a straw outlet at the rear of the rice harvester, and then falls down to cover the seeds, so that no tillage is realized, the seeds can be covered, and the paddy field water is not soaked; the rice stubble compartment surface is used as the base mat in time, so that zero agricultural consumption of late rice harvesting and rape sowing is realized, and the time for processing straws is saved; the compartment surface of the previous stubble is used as the next stubble sowing compartment surface, so that the time for watering and field soaking is saved, and the time for land preparation is also saved; the compartment ditches and the compartment surfaces are arranged alternately, so that drainage and draining in rape seasons are facilitated, and effective management of water resources is realized. The planting system of the rice oil triple-cropping direct seeding cultivation has high multiple cropping index and serious land fertility loss, and returning the whole amount of the fresh rice straws to the field in a mode of cutting by a harvester and throwing the straws on the spot plays an important role in reducing haze, improving the water retention capacity of soil and fertilizing land fertility.
The technical principle of the invention is as follows: the invention seeds early rice and spreads the base fertilizer while harvesting rape, seeds late rice and spreads the base fertilizer while harvesting early rice, and utilizes the harvester to shred the straws, and then spreads and covers the shredded straws through the roller added at the straw outlet of the harvester, so that the shredded straws fall down gently to cover the seeds, a three-dimensional compartment surface of a straw layer, a seed chemical fertilizer layer and a soil layer is formed from top to bottom, the structure of the soil plough layer is changed, and the covering after the base fertilizer is applied is also realized; the ditch accumulates natural precipitation and the broad-width efficient drainage, improves the water utilization efficiency and the soil air permeability, realizes the effective coupling of organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer and water resource, and achieves the purposes of water retention, fertilizer retention and yield increase. The technology of the invention can realize four-freedom and four-freedom in the rotation cropping link of rape and early rice as well as early rice and late rice: no-tillage, no-straw burning, no-herbicide application, no-bubble field water; and fourthly: firstly, the straw treatment is facilitated, the straw is cut up and thrown on the seeds, and the full returning is realized; the weeds are prevented and controlled, the weeds growing simultaneously with the crops die due to canopy shading in the later growth stage of the crops, and the weeds do not grow in the next season, so that shading and grass control are realized; the germination and growth of weed seeds in the next season are inhibited after the straw is covered, so that the straw control is realized; the rice seeds are sown on the soil surface and emerge earlier and grow faster than weed seeds under a topsoil layer, and occupy the dominant area of the underground part of the overground part, so that the root control of seedlings is realized; the soil production performance is improved, and due to no tillage, after the soil is persisted for many years, crop straws can accumulate and precipitate on the soil surface to form a humus layer, so that the soil conditioner is beneficial to water retention, fertilizer retention and soil conservation and is also beneficial to crop growth; the rice seeds germinate and grow in the same time, and the rotation stubble is covered by the straws in the april and the October at high and low temperatures in the daytime, and the compartment surface is moist and the conditions of temperature, light and air are very coupled, so that the rice seeds are the optimal germination conditions. The method has the advantages that the method directly broadcasts early rice seeds while harvesting rapes and directly broadcasts late rice seeds while harvesting early rice, the seeds are immediately covered after direct sowing, the emergence is fast, the emergence is complete, and the ecological benefit is obvious: the technology can realize direct seeding of early rice and late rice while harvesting the early rice, early seeding, reduced energy consumption, haze, no need of a stubble cleaner and no need of field soaking water. Specifically, the stereo compartment: form the three-dimensional railway carriage or compartment of straw layer, seed chemical fertilizer layer, soil horizon from top to bottom, three-dimensional railway carriage or compartment has the following function:
the residual roots in the third soil layer are pressed by the upper two layers to form a sponge-like water retention layer;
the second is oxygen enrichment function, the sponge body formed by the straw of the first layer of straw layer can store air for the rice root to breathe and metabolize;
thirdly, the fertilizer is preserved, the fertilizer in the second layer is dissolved and then absorbed and accumulated by the residual roots in the soil layer, the upper straw layer is covered to avoid volatilization, and the lower layer is provided with an undamaged plough bottom layer liner to delay infiltration;
and fourthly, the straw cleaning function is realized, mechanical rotary tillage or plowing operation is difficult after the whole amount of straws are returned to the field, so that farmers burn the straws to remove obstacles.
The compartment ditch structure specifically is: the first layer is the lowest layer and is the mud at the bottom of the ditch, and the second layer is a water layer which is 1-60 cm above the first layer; the compartment ditch functions are as follows: the drainage function is to drain the excessive water seeping into the ditch from the side of the plough layer; the second is the oxygen supply function, which forms an air convection channel with the plough layer under the compartment surface to supply oxygen for the crop root group; thirdly, covering materials are provided for the straws, and since the compartment ditch is permanently reserved, the mud and water in the ditch are swirled to the compartment surface by a ditcher and the mud and water are spread to press the straws when the oil rice and rice crop rotation starts in the second year; fourthly, the cultivation function is realized, loaches, grass carps, frogs and snails can be cultivated in the ditches to form cultivation space.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1) the soil plough layer structure is changed, and a straw layer, a seed fertilizer layer and a soil layer are formed from top to bottom;
2) the full amount of crop straws is returned to the field at one time, and the straws are converted into a covering material, so that the seeds and the chemical fertilizer are covered, and the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer is improved;
3) the good mechanical passing capacity of the wide compartment surface and the good irrigation and drainage capacity of the deep groove are utilized, so that on one hand, the mechanized operation is facilitated, on the other hand, the water content of the compartment body soil is reduced, the soil ventilation is improved, and the utilization efficiency of natural rainfall is improved;
4) the rotation link realizes four-free and four-free: no-tillage, no-baking crop straws, no-application of herbicide and no-soaking of field water; and fourthly: firstly, the straw treatment is facilitated, the straw is cut up and thrown on the seeds, and the full returning is realized; the weeds are prevented and controlled, the weeds growing simultaneously with the crops die due to canopy shading in the later growth stage of the crops, and the weeds do not grow in the next season, so that shading and grass control are realized; the germination and growth of weed seeds in the next season are inhibited after the straw is covered, so that the straw control is realized; the rice seeds are sown on the soil surface and emerge earlier and grow faster than weed seeds under a topsoil layer, and occupy the dominant area of the underground part of the overground part, so that the root control of seedlings is realized; the soil production performance is improved, and due to no tillage, after the soil is persisted for many years, crop straws can accumulate and precipitate on the soil surface to form a humus layer, so that the soil conditioner is beneficial to water retention, fertilizer retention and soil conservation and is also beneficial to crop growth; the seeds of the crops germinate and grow in October, the rotation stubble is in October in April, the temperature is high in the daytime and low in the night, the rotation stubble is covered by the straws, the compartment surface is moist, and the conditions of temperature, light and air are very coupled, so that the rotation stubble is the optimal germination condition. Immediately and directly seeding early rice seeds and late rice seeds while harvesting early rice while harvesting rape, immediately covering after directly seeding the seeds, and having early seedling emergence and even seedling emergence, and obvious ecological benefit: seeding ahead of time, reducing operation energy consumption, reducing haze, avoiding using a stubble cleaning agent and avoiding using field soaking water.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure:
1-a harvester body; 2-pressing stubble shafts; 3-direct seeding machine; 4-a roller device; 5-a pulley arrangement; 6-a supporting plate; 7-sown seeds and fertilizers; 8-throwing the crushed straws of the previous crop; 9-crushed straw of the previous crop falling and covering the seeds.
Detailed description of the preferred embodiments
In order to better understand the technical solution, the technical solution will be described in detail with reference to the drawings and the specific embodiments.
Examples
As shown in figure 1, the seed direct-seeding harvester can be operated by adopting an improved seed direct-seeding harvester, the seed direct-seeding harvester comprises a harvester body 1, the harvester body 1 comprises a grain lifting device, a harvesting device, a threshing device, a grass crushing device, a walking device, an electric appliance and a cab, and a stubble pressing shaft 2, a direct-seeding machine 3, a rolling shaft device 4, a pulley device 5 and a supporting plate 6 are additionally arranged on the harvester body 1. The stubble pressing shaft 2 adopts a common roller, the stubble pressing shaft 2 is fixed at the rear part of the harvester body 1, and the height of the lowest point of the stubble pressing shaft 2 from the ground is 8-15cm, so that the stubble pressing shaft is used for pressing down the remained stubble of the previous crop. Pulley gear 5 includes pulley and rope, and 1 rear of harvester body is fixed with layer board 6, is fixed with the reinforcing bar on the layer board 6, and the pulley rotates to be installed on the reinforcing bar, and the pulley is walked around to the rope, and a expansion end and the direct seeding machine 3 of rope are connected, make direct seeding machine 3 hang on the rope, and the opening is sowed downwards. The other movable end of the rope is connected with a length adjusting mechanism, the length adjusting mechanism selects a pedal, and the pedal is fixed after the height of the direct seeding machine is adjusted by stepping down the pedal. The horizontal distance between the stubble pressing shaft 2 and the direct seeding machine 3 is smaller than the height of the harvesting device, so that the direct seeding machine 3 can immediately sow when the stubble pressing shaft 2 presses down the remained stubbles of the crops in the previous season. The roller device 4 is a metal shaft with long metal teeth on the outer surface and is arranged at the outlet of the grass chopping device. The roller device 4 disperses the crushed straws of the previous season in the rolling process, and the crushed straws of the previous season are thrown out to cover the stubble surface of the previous season crops. In fig. 1, 7 denotes seeds and fertilizer sown by the direct seeder 3, 8 denotes crushed stalks of the crop of the previous season that are thrown out, and 9 denotes crushed stalks of the crop of the previous season that fall and cover the seeds. The arrow in the figure is the advancing direction of the harvester, and the back of the seed direct seeding harvester is opposite to the advancing direction of the harvester.
A rice cultivation method based on rice oil triple cropping comprises the following steps:
1) excavating a compartment ditch in rape season: after late rice is harvested in the first year, before rape is transplanted or direct seeding, field blocks are arranged into compartment surfaces, and the width of each compartment surface is 200-800 cm; a compartment ditch is formed between two adjacent compartments, the width of the compartment ditch is 30-40 cm, and the depth of the compartment ditch is 45-60 cm; planting rape on the compartment surface;
2) directly sowing early rice while harvesting the rapes: before planting early rice in the next year, no ploughing, no herbicide application, no irrigation of field water and no rotary tillage are performed, the field surface is kept dry, and two wheel type semi-automatic seed sowing machines added behind a rape harvester are used for sowing early rice seeds and applying base fertilizer while rape is harvested. The two seeders are connected and fixed on a rope of a pulley device in the harvester, and the lifting of the two seeders is realized by stepping on a pedal. The rape stubble is pressed down by a stubble pressing shaft which is added at the rear of the harvester and in front of the seeder, is about 10 cm away from the ground and has the weight of about 30 kg, so that the seeder can work conveniently, the seeding and the fertilization are completed in the moment that the rape stubble is pressed down, the pressed rape stubble rebounds without influence after the seeder works, the rape crushed straws are immediately covered after the seeding, and the crushed rape straws are scattered through a roller device added at the rear straw outlet of the rape harvester during the covering and fall down to cover the seeds, thereby realizing the real no-tillage.
3) And (3) directly sowing late rice while harvesting early rice: before the late rice is planted in the next year, no tillage, no herbicide, no irrigation and water soaking, no rotary tillage and dry field surface are required, and two wheel type semi-automatic seed sowing machines added behind a rice harvester are used for sowing late rice seeds and applying base fertilizer while early rice is harvested. The two seeders are connected and fixed on a rope of a pulley device in the harvester, and the lifting of the two seeders is realized by stepping on a pedal. The early rice stubble is pressed down by a stubble pressing shaft which is added at the rear of the harvester and in front of the seeder, is about 10 cm away from the ground and has the weight of about 30 kg so as to be beneficial to the operation of the seeder, the seeding and the fertilization are completed at the moment when the early rice stubble is pressed down, the rebounding of the pressed down early rice stubble after the seeder works has no influence, the broken early rice straw is immediately covered after the seeding, and the broken early rice straw is thrown up by a roller device added at a straw outlet at the rear of the rice harvester during the covering and then falls down to cover the seed, thereby realizing the real no-tillage.
4) Grass crushing of a harvester: a rape harvester is adopted to harvest rape, the grass crushing mode of the harvester is started, and the stubble height after the rape is harvested is controlled to be about 30 cm; the rice harvester is adopted to harvest early rice, the grass chopping mode of the harvester is started, and the stubble height after harvesting the rice is controlled to be about 45 cm.
5) Grass throwing and seed covering: rape straws are covered after the early rice is sowed, and early rice straws are covered after the late rice is sowed. During covering, the chopped straws are scattered through a roller device added at a straw outlet at the rear of the harvester and then slightly fall down to cover the seeds, so that the straws are covered on the seeds in a loose, soft and transparent state, and the hard, plate and solid states formed by the conventional straw covering method are avoided. The rice seeds sowed on the same day have loose, soft and transparent straw in the germination stage, so that the sun is shaded to form a cool environment, and the air is ventilated to provide an oxygen-rich condition, thereby being beneficial to the germination and seedling emergence of the seeds. And after 7-20 days, when the weed seeds germinate and emerge, the straw layer begins to agglomerate into a plate, so that the weed is not breathable, the growth of new leaves is hindered, and the growth of weeds is inhibited. By throwing the chopped straws, a bidirectional mechanism of covering the rice seeds in a soft manner and covering the weed seeds with the flat seeds is formed, so that the ecological regulation and control of promoting the seedlings by the grass and controlling the grass by the grass are realized.
6) And (3) harvesting seeds: meanwhile, the rape and late rice are harvested on the same land, so that zero farming consumption is realized, the land capability is not delayed, and the farming time is not violated. Form a bidirectional mechanism for fully utilizing warm and light water resources and inhibiting weed growth of crop groups on the overground part and the underground part of the crop, and realize ecological regulation and control of controlling the weeds by seedlings.
7) Controlling grass by ducks: 150 ducks of 30 days old are placed in each hectare in the growth period of rice without applying herbicide, and symbiotic weed control of the rice and the ducks is utilized; weed suppression in crop populations; the straw covers and controls weeds, forms a foundation without applying herbicide, and improves the quality of crops and soil.
8) Directly sowing rape after harvesting late rice.
9) Directly sowing early rice while harvesting the rapes: after the rape is harvested, no tillage and no irrigation are carried out, the field surface is kept dry, the rape is harvested, simultaneously two additional seeders are utilized for sowing early season rice and applying base fertilizer, meanwhile, a harvester is utilized for cutting up rape straws, and then the cut straws are scattered and covered by a rolling shaft added at a straw outlet of the harvester;
10) harvesting early rice and simultaneously direct seeding late rice: after harvesting early rice, no tillage and no irrigation are carried out, the field surface is kept dry, the early rice is harvested, simultaneously two additional seeders are used for seeding late rice and applying base fertilizer, the early rice straw is cut by a harvester, and then the cut straw is thrown and covered by a rolling shaft added at the straw outlet of the harvester;
11) and (3) rice field management: managing water and fertilizer and controlling plant diseases and insect pests according to a conventional mode, but not applying herbicide, drying the hard compartment surface before harvesting rice, mainly irrigating in a ditch, and reserving a 10-40 cm water layer in the compartment ditch;
preferably, a rape harvester is adopted to harvest rape, the field surface is kept dry, a grass chopping mode of the rape harvester is started, the stubble height after the rape harvesting is controlled to be about 30cm, two wheel type semi-automatic strip direct seeding machines added behind the rape harvester are used for respectively loading early rice seeds and compound fertilizers while the rape is harvested, so that the integration of direct seeding of the rape and base fertilizer spreading is realized, a stubble pressing shaft which is added behind the harvester, in front of the seeder and is about 10 cm away from the ground and has the weight of about 30 kg is used for pressing down the rape stubbles to be beneficial to the operation of the seeder before seeding, seeding and fertilizing are finished in the moment of pressing down the rape stubbles, the pressed down rape stubbles are rebounded without influence after the seeder is operated, the rape straws are immediately covered, when the rape straws are covered, the chopped rape straws are scattered through a roller device added at the straw outlet at the rear of, thereby realizing real no-tillage.
Harvesting early rice by a rice harvester, keeping the surface of the field dry, starting a grass crushing mode of the rice harvester, controlling the stubble height after harvesting the early rice to be about 45 cm, the method is characterized in that two wheel type semi-automatic strip direct seeding machines added behind a rice harvester are used for respectively loading late rice seeds and compound fertilizers during harvesting of early rice, late rice direct seeding and base fertilizer spreading are integrated, stubble pressing shafts which are added behind the harvester, in front of the seeder, 10 cm away from the ground and about 30 kg in weight are used for pressing down early rice stubbles before seeding, the seeding and the fertilizing are completed at the moment when the early rice stubbles are pressed down, the early rice stubbles pressed down after the seeding are rebounded without influence, early rice broken straws are immediately covered after seeding, and the cut early rice straws are scattered through a roller device added at a straw outlet at the rear of the rice harvester during covering and then fall down to cover the seeds, so that real no-tillage is realized.
When the base fertilizer is applied, 50 percent of the total amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer, 60 percent of the total amount of the potash fertilizer and all the phosphate fertilizers are uniformly applied in a scattering way, or the same amount of compound fertilizers are applied in a scattering way; the total amount of the three fertilizers of the rice is respectively as follows: the pure N of the nitrogen fertilizer is 144.0kg/hm2～180.0kg/hm2Potassium fertilizer K2O is 115.0kg/hm2～144.0kg/hm2Phosphate fertilizer P2O5Is 72.0kg/hm2～90kg/hm2. No herbicide was applied.
The rice field management comprises the following steps:
(a) rice topdressing: applying 30% of the total amount of the rice nitrogen fertilizer within 10-20 days after emergence of seedlings according to the seedling conditions; 20% of the total amount of the nitrogenous fertilizer and 40% of the total amount of the potash fertilizer are applied to the rice according to the condition of the seedling in the young ear differentiation period of the rice;
(b) water management: the water management is mainly ditch irrigation, water does not go on the carriage surface, the depth of the water in the ditch is 1-3 cm shallowest, the water in the ditch does not go on the carriage surface deepest and is 1-3 cm away from the carriage surface. The ditch irrigation is mainly performed, the rain accumulated in the compartment ditch is mainly performed, and the appropriate supplement irrigation is performed; the whole process of water management mainly comprises water retention and water storage; draining water mainly after the milk stage;
(c) disease, insect and grass control: the prevention and control of diseases, insects and weeds mainly takes biological prevention and control of duck breeding in rice fields, fish breeding in rice fields and the like, and physical prevention and control and chemical prevention and control are auxiliary. No herbicide was applied.
Example 1
A rice cultivation method based on rice oil triple cropping comprises the following steps:
(1) excavating a compartment ditch in rape season: after late rice is harvested in the first year, before rape is transplanted or direct seeding, field blocks are arranged into compartment surfaces, and the width of each compartment surface is 200-800 cm; a compartment ditch is formed between two adjacent compartments, the width of the compartment ditch is 30-40 cm, and the depth of the compartment ditch is 45-60 cm; planting rape on the compartment surface;
(2) directly sowing early rice while harvesting the rapes: before planting early season rice in the next year, no tillage, no herbicide application, no irrigation of field water and no rotary tillage are performed, the field surface is kept dry, a grass chopping mode of a rape harvester is started, the stubble height after the rape is harvested is controlled to be about 30cm, and during harvesting of the rape, two wheel type semi-automatic seed sowing machines added behind the rape harvester are used for sowing early season rice seeds and applying base fertilizer. The two seeders are connected and fixed on a rope of a pulley device in the harvester, and the lifting of the two seeders is realized by stepping on a pedal. The rape stubble is pressed down by a stubble pressing shaft which is added at the rear of the harvester and in front of the seeder, is about 10 cm away from the ground and has the weight of about 30 kg, so that the seeder can work conveniently, the seeding and the fertilization are completed in the moment that the rape stubble is pressed down, the pressed rape stubble rebounds without influence after the seeder works, the rape crushed straws are immediately covered after the seeding, and the crushed rape straws are scattered through a roller device added at the rear straw outlet of the rape harvester during the covering and fall down to cover the seeds, thereby realizing the real no-tillage.
(3) And (3) directly sowing late rice while harvesting early rice: before the late rice is planted in the next year, no tillage, no herbicide application, no irrigation of field water and no rotary tillage are performed, the field surface is kept dry, a grass chopping mode of a rice harvester is started, the stubble height after harvesting of the early rice is controlled to be about 45 cm, and two wheel type semi-automatic row seeding machines added behind the rice harvester are used for seeding late rice seeds and applying base fertilizer while harvesting the early rice. The two seeders are connected and fixed on a rope of a pulley device in the harvester, and the lifting of the two seeders is realized by stepping on a pedal. The early rice stubble is pressed down by a stubble pressing shaft which is added at the rear of the harvester and in front of the seeder, is about 10 cm away from the ground and has the weight of about 30 kg so as to be beneficial to the operation of the seeder, the seeding and the fertilization are completed at the moment when the early rice stubble is pressed down, the rebounding of the pressed down early rice stubble after the seeder works has no influence, the broken early rice straw is immediately covered after the seeding, and the broken early rice straw is thrown up by a roller device added at a straw outlet at the rear of the rice harvester during the covering and then falls down to cover the seed, thereby realizing the real no-tillage.
(4) The rice planting method comprises the following steps:
1) sunning, namely selecting sunny days, sunning for 1-2 suns, and preventing the embryo from being burnt by overhigh temperature in high-temperature weather; when the seeds are sunned, the seeds are thinly spread and frequently turned over, so that the seeds are prevented from being damaged and the varieties are prevented from being mixed;
2) soaking seeds for accelerating germination, namely soaking the seeds for 5 to 6 hours by using one thousandth of strong chlorine essence or junior bug clear solution or soaking the seeds for 10 to 12 hours by using carbendazim solution; after soaking, washing the seeds by clear water, adopting a method of soaking night dew in daytime and three times, and changing water on the basis of less soaking and more dew service, wherein 1 seed is soaked for 8-12h and 1 seed is soaked for 8-12h, and the seeds can be directly sown after rising and falling for 2-3 times; the hybrid rice variety is soaked in water;
3) and (4) live broadcast: directly seeding the rice seeds with broken breasts.
4) Field management: a, topdressing: 30% of the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer can be applied within 10-30 days after direct seeding according to the seedling condition; the differentiation period of young ears of rice, the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied by ear fertilizer according to the condition of seedling and the total amount of potassium fertilizer are 10 percent and 40 percent respectively. b, water pipe: the water management is mainly performed by the rainfall accumulated in the compartment ditch, and is supplemented appropriately. The whole process of water management mainly comprises water retention and water storage, and the water drainage is mainly performed in the young ear differentiation stage and after the milk stage of the young ear differentiation stage. c, controlling diseases, insects and grass: the prevention and control of diseases, insects and weeds are mainly biological prevention and control, the ducks are bred to pass through the inter-row space to inhibit harmful organisms, the van ditches become fast passages of the ducks, the operation efficiency is improved, and the ducks are irrigated into deep water when moving to prevent the ducks from attacking loaches, grass carps and the like; physical control and medicament control are assisted, and safe pesticide is applied when harmful organisms are outbreak. But the herbicide is not applied in the whole production process.
5) Harvesting: harvesting by a rice harvester after the rice is ripe.
The foregoing examples are set forth to illustrate the present invention more clearly and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims to which the invention pertains, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, after reading the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A rice cultivation method based on rice oil triple cropping is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, planting rape;
s2, before planting early season rice, no tillage, no herbicide application, no irrigation of field water, no rotary tillage, keeping the surface of the field dry, harvesting rape and crushing the harvested rape straws to obtain crushed rape straws, and leaving the stubble of the rape after harvesting; pressing down the remaining stubble of the rape, and directly sowing early rice seeds; after the remaining stubble of the rape rebounds, scattering the rape crushed straw and covering the rape crushed straw on the surface of the remaining stubble of the rape;
s3, before planting late rice, no ploughing, no herbicide application, no irrigation of field water, no rotary tillage, keeping the surface of the field dry, harvesting early rice and crushing the harvested early rice straw to obtain crushed early rice straw, and leaving the stubble of the early rice after harvesting; pressing down the remaining stubble of early rice, and directly sowing seeds of late rice; after the stubble of the early rice is rebounded, throwing the early rice crushed straw and covering the early rice crushed straw on the stubble surface of the early rice;
wherein, the seeds of early rice and late rice need to be soaked before direct seeding.
2. The method of rice cultivation as claimed in claim 1, wherein the seed soaking of early rice and late rice seeds comprises the steps of: soaking seeds in one thousandth of strong chlorine essence or Junchongqing solution for 5-6 hours or carbendazim solution for 10-12 hours; washing with clear water, soaking 1 seed for 8-12h, soaking 1 seed for the next 8-12h, and rising and falling 3 times to break the chest.
3. The method of cultivating rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein the planting of the chinese cabbage in S1 comprises the steps of: after the late rice is harvested in the first year, the field blocks are arranged into compartment surfaces before the rape is transplanted or directly sown, the width of each compartment surface is 200-800 cm, compartment grooves are formed between every two adjacent compartments, the width of each compartment groove is 30-40 cm, the depth of each compartment groove is 45-60 cm, and the rape is planted on the compartment surfaces.
4. The rice cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the stubble height after rape harvesting is 25-35 cm, and the stubble height after early rice harvesting is 40-50 cm.
5. The rice cultivation method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the harvesting of rape is performed while spreading fertilizer on the surface of the compartment for the growth of the early rice, the applied fertilizer comprises nitrogen fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, the nitrogen fertilizer accounts for 50-70% of the total nitrogen content of the early rice, the potassium fertilizer accounts for 50-70% of the total potassium content of the early rice, and the phosphate fertilizer accounts for 100% of the total phosphorus content of the early rice, or the same amount of compound fertilizer is spread.
6. The method for cultivating rice as claimed in claim 5, wherein the total amount of the nitrogen fertilizer, the potassium fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer is respectively: the pure N of the nitrogen fertilizer is 120.0kg/hm2～150.0kg/hm2Potassium fertilizer K2O is 96.0kg/hm2～120.0kg/hm2Phosphate fertilizer P2O5Is 60.0kg/hm2～75.0kg/hm2。
7. The rice cultivation method as claimed in claim 3, wherein the hard compartment surface is exposed before harvesting of the early rice or late rice, and a 15-30 cm water layer is reserved in the compartment ditch.
8. The rice cultivation method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the rice field management comprises the steps of:
rice topdressing: applying nitrogen fertilizer within 15-25 days after direct seeding according to seedling condition, wherein pure nitrogen is 75.0kg/hm2(ii) a 15-25% of the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer and 45-55% of the total amount of potassium fertilizer applied according to the seedling condition at the young ear differentiation stage and ear stage of the rice;
water management: water conservation and water storage are mainly used for water management before the young ear differentiation stage and the milk stage in the young ear differentiation stage, and water drainage is mainly used after the young ear differentiation stage and the milk stage in the young ear differentiation stage;
disease, insect and grass control: the prevention and control of diseases, insects and weeds mainly take biological prevention and control as well as physical prevention and control and chemical prevention and control as assistance.
9. The method for cultivating rice as claimed in claim 8, wherein the biological control comprises the following steps: no herbicide is applied, 100-40 days old ducks are placed in each hectare in the growth period of the rice, and the symbiotic weed control of the rice and the ducks is utilized.
10. The method of cultivating rice as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the procedure is repeated after the late rice is harvested and the rape is directly sown, the early rice is directly sown while the rape is harvested, and the late rice is sown while the early rice is harvested.
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