CN111201940A - Flower and plant combination for promoting growth, pest control and yield promotion in apple orchard and application - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a flower and plant combination for promoting growth, pest control and yield in an apple orchard and application thereof. The flower and grass combination of the invention covers 10 plants of 13 families, the growth is luxuriant and rich, the flowering phase is staggered, and the management and the protection are simple. The flower and grass combination is used for constructing an artificial plant buffer zone in an apple orchard, can inhibit the growth of weeds in the orchard, reconstructs a microminiature animal habitat and breeding land in the apple orchard, increases the species and the individual number of animal species, and the dense vegetation is beneficial to the survival of predatory natural enemies. The intensive apple orchard constructing the artificial plant buffer zone can not apply herbicide and insecticide, support the green, efficient and sustainable development of the apple planting industry, ensure the quality of fresh apples and processed products, and beautify the landscape of the apple orchard.

Description

Flower and plant combination for promoting growth, pest control and yield promotion in apple orchard and application

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of farmland ecological enhancement, and relates to a flower and grass combination for increasing, controlling pests and promoting yield in an apple orchard and application thereof.

Background

The apple is the most important fruit in the world and is widely cultivated in many countries and regions, China is the first major country of apple production, and the major provinces include Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Gansu, Xinjiang and the like. The main pests on the apple comprise red spider mites, apple aphids, apple borers and the like, and nymphs suck leaf juice and tender tissue juice or larvae to eat fruit pulp, so that the apple tree grows badly, the yield is reduced, and the fruit quality is deteriorated. The method lacks of insect-resistant varieties, and the agricultural measures for preventing and controlling apple pests are time-consuming and labor-consuming. Chemical control is a main insect prevention means for intensive apple orchards, but serious negative problems of polluting water and soil environments and fruits, killing natural enemies, inducing drug resistance of pests and the like remind people to adopt chemical control carefully. The artificial breeding and releasing of the natural enemies have positive effects on controlling pests in apple orchards, but the habitat and the breeding place of intensive orchard animals are seriously damaged, and the released natural enemies are difficult to colonize and continue to die quickly. A large number of natural enemies exist in the nature, wherein the natural enemies such as spiders, lacewing flies, ladybugs, predatory mites, parasitoid flies, parasitic bees and the like have the effect of inhibiting and killing eggs, larvae and nymphs of apple pests, and the natural enemies and pest populations achieve ecological balance to prevent the pests from outbreak and causing disasters. Because the production function is over emphasized, the intensive apple orchard is single in planting variety, the growth period of fruit trees is long, clear ploughing is adopted in the orchard area, so-called weeds are almost completely removed, a small number of orchards cover single gramineous or leguminous forage grass among fruit tree rows to keep water and inhibit grass at present, but the living and breeding environments of natural enemies and pollination insects are continuously deteriorated and even lost, the variety and the number of the natural enemies are reduced, the natural joint control effect of natural enemy groups on pests is damaged, the pollination insects are reduced, and the quality of apples is influenced due to low natural pollination rate.

Biodiversity is the material basis for sustainable development of agriculture and forestry industry and ecological environment, and is the core factor for maintaining the balance of agriculture and forestry ecosystem. Due to the variety of the domesticated animals, especially the natural enemies, the plant buffer zone (such as hedgerow, wild grass zone, wild flower zone, etc.) of the non-agricultural environment is regarded as one of the important ecological facilities of the agricultural ecological system, and the comprehensive ecological functions of increasing beneficial insects, controlling pests and reducing chemical drugs are proved in the farmland. The natural plant buffer zone is a result of long-term succession of natural vegetation, germplasm resources of a large number of organisms are maintained all the time, most of the natural plant buffer zone in the current agriculture and forestry system is damaged, the animal conservation capability is suddenly reduced, and residual vegetation is also mixed with a large number of malignant weeds to become crop pests over-wintering/summer hosts, so that the function of serving the production of agriculture and forestry crops is basically lost. The method has the advantages that the diversity conservation capacity of animals is enhanced, natural enemy groups are maintained in a targeted mode to control main pests of agricultural and forestry crops, and the elaborately designed and reconstructed plant buffer zone is a feasible way for achieving the multiple purposes, so that the green, efficient and sustainable development of intensive agriculture and forestry is supported. The plant species and the plant proportion are the key to the success of the design and reconstruction of the plant buffer zone, and a specific crop system needs to be researched, developed and applied according to local conditions. According to the invention, functional plants are scientifically screened and reasonably matched according to the production requirements and the planting environment of the apple orchard, the composite ecological function of plant combination is exerted, and the structure optimization and the function enhancement of the apple orchard ecological system are realized.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a flower and plant combination for increasing gain, controlling pests and promoting production in an apple orchard, so as to fill up the technical blank in constructing an artificial plant buffer zone in an intensive apple orchard.

The invention also aims to provide application of the flower and grass combination in construction of artificial plant buffer zones in intensive apple orchards.

The above purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:

a flower and plant combination for promoting growth, harm and production of an apple orchard comprises, by mass, 30-50% of grassy herbs, 15-25% of leguminous herbs, 5-15% of compositae herbs, 2-6% of labiatae herbs, 2-6% of rosaceous herbs, 2-6% of solanaceae herbs, 2-6% of violaceae herbs, 3-7% of umbelliferae herbs, 2-6% of cruciferous herbs and 3-7% of polygonaceae herbs.

Preferably, the gramineae plants are perennial cogongrass and green bristlegrass, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 30% and 10% respectively.

Preferably, the leguminous plant is perennial red clover and donkey grass, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 12% and 8% respectively.

Preferably, the compositae plant species are perennial autumn herb and annual herba ixeris denticulatae, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 5% and 5%, respectively.

Preferably, the labiatae plant is perennial horehound, and the seed mass ratio is 4%.

Preferably, the rosaceous plant is perennial mock strawberry, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 4%.

Preferably, the solanaceae plant species is perennial petunia, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 4%.

Preferably, the Violaceae plant is perennial viola yedoensis, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 4%.

Preferably, the Umbelliferae plant is coriander of two-year-old species, and the seed mass ratio is 5%.

Preferably, the cruciferous plant is orychophragmus violaceus which is grown for two years, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 4%.

Preferably, the kind of the plant in the family of Polygonaceae is annual sweet buckwheat, and the mass percentage of the seeds is 5%.

The application of the flower and grass combination in the construction of the apple orchard artificial plant buffer zone comprises the following steps:

1) leveling, namely plowing and raking banded lands among rows of the apple trees for later use;

2) sowing, wherein the grass seeds of the two-year and perennial plants are sown in autumn, and the annual plants are sown in spring;

3) maintaining, performing irregular weeding according to normal fertilizer and water management of the apple orchard, ensuring that various sowed plants in the plant buffer zone grow well, and cutting the plant buffer zone in winter.

Preferably, the margin of the belt-shaped land left in the step 1) is 30cm away from the base of the apple tree stem when the land is prepared.

Preferably, in the step 2), when sowing, the two-year and multi-year plant grass seeds are uniformly mixed and then sown by shaking the sowing machine with hands, the weight of the sown grass seeds per square meter is 10g, the reserved grass land is sown in a segmented manner, the grass seeds required by each segment are independently weighed, each segment is uniformly sown twice, the soil covering is 1cm after sowing, and the soil is compacted by a rolling machine; uniformly mixing annual plant grass seeds, then drilling, wherein the row spacing is 25cm, the ditching depth is 2cm, and covering soil and treading tightly after sowing.

Preferably, during maintenance in the step 3), the soil is fully wetted within 3-4 weeks after sowing, and water is manually supplemented by about 1cm per week under the drought condition; once malignant weeds (such as dodder, humulus scandens, bermuda grass, etc.) can be identified, they are removed manually or mechanically; plant residues cut in the winter are covered on the plant buffer belt so as to be decomposed in winter and spring.

The invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:

the flower and grass combination of the invention covers 10 plants of 13 families, the growth is luxuriant and rich, the flowering phase is staggered, and the management and the protection are simple. The flower and grass combination is used for constructing an artificial plant buffer zone in an apple orchard, can inhibit the growth of weeds in the orchard, reconstructs a microminiature animal habitat and breeding land in the apple orchard, increases the species and the individual number of animal species, and the dense vegetation is beneficial to the survival of predatory natural enemies. The intensive apple orchard constructing the artificial plant buffer zone can not apply herbicide and insecticide, support the green, efficient and sustainable development of the apple planting industry, ensure the quality of fresh apples and processed products, and beautify the landscape of the apple orchard.

Detailed Description

For better understanding of the essence of the invention, the technical contents of the invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but the contents of the invention are not limited thereto and thus should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.

Example 1: preferred combinations of flowers and plants

The preferable flower and grass combination plant species comprise the following components in percentage by mass: 30% of common fescue of Gramineae, 10% of green bristlegrass, 12% of red clover of Leguminosae, 8% of donkey-hide grass, 5% of autumn nightshade herb of Compositae, 5% of Ixeris denticulata, 4% of summer solonweed herb of Labiatae, 4% of Indian mockstrawberry herb of Rosaceae, 4% of petunia hybrida of Solanaceae, 4% of Chinese violet of Violaceae, 5% of coriander of Umbelliferae, 4% of orychophragmus violaceus of Brassicaceae and 5% of sweet.

Example 2: conservation and regulation of apple orchard animals by artificial plant buffer zone

Three test points are selected in the Shandong intensive apple twin planting area, and the spacing distance between the test points is more than 1 kilometer. Each test point is provided with a treatment plot and a comparison plot in pairs, and the spacing distance between the two plots is more than 2 hundred meters. The treated plots refer to apple orchards with plant buffer zones constructed between rows of apple trees using the preferred combination of flowers and plants, the control plots refer to apple orchards normally under intensive management, and the treated plots are prohibited from using herbicides and insecticides. In four growing seasons of an apple tree in one year, collecting arthropod specimens of sample plots by comprehensively utilizing a mechanical insect sucking device, an earth surface trap and an insect catching net, identifying the types of the arthropods, and counting the number of various types. In the investigation, the trematode points and the traps are distributed uniformly, the trematode time of each time is fixed to be 1 minute, and the same number of investigation sample points of the processed plot and the comparison plot is ensured. 16 traps are arranged on each block of treated and contrasted ground, the trap positions are simultaneously the pest sucking points, the scanning points are arranged near the pest sucking points, and the complete to-and-fro '∞' is 1 net. In the growing season of the apples, selecting 5 rows from each plot in a treatment and contrast mode, carrying out jump type investigation on 5 plants in each row, marking 25 apple trees, fixing the marked apple trees each time, recording the insect quantity of red spiders and apple aphids on leaves, and taking branches as units; and recording the number of the insect pests and fruits, and calculating the insect pest and fruit rate of the apple fruit borers.

TABLE 1 investigation of pest occurrence and statistics of pest fruit rate of arthropods, natural enemies, pollinating insects and apples

Note: the data in the table are the average of 3 replicates.

The plant combination disclosed by the invention is resistant to shade, and relatively dense vegetation in the buffer zone is maintained from early spring to early winter. As shown in Table 1, after constructing artificial plant buffer zone in apple orchard by using preferable combination of flowers and plants, the arthropod species and number are remarkably preserved in early spring and early winter; by the flower and fruit period of the apples in summer, the vegetation among the control apple tree rows is rare, the animal diversity is low, the vegetation of the artificial plant buffer zone for processing the apple tree rows is dense, the animal diversity is well conserved, and particularly in the flowering period of the apples, the types and the number of natural enemies and pollinating insects for processing the orchard are far more than those of the control orchard. At different stages of one year of the apple, natural enemies (such as spiders, lacewings, ladybug, predatory mites, parasitic flies, parasitic wasps and the like) kept by the artificial plant buffer zone have obvious suppression effect on populations of red spiders, apple aphids and apple borers in the treated plots. In the flowering phase and the high-incidence phase of red spiders and apple aphids, the inhibition rates of the artificial plant buffer zone construction on the two pests are 86.4% and 86.1% respectively; in the fruit stage and the high-incidence stage of the apple budworm, the inhibition rate of the artificial plant buffer zone construction on the generation of the apple budworm is 93.1%. The comprehensive result shows that the construction of the artificial plant buffer zone preserves arthropods in the apple orchard, and various natural enemies effectively control main pests of red mites, apple aphids and apple borers in the apple orchard, thereby avoiding the use of chemical insecticides.

Claims (2)

1. The flower and grass composition for promoting the gain, the pest control and the yield of the apple orchard and the application thereof are characterized in that the flower and grass composition comprises the following components in percentage by mass: 30-50% of gramineous herbs, 15-25% of leguminous herbs, 5-15% of compositae herbs, 2-6% of labiate herbs, 2-6% of rosaceous herbs, 2-6% of solanaceae herbs, 2-6% of violaceae herbs, 3-7% of umbelliferae herbs, 2-6% of cruciferous herbs and 3-7% of polygonaceae herbs;

preferably, the gramineae plant species are perennial mouse couch grass and green bristlegrass, and the mass ratio of the seeds is respectively 30% and 10%;

preferably, the leguminous plant is perennial red clover and donkey herbivore, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 12% and 8% respectively;

preferably, the compositae plant species are perennial autumn English and annual Ixeris denticulata, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 5% and 5% respectively;

preferably, the labiatae plant is perennial horehound, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 4%;

preferably, the rosaceous plant is perennial mock-strawberry, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 4%;

preferably, the solanaceae plant species is perennial petunia, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 4%;

preferably, the violaceae plant is perennial viola yedoensis, and the mass ratio of the seeds is 4%;

preferably, the Umbelliferae plant is coriander which grows for two years, and the mass percentage of seeds is 5%;

preferably, the cruciferous plant is orychophragmus violaceus which grows for two years, and the mass ratio of seeds is 4%;

preferably, the kind of the plant in the family of Polygonaceae is annual sweet buckwheat, and the mass percentage of the seeds is 5%.

2. The application of the combination of flowers and plants as claimed in claim 1, wherein the preferred combination of flowers and plants is suitable for constructing artificial plant buffer zone in apple orchard, and can achieve the effects of increasing beneficial insects, preventing and controlling pests and promoting yield.