CN110651580B - Fertilizing method for tobacco in rice-crop tobacco area - Google Patents
Fertilizing method for tobacco in rice-crop tobacco area Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of crop fertilization, in particular to a fertilization method for tobacco in a rice tobacco growing area. The method takes the Yunyan 87 as a material and develops a field experiment in Ningxiang Heng city of Hunan province. Under the optimized conditions: the nitrogen application amount is 12 kg/mu, only K is applied without applying nitrogen fertilizer during topdressing 2 SO 4 And a fertilizer for seedling raising in K 2 SO 4 The ratio of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount of (1): under 2, the chlorophyll content, the agronomic character, the group light transmittance and the chemical components of the tobacco leaves are better, so that the tobacco plants are moderately developed. Although the yield per mu of the flue-cured tobacco leaves is reduced, the tobacco leaves with the same tobacco ratio are obviously improved in kilogram average price and per mu yield.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop fertilization, in particular to a fertilization method for a rice tobacco growing area.
Background
In rice-tobacco rotation areas, the organic matter content of the soil in the rice field is generally higher. According to general survey of tobacco field soil quality implemented by Hunan tobacco corporation in 2015 and typical field survey data between 2016-2017, the organic matter content of the Hunan tobacco field soil averagely reaches 46g/kg, and the soil proportion of more than 45g/kg reaches 50%; the content of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and the like in soil is generally higher, the content of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is up to 179mg/kg on average, and the content of quick-acting phosphorus is 65mg/kg on average. In the later growth stage of tobacco in a rice tobacco growing area, due to the fact that the temperature of soil is increased, the activity of microorganisms is enhanced, the mineralization capability of the soil is enhanced, and denitrification difficulty in the mature period of the tobacco is caused.
In the actual production process, the tobacco season and the rice season are independently fertilized according to the existing non-crop rotation planting fertilization method. Although certain yield and economic benefit can be ensured, the quality of tobacco leaves cannot be ensured, and the utilization efficiency of the potash fertilizer is low.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems, the invention aims to avoid the difficulty in denitrification in the tobacco mature period in the rice-making tobacco area and improve the agronomic characteristics, the yield and the flue-cured tobacco quality of the tobacco growth, and in order to achieve the aim, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a fertilization method for tobacco in a rice field is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Returning organic matters to the field: after late rice is harvested, returning the rice straw to the field by using a rotary cultivator, and disinfecting by spraying quicklime;
(2) Fertilizing before planting: applying cake fertilizer, special base fertilizer and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to the field 1-2 days before field planting of the tobacco seedlings, uniformly spreading, and mechanically turning the field to a depth of 10-20m;
(3) Fertilizing after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied 3 And the seedling raising fertilizer is used for controlling the nitrogen fertilizer level, and the nitrogen application amount is 10-16 kg/mu;
(4) Topdressing after planting: the top dressing is carried out for three times, the first top dressing is carried out to extract the seedling fertilizer, the second top dressing is carried out to extract the seedling fertilizer and K 2 SO 4 The third time of application of dressing K 2 SO 4 ，K 2 SO 4 The ratio of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount of (1): 1-2.
Further, in the step (1), the usage amount of the quicklime is 95-115 kg/mu.
Further, in the step (2), the special base fertilizer comprises N fertilizer, P fertilizer, K fertilizer and MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O and borax.
Further, in the step (2), nitrate state N and ammonium state N in the N fertilizer respectively account for 50%, and the weight ratio of the special base fertilizer N: p 2 O 5 ：K 2 O =8:11:11, weight ratio N: mgSO (MgSO) 4 ·7H 2 O: borax =8:10:1.5.
further, in the step (2), the application amount of the special base fertilizer is 70 kg/mu, the application amount of the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is 10 kg/mu, and the application amount of the cake fertilizer is 30 kg/mu.
Further, in the step (3), the application amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 5 kg/mu.
Further, in the step (4), the ratio of the first topdressing amount to the second topdressing amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 1:2.
further, in the step (4), the time for three times of topdressing is 7-10 days after the transplantation of the tobacco plant, 15-20 days after the transplantation of the tobacco plant and 30-35 days after the transplantation of the tobacco plant respectively.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The fertilizing method provided by the invention is scientifically and reasonably combined by adjusting the nitrogen application amount and the potassium application amount, and the field tobacco yield and quality are improved.
(2) The fertilization method of the invention is matched with straw returning, and simultaneously top dressing after planting is carried out without top dressing of nitrogen fertilizer, and K is changed 2 SO 4 The method better utilizes the complementary action of the two crops of tobacco and rice on nutrient absorption, not only improves the potassium content of the tobacco leaves, improves the quality of the tobacco leaves, realizes the efficient utilization of potassium fertilizer, and avoids the difficulty in denitrification of the tobacco in the mature period of the rice-made tobacco areas.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are some embodiments of the present invention, but not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples are commercially available unless otherwise specified.
The experimental selection was performed in the city of ningxiang city of Hunan province. The test variety is a local main cultivated variety Yunyan 87. The previous crop of the tobacco field to be tested is rice, and the nutrient condition of the soil to be tested is as follows: pH7.34, 24.504g/kg of organic matter, 51.852mg/kg of fast-acting phosphorus and 162.707mg/kg of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen. The test plot has flat topography, uniform fertility and stronger representativeness. The special base fertilizer is obtained from Changshahobo biotechnology limited, and the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is obtained from Nanning YuyuanThe fertilizer is obtained from chemical fertilizer plant of Jiangsu Zhenjiang Danyang, and the fertilizer for seedling is obtained from KNO 3 From Yuancehai chemical Co Ltd, xia county, K 2 SO 4 Is collected from a special fertilizer plant for the whole elements of the nongfeng.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples. In the following examples, KNO was applied 3 And the seedling raising fertilizer is used for controlling the level of the nitrogen fertilizer, and K is added 2 SO 4 Adjusting the potassium fertilizer to be consistent, and topdressing the nitrogen fertilizer and the potassium fertilizer for three times: topdressing and extracting seedling fertilizer 7 days after the first transplanting; topdressing seedling-raising fertilizer and K for 15 days after transplantation for the second time 2 SO 4 (ii) a Applying K30 days after transplantation for the third time 2 SO 4 。K 2 SO 4 The proportion of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount is 1:1-2. The specific fertilizer application and topdressing conditions are shown in tables 1 and 2.
TABLE 1 application rates of the fertilizers treated with the respective Total N amounts
TABLE 2 topdressing amount for each period of treatment with different total N amounts
Example 1
(1) Returning organic matters to the field: after late rice is harvested, 1/2 of fresh straws in a field are cut into 3-5 sections, uniformly scattered in the field, and irrigated into Tian Na as organic matter materials returned to the field; cultivating back and forth by using a rotary cultivator, ploughing to a depth of 20-25cm, disinfecting by spraying quicklime, wherein the usage amount of the quicklime is 100 kg/mu, naturally drying the water after the straws are rotted, turning soil, drying in the sun, and cultivating in a full furrow;
(2) Fertilizing before planting: applying 30 kg/mu of cake fertilizer, 70 kg/mu of special base fertilizer and 10 kg/mu of calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to the field 1-2 days before field planting of the tobacco seedlings, and mechanically turning the field after uniformly spreading, wherein the turning depth is 10-20cm;
(3) Ridging the tobacco field: the width of the ridge bottom is 80cm, the height of the ridge is 30cm, the ridge distance is 120cm, mechanical furrowing is carried out on the tobacco ridge, the furrow depth is 15cm, the furrow bottom width is 10cm, and the tobacco ridge is semicircular;
(4) Planting tobacco seedlings: the variety of the transplanted tobacco is Yunyan 87, the planting density is 1100 plants/mu, the planting depth is 12cm, soil is filled after the transplantation, root fixing water is thoroughly poured, then a tobacco planting ridge is covered by a mulching film, and the edge of the mulching film is compacted by soil;
(5) Fertilizing after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied 3 And the seedling raising fertilizer is used for controlling the nitrogen fertilizer level, and the nitrogen application amount is 10 kg/mu;
(6) Topdressing after planting: the fertilizer is applied for three times, the first time is 1.5 kg/mu of the fertilizer for seedling extraction, the second time is 3 kg/mu of the fertilizer for seedling extraction and K 2 SO 4 8.5 kg/mu, the third topdressing K 2 SO 4 17 kg/mu;
(7) Managing after planting: firstly, the drainage among ridges is kept smooth, the accumulated water in the tobacco field is strictly forbidden, the drainage is carried out after the rain is emphasized, and the rain is stopped and the ditch is dried; secondly, timely irrigation is carried out, the water content of the tobacco ridge soil is maintained to be 60-70% of the water holding capacity of the field, and the organic materials are prevented from being decomposed too fast.
Example 2
(1) Preparation before planting and field planting: returning organic matters to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridging and planting in a tobacco field according to the embodiment 1;
(2) Fertilizing after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied 3 And the seedling raising fertilizer is used for controlling the nitrogen fertilizer level, and the nitrogen application amount is 16 kg/mu;
(3) Topdressing after planting: 1.5 kg/mu of fertilizer for dressing and 3 kg/mu and K of fertilizer for dressing and extracting seedlings for the first time 2 SO 4 13.5 kg/mu, the third dressing K 2 SO 4 27 kg/mu.
(4) Managing after planting: the post-planting management was performed as in example 1.
Example 3
(1) Preparation before planting and field planting: returning organic matters to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridging and planting the tobacco field according to the embodiment 1;
(2) Fertilizing after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied 3 And the seedling raising fertilizer is used for controlling the nitrogen fertilizer level, and the nitrogen application amount is 16 kg/mu;
(3) Topdressing after planting: 1.5 kg/mu of fertilizer for dressing and 3 kg/mu and K of fertilizer for dressing and extracting seedlings for the first time 2 SO 4 18.5 kg/mu, the third topdressing K 2 SO 4 37 kg/mu.
(4) Managing after planting: the post-planting management was performed as in example 1.
Example 4
(1) Preparation before planting and field planting: returning organic matters to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridging and planting in a tobacco field according to the embodiment 1;
(2) Fertilizing after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied 3 And the seedling raising fertilizer is used for controlling the nitrogen fertilizer level, and the nitrogen application amount is 16 kg/mu;
(3) Topdressing after planting: 1.5 kg/mu of fertilizer for dressing and 3 kg/mu and K of fertilizer for dressing and extracting seedlings for the first time 2 SO 4 25 kg/mu, the third dressing K 2 SO 4 50 kg/mu.
(4) Managing after planting: post-planting management was performed as in example 1.
Example 5
(1) Preparation before planting and field planting: returning organic matters to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridging and planting in a tobacco field according to the embodiment 1;
(2) Fertilizing after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied 3 And the seedling raising fertilizer is used for controlling the nitrogen fertilizer level, and the nitrogen application amount is 10 kg/mu;
(3) Topdressing after planting: the fertilizer is applied for three times, the first time is 1.5 kg/mu of the fertilizer for seedling extraction, the second time is 3 kg/mu of the fertilizer for seedling extraction and K 2 SO 4 8.5 kg/mu, the third dressing K 2 SO 4 8.5 kg/mu.
(4) Managing after planting: the post-planting management was performed as in example 1.
Example 6
(1) Preparation before planting and field planting: returning organic matters to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridging and planting in a tobacco field according to the embodiment 1;
(4) Fertilizing after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied 3 And the seedling raising fertilizer is used for controlling the nitrogen fertilizer level, and the nitrogen application amount is 12 kg/mu;
(5) Topdressing after planting: 1.5k of fertilizer for first dressing and seedling raisingg/mu, the second additional application of 3 kg/mu of seedling-raising fertilizer and K 2 SO 4 13.5 kg/mu, the third topdressing K 2 SO 4 13.5 kg/mu.
(6) Managing after planting: post-planting management was performed as in example 1.
Example 7
(1) Preparation before planting and field planting: returning organic matters to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridging and planting in a tobacco field according to the embodiment 1;
(2) Fertilizing after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied 3 And the seedling raising fertilizer is used for controlling the nitrogen fertilizer level, and the nitrogen application amount is 14 kg/mu;
(3) Topdressing after planting: 1.5 kg/mu of fertilizer for topdressing and 3 kg/mu and K of fertilizer for topdressing 2 SO 4 8.5 kg/mu, the third topdressing K 2 SO 4 1 kg/mu.
(4) Managing after planting: post-planting management was performed as in example 1.
Example 8
(1) Preparation before planting and field planting: returning organic matters to the field, fertilizing before planting, ridging and planting in a tobacco field according to the embodiment 1;
(2) Fertilizing after planting: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied 3 And the seedling raising fertilizer is used for controlling the nitrogen fertilizer level, and the nitrogen application amount is 16 kg/mu;
(3) Topdressing after planting: 1.5 kg/mu of fertilizer for dressing and 3 kg/mu and K of fertilizer for dressing and extracting seedlings for the first time 2 SO 4 25 kg/mu, the third dressing K 2 SO 4 25 kg/mu.
(4) Managing after planting: the post-planting management was performed as in example 1.
Example 9
The results of the experiments of examples 1-8 were examined and analyzed as follows.
Measurement items and methods
Measurement items: chlorophyll content, agronomic characters, light intensity, economic characters and chemical components.
The agronomic character determination method comprises the following steps: in the vigorous growth period and the mature period of the flue-cured tobacco, ten representative tobacco plants with similar growth vigor are randomly collected near the middle of a large area in each field, and the plant height, the stem thickness, the maximum leaf length and the maximum leaf width of the tobacco plants are measured. Comprises the steps of measuring the maximum leaf length and the maximum leaf width and selecting the tobacco leaves from the 4 th leaf position to the 6 th leaf position.
A leaf chlorophyll content determination method comprises the following steps: in the vigorous growth period and the mature period of the flue-cured tobacco, ten representative tobacco plants with similar growth vigor are randomly collected near the middle of se:Sup>A large arese:Sup>A in each field, the chlorophyll content of the tobacco plants is measured, the instrument is se:Sup>A plant chlorophyll instrument (Sese:Sup>A YLS-A), three leaf parts of the base part, the middle part and the leaf tip part of the largest leaf are measured, and the average value of the three leaf parts is taken.
The light intensity measuring method comprises the following steps: in the vigorous growth period and the mature period of the flue-cured tobacco, ten point positions are randomly adopted in each large area of the field, and the canopy analyzer is mainly used for measuring the light intensity of different levels between plants and between rows, including six levels of upper, middle and lower between plants and between rows. Measuring the light intensity of the upper layer between the tobacco plants at the position 30cm away from the top of the tobacco plants by using a plant canopy analyzer (top-1300), measuring the light intensity of the middle layer between the tobacco plants at the position 8-10 between the two tobacco plants, and measuring the light intensity of the lower layer between the tobacco plants at the position 1-3 between the two tobacco plants. When the light intensity between lines is measured, the position is parallel to the position measured between plants.
An economical shape measuring method: the tobacco plants in each large area are baked according to each treatment listing, the yield is calculated independently after grading, and the acre yield, the yield value, the medium tobacco proportion and the high-quality tobacco proportion are converted according to the area occupied by the tobacco plants.
Chemical component detection indexes are as follows: total sugar, reducing sugar, total nitrogen, nicotine, sugar-base ratio and nitrogen-base ratio.
The chlorophyll content and the light transmittance of the tobacco leaves were measured by the cultivation processes of examples 1 to 8, respectively, and the measurement results are shown in table 3. The relative chlorophyll content is measured by SPAD value and determined by plant chlorophyll apparatus (Sese:Sup>A YLS-A).
TABLE 3 chlorophyll and transmittance effects of the treatments on tobacco leaves
As can be seen from Table 3, the transmittance for the light intensity of the populationThe light transmittance of the lower layer between the plants and the middle layer between the rows tends to decrease with the increase of the nitrogen application amount. As the nitrogen application amount increases, the tobacco plants grow better, and the chlorophyll value is in the rising trend. The inter-strain middle layer and the inter-row middle layer gradually decrease with the increase of the nitrogen application amount, which shows that the group transmittance is relatively decreased with the increase of the nitrogen application amount. K 2 SO 4 The ratio of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount of (1): 2 time ratio to 1: the overall situation is improved in 1 hour, the vigorous growth stage is optimally treated by the embodiment 4, and the mature stage is optimally treated by the embodiment 2.
The flue-cured tobaccos harvested in examples 1 to 8 were used to prepare flue-cured tobaccos, and the chemical components of the flue-cured tobaccos were measured, the results of which are shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 Effect of the treatments on the chemical composition of the cured tobacco leaves
As can be seen from table 4, under the same density condition, the nicotine content tends to increase and the nitrogen-base ratio tends to decrease as the nitrogen application amount increases. K 2 SO 4 The ratio of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount of (1): 2 time ratio to 1:1, the whole situation is improved, wherein the middle parts She Zongtang, reducing sugar and sugar-base ratio of the upper tobacco leaves and the middle tobacco leaves after the treatment in the embodiment 2 are all superior to those of other treated tobacco leaves, and the obtained tobacco leaves have the best quality.
The agronomic characters of the tobacco leaves are respectively detected by using the embodiments 1 to 8, and the detection results are shown in a table 5.
TABLE 5 agronomic trait Effect of treatments on tobacco leaves
As can be seen from Table 5, the maximum leaf area tends to increase with increasing nitrogen applicationAnd (4) potential. The higher the planting density is, the smaller the value of the stem circumference, the maximum leaf length, the maximum leaf width and the maximum leaf area of the tobacco plant is, and the larger the value of the plant height is. K 2 SO 4 The ratio of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount of (1): 2 time ratio to 1: the overall situation is improved in the 1 hour, the agronomic characters of the tobacco leaves processed in the flourishing period are optimal to the processing of the embodiment 3, and the agronomic characters of the tobacco leaves processed in the maturation period are optimal to the processing of the embodiment 2.
The economic properties of the tobacco leaves were measured by the methods of examples 1 to 8, respectively, and the results are shown in Table 6.
TABLE 6 Effect of treatments on economic characteristics of tobacco leaves
| Treatment of | Yield (kg/mu) | Output value (Yuan/mu) | Average price (Yuan/kg) | The first-class smoke proportion% |
| Example 1 | 128.3 | 3245.99 | 25.3 | 29.37 |
| Example 2 | 131.4 | 3495.24 | 26.6 | 32.44 |
| Example 3 | 152.6 | 3509.8 | 23.0 | 28.62 |
| Example 4 | 143.7 | 3204.51 | 22.3 | 24.54 |
| Example 5 | 125.3 | 3236.36 | 22.5 | 29.34 |
| Example 6 | 130.9 | 3487.24 | 24.6 | 32.26 |
| Example 7 | 153.6 | 3597.8 | 23.1 | 28.45 |
| Example 8 | 141.5 | 3216.51 | 22.6 | 24.23 |
As can be seen from Table 6, the yield was the highest for the treatment of example 3, and the average value and the upper smoke ratio were the highest for the treatment of example 2. The yield, the output value, the average value and the first-class tobacco ratio of the flue-cured tobacco leaves tend to rise and fall along with the increase of the nitrogen application amount in each treatment, which shows that the reasonable nitrogen application amount can improve the yield and the output value of the flue-cured tobacco leaves and also can improve the ratio of high-quality tobacco leaves. K 2 SO 4 The ratio of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount of (1): 2 time ratio to 1: the whole situation is improved in 1 hour, the nitrogen application amount is 12 kg/mu, and the economic benefit of the flue-cured tobacco is optimal.
By adopting the fertilizing method, the chlorophyll content, the agronomic character, the group light transmittance and the chemical composition of the tobacco leaves are optimized in the tobacco leaf cultivation process, the tobacco plants are moderate in growth, the first-class tobacco proportion, the kilogram average value and the per mu yield can be obviously improved, and the method is very suitable for field cultivation production in a rice tobacco growing area. Under the optimized conditions: the nitrogen application amount is 12 kg/mu and K 2 SO 4 The ratio of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount of (1): under 2, the yield and quality of the tobacco leaves and the economic benefit of the flue-cured tobacco are optimal.
Claims (6)
1. A fertilizing method for tobacco in a rice-crop tobacco area is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) Returning organic matters to the field: after late rice is harvested, cutting fresh straws into 3-5 sections, uniformly scattering the straws in the field, irrigating the field, back and forth cultivating by using a rotary cultivator, and disinfecting by spraying quicklime; the usage amount of the quicklime is 95-115 kg/mu;
(2) Fertilizing before planting: applying cake fertilizer, special base fertilizer and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer to the field 1-2 days before field planting of tobacco, uniformly spreading, mechanically turning the field to a depth of 10-20m, wherein the special base fertilizer comprises N fertilizer, P fertilizer, K fertilizer and MgSO 4 ·7H 2 O and borax, wherein nitrate N and ammonium N in the N fertilizer respectively account for 50%, and the special base fertilizer comprises the following components in parts by weight: p 2 O 5 ：K 2 O =8:11:11, weight ratio N: mgSO (MgSO) 4 ·7H 2 O: borax =8:10:1.5;
(3) After plantingFertilizing: after the tobacco seedlings are planted, KNO is applied 3 And seedling raising fertilizer, wherein the nitrogen application amount is 10-16 kg/mu;
(4) Topdressing after planting: the top dressing is carried out for three times, the first top dressing is carried out to extract the seedling fertilizer, the second top dressing is carried out to extract the seedling fertilizer and K 2 SO 4 The third application of K 2 SO 4 ，K 2 SO 4 The ratio of the second topdressing amount to the third topdressing amount of (1): 1-2.
2. The method for fertilizing tobacco in a rice smoking area as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (2), the application amount of the special base fertilizer is 70 kg/mu, the application amount of the calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer is 10 kg/mu, and the application amount of the cake fertilizer is 30 kg/mu.
3. The method for fertilizing tobacco in a rice tobacco growing area as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the application amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 5 kg/mu.
4. The method for applying fertilizer to tobacco in a rice crop tobacco growing area according to claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the ratio of the first top dressing amount to the second top dressing amount of the seedling raising fertilizer is 1:2.
5. the method for fertilizing tobacco in a rice smoking area as claimed in claim 1 or 4, wherein in the step (4), the time for three topdressing is 7-10 days after the tobacco plant is transplanted, 15-20 days after the tobacco plant is transplanted, and 30-35 days after the tobacco plant is transplanted in sequence.
6. The method for fertilizing tobacco in a tobacco growing area of rice as claimed in claim 1, wherein after top dressing, the water content of the tobacco ridge soil is maintained to be 60-70% of the field water holding capacity.
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