CN110786113A - Fertilizing method for planting flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil - Google Patents
Fertilizing method for planting flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of fertilizer effect evaluation, in particular to a fertilizing method for planting flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil. The fertilizing method of the invention is that manure of 200kg/666.7m is applied before the flue-cured tobacco seedlings are transplanted2The application amount of the special fertilizer for tobacco is reduced by 60%, the common calcium and the potassium sulfate are applied, the first topdressing is carried out 23-26 days after transplanting, the special fertilizer for tobacco, the common calcium and the potassium sulfate are applied, the second topdressing is carried out 27-30 days after transplanting, and the fertilizing mode is the same as that of the first topdressing. The invention utilizes the stable manure as organic matter to be applied in combination with chemical fertilizer, and the stable manure used by the invention is 200kg/666.7m2The application amount of the special tobacco fertilizer is reduced by 60 percent, the economic benefit can be obtained, the resources can be saved, and the yield per mu obtained by the method is 34 percent higher than that obtained by only applying the special tobacco fertilizer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of tobacco fertilization, in particular to a fertilization method for planting flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil.
Background
Tobacco is one of important economic crops in China, the quality of tobacco leaves is closely related to ecology, varieties, cultivation conditions and the like, wherein the soil fertility condition is an important ecological factor which directly influences the yield and the quality of the tobacco leaves. Meanwhile, the flue-cured tobacco is a special economic crop which mainly takes quality as a main part and gives consideration to yield, is very sensitive to nitrogen nutrition, and has adverse effects on yield and quality of the flue-cured tobacco due to over-high or insufficient nitrogen. The tobacco planting soil is the foundation of the growth of the flue-cured tobacco and has an important effect on the formation of the quality of the tobacco leaves. The suitable environmental conditions of the tobacco planting soil are important foundations for producing high-quality tobacco leaf raw materials. For a long time, the yield of tobacco leaves is pursued for one side, a large amount of chemical fertilizer is used, and little or no organic fertilizer is applied, so that the phenomena of imbalance of the nutrition proportion of tobacco planting soil, serious hardening, reduction of comprehensive fertility and the like are caused, the quality of the tobacco leaves is finally reduced, the industrial availability is reduced, and the sustainable development of tobacco leaf production is restricted.
The organic fertilizer contains rich organic nutrients such as organic matters, amino acids, proteins and the like, and also contains inorganic nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the like, so that the organic matter content of the soil is increased, the soil is improved, the soil fertility and the utilization rate are improved, and the capabilities of reducing plant diseases and insect pests are realized. In recent years, research of some tobacco science and technology workers shows that the chemical fertilizer and the organic fertilizer are mixed and applied to improve the fertility of tobacco planting soil, promote the growth of tobacco plants and improve the comprehensive quality of tobacco leaves. A large number of research results show that the inorganic fertilizer and the organic fertilizer are mixed and applied according to a certain proportion, so that the advantages of the inorganic fertilizer and the organic fertilizer can be fully exerted, the organic matter content is increased, and the soil fertilizer supply capability is improved, thereby promoting the growth and development of flue-cured tobacco, and improving the quality and economic benefit of the flue-cured tobacco. Firstly, the organic fertilizer can continuously and stably release nutrients in the whole growth period of the flue-cured tobacco, so that the flue-cured tobacco is ripe; and secondly, the organic fertilizer forms a good plant rhizosphere environment, so that the accumulation and conversion of nutrient substances in the tobacco leaves can be effectively promoted, and the comprehensive quality and economic benefit of the tobacco leaves are improved. The existing research shows that the organic fertilizer with 15-30 percent of reduced chemical fertilizer can effectively promote the synthesis and accumulation of dry matters of flue-cured tobacco, is beneficial to improving the yield of tobacco leaves and the quality of the tobacco leaves, and is not beneficial to the yellowing of the tobacco leaves and influencing the yield and quality when the proportion of the organic fertilizer reaches more than 45 percent, but the prior people do not carry out relevant research on the application amount of the organic fertilizer, and more generally summarize the ratio of the organic fertilizer to the inorganic fertilizer.
The organic matter and inorganic matter matching application methods of the soil with different fertility are different, the high-fertility soil contains more nutrient substances required by plant growth, and excessive application of the organic matter and the inorganic matter can cause resource waste, so that the appropriate ratio of organic fertilizer to inorganic fertilizer is discussed, and resource saving and soil protection are facilitated.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a fertilizing method for planting flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil, and the method provides a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and high-quality production of flue-cured tobacco in high-fertility soil by discussing the influence of different organic fertilizers on the replacement rate of chemical fertilizers in high-fertility soil, and has important significance for enhancing the market competitiveness of flue-cured tobacco and further improving the production benefit of flue-cured tobacco.
In order to achieve the aim, the invention provides a fertilizing method for planting flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil, which comprises the following steps:
1) soil preparation is carried out before tobacco seedlings are transplanted, animal manure is applied in holes, the tobacco seedlings are applied in the holes after being planted in the pond and are uniformly mixed with pond soil, the application amount of each hole is consistent, and the application amount is 200kg/666.7m2；
2) The chemical fertilizer adopts a special compound fertilizer for tobacco, the application amount is 40 percent of the conventional application amount (60 percent reduction), and the conventional application amount is 50kg/666.7m2The nutrient content is N: p2O5：K2O12: 6:24, wherein the pure nitrogen content is 6kg/666.7m2Phosphorus (P)2O5)3kg/666.7m2Potassium (K)2O)12kg/666.7m2The actual application amount of the special compound fertilizer for tobacco is 20kg/666.7m2The reduction of the application amount of phosphorus and potassium caused by the reduction of the application of the special fertilizer for the tobacco relative to the conventional amount is realized by respectively supplementing the reduction amount with calcium superphosphate and potassium sulfate;
3) the fertilizer special for the tobacco is applied for three times, the fertilizer accounts for 60 percent of the total fertilizer amount before transplanting for the first time, namely 12kg/666.7m2, a ring application mode is adopted, the distance from the center of a tobacco seedling to the center is ensured to be more than 5cm, and soil is covered to prevent the fertilizer from volatilizing; performing first additional fertilization 23-26 days after transplanting, applying the special fertilizer for tobacco, common calcium and potassium sulfate, wherein the application amount is 20% of the total fertilization amount, namely 4kg/666.7m2, and adopting a watering and watering mode; performing secondary topdressing 27-30 days after transplanting, applying the special fertilizer for tobacco, common calcium and potassium sulfate, wherein the application amount is 20% of the total fertilizer application amount, namely 4kg/666.7m2, and adopting a watering and watering mode;
4) the tobacco seedling is flue-cured tobacco K326, floating seedling culture is adopted, the tobacco seedlings with consistent size and strong growth are selected when the seedling ages are 60d, the tobacco seedling transplantation is carried out in the current year at 20 days in 4 months to 25 days in 4 months, the planting row spacing is 1.2m, the plant spacing is 0.5m, and the planting density is 17000 plants/hm2After transplanting, watering enough water to ensure that the water content of the soil reaches 78% of the field water capacity, and covering a mulching film for water retention and heat preservation;
5) other field management measures are the same as the local conventional cultivation technology, and the tobacco leaves are harvested according to the local harvesting habit after being mature.
Further, the manure is produced by the same farmer.
Further, in the fertilizing method for planting the flue-cured tobacco K326 in the high-fertility soil, the optimal application amount of the animal manure is 200kg/666.7m2。
Further, in the fertilizing method for planting the flue-cured tobacco K326 in the high-fertility soil, the optimal application amount of the special tobacco fertilizer is 60% of the conventional application amount.
Has the advantages that:
1. the invention explores the best application mode of organic matter and chemical fertilizer for planting flue-cured tobacco aiming at high-fertility soil, and the application amount of the organic fertilizer (stable manure) is 200kg/666.7m2When the application amount of the special fertilizer for tobacco is 60% of the conventional application amount, the harvested economic benefit is the best, the yield per mu obtained by the application method is 34% higher than that of the fertilizer only, and the yield per mu is 58% higher;
2. the method for cooperatively applying the organic matters and the chemical fertilizer explored aiming at the high-fertility soil has the advantages that the application amount of the chemical fertilizer is reduced while higher economic benefit is obtained, the reduction of the application amount of the chemical fertilizer, particularly the reduction of the nitrogen fertilizer can effectively reduce non-point source pollution, the soil health is maintained, and the requirements of the current agricultural sustainable development are met;
3. the high-fertility soil contains rich nutrient substances required by plant growth, so that excessive fertilization can cause resource waste and is not beneficial to tobacco growth during tobacco planting.
Drawings
FIG. 1: influence of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on the SPAD of the flue-cured tobacco plants;
FIG. 2: the influence of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on the net photosynthetic rate of the flue-cured tobacco plants;
FIG. 3: influence of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on the apparent utilization rate of nitrogen of flue-cured tobacco plants.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The first embodiment is as follows:
influence of reducing chemical nitrogen fertilizer dosage on high-fertility soil flue-cured tobacco yield and quality under organic fertilizer application condition
Influence of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios of high-fertility soil on flue-cured tobacco production quality
1 materials and methods
1.1 test site
The test was conducted in Jiuxi town, Yuxi City, Yunnan province, from 22 days 4/2016 to 5 days 9/2016 in 2016. The position is 25 degrees 19 '48 degrees in north latitude, 102 degrees 54' 49 degrees in east longitude, the altitude is 2200m, and the position belongs to the plateau type monsoon climate of a warm and cool layer in a southern temperate zone. The soil provided for the test is sandy loam, the land is flat, the soil moisture surface faces the sun, the drainage is good, soil samples in the collection area before the test are detected to detect the basic physicochemical properties, the soil with lower fertility is selected as the soil to be tested according to the soil fertility grading standard, and the basic physicochemical properties are as follows: pH7.4, organic matter 3.613%, alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen 76.49mg/kg, quick-acting phosphorus 3.21mg/kg, and quick-acting potassium 100.36 mg/kg. The previous crop is rice.
1.2 test materials
The flue-cured tobacco variety is K326, the organic fertilizer (i.e. local conventional manure, manure requires consistent fertilizer source, i.e. manure produced by the same farmer), the special fertilizer for tobacco (N: P)2O5:K2O is 12:6: 24) potassium sulfate (K) for agricultural use2O is more than or equal to 50 percent), and calcium superphosphate (P)2O5≥12％)。
1.3 test design and fertilizing method
The test adopts a two-factor design, takes different organic fertilizer application amounts and nitrogen substitution ratios as factors, and has 16 treatments with 4 levels of each factor, which is shown in table 1. The row spacing is 120cm multiplied by 50cm, each plot is not less than 100, and the periphery of the experimental field is provided with protective rows.
All the organic fertilizers are applied in a hole mode before transplanting by adopting base application, and the fertilizer application amount in each hole is ensured to be consistent. The total application amount of the chemical fertilizer is based on the local conventional application, and the chemical fertilizer is applied in a decrement mode according to treatment after the local conventional pure nitrogen application amount is calculated. The reduction of the application amount of the phosphorus and the potassium in the compound fertilizer caused by the reduction of the nitrogen fertilizer is complemented by the calcium superphosphate and the potassium sulfate. The chemical fertilizer application method is carried out according to a local conventional method, and the application ratio is 6: 4, basal application of phosphate fertilizer before transplanting, application of nitrogen fertilizer according to treatment, and consistent reduction ratio in basal fertilizer and additional fertilizer (for example, after nitrogen reduction is 20%, nitrogen in basal fertilizer is reduced by 20%, nitrogen in additional fertilizer is reduced by 20%). And (3) supplementing the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer according to local conventions, and keeping the application amount, the application period and the application method of the potassium fertilizer in each treatment of the base fertilizer and the additional fertilizer consistent. Other management measures are carried out according to a local high-quality tobacco leaf production technical system.
Table 1 processing packet table
1.4 field management measures
The test starts to grow seedlings in 2017 in 25/2.4.23 days, the seedling growing method is floating seedling growing, the seedlings are transplanted in 2017 in 23/4.1, the compound fertilizer in the base fertilizer is applied in an annular mode at one time, and the application time of the additional fertilizer is respectively as follows: and 5, 19 days in month and 20 days in month and 5, adopting a method of watering by adding water, and keeping other field management measures consistent with local measures.
2 survey and measurement items
2.1 agronomic traits
Agronomic character investigation was conducted 30 days after transplantation, 60 days after transplantation and 90 days after transplantation, and the investigation contents included plant height, stem circumference, effective leaf number and maximum leaf length width, wherein the leaf area was measured by a correction coefficient method (correction coefficient 0.6345), that is, the leaf area coefficient was (average single leaf area × leaf number per plant × plant number per mu)/666.67. According to the specific determination method, according to the YC-T142-2010 tobacco agronomic character investigation and measurement method, 10 plants are investigated by randomly determining the plants each time.
2.2 Observation and record of growth period
And accurately recording the time of the transplanting period, the root growing period, the bud period, the central flower blooming period, the foot leaf mature period and the top leaf mature period according to the flue-cured tobacco growth period survey standard.
2.3 determination of SPAD values
The chlorophyll content of the middle leaf of each treatment was measured with a SPAD meter (502). Three tobacco plants with good growth vigor and small difference are selected for SPAD measurement, and 3 middle leaves are selected for each tobacco plant for measurement.
2.4 measurement of soil physicochemical Properties
The conventional method is used for analyzing multiple indexes of soil pH, organic carbon, dry matter, available phosphorus and quick-acting potassium.
The pH value measuring method comprises the following steps: the water-soil ratio is 2.5: 1 potentiometric method; the organic carbon measuring method comprises the following steps: volumetric method of potassium dichromate-external heating method; available phosphorus: 0.5mo1/LNaHCO3Leaching-molybdenum-antimony colorimetric resistance; quick-acting potassium: 1mol/LNH4OAC leaching-flame photometry.
2.5 determination of the Nitrogen-phosphorus-Potassium content of tobacco plants with different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios
And (4) sampling after transplanting for 30 days and 60 days, respectively determining the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of the root system, the stem and the leaf of the tobacco plant, and determining according to the industrial standard by using the determination method.
2.6 survey of economic traits and quality of raw tobacco appearance
After the tobacco leaves are cured, the tobacco leaves are classified according to the classification standard of 42-grade national tobacco leaves, harvested and produced according to varieties, and the yield, the output value, the medium-grade and high-grade tobacco proportions and the average price of the tobacco leaves are calculated according to the purchase price of 2016 Chuxiong tobacco.
2.7 data processing
And (5) utilizing EXCEL to perform data sorting and processing.
Apparent utilization rate of the fertilizer: the difference between the nutrient accumulation amount of the fertilization tobacco plants and the nutrient accumulation amount of the blank area accounts for the percentage of the fertilization amount, the utilization efficiency of the fertilizer by the whole tobacco plants is reflected, and the calculation formula is as follows:
fertilizer apparent utilization rate (%) (nutrient absorption amount of crops in fertilizing areas-nutrient absorption amount of crops in non-fertilizing areas)/fertilizer application amount x 100.
3 analysis of results
3.1 influence of different organic fertilizers on growth period by nitrogen substitution ratio
TABLE 2 influence of nitrogen substitution ratio of different organic fertilizers on growth period
After the high-quality strong seedlings are cultured, the tobacco seedlings are just to enter another growth period, namely a field period. The period from transplanting the tobacco seedlings to the field to finishing harvesting the tobacco leaves is the field, and is about 100-120 days. According to the characteristics of tobacco growth and development, the field period of tobacco can be divided into four growth periods of seedling return period, root extension period, vigorous growth period and mature period.
As can be seen from table 2 above, the sowing date and the transplanting date of each treatment are the same; under the condition that the application amount of the organic fertilizer is the same and the nitrogen substitution proportion is different, the bud period, the mature period of the foot leaves and the mature period of the top leaves of the treatments (G4, G8 and G16) with the nitrogen substitution proportion of 100 percent are delayed compared with other treatments, the growth period is longer than that of other treatments, and the other treatments have no great difference.
3.2 influence of the proportion of nitrogen replaced by different organic fertilizers on agronomic traits
TABLE 3 influence of nitrogen substitution ratio of different organic fertilizers on agronomic traits of flue-cured tobacco
The data in table 3 show that, from the number of leaves, the number of leaves processed 7 was 22.5 with the largest number, and the number of leaves processed 4 was 15.6 with the smallest number; from the plant height, the plant height of treatment 7 was the highest and was 109.55cm, and the plant height of treatment 4 was the lowest and was 40.5; from the stem circumference, the stem circumference of treatment 1 was the thickest 9.4cm, and the stem circumference of treatment 8 was the thinnest 6.6 cm; from the leaf length, the leaf length of treatment 1 was 59.46cm, which was the longest, and 49.24cm, which was the shortest, of treatment 6; from the leaf width, the widest leaf was 33.42cm for treatment 1, and the narrowest leaf was 19.52cm for treatment 2; from the pitch point of view, the pitch of process 1 is 4.94cm at maximum and the pitch of process 4 is 2.60cm at minimum. In general, the treatment with the nitrogen substitution ratio of 60 percent has the highest plant height, the most effective leaf number and more proper leaf length, leaf width and pitch.
3.3.1 influence of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on SPAD value of flue-cured tobacco
Under the condition of the same nitrogen substitution ratio, the SPAD of the flue-cured tobacco leaves is increased along with the increase of the application amount of the organic fertilizer (figure 1); the application amount of the organic fertilizer is the same, and the nitrogen substitution proportion has opposite trend, namely, the SPAD value is reduced along with the increase of the nitrogen substitution proportion; the SPAD of each treatment shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing along with the time delay, and the trends are shown as 60d >30d >90 d; the SPAD of each treatment is obviously larger than that of a control G1, and shows an increasing trend along with the increase of the application amount of the organic fertilizer, wherein the SPAD is the largest after the G13 treatment grows to 60 days, and the SPAD of the G4 treatment growing to 90 days is the smallest, which shows that the organic fertilizer and the nitrogen can increase the chlorophyll content of the flue-cured tobacco leaves.
3.3.2 Effect of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on net photosynthetic rate of flue-cured tobacco plants
Under the condition of the same nitrogen substitution ratio, the net photosynthetic rate of flue-cured tobacco increases along with the increase of the application amount of the organic fertilizer (figure 2); the application amount of the organic fertilizer is the same, and the nitrogen substitution proportion has opposite trends, namely, the net photosynthetic rate is reduced along with the increase of the nitrogen substitution proportion; the photosynthetic rate of each treatment shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing with time delay, and the trends are shown as 60d >30d >90 d; the photosynthetic rates at each stage of D7, D8, D11, D12, D15, and D16 were all significantly greater than those of the control D1, where the photosynthetic rate was greatest during mid-growth with D15 treatment and least during post-growth with D4 treatment.
3.4 influence of nitrogen substitution proportion of different organic fertilizers on physical and chemical properties of tobacco-planting soil
The experiment detects the contents of available phosphorus, quick-acting potassium, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, organic matters, pH value, organic carbon, urease, sucrase and phosphatase in the soil and the change trend of the contents along with the growth of plants, and the result is shown in table 4:
TABLE 4 influence of nitrogen substitution proportion of different organic fertilizers on physical and chemical properties of tobacco-planting soil
4.5 influence of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on dry weights of roots, stems and leaves of flue-cured tobacco plants
The influence of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on the dry weights of roots, stems and leaves of flue-cured tobacco plants is shown in table 5, and in different detection stages of different treatment groups, the treatment group with the maximum dry weights of roots, stems and leaves in different stages of growth of different flue-cured tobaccos shows that plants with large organic fertilizer application amount mostly show larger dry weights in the later growth stage.
TABLE 5 statistics of the highest dry weight treatment groups of roots, stems and leaves of plants at different detection periods
4.6 influence of nitrogen substitution ratio of different organic fertilizers on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of tobacco plants
TABLE 6 statistics of the highest NPK content treatment groups at different detection periods
Table 6 shows that the treatment groups with the highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in the root system, the stem and the tobacco leaf after 30d, 60d and 90d of transplanting, the treatment groups with large application amount of organic fertilizer, and the element contents of plants are not necessarily large.
4.8 influence of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on apparent utilization rate of flue-cured tobacco fertilizer
4.8.1 influence of nitrogen substitution ratio of different organic fertilizers on apparent utilization rate of flue-cured tobacco nitrogen
As shown in fig. 3: after the tobacco plants are transplanted for 30 days, the nitrogen utilization rate of each processed tobacco plant is low, and after the tobacco plants are transplanted for 60 days and 90 days, the nitrogen utilization rate of the tobacco plants is greatly improved. Under the same fertilizer application level, the nitrogen utilization rate of the organic fertilizer is higher than that of the single fertilizer application. After 90d of transplanting, compared with the treatment of local conventional fertilization (G1), the apparent utilization rate of nitrogen of the flue-cured tobacco is respectively improved by 38.349% (G5), 48.697% (G6) and 52.281% (G7) under the condition of applying 200kg/666.67m2 of organic fertilizer; under the condition of applying 400kg/666.67m2 of organic fertilizer, the apparent utilization rate of nitrogen of the flue-cured tobacco is respectively improved by 7.341 percent (G9), 19.034 percent (G10), 24.444 percent (G11) and 3.977 percent (G12); applying 800kg/666.67m of organic fertilizer2The apparent utilization rate of the nitrogen of the tobacco plants is reduced compared with the treatment of the local conventional fertilization (G1).
4.8.2 influence of nitrogen substitution ratio of different organic fertilizers on apparent utilization rate of phosphorus in flue-cured tobacco
The utilization rate of the tobacco plants to the phosphorus is lower after the tobacco plants are transplanted for 30 days, and the utilization rate of the tobacco plants to the phosphorus is greatly improved in the later period of the transplanting. Wherein, after transplanting for 90 days, the seeds are mixed with the seedsCompared with the conventional fertilization (G1) treatment, the organic fertilizer is applied at 200kg/666.67m2Under the condition, the apparent utilization rate of nitrogen of the flue-cured tobacco is respectively improved by 8.035% (G5), 53.669% (G6), 57.254% (G7) and 9.915% (G8); under the condition of applying 400kg/666.67m2-800kg/666.67m2 of organic fertilizer, the phosphorus apparent utilization rate of the flue-cured tobacco reduces the influence of 4.8.3 different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on the flue-cured tobacco potassium apparent utilization rate.
4.8.3 influence of nitrogen substitution ratio of different organic fertilizers on apparent utilization rate of potassium in flue-cured tobacco
As the growth period is prolonged, the apparent utilization rate of the tobacco plants to the potassium is increased. The tobacco plants are transplanted for 30 days, the utilization rate of potassium is low, and the utilization rate of potassium of the tobacco plants in the later period of transplanting is greatly improved. After 90D of transplanting, compared with the treatment of local conventional fertilization (D1), the apparent utilization rate of potassium by the flue-cured tobacco is improved by matching and applying the organic fertilizer. Wherein, organic fertilizer 200kg/666.67m is applied2Under the condition, the apparent utilization rates of potassium of the flue-cured tobacco are respectively improved by 9.249% (D5), 7.262% (D6), 7.911% (D7) and 1.241% (D8); applying 400kg/666.67m of organic fertilizer2Under the condition, the apparent utilization rate of potassium of the flue-cured tobacco is respectively improved by 23.896% (D9), 26.716% (D10), 45.256% (D11) and 33.632% (D12); applying 800kg/666.67m of organic fertilizer2Under the condition, the apparent utilization rates of potassium of the flue-cured tobacco are respectively improved by 43.736% (D13), 48.590% (D14), 50.439% (D15) and 43.236% (D16). Under the same fertilizer application level, the potassium utilization rate of the organic fertilizer is higher than that of the single fertilizer application.
4.10 influence of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on economic traits of flue-cured tobacco
TABLE 6 influence of different organic fertilizer nitrogen substitution ratios on economic traits of flue-cured tobacco
The yield of crops is closely related to the process of supplying nitrogen to soil. The data in Table 6 can be saidObviously, the yield per mu of the treated rice is 160.08 kg/mu at the maximum, and the yield per mu of the treated rice is 105.55 kg/mu at the minimum from the viewpoint of yield per mu; from the point of mu yield, the highest yield per mu of treatment 7 is 4571.32 yuan, and the lowest yield per mu of treatment 16 is 2235.23 yuan; from a high smoke percentage, the value of treatment 7 was 49.77% maximum and the value of treatment 16 was 4.92% minimum; from the medium to medium smoke ratios, the value for treatment 7 was 84.55% maximum and the minimum value was 56.42% of treatment 12; from the mean price, the highest price is 28.11 dollars for treatment 8, and the lowest is 17.28 dollars for treatment 16. In summary, when the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 200 kg/mu and the nitrogen substitution ratio is 60%, the best upper smoke proportion, middle smoke proportion and upper smoke proportion, and better yield and average price are achieved. When the application amount is 200kg/666.7m2When the nitrogen substitution ratio is 60%, the yield per mu is 34% higher than that of the fertilizer only applied, and the yield per mu is 58%.
In the first embodiment, the feasibility of the fertilization method of flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil is verified through field tests, the agronomic characters, the growth period time, the SPAD value, the physical and chemical properties of soil, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content of tobacco plants, the appearance quality, the economic characters and other properties of flue-cured tobacco plants are detected through experiments, the differences of the properties among different treatment groups are compared, the optimal organic matter application amount and the nitrogen substitution ratio of a chemical fertilizer are explored, and the following conclusion can be summarized through the exploration of the first embodiment:
(1) under the condition of proper soil fertility, applying 200kg/666.7m of organic fertilizer2When the nitrogen substitution ratio is 60%, better leaf area, plant height and stem circumference are obtained, and the maximum effective leaf number is obtained;
(2) in the aspect of photosynthetic property, each photosynthetic index of the high-fertility tobacco plant increases with the increase of organic fertilizer and decreases with the increase of the nitrogen substitution ratio, wherein the net photosynthetic rate and the SPAD treatment G7 (the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 200kg/666.7 m)2The nitrogen substitution ratio is 60 percent), and the photosynthetic effect is better;
(3) for the physical and chemical properties of soil, except that the pH value in soil indexes is reduced along with the increase of the application amount of the organic fertilizer, all other indexes are increased along with the increase of the pH value, the nitrogen substitution ratio has obvious influence on the enzyme activity, and comprehensively, the activities of effective phosphorus, quick-acting potassium, ammonium nitrogen and urease of the soil are optimal when G7 (the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 200kg/666.7m2, and the nitrogen substitution ratio is 60%);
(4) in high-fertility soil, the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 400kg/666.7m2Under the fertilizing condition that the nitrogen substitution ratio is 0%, the growth of tobacco plants in the early and middle stages is facilitated; the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 800kg/666.7m2Under the fertilizing condition that the nitrogen substitution ratio is 0%, the increase of dry matters in the later period of tobacco plants is facilitated; with the continuous increase of the application amount of the organic fertilizer, the dry matter content of tobacco plants generally shows an increasing trend;
(5) the N, P content in roots and leaves increases with the increase of the application amount of the organic fertilizer, the K content tends to increase first and then decrease, and the maximum value appears at the application rate of 400kg/666.7m2In the organic fertilizer treatment, N, P, K matters in the stems show a specific rule, and the difference of the total nitrogen content in the roots and the stems of the tobacco plants treated by the nitrogen substitution ratios is gradually reduced, which indicates that the nitrogen nutrition of the tobacco plants caused by nitrogen substitution can be compensated to a certain degree by applying the organic fertilizer;
(6) the N, P content in roots and leaves increases with the increase of the application amount of the organic fertilizer, the K content tends to increase first and then decrease, and the maximum value appears at the application rate of 400kg/666.7m2In the organic fertilizer treatment, N, P, K matters in the stems show a specific rule, and the difference of the total nitrogen content in the roots and the stems of the tobacco plants treated by the nitrogen substitution ratio is gradually reduced. The application of the organic fertilizer can compensate the nitrogen nutrition of the tobacco plants caused by nitrogen substitution to a certain extent;
(7) under the test condition, the applied organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 800kg/666.67m2The apparent utilization rate of the tobacco plants to nitrogen is smaller than that of the local conventional application amount; applying organic fertilizer of more than or equal to 400kg/666.67m2In the process, the apparent utilization rate of the tobacco plants to the phosphorus fertilizer is less than that of the local conventional fertilizing amount, and the application of excessive nitrogen possibly on the tobacco planting soil with high fertility is not beneficial to the utilization and growth of nutrients by the tobacco plants, and the fertilizer is applied in a proper amount in the fertilizing process. Therefore, the fertilizer is reduced and the proper amount of organic fertilizer is applied, so that the utilization efficiency of flue-cured tobacco on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is improved, and the amount of the organic fertilizer is reduced by 30-60 percent and the organic fertilizer is applied at a rate of 200kg/666.67m2(G6, G7) the apparent utilization rate of nitrogen phosphorus potassium fertilizer by flue-cured tobacco is the highestHigh;
(8) when the application amount of the organic fertilizer is 200kg/666.7m2When the nitrogen substitution ratio is 60%, the best upper smoke ratio, middle smoke ratio and upper smoke ratio and better yield and average price are obtained.
In conclusion, the flue-cured tobacco K326 is planted in high-fertility soil and is suitable for adopting the organic fertilizer application amount of 200kg/666.7m2And the fertilizing scheme with the nitrogen substitution ratio of 60 percent.
Claims (4)
1. A fertilizing method for planting flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
(1) soil preparation is carried out before the tobacco seedlings are transplanted, animal manure is applied to holes, the application amount of each hole is consistent, and the application amount is 200-800kg/666.7m2The tobacco seedling is flue-cured tobacco K326, meanwhile, the special tobacco fertilizer is applied in an environment-friendly mode, the application amount is 0, 30%, 60% and 100% of the conventional application amount, and the nutrient content in the special tobacco fertilizer is N: P2O 5: K2O is 12:6:24, the reduction amount of the phosphorus and potassium application amount relative to the conventional amount caused by the reduction of the application of the special tobacco fertilizer is calculated, and the reduction amount is complemented by using calcium superphosphate and potassium sulfate respectively;
(2) transplanting tobacco seedlings at 20-25 days 4-4 months in the year, wherein the planting row spacing is 1.2m, the planting spacing is 0.5m, and the planting density is 17000 plants/hm2After transplanting, watering enough water to ensure that the water content of the soil reaches 78% of the field water capacity, and covering a mulching film for water retention and heat preservation;
(3) performing primary topdressing 23-26 days after transplanting, applying special fertilizer for tobacco, common calcium and potassium sulfate, and watering in the same manner as in the step (1);
(4) performing secondary topdressing 27-30 days after transplanting, applying special fertilizer for tobacco, common calcium and potassium sulfate, and watering in the same manner as in the step (1);
(5) other field management measures are the same as the local conventional cultivation technology, and the tobacco leaves are harvested according to the local harvesting habit after being mature.
2. The fertilization method of flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil planting according to claim 1, characterized in that: the manure is produced by the same farmer.
3. The fertilization method of flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil planting according to claim 1, characterized in that: the application amount of the manure is 200kg/666.7m2。
4. The fertilization method of flue-cured tobacco K326 in high-fertility soil planting according to claim 1, characterized in that: the application amount of the special tobacco fertilizer is 60% of the conventional amount.
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