CN110250519A - 一种石斛多糖预拌粉及其制备和应用 - Google Patents
一种石斛多糖预拌粉及其制备和应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种石斛多糖预拌粉及其制备和应用。所述的石斛多糖预拌粉，其特征在于，由下列重量百分比的原料制成：含有石斛多糖或其改性物的冻干粉70‑100％，辅剂0‑20％，酸味剂0‑5％，甜味剂0‑5％。本发明利用石斛多糖水溶液的粘性和流变性等性质，改善食物和药物物性，减缓食物流体吞咽的速度，降低食品流入肺里的危险，适用于吞咽困难的食物和药物改良剂。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于食品科学领域，具体来说是一种利于吞咽的石斛多糖预拌粉及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
吞咽困难是指在将固态或液态食物、药物等物质从口腔至胃的运送过程中存在困难。吞咽困难可发生于各年龄段人群，50岁以上有22％、65岁以上有10％～30％、70岁以上有40％的人罹患吞咽功能紊乱，随着年龄的增加呈现上升的趋势，老年人会厌反射功能降低，咽缩肌活动减弱，更易产生吞咽障碍。特别是神经退行性疾病等病人，有60％～80％的神经退行性疾病患者和超过30％的中风病人受吞咽困难的困扰。吞咽困难人群大部分存在脱水、营养不良、电解质紊乱等问题，且易导致患者在吞咽食物时将食物吸入气管，严重者会发生吸入性肺炎而导致死亡。
吞咽障碍患者生活质量受严重影响。缓解吞咽困难的方法主要有吞咽机能训练、鼻饲法替代进食、手术治疗、电刺激治疗和食药品物性改良等。从吞咽角度看，液体食物增稠可以提高粘度，减缓其流经咽喉的速度，有利于吞咽，降低食物吸入肺部的危险。因此，在吞咽困难患者的饮食护理中，改善稀流体食物的粘度、流变性等物性是很重要的手段。
适用于吞咽困难患者的食物要求是密度均一、适度的粘性、不易松散、通过咽及食道时容易变形、不易在粘膜上残留，并且兼顾食品的生物活性及色、香、味等性质。吞咽困难治疗领域常用的流体食物增稠剂分为两类：淀粉类和多糖类。淀粉类由于淀粉颗粒在液体中的溶胀和部分溶解的性质，容易造成糊状的口感，影响病人的接受程度，并且其增稠液体的黏度随时间和温度的变化很大，很难得到均一稳定的增稠流体。多糖类不易被人体口腔中的唾液淀粉酶分解，能在水溶液中形成缠结结构而在相对较长的时间内保持稳定的黏度，因此其在吞咽困难护理领域得到广泛应用。
黄原胶由于其具有强烈假塑性的流变学特性在吞咽困难的饮食护理中显示出积极的作用。吞咽困难治疗用途的流体还需具有稳定的粘度，以满足患者安全吞咽的需求。黄原胶作为增稠剂，虽在吞咽困难饮食护理中被广泛应用，然而，其增稠的流体所具有的触变性，使其粘度在配置后容易随时间等因素发生明显的变化，从而难以保证其食用达到设定值，进而造成食用者吞咽存在安全隐患。此外，瓜尔豆胶、刺槐豆胶、透明质酸等也被用作吞咽困难饮食增稠剂，然而这些亲水胶体增稠剂难以提供其他有益功能，而且含量较高会有一定的不良味道。
石斛中主要的活性成分是多糖类化合物，具有提高免疫力、降血糖、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、保肝护胃及抗白内障等作用。从上个世纪五十年代开始，研究者相继对石斛多糖的提取纯化、结构解析及功能活性等方面做了大量研究，并取得了一定的成果。我们在科研中发现石斛多糖可以作为改善吞咽困难人群的食物性质改良剂。
随着老龄化人口数量的增长，吞咽困难正成为一个日益严峻的社会问题，严重影响人类健康和生活质量，因此研究适用于吞咽困难的特殊医学用途的食品或药品物性改良剂将具有重要的意义和极大的市场潜力。
发明内容
本发明目的是提供一种利于吞咽的石斛多糖预拌粉及其制备方法和应用。
为了达到上述目的，本发明提供了一种石斛多糖预拌粉，其特征在于，由下列重量百分比的原料制成：
含有石斛多糖或其改性物的冻干粉70-100％，
辅剂0-20％，
酸味剂0-5％，
甜味剂0-5％。
所述的石斛多糖是指来自于兰科石斛属植物的多糖提取物，包括但不限于新鲜和干燥石斛茎和叶中的多糖提取物、同属不同种来源的石斛多糖混合物。
优选地，所述的含有石斛多糖或其改性物的冻干粉由石斛多糖或其改性物单一组分组成，或为石斛多糖或其改性物、与蛋白质、脂类化合物以及其它植物和动物多糖类化合物中的至少一种的复配物。
优选地，所述的石斛多糖改性物为对天然石斛多糖进行的物理、化学和生物方法的单一或组合处理后所得的改性产物。
优选地，所述的辅剂是麦芽糊精、其它淀粉类物质以及亲水性多糖类物质中的至少一种或两种以上的混合物。
优选地，所述的酸味剂为柠檬酸、苹果酸的任意一种或者两种的组合。
优选地，所述的甜味剂为蔗糖(如白砂糖)、蜂蜜中的任意一种或者两种的组合。
优选地，所述的甜味剂和酸味剂的质量比为50-100:1。
本发明还提供了上述的石斛多糖预拌粉的制备方法，其特征在于，包括：按质量百分比，将含有石斛多糖或其改性物的冻干粉70-100％、辅剂0-20％、酸味剂0-5％和甜味剂0-5％混合搅拌均匀，得到石斛多糖预拌粉。
优选地，所述的石斛多糖冻干粉的制备方法包括：将新鲜石斛枝条剪碎，加入50-90vol％的乙醇水溶液，浸泡72-100h，过滤，收集滤渣，加入5-10倍体积的蒸馏水煮沸5-30min，过滤，收集滤液后旋转蒸发，蒸发后的浓缩液加入终浓度达到70-90vol％的无水乙醇，静置36-72h，离心，收集沉淀，沉淀经冷冻干燥后粉碎，过筛，得到石斛多糖冻干粉。
本发明还提供了上述的石斛多糖预拌粉的应用方法，其特征在于，包括：将石斛多糖预拌粉直接与0℃-60℃范围内的液态食物或药物混合，或先将石斛多糖预拌粉配成溶液，再与0℃-60℃范围内的液态食物或药物混合。
优选地，所述的液态食物包括但不限于冰水、冷水、热水，矿泉水，蒸馏水、纯净水、稀汤、稀粥、糖浆、牛奶、果汁、茶、咖啡、软饮料、含低浓度(小于10vol％)乙醇的各类饮料，但不适用于含30vol％乙醇及以上浓度的各类酒类。
本发明还提供了上述的石斛多糖预拌粉在改善食物或药物的物性或口感中的应用。所述的物性指的是溶液的物理性质，包括但不限于粘度、弹性、脆性、咀嚼性和流变性等。所述的石斛多糖预拌粉可用于改善食物或药物的物性，适用于吞咽困难人群的饮食和服药。石斛多糖预拌粉可用于改善食物或药物的口感，适用于提高吞咽困难人群的生活质量。
本发明还提供了上述的石斛多糖预拌粉在制备用于改善或治疗患有吞咽困难的患者的营养不良、电解质功能紊乱或脱水的药物或食物中的应用。
优选地，所述的患有吞咽困难的患者包括但不限于植物人、脑血栓、初期帕金森、老年痴呆、糖尿病晚期、脑萎缩、失能失智、中风、插管鼻饲患者、术后恢复期等具有吞咽障碍行为的人群。
本发明中涉及的石斛(Dendrobium nobile)是兰科石斛属植物的新鲜或干燥后的茎或叶。本发明中涉及的石斛多糖是新鲜或干燥后的石斛茎或叶经过水提醇沉并过滤后冻干的粉末。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是：
本发明利用石斛多糖水溶液的粘性和流变性等性质，改善食物和药物物性，减缓食物流体吞咽的速度，降低食品流入肺里的危险，适用于吞咽困难的食物和药物改良剂。
本发明采用了石斛多糖，一方面利用了其水溶液的流变学性质，另一方面利用了其生物学活性，无色无味，外观透明，不影响原食物的色香味。简单混合即可使用，弥补了现有产品的不足。
本发明的方法制备的石斛多糖预拌粉，在0-60℃用水稀释成溶液使用，加水后形成稳定均一溶液，粘度和流变性可根据预拌粉添加量调节，溶液无味或酸甜适口，可直接食用，也可以作为配料添加到其他食品或药品中，利于吞咽。
本发明中石斛多糖预拌粉在0℃-60℃范围内添加不同溶液量时具有不同的粘度。可在食物和药物中直接添加适量的石斛多糖预拌粉，加入溶液后形成密度均一、有适当粘性、粘性稳定，不易松散，通过咽、食管时容易变形且易于吞咽的胶体，改善吞咽功能。在吞咽过程中具有轻微的触变性、口感细腻软滑、酸甜适口且具有石斛多糖提高免疫力和降血糖等生物活性。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例，进一步阐述本发明。应理解，这些实施例仅用于说明本发明而不用于限制本发明的范围。此外应理解，在阅读了本发明讲授的内容之后，本领域技术人员可以对本发明作各种改动或修改，这些等价形式同样落于本申请所附权利要求书所限定的范围。
以下实施例中所用到的各原料均为市售产品。
实施例1
一种石斛多糖预拌粉的制备方法，具体步骤为：
1)一个石斛多糖制备步骤：将新鲜石斛枝条剪碎，加入80vol％乙醇水溶液，常温(25℃)浸泡96h，2层纱布过滤。收集滤渣，加入10倍体积的蒸馏水煮沸30min,6层纱布过滤，收集滤液后95℃旋转蒸发，蒸发后的浓缩液加入终浓度达到80vol％的无水乙醇，静置48h，离心(5000rpm，15min)，收集沉淀，沉淀经冷冻干燥后粉碎，过80目筛，得到石斛多糖冻干粉(平均相对分子质量约为11.5×104Da)；
2)按配比称取石斛多糖冻干粉、辅剂(麦芽糊精)、酸味剂(柠檬酸)、甜味剂(蔗糖)，混合搅拌均匀，得到石斛多糖预拌粉，进行包装。每袋含有石斛多糖预拌粉0.5g。
实施例2
低温天然饮用水物性的改进：
取按照实施例1方法制备的石斛多糖预拌粉，其中，石斛多糖预拌粉比例为石斛多糖冻干粉100％，辅剂0％，酸味剂0％，甜味剂0％。
称量0.5g上述预拌粉，加入4℃、100mL的冰水，搅拌均匀，通过NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测量溶液的粘度，某品牌市售促进吞咽产品1袋(2g，最小包装)加入4℃、100mL的冰水，搅拌均匀，通过NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测量溶液的粘度。结果进行比较。
冰水的粘度为10mPaS,加入0.5g石斛多糖预拌粉搅拌均匀后，粘度达到310mPaS，超过了加入市售产品1袋(2g)后的粘度256mPaS。同时，加入0.5g石斛多糖预拌粉后，溶液粘稠，有一定的流动性，未改变水的味道。结果说明，石斛多糖预拌粉用量少且效果好于市售产品。
实施例3
低温康师傅绿茶饮料物性的改进：
取按照实施例1方法制备的石斛多糖预拌粉，其中，石斛多糖预拌粉比例为石斛多糖冻干粉100％，辅剂0％，酸味剂0％，甜味剂0％。
称量0.5g上述预拌粉，加入4℃、100mL的冷藏康师傅绿茶，搅拌均匀，通过NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测量溶液的粘度，市售同类产品1袋(2g)加入4℃、100mL的冷藏康师傅绿茶，搅拌均匀，通过NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测量溶液的粘度。结果进行比较。
冰康师傅绿茶的粘度为27mPaS,加入0.5g石斛多糖预拌粉搅拌均匀后，粘度达到360mPaS，超过了加入市售产品1袋(2g)后的粘度300mPaS。加入0.5g石斛多糖预拌粉后，溶液粘稠，有一定的流动性，未改变康师傅绿茶的味道。结果说明，石斛多糖预拌粉用量少且效果好于市售产品。
实施例4
常温饮用水物性和味道的改进：
取按照实施例1方法制备的石斛多糖预拌粉，其中，石斛多糖预拌粉比例为石斛多糖冻干粉80.0％，辅剂19.45％，酸味剂0.05％，甜味剂0.5％。
称量0.75g上述预拌粉，加入20℃、100mL的温水，搅拌均匀，通过NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测量溶液的粘度，市售改良吞咽产品2袋(4g)和3袋(6g)分别加入20℃、100mL的温水，搅拌均匀，通过NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测量溶液的粘度。结果进行比较。
20℃水的粘度为10mPaS,加入0.75g石斛多糖预拌粉搅拌均匀后，粘度达到882mPaS，超过了加入市售产品2袋(4g)后的450mPaS粘度，接近了加入市售产品3袋(6g)后的958mPaS粘度。而且，加入0.75g石斛多糖预拌粉后，溶液粘稠，有一定的流动性，饮用水变成酸甜可口的胶体溶液。结果说明，石斛多糖预拌粉用量少且效果好于市售产品。
实施例5
常温汤物性的改进：
取按照实施例1方法制备的石斛多糖预拌粉，其中，石斛多糖预拌粉比例为石斛多糖冻干粉100％，辅剂0％，酸味剂0％，甜味剂0％。
称量1.0g上述预拌粉，加入20℃的100mL的高校食堂的汤，搅拌均匀，通过NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测量溶液的粘度，市售改良吞咽产品4袋(8g)加入20℃100mL的高校食堂的汤，搅拌均匀，通过NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测量溶液的粘度。结果进行比较。
20℃时汤的粘度为176mPaS,加入1.0g石斛多糖预拌粉搅拌均匀后，粘度达到2450mPaS，超过了加入改良吞咽产品4袋(8g)后的粘度2113mPaS。而且，加入1.0g石斛多糖预拌粉后，溶液极粘稠，有缓慢的流动性，未改变汤的味道。结果说明，石斛多糖预拌粉用量少且效果好于市售产品。
实施例6
0.5％石斛多糖预拌粉水溶液的触变性：
取按照实施例1方法制备的石斛多糖预拌粉，其中，石斛多糖预拌粉比例为石斛多糖冻干粉100％，辅剂0％，酸味剂0％，甜味剂0％。
称量0.5g上述预拌粉，加入4℃的100mL的饮用水，搅拌均匀，通过NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测量溶液的粘度。用磁力搅拌器在不同速率(0，30，60，120转/分钟)下搅拌，模拟舌头在口腔里的搅拌作用，通过NDJ-5S旋转粘度计测量溶液的粘度。结果进行比较。
结果表明，在0，30，60，120转/分钟的搅拌下，溶液的粘度分别是146，145，146，146mPaS，粘度很稳定。这说明石斛多糖预拌粉溶液粘度比市售产品中的主成分黄原胶更稳定，触变性很小。
Claims (9)
1.一种石斛多糖预拌粉，其特征在于，由下列重量百分比的原料制成：
含有石斛多糖或其改性物的冻干粉70-100％，
辅剂0-20％，
酸味剂0-5％，
甜味剂0-5％。
2.如权利要求1所述的石斛多糖预拌粉，其特征在于，所述的含有石斛多糖或其改性物的冻干粉由石斛多糖或其改性物单一组分组成，或为石斛多糖或其改性物、与蛋白质、脂类化合物以及其它植物和动物多糖类化合物中的至少一种的复配物；所述的石斛多糖改性物为对天然石斛多糖进行的物理、化学和生物方法的单一或组合处理后所得的改性产物。
3.如权利要求1所述的石斛多糖预拌粉，其特征在于，所述的辅剂是麦芽糊精、其它淀粉类物质以及亲水性多糖类物质中的至少一种或两种以上的混合物；所述的酸味剂为柠檬酸、苹果酸的任意一种或者两种的组合；所述的甜味剂为蔗糖、蜂蜜中的任意一种或者两种的组合；所述的甜味剂和酸味剂的质量比为50-100:1。
4.权利要求1-3中任一项所述的石斛多糖预拌粉的制备方法，其特征在于，包括：按质量百分比，将含有石斛多糖或其改性物的冻干粉70-100％、辅剂0-20％、酸味剂0-5％和甜味剂0-5％混合搅拌均匀，得到石斛多糖预拌粉。
5.如权利要求4所述的石斛多糖预拌粉的制备方法，其特征在于，所述的含有石斛多糖的冻干粉的制备方法包括：将新鲜石斛枝条剪碎，加入50-90vol％的乙醇水溶液，浸泡72-100h，过滤，收集滤渣，加入5-10倍体积的蒸馏水煮沸5-30min，过滤，收集滤液后旋转蒸发，蒸发后的浓缩液加入终浓度达到70-90vol％的无水乙醇，静置36-72h，离心，收集沉淀，沉淀经冷冻干燥后粉碎，过筛，得到含有石斛多糖的冻干粉。
6.权利要求1-3中任一项所述的石斛多糖预拌粉的应用方法，其特征在于，包括：将石斛多糖预拌粉直接与0℃-60℃范围内的液态食物或药物混合，或先将石斛多糖预拌粉配成溶液，再与0℃-60℃范围内的液态食物或药物混合。
7.权利要求1-3中任一项所述的石斛多糖预拌粉在改善食物或药物的物性或口感中的应用。
8.权利要求1-3中任一项所述的石斛多糖预拌粉在制备用于改善或治疗患有吞咽困难的患者的营养不良、电解质功能紊乱或脱水的药物或食物中的应用。
9.如权利要求8所述的应用，其特征在于，所述的患有吞咽困难的患者为植物人、脑血栓、初期帕金森、老年痴呆、糖尿病晚期、脑萎缩、失能失智、中风、插管鼻饲患者、或处于术后恢复期的患者。
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| CN115644446A (zh) * | 2022-11-08 | 2023-01-31 | 贵州省分析测试研究院 | 一种非全营养特医食品流质配方及其制备方法 |
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