CN110100518B - Comprehensive improvement method for seashore saline soil - Google Patents
Comprehensive improvement method for seashore saline soil Download PDFInfo
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- CN110100518B CN110100518B CN201910442751.1A CN201910442751A CN110100518B CN 110100518 B CN110100518 B CN 110100518B CN 201910442751 A CN201910442751 A CN 201910442751A CN 110100518 B CN110100518 B CN 110100518B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B11/00—Drainage of soil, e.g. for agricultural purposes
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D19/00—Keeping dry foundation sites or other areas in the ground
- E02D19/06—Restraining of underground water
- E02D19/12—Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water
- E02D19/18—Restraining of underground water by damming or interrupting the passage of underground water by making use of sealing aprons, e.g. diaphragms made from bituminous or clay material
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Abstract
The invention discloses a comprehensive improvement method of coastal saline soil, which comprises the following steps: a. constructing a curtain wall formed by grouting between the coastal saline soil to be reconstructed and a seawall; b. constructing a salt discharge system in the underground of the seashore saline soil on the inner side of the seashore saline soil surrounded by the curtain walls; c. and constructing a fresh water pipeline irrigation system. The curtain wall can effectively block seawater, and the effectiveness of coastal greening landscapes is prolonged. B, digging a plurality of salt discharge ditches in the soil body, wherein salt discharge wells are arranged in the salt discharge ditches, and the bottoms of the salt discharge wells are communicated with a water discharge pipe; a coarse sand cushion layer is arranged around the salt discharge well, a salt discharge pipe is arranged in the coarse sand cushion layer, the salt discharge pipe is communicated with a water collecting pipe, and the water collecting pipe is arranged lower than the salt discharge pipe; the outside of the salt discharge pipe is sleeved with a fixed pipe, and the fixed pipe is provided with a water permeable hole. The fixed pipe can prevent the salt discharging branch pipe from being deformed and blocked under pressure.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of soil improvement, in particular to a comprehensive improvement method for seashore saline soil.
Background
The coastal area belongs to a typical coastal diving saline soil area, and soil bodies are high in salt content, underground water level and soil PH, low in organic matter content, large in wind speed, large in evaporation capacity and large in groundwater mineralization. Due to the accumulation of a large amount of salt in the saline-alkali soil, a series of physical properties of the soil are deteriorated: the structure viscosity, the air permeability is poor, the volume weight is high, the hardening is compact, the soil temperature rises slowly, the activity of aerobic microorganisms in soil is poor, the water release is slow, the permeability coefficient is low, the capillary action is strong, and the salinization of surface soil is aggravated. Therefore, the key of ensuring the long-term effect in the greening landscape engineering is to make the salt elimination and soil improvement engineering.
The prior Chinese patent application with reference to the publication number CN102577687B discloses a comprehensive improvement method of coastal saline soil, which comprises the following steps: (1) underground salt discharge; (2) improving the physical structure of the soil; (3) washing salt with big water; (4) applying a microbial fertilizer to improve soil; (5) and (4) configuring and planting plants. The invention integrates the engineering patent technology of concealed conduit salt discharge, the technical measure for improving the physical structure of soil and the improvement of microbial fertilizer into a whole, thereby obtaining better improvement effect.
However, the above improvement method focuses on passive treatment, and after the treatment is completed, with the continuous erosion of sea water to the seawall soil, the salt in the sea water can permeate into the seawall soil again, so that the salt content in the seawall soil is increased again, and the vegetation in the coastal areas can still be adversely affected, thereby affecting the long-term effectiveness of the greening landscape engineering.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide the following steps: provides a comprehensive improvement method of the coastal saline soil to achieve the effect of prolonging the long-term effectiveness of the coastal greening landscape.
The first purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a comprehensive improvement method of coastal saline soil comprises the following steps:
a. building a curtain wall: constructing a curtain wall formed by grouting between the coastal saline soil to be reconstructed and a seawall;
b. constructing an underground salt discharge system: constructing a salt discharge system in the underground of the seashore saline soil on the inner side of the seashore saline soil surrounded by the curtain walls;
c. and constructing a fresh water pipeline irrigation system to supply fresh water required by salt washing.
By adopting the scheme, the analysis shows that after the current coastal saline soil treatment is completed, along with the continuous erosion of seawater to the seawall soil, the salt in the seawater can permeate into the seawall soil again to cause the salt content in the seawall soil to rise again, so that the vegetation in the coastal areas can still be adversely affected, and the long-term effectiveness of the greening landscape engineering is affected. Therefore, the curtain wall formed by grouting is built between the coastal saline soil to be reformed and the seawall, the curtain wall can effectively block seawater, the seawater containing a large amount of salt is prevented from flowing back into the seawall soil, the supplement source of the salt water of the seawall soil is cut off, the influence of the seawater flowing back on treatment can be reduced, the smoothness in the treatment process is improved, the phenomenon that the salt content of the seawall soil rises again can be reduced after the treatment is finished, and the long-term effectiveness of the treatment effect is improved.
The invention is further configured to: in the step c, salt is washed until the salt content of the soil is 0.7-0.8%.
The invention is further configured to: b, digging a plurality of salt discharge ditches in the soil body, wherein salt discharge wells are arranged in the salt discharge ditches, and the bottoms of the salt discharge wells are communicated with a water discharge pipe; a coarse sand cushion layer is arranged around the salt discharge well, a salt discharge pipe is arranged in the coarse sand cushion layer, the salt discharge pipe is communicated with a water collecting pipe, and the water collecting pipe is arranged lower than the salt discharge pipe; the outside of the salt discharge pipe is sleeved with a fixed pipe, and the fixed pipe is provided with a water permeable hole.
Through adopting above-mentioned scheme, establish the fixed pipe that has the hole of permeating water at the outside cover of salt discharging pipe, fixed pipe is made for the material of hard material, can play the effect of protection to salt discharging pipe, prevents that salt discharging pipe pressurized deformation, and the hole of permeating water on the fixed pipe can filter the earth and the gravel and sand that the aquatic mix with, reduces the risk that salt discharging pipe blockked up.
The invention is further configured to: and filter screens are arranged on the two adjacent vertical sides of the salt discharge ditch and the soil body.
Through adopting above-mentioned scheme, set up the filter screen, can make water permeate through smoothly, can also reduce earth grit and pass through, reduce the influence of earth grit to each layer that the setting up in the salt drain ditch.
The invention is further configured to: the salt removing well is characterized in that an activated carbon plate for sealing a salt removing well channel is arranged in the salt removing well, a vent hole is formed in the activated carbon plate, the activated carbon plate is hinged to the inner wall of the salt removing well so that the activated carbon plate can be overturned to remove the sealing of the salt removing well channel, and a hinged shaft is eccentrically arranged so that the activated carbon plate can be automatically restored to the original position.
Through adopting above-mentioned scheme, the rainwater can flow in the salt well back of arranging through the hole on the well lid, because the activated carbon plate bears the weight inequality of water and takes place the reversal in the axis direction of axis of rotation and open the salt well of arranging, makes the rainwater flow through smoothly and arranges the discharge through the drain pipe behind the salt well. When rainwater does not flow into the salt discharge well through the well cover, the axis of the activated carbon plate is vertical to the axis of the salt discharge well to close the salt discharge well. The peculiar smell that returns upward in the drain pipe can be absorbed to the active carbon, reduces the peculiar smell in arranging salt well and the drain pipe and gives off, alleviates the influence to the pedestrian. In addition, the activated carbon plate is provided with vent holes, so that gases such as methane in a drain pipe and a salt discharge well can be conveniently released.
The invention is further configured to: the bending radius of the pipeline of the salt discharge pipe is not less than 600mm, the slope drop is 0.1%, and the slope drop of the water collecting pipe is 0.1%.
The invention is further configured to: the salt discharge ditch comprises a planting soil layer at the top and an isolation layer at the bottom, and a coarse sand cushion layer is arranged between the planting soil layer and the isolation layer.
Through adopting above-mentioned scheme, the primary function of isolation layer is that the salinity that prevents salt drain ditch below rises, and some saline and alkaline tolerant plants, the afforestation environment can be planted to the planting soil layer.
The invention is further configured to: and a permeable layer formed by laying geotextile is arranged between the planting soil layer and the coarse sand cushion layer.
Through adopting above-mentioned scheme, the permeable bed selects uses the geotechnological cloth, can make water pass through smoothly, blocks simultaneously that earth gravel and sand passes through, reduces in the gap of the coarse grit of soil infiltration coarse sand bed course.
The invention is further configured to: and a stone chip water spraying layer is arranged between the planting soil layer and the permeable layer.
By adopting the scheme, the gap between the stone chip water spraying layers is large, so that rainwater permeating from the top surface of the drainage pit can be stored, and the rainwater can flow through the drainage pit quickly.
The invention is further configured to: in the stone chip water-sprinkling layer, the particle size of the stone chips is 0.5-1.5 cm.
In conclusion, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the invention, the curtain wall formed by grouting is built between the coastal saline soil to be modified and the seawall, the curtain wall can effectively block seawater, prevent seawater containing a large amount of salt from flowing back into the seawall soil, and cut off the supplement source of the seawall soil salt water, so that the influence of seawater flowing back on treatment can be reduced, the smoothness in the treatment process is improved, and the phenomenon that the salt content of the seawall soil rises again can be reduced after the treatment is finished, thereby improving the long-term effectiveness of the treatment effect;
2. arrange the fixed pipe that has the filtration pore is established to the outside cover of salt branch pipe, and fixed pipe is made for the material of hard material, can play the effect of protection to arranging the salt branch pipe, prevents to arrange salt branch pipe pressurized deformation, and the filtration pore on the fixed pipe can filter earth and gravel that the aquatic was mingled with, prevents to arrange the salt branch pipe and is blockked up. The salt discharge pipe is prevented from being extruded and deformed, and the risk that the salt discharge pipe is blocked by soil, sand and stones is prevented;
3. set up the activated carbon board in the salt discharge well, the peculiar smell that returns upward in the drain pipe can be absorbed to the activated carbon board, has seted up the air vent on the activated carbon board simultaneously, reduces the peculiar smell in salt discharge well and the drain pipe and gives off, alleviates the influence to the pedestrian.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial schematic view at A of FIG. 1;
fig. 3 is an enlarged schematic view of an activated carbon plate.
Reference numerals: 1. a soil body; 11. a drain pipe; 12. filtering with a screen; 2. a salt discharge ditch; 3. a salt draining well; 31. a well cover; 32. a rotating shaft; 33. an activated carbon plate; 331. a vent hole; 332. rotating the hole; 4. a salt discharge pipe; 41. a water collecting pipe; 5. a fixed tube; 51. water permeable holes; 6. an isolation layer; 7. a coarse sand cushion layer; 8. a water permeable layer; 9. sprinkling the water layer with the stone chips; 10. and (5) planting a soil layer.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail below.
A comprehensive improvement method of coastal saline soil comprises the following steps:
a. building a curtain wall: and constructing a curtain wall formed by grouting between the coastal saline soil to be reformed and the seawall. The curtain wall can effectively block seawater, prevent seawater containing a large amount of salt from flowing backwards into the seawall soil, cut off the supplement source of the seawall soil salt water, reduce the influence of the seawater flowing backwards on treatment, improve the smoothness in the treatment process, reduce the phenomenon that the salt content of the seawall soil rises again after the treatment is finished, and improve the long-term effectiveness of the treatment effect.
b. Constructing an underground salt discharge system: constructing a salt discharge system in the underground of the seashore saline soil on the inner side of the seashore saline soil surrounded by the curtain walls;
c. constructing a fresh water pipeline irrigation system: fresh water required by salt washing is supplied until the salt content of the soil is 0.7-0.8%, and then planting of the greening plants can be carried out.
In the step b, the underground salt discharge system comprises a salt discharge ditch 2 formed in a soil body 1, a salt discharge well 3 with an opening at the top end is arranged in the salt discharge ditch 2, the bottom of the salt discharge well 3 is communicated with a water discharge pipe 11, and an isolation layer 6, a coarse sand cushion layer 7, a permeable layer 8, a stone chip water-sprinkling layer 9 and a planting soil layer 10 are sequentially filled around the salt discharge well 3 from bottom to top; a salt discharge pipe 4 is arranged in the coarse sand cushion 7, and the salt discharge pipe 4 is communicated with the salt discharge well 3.
A salt discharge ditch 2 is arranged in the soil body 1. The cross section of the salt discharge ditch 2 is rectangular, and the drain pipe 11 is positioned at the bottom of the salt discharge ditch 2. The vertical two sides of the salt discharge ditch 2 adjacent to the soil body 1 are provided with filter screens 12.
A salt discharge well 3 is arranged in the salt discharge ditch 2. The salt discharge well 3 is in a long cylinder shape, the axis is vertically arranged, and the bottom of the salt discharge well 3 is communicated with the drain pipe 11. The height of the salt discharge well 3 is 2m, the inner diameter is 1m, and the outer diameter is 1.2 m. The top opening part of the salt discharge well 3 is covered with a well cover 31, and the well cover 31 is provided with two through holes.
Referring to fig. 2, the inner wall of the salt discharge well 3 is provided with two rotating shafts 32, and the two rotating shafts 32 are symmetrically arranged along the axis of the salt discharge well 3. The rotating shaft 32 is cylindrical, the axis of the rotating shaft is perpendicular to the axis of the salt discharge well 3, and one end far away from the center of the salt discharge well 3 is fixedly connected with the inner side wall of the salt discharge well 3.
Referring to fig. 2 and 3, an activated carbon plate 33 is provided in the inner wall of the salt discharge well 3. The activated carbon plate 33 is in a flat circular truncated cone shape, and the axis thereof is superposed with the axis of the salt discharge well 3 in a non-drainage state. The top surface of the activated carbon plate 33 is perforated with a plurality of vent holes 331 which are uniformly distributed.
A rotating hole 332 into which the rotating shaft 32 is inserted is formed in the circumferential side wall of the activated carbon plate 33, and the rotating hole 332 is eccentrically arranged so that the activated carbon plate automatically restores to the original position; the activated carbon plate 33 is rotatably connected to the rotating shaft 32 such that the activated carbon plate 33 is turned inside the salt discharge well 3 to open and close the salt discharge well 3. The radius of the activated carbon plate 33 is smaller than the height from the axis of the rotating shaft 32 to the bottom surface of the cover of the salt discharge well 3, so as to ensure that the activated carbon plate 33 can be smoothly turned over.
After rainwater flows into the salt discharge well 3 through the holes in the well cover 31, the activated carbon plate 33 bears the uneven gravity of water and rotates in the axial direction of the rotating shaft 32 to open the salt discharge well 3, so that the rainwater smoothly flows through the salt discharge well 3 and then is discharged through the drain pipe 11. When rainwater does not flow into the salt discharging well 3 through the well cover 31, the axis of the activated carbon plate 33 is perpendicular to the axis of the salt discharging well 3 to close the salt discharging well 3. The peculiar smell that returns upward in can absorbing drain pipe 11 of active carbon, has seted up air vent 331 on the active carbon board 33 simultaneously, can make gas such as 3 marsh gas effluvium in drain pipe 11 and the salt drainage well, reduces the peculiar smell in salt drainage well and the drain pipe and gives off, alleviates the influence to the pedestrian, can also protect pedestrian's safety.
An isolation layer 6 is laid below the bottom surface of the salt discharge well 3. The thickness of the isolation layer 6 is 20cm, and the used materials comprise one or more of coal cinder, stones and rock salt, so that the effect of isolating the salt ascending below the salt discharge ditch 2 is achieved.
And a coarse sand cushion layer 7 is laid on the top surface of the isolation layer 6. The thickness of the coarse sand cushion layer 7 is 20cm, and the coarse sand cushion layer is mainly composed of coarse sand and stone. A drain pipe 11 is arranged in the coarse sand cushion layer 7, one end of the drain pipe is communicated with the salt discharge well 3, and the other end of the drain pipe is communicated with an underground drainage pipeline system.
The coarse sand cushion layer 7 is internally provided with a salt discharge pipe 4. The salt discharge pipes 4 are arranged in a criss-cross mode, professional permeable corrugated 32mm salt discharge pipes are selected, and the horizontal distance is 1 m. The bending radius of the pipeline of the salt discharge pipe 4 is not less than 600mm, the slope drop is 0.1%, and the salt discharge pipe 4 is communicated with a water collecting pipe 41. The water collecting pipes 41 are arranged in a crisscross manner, and the horizontal distance is 4-5 m. The water collecting pipe 41 is a UPVC gray water supply pipe with the thickness of 110mm and is communicated with the salt discharge well 3. The water collecting pipe 41 is about 10cm lower than the salt discharging pipe 4, and the slope drop is 0.1%.
The fixed pipe 5 is sleeved on the circumferential outer wall of the salt discharge pipe 4. The fixing tube 5 is made of a hard material, such as hard plastic, and can protect the salt discharge tube 4 and prevent the salt discharge tube 4 from deforming under pressure. The body of the fixed pipe 5 extends over the water permeable holes 51.
And a permeable layer 8 is arranged on the top surface of the coarse sand cushion layer 7. The permeable layer 8 is made of water and soil engineering cloth, so that water above the permeable layer 8 in the drainage ditch can enter, and the soil is reduced to permeate into gaps of coarse gravels of the coarse sand cushion layer 7.
And a stone chip water spraying layer 9 is arranged on the top surface of the permeable layer 8. The stone chip water-sprinkling layer 9 is 30cm thick and mainly comprises coarse gravel, and the particle size of the stone chips is 0.5-1.5 cm. Because the clearance in the stone chip water-sprinkling layer 9 is larger, the water permeating from the top surface of the drainage ditch can rapidly pass through the drainage ditch, and the water flow can also have the function of storage when being larger.
A planting soil layer 10 is arranged on the top surface of the stone chip water spraying layer 9. The thickness of the planting soil layer 10 is 50cm, and the water storage capacity of the drainage ditch is improved through the planting soil layer 10.
When water exists above the salt discharge pit, the water flows through the planting soil layer 10, the stone chip water spraying layer 9 and the permeable layer 8 in sequence and then carries the salt and the alkali to reach the coarse sand cushion layer 7; the saline-alkali water entering the coarse sand cushion 7 passes through the water permeable holes 51 of the fixed pipe 5 and then permeates into the salt discharge pipe 4; the salt and alkali water of the salt discharge pipe 4 is collected and then enters a water collecting pipe 41 and then flows into the salt discharge well 3; the saline-alkali water flows out from a drain pipe 11 communicated with the bottom of the salt discharge well 3. Fixed pipe 5 can play the effect of protection to arrange salt pipe 4, prevents to arrange salt pipe 4 compressive deformation, and the hole of permeating water on the fixed pipe simultaneously can filter the earth and the gravel and sand that the aquatic was mingled with, prevents to arrange salt pipe and is blockked up.
The above-mentioned embodiments are merely illustrative and not restrictive, and those skilled in the art can modify the embodiments without inventive contribution as required after reading this specification, but only fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A comprehensive improvement method of coastal saline soil is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
a. building a curtain wall: constructing a curtain wall formed by grouting between the coastal saline soil to be reconstructed and a seawall;
b. constructing an underground salt discharge system: constructing a salt discharge system in the underground of the seashore saline soil on the inner side of the seashore saline soil surrounded by the curtain walls:
a plurality of salt discharge ditches (2) are dug in the soil body (1), and filter screens (12) are arranged on the two vertical sides of the salt discharge ditches (2) adjacent to the soil body (1);
a salt discharge well (3) is arranged in the salt discharge ditch (2), and the bottom of the salt discharge well (3) is communicated with a drain pipe (11);
the salt discharge ditch (2) comprises a planting soil layer (10) at the top and an isolation layer (6) at the bottom, and a coarse sand cushion layer (7) is arranged between the planting soil layer (10) and the isolation layer (6); a permeable layer (8) formed by laying geotextile is arranged between the planting soil layer (10) and the coarse sand cushion layer (7); a stone chip water spraying layer (9) is arranged between the planting soil layer (10) and the permeable layer (8);
a salt discharge pipe (4) is arranged in the coarse sand cushion layer (7), the salt discharge pipe (4) is communicated with a water collecting pipe (41), the water collecting pipe (41) is arranged below the salt discharge pipe (4), a fixing pipe (5) is sleeved outside the salt discharge pipe (4), and a water permeable hole (51) is formed in the fixing pipe (5);
an activated carbon plate (33) for closing the passage of the salt discharge well (3) is arranged in the salt discharge well (3), a vent hole (321) is formed in the activated carbon plate (33), the activated carbon plate (33) is hinged with the inner wall of the salt discharge well (3) so that the activated carbon plate (33) can be overturned to remove the closing of the passage of the salt discharge well (3), and a hinged shaft is eccentrically arranged so that the activated carbon plate (33) can be automatically restored to the original position;
c. and constructing a fresh water pipeline irrigation system to supply fresh water required by salt washing.
2. The method for improving seashore solonchak as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step c, salt is washed until the salt content of the soil is 0.7-0.8%.
3. The method for improving seashore solonchak as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the bending radius of the pipeline of the salt discharge pipe (4) is not less than 600mm, the slope drop is 0.1%, and the slope drop of the water collecting pipe (41) is 0.1%.
4. The method for improving seashore solonchak as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the stone chip water-sprinkling layer (9), the particle size of the stone chips is 0.5-1.5 cm.
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| CN201910442751.1A CN110100518B (en) | 2019-05-25 | 2019-05-25 | Comprehensive improvement method for seashore saline soil |
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| CN201910442751.1A CN110100518B (en) | 2019-05-25 | 2019-05-25 | Comprehensive improvement method for seashore saline soil |
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| CN110100518B true CN110100518B (en) | 2022-03-18 |
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| CN205052094U (en) * | 2015-10-27 | 2016-03-02 | 江苏景然园林建设有限公司 | Salt system is arranged in saline and alkaline land |
| CN106385830A (en) * | 2016-08-29 | 2017-02-15 | 山东胜伟园林科技有限公司 | Salt-discharging underground pipe containing filtering device and used for saline-alkali land |
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| CN201830631U (en) * | 2010-09-07 | 2011-05-18 | 深圳市文科园艺实业有限公司 | Greening and desalting system for saline-alkali soil |
| CN202285515U (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2012-07-04 | 深圳文科园林股份有限公司 | Saline and alkaline land and coastal road surface paving and desalting system |
| CN205883904U (en) * | 2016-06-08 | 2017-01-18 | 江苏苑艺园林建设有限公司 | Saline soil reclamation greening system |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| RU2109425C1 (en) * | 1996-08-30 | 1998-04-27 | Галина Эрднеевна Настинова | Soil desalinization method |
| CN101387113A (en) * | 2008-09-25 | 2009-03-18 | 史汉祥 | Coastal saline soil improvement method |
| CN202416364U (en) * | 2012-01-13 | 2012-09-05 | 赵静 | Overall well for municipal engineering |
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| CN102577687A (en) * | 2012-03-12 | 2012-07-18 | 天津泰达园林建设有限公司 | Comprehensive improving method for coastal saline soil |
| CN104206064A (en) * | 2013-06-04 | 2014-12-17 | 河南山水园林绿化工程有限公司 | Underground salt elimination method for saline and alkali land |
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| CN208363137U (en) * | 2018-05-07 | 2019-01-11 | 刘澄 | A kind of well cover for sewer with anti-corrosion function |
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| CN110100518A (en) | 2019-08-09 |
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