CN109275475B - Management method of breeding seedlings - Google Patents
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- CN109275475B CN109275475B CN201811276731.3A CN201811276731A CN109275475B CN 109275475 B CN109275475 B CN 109275475B CN 201811276731 A CN201811276731 A CN 201811276731A CN 109275475 B CN109275475 B CN 109275475B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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Abstract
The invention provides a management method of breeding seedlings, belonging to the technical field of fruit tree breeding and comprising the following steps: 1) double-row close planting of seedlings in a nursery; 2) carrying out winter pruning in the first year after the seedlings are planted, wherein the winter pruning comprises the following steps: cutting the lateral branches with the length of more than or equal to 5cm at the position of 4-12 cm; the winter pruning time is from the leaf falling of the seedling to the bud; 3) carrying out winter pruning on the germinated lateral branches in the second year of field planting of the seedlings, wherein the pruning comprises the steps of pruning upright and overlapped branches, reserving obliquely-grown, horizontally-grown and drooping branches, and continuously cutting the lateral branches with the length of more than or equal to 5cm at the positions of 4-12 cm; 4) in the following years, the procedure is as 3), and only the lateral branches are cut in winter. The management method can reduce the land space occupied by each seedling, greatly increase the fixed number of plants in unit area, reduce the height of the tree body, shorten the breeding period and ensure that the measure of childhood distance is more accurate.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of fruit tree breeding, and particularly relates to a management method of breeding seedlings.
Background
The seedlings for fruit tree breeding are seedlings propagated by seeds, and comprise seed selection seedlings and crossbreeding seedlings, the seedlings are fixedly planted in a field breeding garden, the seedlings can be subjected to a result only when the Juvenile period (Juvenile period) of the fruit tree reaches the Adult period (Adult period), and the result can be a new variety only after being subjected to primary selection, check, decision selection or variety comparison test, area test and production test and then being subjected to expert identification, variety approval or variety right application protection.
Traditional seedlings (seeds formed by natural or open pollination or seedlings formed by germination after stratification of seeds formed by cross pollination) are firstly planted in a breeding garden, after growth and development and the passing of childhood, initial selection is started after results are obtained, an initial selection optimal line (excellent single plant) is connected with a check garden in a high position for checking, the optimal line is checked and enters a variety comparison test, a region test and a production test, and a cultivation technical key point is provided according to the variety habit, so that a new variety is born. The breeding period of the fruit trees (from hybridization or seed collection to new variety breeding) is generally about 15 years, which takes time and land, has long period and low efficiency, and is a main obstacle for restricting the breeding progress of the fruit trees.
Before the seedlings (trees) have the flowering potential, any measures are taken, and the seedlings (trees) cannot be artificially induced to bloom. The length of this period varies depending on the species of tree, environmental conditions and cultivation technique. For the breeding of woody plants and the species of trees which take fruits as harvest objects, the prime bottleneck factor causing long breeding period and low efficiency is long childbearing period.
The length of seedling in childhood and the early and late fruiting are measured by 2 methods: the first is expressed in terms of the Juvenile period (Juvenile period), i.e., the time taken for a seedling to develop from colonization until the onset of fruiting, and the second is expressed in terms of the childhood distance (Juvenile span), i.e., the height of the locus of the onset of fruiting from the ground.
In a breeding garden, the tree form management of the seedlings is generally that the seedlings grow to 60-70 cm in length and are regularly dried, a shaping belt is arranged 20cm below a cut, main branches with good angles are selected year by year, and no branch is left on the ground under the shaping belt to serve as a main trunk. The techniques for shortening childhood cultivation generally include intensive liquid manure management, application of growth regulators, application of dwarfing stocks, girdling, high grafting and the like.
In the traditional method for managing the tree form of the seedling in the breeding nursery, because the fixed trunk stimulates the top bud to grow upwards, the branch is promoted to grow and the branch spread is increased, the occupied space of a single seedling is large, and because the shaped lower bud is taken as the trunk, the nutrition shunt of the lateral branch is reduced, the extension head of the central trunk of the tree grows upwards quickly, so that the crown of the seedling is large, the tree body is high, and the seedling planted in unit area is reduced; and because the tree height is intervened manually, the real child journey can not be measured.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the present invention provides a management method for breeding seedlings, which can reduce the land space occupied by each seedling, greatly increase the number of plants per unit area, reduce the height of the tree body, and make the childhood distance measurement more accurate.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following technical scheme:
a management method of breeding seedlings comprises the following steps: 1) densely planting seedlings in a nursery in double rows, wherein the plant spacing, the narrow row spacing and the wide row spacing of the seedlings are 0.8-1.2 m, 2.0-3.0 m; 2) carrying out winter pruning in the first year after the seedlings are planted, wherein the winter pruning comprises the following steps: cutting the lateral branches with the length of more than or equal to 5cm at the position of 4-12 cm; the winter pruning time is from the leaf falling of the seedling to the bud; 3) and in the second year of field planting of the seedlings, carrying out winter pruning on the germinated lateral branches, wherein the winter pruning comprises the steps of pruning vertical and overlapped lateral branches, reserving obliquely-grown, horizontally-grown and drooping lateral branches, and continuously cutting the lateral branches with the length of more than or equal to 5cm at the position of 4-12 cm, wherein the lateral branches are branches except for the central trunk.
4) In the following years, the procedure is as 3), and only the lateral branches are cut in winter.
Preferably, the plant spacing, the narrow row spacing and the wide row spacing of the seedlings in the step 1) are 0.9-1.1 m × 2.2-2.8 m.
Preferably, the plant spacing x narrow row spacing x wide row spacing of the seedlings in step 1) is 1m x 2.5 m.
Preferably, the winter pruning in the step 2) comprises the steps of cutting the lateral branches with the trunk ratio of more than 3 to 4.5-7 cm, and cutting the lateral branches with the trunk ratio of less than or equal to 3 to 9-12 cm; the trunk-branch ratio is the ratio of the trunk thickness of the implantation part of the lateral branch to the base thickness of the lateral branch.
Preferably, the winter pruning in the step 2) comprises the steps of cutting the lateral branches with the trunk ratio of more than 3 to 5cm, and cutting the lateral branches with the trunk ratio of less than or equal to 3 to 10 cm.
Preferably, when the seedlings are planted in the northern China, the winter pruning time is from the middle of 11 months to the middle of 3 months in the next year.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: according to the management method of the breeding seedlings, the seedlings are densely planted in the nursery in double rows, the seedlings are not subjected to seedling stem setting in the first year after the seedlings are fixedly planted, no bud is wiped under a shaping tape, no main stem is left, a central stem extension head continuously grows and is not truncated, so that the growth amount of the seedlings is reduced year by year; the central trunk is not stimulated to grow upwards due to the indefinite trunk, and lateral branches are remained as much as possible at the same time, so that nutrients are shunted, the upward growth of the central trunk is controlled, and the height of a tree body is reduced; the height of the tree body is 3.5 m-4.0 m. Because the method comprises the steps of carrying out winter pruning on the seedlings in the first year of field planting and carrying out winter pruning on the germinated lateral branches in the second year, cultivating the seedlings into a barrel shape, and fully distributing small branches on the central trunk, the land space occupied by each seedling can be reduced to the maximum extent, and the fixed plant number in unit area is greatly increased; compared with the conventional seedling management method, the management method has the advantages that the occupied space of each seedling is reduced by 75 percent; as the central trunk continuously grows upwards, only the lateral branches are cut short, no fruit exists in the childhood, and fruit exists above the childhood, so that the childhood measuring is more objective and accurate.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a management method of breeding seedlings, which comprises the following steps: 1) densely planting seedlings in a nursery in double rows, wherein the plant spacing, the narrow row spacing and the wide row spacing of the seedlings are 0.8-1.2 m, 2.0-3.0 m; 2) carrying out winter pruning in the first year after the seedlings are planted, wherein the winter pruning comprises the following steps: cutting the lateral branches with the length of more than or equal to 5cm at the position of 4-12 cm; the winter pruning time is from the leaf falling of the seedling to the bud; 3) and pruning the germinated branches in the second year of field planting of the seedlings, wherein the pruning comprises pruning upright side branches, reserving obliquely-grown, horizontally-grown and drooping side branches, and continuously cutting the side branches with the length of more than or equal to 5cm at the position of 4-12 cm, wherein the side branches are branches except the central trunk. 4) In the following years, the procedure is as 3), and only the lateral branches are cut in winter.
The double-row close planting of the seedlings in the nursery garden has the advantages that the plant spacing, the narrow row spacing and the wide row spacing of the seedlings are 0.8-1.2 m multiplied by 2.0-3.0 m, the double-row close planting adopts the wide-narrow row planting of the seedlings, the plant spacing is 0.8-1.2 m, the preferable range is 0.9-1.1 m, and the more preferable range is 1 m; the narrow row spacing is 0.8-1.2 m, preferably 0.9-1.1 m, and more preferably 1 m; the wide row spacing is 2.0-3.0 m, preferably 2.2-2.8 m, and more preferably 2.5 m. The specific planting method of the seedling is not particularly limited, and a conventional seedling planting method in the field can be adopted.
According to the invention, the seedlings are not fixed in the first year of field planting, no bud picking and trunk remaining are carried out under the shaping zone, the central stem extension head continuously grows, and the central stem extension head is not truncated. According to the method, winter pruning is carried out in winter of the first year after the seedlings are fixedly planted, the winter pruning time is preferably from the leaf falling of the seedlings to the bud before the seedlings are planted in the northern China, and when the seedlings are planted in the northern China, the winter pruning time is preferably from the middle of 11 months to the lower of 3 months in the next year. In the present invention, the winter pruning device comprises: cutting the lateral branches with the length of more than or equal to 5cm at the position of 4-12 cm; in the invention, the length of the short section is preferably determined according to the thickness of the lateral branch, wherein the thickness is calculated by a main branch ratio, and the main branch ratio is the ratio of the thickness of a main trunk of an implantation part of the lateral branch to the thickness of a base part of the lateral branch. The preferred side branches with the trunk branch ratio of more than 3 are cut to 4.5-7 cm, and the more preferred side branches are cut to 5 cm; and cutting the side branches with the trunk branch ratio less than or equal to 3 to 9-12 cm, preferably to 10 cm.
In the second year of the field planting of the seedlings, the germinated branches are trimmed, wherein the trimming comprises trimming the upright branches and reserving the obliquely-growing, horizontally-growing and drooping branches. In the invention, the pruning is carried out according to the principle of 'straightening, inclination, strengthening and weakness removal', and in the specific implementation process of the invention, the judgment of 'straightening, inclination, strengthening and weakness' is judged according to the common knowledge in the field.
The management method of the breeding seedlings can obviously reduce the land space occupied by each seedling, reduce the height of the tree body, shorten the childhood period and enable the childhood measuring to be more accurate.
The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail below with reference to examples, but they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The planting method comprises the following steps of (1) planting 266 apricot seedlings hybridized by 'red cross branch' x 'golden sun' with the planting plant spacing x narrow row spacing x wide row spacing of 1.0m x 2.5m per mu:
the seedlings are not dry, no bud picking and trunk remaining are carried out on the plastic tape, the central stem extension head continuously grows, and the growth amount is reduced year by year because the central stem extension head is not dry in the first year and is not truncated later;
in the first year of field planting, when the lateral branches shorter than 5cm are cut in winter after leaf falling and before sprouting, the lateral branches longer than 5cm are not cut, the lateral branches longer than 5cm are cut at the position of 5-10 cm, 5cm of short branches are reserved for thick branches with the trunk ratio (the ratio of the trunk thickness of the implantation part at the base of the lateral branches to the thickness of the base of the lateral branches) larger than 3, and 10cm of short branches are reserved for thin branches with the trunk ratio smaller than or equal to 3; in the second year of field planting, carrying out winter pruning on the germinated lateral branches, wherein the winter pruning comprises the steps of pruning vertical and overlapped lateral branches, reserving the lateral branches which grow obliquely, horizontally and drooping, and removing the germinated branches to be straight, oblique, strong and weak; the 'removing' is to remove vertical and thick branches which are strong branches, and oblique, horizontal and drooping branches which are generally thinner are weak branches; and continuously cutting the lateral branches longer than 5cm at the position of 5-10 cm, wherein the thick branches with the trunk ratio (the ratio of the thickness of the trunk at the implantation part at the base part of the lateral branches) larger than 3 are left with 5cm short sections, the thin branches with the trunk ratio less than or equal to 3 are left with 10cm short sections,
and performing winter pruning in each year in the following according to a method for planting in the second year.
The experimental results are as follows:
fruiting begins 2-3 years after planting (namely, the adult period is reached), the height of the tree is 2.5-3.0 m and the childhood range is 0.5-1.2 m after 6 years (6 years old); the breeding period is 7-8 years.
According to the conventional seedling management method, the row spacing of planted seedlings is 2.0m multiplied by 4.0m, 83 seedlings are planted per mu, a fixed trunk of 40-60 cm is reserved after planting, a shaping band of 20cm is reserved below a cut, bud picking treatment is carried out below the shaping band, fruiting is started (namely the adult stage is reached) 4-7 years, the height of the tree is 4.5 m-6.0 m 6 years (6 years old) after planting, and the childhood distance cannot be accurately measured due to different fixed trunk heights; the breeding period is 9-12 years.
The results of the process of the present invention are compared to the results of the conventional process in Table 1.
TABLE 1 comparison of the effectiveness of the conventional seedling management method and the new method
| Management method | Planting plant row spacing (m) | Mu plant number | Year of first fruit (year) | 6 years old tree height (m) | Children's journey (m) | Breeding cycle (year) |
| Conventional management method | 2×4 | 83 | 4~7 | 4.5~6.0 | Can not accurately measure | 9~12 |
| Management method of the invention | 1×1×2.5 | 266 | 2~3 | 2.5~3.0 | 0.5~1.2 | 7~8 |
The breeding seedlings provided by the invention can reduce the occupied area, the number of plants per mu is increased by 2.2 times compared with that of the conventional method, and the breeding period is shortened by 2-4 years; the child's journey can be accurately measured.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A management method of breeding seedlings comprises the following steps:
1) densely planting seedlings in a nursery in double rows, wherein the plant spacing, the narrow row spacing and the wide row spacing of the seedlings are 0.8-1.2 m, 2.0-3.0 m;
2) carrying out winter pruning in the first year after the seedlings are planted, wherein the winter pruning comprises the following steps: cutting the lateral branches with the length of more than or equal to 5cm at the position of 4-12 cm; the winter pruning time is from the leaf falling of the seedling to the bud;
3) carrying out winter pruning on germinated lateral branches in the second year of field planting of the seedlings, wherein the winter pruning comprises pruning vertical and overlapped lateral branches, reserving obliquely-grown, horizontally-grown and drooping lateral branches, and continuously cutting the lateral branches with the length of more than or equal to 5cm at positions of 4-12 cm, wherein the lateral branches are branches except for a central trunk;
4) in the next year, the step 3) is carried out, and only the lateral branches are cut in winter;
the seedlings are not subjected to seedling stem fixing in the first year of field planting, and no bud picking and trunk remaining are carried out on the shaped zone; the central stem extension head is not truncated afterwards.
2. The method for managing as claimed in claim 1, wherein the plant spacing x narrow row spacing x wide row spacing of the seedlings in step 1) is 0.9 to 1.1m x 2.2 to 2.8 m.
3. The method for controlling according to claim 2, wherein the plant spacing x narrow row spacing x wide row spacing of said seedlings in step 1) is 1m x 2.5 m.
4. The management method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the winter pruning in the step 2) comprises cutting the lateral branches with the trunk ratio of more than 3 to 4.5-7 cm, and cutting the lateral branches with the trunk ratio of less than or equal to 3 to 9-12 cm; the trunk-branch ratio is the ratio of the trunk thickness of the implantation part of the lateral branch to the base thickness of the lateral branch.
5. The management method according to claim 4, wherein the winter pruning in step 2) comprises cutting the side branches with a trunk ratio > 3 to 5cm short and cutting the side branches with a trunk ratio ≤ 3 to 10cm short.
6. The method of managing of claim 1, wherein the winter pruning is performed between the top middle of 11 months to the bottom middle of 3 months of the following year when the seedlings are planted north China.
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| CN103718813B (en) * | 2013-12-30 | 2017-12-05 | 南京林业大学 | Chinese toon trunk oblique pull Cultivation With Dwarf Varieties And Close Spacing method |
| CN103749238B (en) * | 2014-01-10 | 2018-02-02 | 丹东江源农业科技有限公司 | Tara vine breed breeding and Fruiting And High Yield Cultivation Techniques |
| CN104126474A (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2014-11-05 | 西北农林科技大学 | Single-branch single-trunk columnar tree form cultivation method for peach trees |
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