CN108698499A - 用于混合动力车辆的驱动***及其运行方法 - Google Patents

用于混合动力车辆的驱动***及其运行方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108698499A
CN108698499A CN201780010780.XA CN201780010780A CN108698499A CN 108698499 A CN108698499 A CN 108698499A CN 201780010780 A CN201780010780 A CN 201780010780A CN 108698499 A CN108698499 A CN 108698499A
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internal combustion
combustion engine
clutch
transmission
motor
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CN201780010780.XA
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CN108698499B (zh
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B·霍斯
T·容
S·科布勒
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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Bayerische Motoren Werke AG
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
    • B60W20/00—Control systems specially adapted for hybrid vehicles
    • B60W20/40—Controlling the engagement or disengagement of prime movers, e.g. for transition between prime movers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/30—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by chargeable mechanical accumulators, e.g. flywheels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/24—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the combustion engines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/28—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the electric energy storing means, e.g. batteries or capacitors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/38—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the driveline clutches
    • B60K6/387—Actuated clutches, i.e. clutches engaged or disengaged by electric, hydraulic or mechanical actuating means
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/40—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the assembly or relative disposition of components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于混合动力车辆的驱动***，包括内燃机(12)，其具有构造用于向混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮方向输出驱动功率的内燃机轴(14)、在驱动侧具有变速器输入轴(18)并且在从动侧具有变速器输出轴(20)的车辆变速器(16)、用于耦合或解耦变速器输入轴(18)和变速器输出轴(20)的变速器离合器(22)、关于驱动功率的传递设置在内燃机轴(14)和变速器输入轴(18)之间的飞轮质量驱动单元(24)、中间轴(26)、用于耦合或解耦内燃机轴(14)与中间轴(26)的第一离合器(28)、用于耦合或解耦中间轴(26)和变速器输入轴(18)的第二离合器(30)以及电机(32)，其与变速器输入轴(18)转矩传递地连接并且可在马达式运行中驱动变速器输入轴(18)，所述飞轮质量驱动单元包括具有驱动侧DU输入轴(56)和从动侧DU输出轴(58)的扭振减消装置并且该扭振减消装置(54)构造用于降低中间轴(26)的扭振。所述扭振减消装置(54)关于驱动功率的传递完全设置在第一离合器(28)和第二离合器(30)之间。

Description

用于混合动力车辆的驱动***及其运行方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于混合动力车辆的驱动***及其运行方法。
背景技术
为了节能地运行混合动力车辆，由现有技术已知这样的驱动***：其在未操作加速踏板时、即在混合动力车辆的驾驶员没有请求主动车辆加速时在点火的内燃机(发动机)中解除在传动系中的动力连接(在发动机和可被驱动的车轮之间的转矩传递连接)，以便进入所谓的“空转滑行”(Leerlaufsegeln)运行状态。此外，已知在未操作加速踏板——驾驶员可通过其向混合动力车辆发出加速意愿——且在驱动***中存在动力连接时关停内燃机，从而实现内燃机的可选地具有制动回收的机械拖曳运行。
DE 2943554 A1公开了一种用于车辆的混合驱动装置，其包括作为第一驱动源的内燃机、作为另一驱动源的电机、用于提供不同传动级(挡位)的车辆变速器以及两个分离离合器，内燃机在行驶期间在适合的运行阶段中通过分离离合器的打开和闭合周期性地解耦和再次耦合并且可附加地关闭，在此内燃机不具有飞轮。所需的飞轮质量配置于电机，该飞轮质量尤其是——至少部分地——集成在电机的旋转部件中。基于内燃机的无飞轮设计，当在内燃机和电机之间的分离离合器脱接时，内燃机几乎无延迟地停止并且随后可通过重新连接到旋转的电机上基于其小质量再次基本上平稳地起动。
基于已知的现有技术，关于混合动力车辆在内燃机关闭时的行驶运行表明，对于需要起动内燃机的驾驶员加速意愿，直到内燃机起动并且车辆实际加速需要一些时间。驱动***的这种表现可不利地影响驾驶舒适性并且因此可被驾驶员感觉为干扰的。
另外，研究表明，在内燃机重新耦合到与从动端、即与混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮连接的电机上时，内燃机起动时的内燃机压缩冲击可能传递到传动系的其余部分并且因此导致传动系振动，这也可被驾驶员感觉为干扰的。
发明内容
本发明的任务在于提供一种用于混合动力车辆的驱动***及其运行方法，其即使在内燃机最初关闭时也可实现车辆对驾驶员加速意愿特别快速的响应。
根据本发明，所述任务通过根据权利要求1的驱动***以及根据权利要求10的用于运行这种驱动***的方法来解决。
驱动***设置用于混合动力车辆并且优选包括具有内燃机轴并且可进行驱动的内燃机、可切换的车辆变速器，其在驱动侧具有优选同轴于内燃机轴设置的变速器输入轴并且在从动侧具有优选同轴于内燃机轴设置的变速器输出轴。此外，优选驱动***包括用于耦合或解耦变速器输入轴与变速器输出轴的变速器离合器。
优选变速器离合器构造为可滑动的且滑动可控制的离合器。“可滑动的离合器”尤其是指这样的离合器，借助其至少可在选定的运行阶段中实现在待借助该离合器耦合的元件之间的滑动并且优选这种滑动可控制。在此，在本发明意义中耦合或解耦可理解为通过离合器建立或解除转矩传递的连接。由现有技术已知这种离合器的不同结构形式、尤其是摩擦锁合离合器、液力离合器或摩擦锁合/形锁合离合器。在此意义中摩擦锁合/形锁合离合器是指这样的离合器，在其中在离合器闭合时首先建立摩擦锁合连接并且在完全闭合的离合器中实现用于传递转矩的形锁合连接，这种原理例如由汽车制造中的锥体同步装置公开。
尤其是为了起动内燃机，驱动***具有飞轮质量驱动单元，其沿轴向方向设置在内燃机和车辆变速器之间并且另外优选飞轮质量驱动单元具有优选同轴于内燃机轴设置的中间轴。
飞轮质量驱动单元包括具有驱动侧的DU输入轴和从动侧的DU输出轴的扭振减消装置并且该扭振减消装置构造用于降低尤其是中间轴的扭振。扭振减消装置在从内燃机到可被驱动的车轮的驱动功率传递方面优选完全设置在第一离合器和第二离合器之间。
因此，扭振减消装置可用作飞轮质量驱动单元和因此整个驱动***的有效飞轮质量。由现有技术已知的飞轮质量驱动单元基于其工作原理通常具有高的惯性力矩。出于上述原因，扭振减消装置优选完全设置在第一离合器和第二离合器之间是有利的，因为如此优选几乎或优选完全不安装其它的附加飞轮质量或特别优选仅安装小的附加飞轮质量作为飞轮质量驱动单元的所谓有效飞轮质量。尤其是在传动系中的其它的附加飞轮质量会影响传动系的动态性，因为这种附加飞轮质量尤其是在混合动力车辆的加速阶段中必须被一同加速，此外，这种附加飞轮质量尤其是也会降低驱动***的效率。尤其是通过所建议的将扭振减消装置完全设置在第一离合器和第二离合器之间可实现具有改进的动态特性的驱动***。
优选扭振减消装置包括面向内燃机的初级侧和面向变速器的次级侧。
在一种优选实施方式中，所述扭振减消装置构造成转速自适应减振器(扭振减消器)并且为了提供转速相关的减振特性(转速自适应)优选具有离心摆重或优选由其构成。
在另一种优选实施方式中，所述扭振减消装置构造为半主动或主动的缓冲器/减振器。这种装置尤其是指具有主动或半主动元件的扭振减消装置，借助该主动或半主动元件可影响或可控制扭振减消装置的传动特性并且该主动或半主动元件优选可由外部控制命令控制。这种半主动或主动减振器由现有技术已知。优选半主动或主动减振器具有电动、优选气动并且特别优选液压装置，借助其可主动或半主动地影响该扭振减消装置的传动特性。
根据“主动/被动”分类，由现有技术中已知至少三种类型的减振器并且原则上可作为扭振减消装置用于所提出的驱动***：
-(传统的)被动减振器、尤其是双质量飞轮；
-主动控制的减振器、尤其是液压***，在其中从外部供应用于减振所需的能量；
-半主动减振器，在其中在需要时所需的能量尤其是存储在弹性元件中(高于特定阈值时才锁定和触发)。
驱动***尤其是包括用于耦合或解耦内燃机轴和中间轴的第一离合器、用于耦合或解耦中间轴和变速器输入轴的第二离合器以及电机，该电机优选位于变速器输入轴上或优选扭转刚性地——尤其是为了功率传输——与变速器输入轴耦合或可选择性地与之耦合。尤其是在这种设置中变速器输入轴可由电机在电机的马达运行中直接并且因此特别节能地驱动。第一离合器的输入侧(该离合器的驱动侧部分)优选直接、优选不可相对转动或扭转刚性地与内燃机轴连接。
尤其是驱动***的这种结构允许车辆在驾驶员希望车辆加速(可通过加速踏板位置预定)并且该车辆加速需要内燃机从未点火进入点火运行并用于驱动混合动力车辆时非常快速地响应，即使在内燃机关闭的情况下。在操作加速踏板用于主动加速车辆时，电机也可立即切换到马达运行中并与自动变速器耦合，因此尤其是可在无内燃机的情况下在电机性能的范围内加速车辆(零排放运行)。同时通过飞轮质量驱动单元可实现关停的内燃机的机械起动(脉冲起动)。在本发明意义中，“内燃机的脉冲起动”可理解为内燃机轴与飞轮质量驱动单元为了传递功率而连接、尤其是扭转刚性或优选不可相对转动地连接并且因此由旋转的飞轮质量驱动单元向内燃机轴传递功率(转速、转矩)，从而将内燃机轴加速到起动转速，从该起动转速起内燃机可进入点火运行(内燃机起动转速)。
优选第一离合器构造用于借助飞轮质量驱动单元起动内燃机，或者说第一离合器为了起动内燃机而闭合。优选这样构造第一离合器，使得其优选仅在打开/闭合状态之间切换。优选第一离合器构造为摩擦锁合离合器、优选构造为形锁合离合器并且特别优选构造为摩擦锁合/形锁合离合器。进一步优选，第一离合器构造为所谓的“常开”离合器(在离合器的未操作状态中不能传递转矩)并且优选构造为所谓的“常闭”离合器(在离合器的未操作状态中可由其传递转矩)。尤其是借助“常闭”离合器可实现特别有效的驱动***，因为在该离合器中不会为维持转矩传递连接而产生损耗。
优选第二离合器构造用于将驱动功率从飞轮质量驱动单元传递到变速器输入轴。尤其是为了实现更好的驾驶舒适性，优选第二离合器构造为滑动可控制的离合器。尤其是滑动可控制的离合器允许在压合离合器(从打开状态进入闭合状态)期间控制滑动。优选第二离合器是起动离合器，其优选构造为单盘或多盘摩擦离合器或优选构造为具有或不具有锁止离合器的液力变扭器。优选第二离合器构造为摩擦锁合离合器、优选构造为摩擦锁合/形锁合离合器。进一步优选，第二离合器构造为所谓的“常开”离合器并且优选构造为所谓的“常闭”离合器。尤其是借助“常闭”离合器可实现特别有效的驱动***，因为在该离合器中不会为维持转矩传递连接而产生损耗。
直至内燃机起动并可用于加速混合动力车辆的时间间隔根据所建议的用于控制驱动***的方法由电机来过渡，从而在该阶段中存在电动车辆加速。由于车辆加速并未在内燃机起动之后才进行，因此驱动***响应更快并且为驾驶员提供被感觉是愉快的迅速的车辆响应。
在一种优选实施方式中，飞轮质量驱动单元包括具有驱动侧的DU输入轴和从动侧的DU输出轴的扭振减消装置。在本发明意义中，“扭振减消装置”可理解为用于降低扭振的装置，该扭振尤其是可由内燃机施加到内燃机轴和因此驱动***本身上。优选扭振减消装置构造为扭振阻尼器或扭振减振器或这两种装置的组合。这种扭振减消装置在现有技术中以不同结构方式公开。优选扭振减消装置选自以下装置中的一组装置中：
-单质量飞轮、双质量飞轮或多质量飞轮；
-扭振减振器、优选转速自适应减振器、更优选具有离心摆重的扭振减振器；
-主动扭振减振器/阻尼器，优选具有可控制的用于降低扭振的液压或电气元件；
-半主动扭振减振器/阻尼器；
-或至少两种上述装置的组合。
尤其是这样设置扭振减消装置，使得借助其可降低中间轴的扭振。优选至少DU输入轴或DU输出轴与中间轴不可相对转动地、优选扭转刚性地连接。进一步优选，所述轴(DU输入轴/DU输出轴)中的至少一个轴构造为中间轴。优选扭振减消装置在从内燃机到混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮上的驱动功率传递方面完全设置在第一离合器和第二离合器之间。尤其是借助这种布置使扭振减消装置的整个旋转质量集中于中间轴并且因此可特别好地起动内燃机，因为内燃机的惯性相比于传统***是减小的并且飞轮质量驱动单元的惯性是增加的。
在由现有技术已知的***中，通常至少一部分或整个扭振减消装置、如双质量飞轮的初级侧持续与内燃机轴耦合。这种传统的布置导致扭振减消装置的这部分旋转质量(双质量飞轮的初级侧)在内燃机从静止状态起动时必须被加速并且因此延长了起动过程(更高惯性)。此外，在已知***中可存储于原有的、用于起动内燃机的飞轮质量(如双质量飞轮的次级侧)中的动能相对较少，因为与内燃机耦合的部分(双质量飞轮的初级侧)不与该飞轮质量一同旋转。在传统***中为了使用于起动内燃机的飞轮质量具有足以起动内燃机的旋转质量，通过附加重量增大该飞轮质量并且飞轮质量的增大总体上导致更缓慢的驱动***。
在驱动***的一种优选实施方式中，这样构造扭振减消装置，使得用于降低扭振的DU输入轴可相对于DU输出侧转动。进一步优选，DU输入轴和DU输出轴彼此同心地设置。优选所述轴(DU输入轴/DU输出轴)中的至少一个轴同心于内燃机轴设置或优选两者都同心于内燃机轴设置。尤其是借助这种实施方式可实现驱动***的特别简单的结构。
在一种优选实施方式中，第一离合器的输出侧与中间轴或优选与DU输入轴持续不可相对转动地连接。进一步优选，第二离合器的输入侧与中间轴或优选与DU输出轴持续不可相对转动地连接。优选飞轮质量驱动单元包括第一离合器的输出侧、扭振减消装置、中间轴、第二离合器的输入侧和飞轮质量，优选飞轮质量驱动单元由这些元件构成。优选飞轮质量驱动单元包括第一离合器的输出侧、扭振减消装置、中间轴和第二离合器的输入侧。尤其是借助这种布置可实现节省空间的结构。尤其是通过将扭振减消装置完全集成到飞轮质量驱动单元中，借助飞轮质量驱动单元起动内燃机所需的大部分能量已经可通过扭振减消装置的旋转质量来提供并且因此不需要或仅需要设置小的附加飞轮质量。
根据驱动***的一种实施方式，电机是具有低于60V工作电压、尤其是标称工作电压的低压电机，优选电机可在较高电压水平、即所谓的峰值功率/峰值电压下短暂地运行。通过构造为低压电机，可实现——尤其是与有时具有几百伏电压水平的高压驱动装置相比——在技术上更容易控制的低压驱动***。这尤其是因为基于***中较低电压危险较小并且因此可更简单且更低成本地提供对车载电网的保护。
优选所使用的电机是48V电机，因为其与传统的12V电机相比不仅可在回收时的发电机运行中而且也可在马达式运行中提供更高的功率。尤其是在使用电机来加速混合动力车辆时，(相比于12V电机可通过48V电机实现的)更高功率具有积极影响，因为驾驶员可感知可由此实现的更快的车辆响应。
优选电机——优选至少部分或优选完全地——集成在车辆变速器中，所述车辆变速器优选构造为自动变速器、优选可手动切换的车辆变速器或特别优选可自动切换的车辆变速器。优选电机具有定子和可相对于定子旋转的转子。优选定子与车辆变速器的变速器壳体不可相对转动地连接。
优选车辆变速器在驱动侧具有离合器罩，电机、至少其定子容纳在该离合器罩中。优选电机在此替代或补充于通常设置在行星齿轮结构形式的自动变速器的离合器罩内的变扭器，从而紧凑构造的电机可集成到车辆变速器中而无需额外结构空间。这实现了驱动***的特别紧凑的结构。
在驱动***的另一种实施方式中，设置有车载电网，电机也可作为发电机运行，优选电机构造为机电能量转换器，其优选至少可发电机式和马达式运行并且特别优选该电机可在所谓的多象限运行中运行并且特别优选在四象限运行中运行。尤其是在发电机式运行中，电机的电功率可存储到车载电网中。以这种方式电机可用于回收能量，在此，混合动力车辆的动能被转换成电能，该电能优选可存储在电化学能量存储器、优选蓄电池中。
上述任务还通过一种根据权利要求12所述的方法来解决。该方法设置用于运行上述驱动***并且能以计算机可执行指令的形式存储于控制器上并且优选设置有用于机动车的控制器，本方法以计算机可执行指令的形式存储于该控制器上。此外，所述方法包括下述步骤：
a)在驱动***的一种运行状态中，将第一离合器打开或将其保持在打开状态中并且将内燃机关闭或内燃机已经处于关闭状态中；
c)通过闭合的第二离合器借助电机将飞轮质量驱动单元至少加速到飞轮质量起动转速或保持在该飞轮质量起动转速上或更高转速；
d)将用于主动车辆加速的信号发送至电控制单元，由此需要起动内燃机；
e)随后通过电控制单元打开第二离合器；
f)接着或与第二离合器同时地闭合第一离合器，以便通过在飞轮质量驱动单元和内燃机轴之间的角动量平衡将内燃机加速到内燃机起动转速；
g)使内燃机从内燃机起动转速开始在点火运行中运行并且加速到内燃机目标转速。
尤其是在达到内燃机目标转速之后，内燃机可用于车辆加速。优选在另一优选的方法步骤中在达到内燃机起动转速之后、特别是在达到内燃机目标转速之后，闭合第二离合器。进一步优选，变速器离合器也是至少部分或优选完全闭合的或将变速器离合器闭合，使得在内燃机和混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮之间形成动力连接并且因此功率(转速/转矩)可从内燃机传递到可被驱动的车轮或者反过来。
在本发明意义中，“内燃机目标转速”指的是内燃机轴的转速，其由混合动力车辆的行驶条件、尤其是由转速产生，该转速尤其是由混合动力车辆的车速和在车辆变速器中挂入的挡位(传动比)产生。内燃机目标转速尤其是由控制器预定的内燃机轴的转速。
特别优选，附加地实施方法步骤b)，优选该方法步骤b)在两个上述连续实施的步骤之间实施并且优选方法步骤b)在方法步骤a)和c)之间实施。在方法步骤b)中，电机在变速器离合器闭合的情况下运行、优选在变速器离合器完全闭合或优选在部分闭合的情况下运行，在此，变速器离合器在部分闭合的状态中滑动运行。变速器离合器在此处于从变速器输入轴经由其它驱动***元件到混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮上的功率传递力流中。尤其是通过控制与可被驱动的车轮动力连接的变速器离合器可向混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮提供正转矩或负转矩。尤其是通过如此控制驱动***，混合动力车辆可纯电动行驶、即尤其是在内燃机关停时被驱动。在更高的负荷要求下——这尤其是可出现在混合动力车辆加速时并且该加速不能仅由电机满足，内燃机通过方法步骤c)及以下方法步骤(ff)、优选c)至e)尤其是快速且舒适地起动并连接到驱动***中。因此，所建议的方法可实现对于驾驶员尤其是不易感知的内燃机起动。
优选在内燃机关闭时并且在车辆停车状态下或蠕行速度下、即在混合动力车辆以低速、尤其是以低于50km/h、优选低于25km/h、优选低于10km/h并且特别优选低于5km/h公里/小时的速度行驶时，变速器离合器在步骤b)之前进入滑动运行(变速器离合器部分闭合)，使得电机与混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮处于动力连接(转矩传递)中，以便向混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮提供正转矩或负转矩。优选同时第二离合器是闭合的或优选将第二离合器闭合，使得电机与飞轮质量驱动单元彼此不可相对转动地连接。电机在此情况下优选以飞轮质量起动转速或更高转速运行，飞轮质量起动转速尤其是在这种情况下高于在变速器离合器完全闭合时由当前车速经由可被驱动的车轮的车轮转速产生的电机转速。
上述过程/流程尤其是类似于现有技术中已知的车辆传统传动系在内燃机于低速范围中驱动时的运行，在其中内燃机轴的转速——其必须等于或高于内燃机空转转速——还高于由可被驱动的车轮的车轮转速产生的、与车辆行驶速度相关的变速器输入轴转速。
尤其是通过所述方法产生下述优点：即使在低速范围内(蠕行速度)也可转速相关地这样调节飞轮质量驱动单元，使得可实施根据方法步骤c)至e)的内燃机起动过程，当内燃机具有足以从未点火运行进入点火运行的转速、即所谓的内燃机起动转速时，内燃机可借助飞轮质量驱动单元有利地起动。内燃机起动转速是尤其是与内燃机结构方式有关的、可预定的参数。
优选飞轮质量起动转速处于大于500转/分钟(U/min)、优选大于750U/min、优选大于或等于1000U/min的范围中并且另外该范围小于2000U/min、优选小于1600U/min并且优选该范围小于或等于1400U/min。
优选飞轮质量起动转速已经在车辆初始化之后、尤其是在检测到即将到来的起动过程之后在车辆停车状态中经由电机调节。
优选在混合动力车辆从车辆停车状态起动时，尤其是从能源角度看有利的是，在将电机的正驱动转矩提供用于驱动混合动力车辆的同时、优选在首次向混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮提供电机的正驱动转矩的情况下借助电机调节飞轮质量起动转速。
当在内燃机关闭、即未点火且解耦的情况下希望主动车辆加速时，尤其是通过本方法可实现传动系对该加速意愿的快速响应。一方面加速意愿立即由电机服务(提供正驱动转矩)并且同时(借助飞轮质量驱动单元)起动内燃机，从而在短时间之后内燃机可附加地用于加速混合动力车辆。
尤其是可给出驱动***的至少五种运行模式，它们优选附加于或优选代替于上述运行方法来实施，尤其是它们可与上述运行方法组合实施。这五种运行模式是：
模式1：内燃机的初始起动
模式2：以电动蠕行运行在低速范围内运行
模式3：关闭内燃机
模式4：在车辆停车状态中或在行驶期间起动或重启内燃机(内燃机的关闭状态)
模式5：在内燃机关闭时的行驶运行、即发动机关闭-滑行、发动机关闭-回收、通过电机提供转矩的发动机关闭-电动行驶
下面详细解释这些运行模式。
模式1，初始起动
该运行状态的特征尤其是在于，内燃机是关闭的(无点火运行、内燃机轴静止)并且在飞轮质量驱动单元中最初未存储动能，因此中间轴处于静止。
在模式1中，可借助包括以下步骤的方法来控制驱动***：
-打开变速器离合器或将其保持在打开状态中；
-闭合第二离合器或将其保持在闭合状态中；
-打开第一离合器或将其保持在打开状态中；
-借助电机将扭振减消装置加速到内燃机起动所需的转速(飞轮质量起动转速)；
-在达到飞轮质量起动转速之后闭合第一离合器；
-使内燃机进入点火运行中。
内燃机在该起动过程中尤其是借助来自旋转的飞轮质量驱动单元和优选电机转矩的总起动转矩起动。这种所谓的内燃机初始起动优选通过操作起动开关或优选点火锁来启动。
借助这种根据模式1的起动方法也可有利地实现具有高起动转矩的内燃机冷起动而无需额外的起动装置(如小齿轮起动器)。
在本发明的一种优选实施方式中，飞轮质量驱动单元和因此扭振减消装置的转速提高直至完全或部分飞轮质量起动转速在操作起动装置、尤其是所谓的点火开关或起动开关之前进行。尤其是通过(预测起动过程)在时间顺序上将飞轮质量驱动单元的转速提高提前到内燃机的实际起动过程之前，可特别快速地完成内燃机的初始起动。优选通过接近识别、所谓的无线钥匙或优选识别车门的开启或特别优选通过座椅占用识别来开始飞轮质量驱动单元的转速提高。具体地说，一旦驾驶员就座于混合动力车辆中的驾驶员座椅上或打开混合动力车辆的车门、尤其是驾驶员车门，车辆就进入起动准备状态(通过电机提高飞轮质量驱动单元的转速)。
模式2，在低速范围内的运行(电动蠕行运行)
该运行模式的特征尤其是在于，内燃机是关闭的并且混合动力车辆以低速范围内的速度在由电机提供驱动功率的情况下行驶。在本发明意义中，低速范围可理解为低于75km/h、优选低于50km/h、特别优选低于15km/h的速度范围。
在模式2中，驱动***可借助包括以下步骤的方法来控制：
-打开第一离合器或将其保持在打开状态中；
-闭合第二离合器或将其保持在闭合状态中，使得飞轮质量驱动单元和电机彼此不可相对转动地连接；
-用于从混合动力车辆的停车状态起动，电机通过闭合的第二离合器向变速器输入轴提供驱动功率。
在模式2的一种优选实施方式中，该方法包括下述步骤：
-部分地打开变速器离合器，使得在变速器输入轴和变速器输出轴之间能够实现滑动；
-在过渡阶段期间将电机转速和因此飞轮质量驱动单元转速提高至飞轮质量起动转速，在这个意义中过渡阶段可理解为小于5秒、优选小于2秒的时间间隔，并且优选过渡阶段最多为1秒或更短。
尤其是通过在变速器离合器中的滑动可减少在变速器离合器中在变速器输入轴的转速与变速器输出轴的转速之间的转速差——在考虑在变速器输入轴和变速器输出轴之间的传动比(车辆变速器当前挂入的挡位)的情况下。这个所谓的转速差减少是因为变速器输出轴通过固定传动比与混合动力车辆的至少一个可被驱动的车轮耦合并且通常正比于车速的该转速以挂入挡位的传动比传递到变速器输入轴上。通过滑动可控制的变速器离合器能实现，变速器输入轴和因此飞轮质量驱动单元可几乎独立于变速器输出轴地运行。
如果在过渡阶段内出现用于起动内燃机的起动请求——尤其是通过加速请求/加速踏板位置，可实施所谓的飞轮质量驱动单元和电机的组合起动(Kombistart)，在其中由两者(电机、飞轮质量驱动单元)向内燃机轴提供用于将其加速至内燃机起动转速的功率。对于这种组合起动，优选变速器离合器部分或完全打开。
模式3，关闭内燃机
该运行模式的特征尤其是在于内燃机从点火运行进入静止状态、即关闭。
在模式3中，驱动***可借助包括以下步骤的方法来控制：
-打开第一离合器或使其保持打开并且优选同时关闭内燃机、尤其是通过停止向内燃机燃烧室内喷射燃料；
-尤其是由于扭振减消装置完全设置在第一和第二离合器之间并且因而在第一离合器打开之后不再与内燃机轴耦合，因此与由现有技术已知的内燃机相比惯性矩(旋转质量)减小并且内燃机轴在内燃机关闭后很短时间内就已静止，有此提高了混合动力车辆的舒适性。
模式4，(从停车状态或从电动行驶)起动内燃机
该运行模式(模式4)的特征尤其是在于内燃机是关闭的并且混合动力车辆借助电机驱动或车辆首先处于停车状态中。
在模式4中，驱动***由这样的方法来控制，该方法为了电动行驶运行包括以下步骤：
-打开第一离合器或将其保持在打开状态中；
-闭合第二离合器或将其保持在闭合状态中，使得飞轮质量驱动单元和电机彼此不可相对转动地连接；
-闭合变速器离合器或将其保持在闭合状态中，尤其是在车辆低速范围内、即尤其是在低速范围的速度下变速器离合器在部分闭合的状态中滑动运行，从而可由电机提供用于驱动混合动力车辆的转矩并且同时可驱动飞轮质量驱动单元；
-当出现内燃机起动请求时——尤其是因为内燃机驱动作为发电机运行的电机以便供应车载电网或因为所请求的加速不能仅由电机实现，首先通过打开第二离合器使飞轮质量驱动单元和变速器输入轴解耦并且电机因此可将其全部驱动功率输出到变速器输入轴；
-优选同时或优选滞后于上述步骤地闭合第一离合器，使得由飞轮质量驱动单元将内燃机轴加速到内燃机起动转速并使内燃机进入点火运行。
优选在第一离合器打开时内燃机加速直至内燃机轴的转速相应于飞轮质量驱动单元的转速。尤其是通过该方法可实现在加速时舒适地切换到内燃机上。
进一步优选，在内燃机轴和飞轮质量驱动单元和因此变速器输入轴之间达到相同转速之后闭合第二离合器，这尤其是在内燃机上的转速控制起作用时进行。
优选在第二离合器闭合之后可通过内燃机将驱动转矩从内燃机轴输出至变速器输入轴并且因此混合动力车辆可借助内燃机进一步加速。
模式5，发动机关闭-回收/滑行/电动行驶
该运行模式(模式5)的特征尤其是在于，内燃机是关闭的、混合动力车辆运动并且电机在发电机式运行中运行(回收)、无电流地一同旋转(滑行)或用于驱动混合动力车辆(电动行驶)。
在模式5中，驱动***可借助这样的方法来控制，该方法为了能量回收(回收)包括以下步骤：
-至少部分或优选完全闭合变速器离合器或将其保持在闭合状态中；
-打开第一离合器或将其保持在打开状态中；
-闭合第二离合器或将其保持在闭合状态中；
-飞轮质量驱动单元基于该耦合(第二离合器闭合)以变速器输入轴的转速旋转；
-在混合动力车辆的既未主动加速也未主动减速的行驶状态中(既未操作车辆制动器也未操作加速踏板、即常说的油门或速度控制装置)，这样操控电机，使得它向变速器输入轴施加反作用于变速器输入轴当前旋转方向的转矩(负转矩)，从而可借助电机输出电功率(电压、电流)，该电功率可输出到车载电网中。
尤其是通过混合动力车辆在运行模式5中的运行可以特别简单的方式进行能量回收。
下面详细说明驱动***控制及其作用方式的各种关系。
在驱动***的一种运行状态中飞轮质量驱动单元与电机解耦(第二离合器打开)并且与内燃机耦合(第一离合器闭合)，以便执行内燃机的机械脉冲起动。在内燃机在该运行状态下起动期间，电机已经与车辆变速器、尤其是与车辆变速器的变速器输出轴耦合(变速器离合器至少部分或完全闭合)并且因此可使混合动力车辆加速。因此有利的是，在内燃机起动之前并且在内燃机轴尤其是经由第一、第二离合器、变速器离合器和变速器输入轴与变速器输出轴连接之前就已经可通过电机实现驾驶员的加速意愿。
优选在第一离合器闭合之后内燃机在上述步骤d)及以下步骤中通过飞轮质量驱动单元起动。飞轮质量驱动单元构成能量存储器并且尤其是这样设计，使得内燃机可通过飞轮质量驱动单元的旋转的飞轮质量起动。在混合动力车辆行驶运行期间，飞轮质量驱动单元的飞轮质量优选持续保持高于所需的最小转速、尤其是飞轮质量起动转速以上，以便起动内燃机。进一步优选，飞轮质量驱动单元的转速至少可暂时提高到最小转速以上，这种提高优选可通过电机驱动飞轮质量驱动单元实现。
优选在本发明意义中的“最小转速”基于内燃机起动所需能量来确定。该能量尤其是相应于用于将内燃机从静止状态加速至其起动转速(内燃机起动转速)所需的能量。优选飞轮质量驱动单元的转速至少暂时显著提高到该最小转速以上。“显著提高”在此优选理解为飞轮质量驱动单元的转速提高至最小转速的1.5倍或更高、优选提高至2倍或更高并且特别优选提高至5倍或更高。尤其是通过提高飞轮质量驱动单元的转速一方面能实现可靠地起动内燃机并且另一方面飞轮质量驱动单元中的能量可用于加速混合动力车辆。
优选在变速器离合器闭合、优选至少部分或优选完全闭合之后，尤其是在步骤d)中或优选步骤d)及以下步骤中可通过电机驱动变速器输出轴并且优选在步骤d)中或优选步骤d)及以下步骤中至少暂时通过电机驱动变速器输出轴。以这种方式尤其是可在检测到驾驶员的加速意愿之后容易地完成相应的车辆响应、即借助内燃机加速车辆，在此作为对驾驶员的加速意愿的响应该车辆加速特别及时地进行。
根据本方法的一种优选实施方式，在内燃机起动之后第二离合器在下一方法步骤中再次闭合。尤其是通过闭合第二离合器将在该时刻起动的内燃机与车辆变速器、尤其是车辆变速器的变速器输入轴不可相对转动地连接并且可以希望的方式加速混合动力车辆。
根据本方法的一种优选实施方式，变速器离合器在步骤b)之前闭合并且电机切换到发电机运行中。尤其是由此车辆进入特别节能的运行状态，其也被称为“具有回收的发动机关闭-滑行状态”(模式5)。在该运行状态下行驶的混合动力车辆在关闭的内燃机情况下(无点火运行、内燃机轴处于静止状态)仅通过不可避免的摩擦效应以及在发电机式运行中出现的、可调节的电机电阻减速。
附图说明
本发明的其它特征和优点参考附图由下述的实施例说明给出。在附图中：
图1示出按本发明的用于混合动力车辆的驱动***的示意图；
图2示出车速以及内燃机和飞轮质量驱动单元的转速关于时间的曲线图；
图3示出车速以及内燃机和飞轮质量驱动单元的转速关于时间的另一曲线图；
图4示出车速以及内燃机和飞轮质量驱动单元的转速关于时间的另一曲线图；
图5示出车速以及内燃机和飞轮质量驱动单元的转速关于时间的另一曲线图；
图6示出按本发明的用于混合动力车辆的驱动***的另一示意图。
具体实施方式
图1示出用于混合动力车辆的驱动***10，该驱动***包括具有内燃机轴14并且可进行驱动的内燃机12、在驱动侧具有同轴于内燃机轴14设置的变速器输入轴18和在从动侧具有同轴于内燃机轴14设置的变速器输出轴20的自动变速器16以及用于耦合或解耦变速器输入轴18和变速器输出轴20的变速器离合器22。此外，驱动***10包括飞轮质量驱动单元24——其沿轴向设置在内燃机12和自动变速器16之间并且位于同轴于内燃机轴14设置的中间轴26上、用于耦合或解耦内燃机轴14和中间轴26的第一离合器28、用于耦合或解耦中间轴26与变速器输入轴18的第二离合器30以及电机32，该电机位于变速器输入轴18上并且可在电机32的马达运行中驱动该变速器输入轴。
飞轮质量驱动单元24根据图1例如构造为双质量飞轮，该飞轮构成能量存储器。与飞轮质量驱动单元24的具体结构无关，其飞轮质量可与第一离合器28一起在车辆静止或缓慢行驶时实现关闭的内燃机12的机械脉冲起动。由此可省却用于内燃机12的电起动装置。
根据图1还设有车载电网34，电机32也构造为发电机并且在发电机式运行中向车载电网34馈送电能。
在本实施例中仅设置工作电压小于60V的低压车载电网34。因此电机32也是低压电机、尤其是48V电机。通过构造为具有低压电机32的低压车载电网34可降低驱动***10的成本，因为基于***中的较低电压危险较小并且因此可更简单且更低成本地提供对车载电网34的保护。
与传统12V电机相比使用48V电机32的优点在于更高的性能。这在电机32在其马达运行中用于加速混合动力车辆时以及在回收时、即当电机32在其发电机运行中产生电能并且将电能馈送到车载电网34时尤为明显。
电机32根据图1集成在驱动***10的自动变速器16中。尤其示出自动变速器16在驱动侧具有离合器罩36，电机32容纳在该离合器罩36中并在那里代替通常设置的变扭器。
此外，根据图1设有电控制单元38，用于控制内燃机12、电机32和构造为自动变速器16的混合动力车辆变速器。电控制单元38还与用于操作第一离合器28的致动器40、用于操作第二离合器30的致动器42和用于操作变速器离合器22的致动器44连接。此外，在图1中示出加速踏板46，通过操作加速踏板混合动力车辆的驾驶员表示出加速意愿，电控制单元38可检测加速踏板46的操作。
电控制单元38不仅与电机32连接而且与车载电网34连接并且可将电机32例如从马达运行切换到发电机运行或者反过来。
下面参考图2和3说明用于运行上述用于混合动力车辆的驱动***10的方法方案。
图2和3分别示出一个曲线图，在其中关于时间t绘出车速48、内燃机12的转速50和飞轮质量驱动单元24的转速52，所述曲线图分别被划分为时间间隔1至7。
根据图2，在时间间隔1中示出驱动***10的一种运行状态，在该运行状态中混合动力车辆由内燃机12驱动并且因此变速器离合器22以及第一离合器28和第二离合器30均是闭合的。在所示实施方案中，在时间间隔1中通过内燃机12的驱动仅补偿摩擦效应，从而车速48保持基本上恒定。相应地，内燃机12以及飞轮质量驱动单元24的转速50、52在该时间间隔1中也具有恒定曲线并且基于闭合的第一离合器28尤其是相同的。
一旦电控制单元38检测到存在切换到节能运行模式的条件，则在第一方法步骤a)中打开第一离合器28并且关停内燃机12。对于这种被称为“发动机关闭-滑行”的运行状态，加速踏板46必须是未操作的。此外，车速48优选高于预定速度阈值，理想地这样选择该速度阈值，使得由此产生的飞轮质量驱动单元24的转速或在飞轮质量驱动单元24中存储的能量足以起动内燃机12。
除了上面提到的条件之外，电控制单元38还可接收阻止切换到“发动机关闭-滑行”运行状态中的其它信号。这类信号例如可通过在发动机冷却回路中过低的冷却剂温度、低电池充电状态、车道过大的纵向倾斜或激活的特殊装备如运动模式驾驶来生成。
但当所有关于节能运行模式的条件都满足时，内燃机12关闭、即关停并且通过第一离合器28的打开与传动系分离。内燃机12的转速50相应在时间间隔2中迅速下降到零。
在时间间隔3中，变速器离合器22和第二离合器30是闭合的，从而混合动力车辆在很大程度上自由行驶并且仅通过摩擦损耗减速。
为了使飞轮质量驱动单元24的转速52不低于预定最小转速，飞轮质量驱动单元24可在时间间隔4中由电机32驱动。为此，变速器离合器22打开并且电机32切换到马达运行中。混合动力车辆在此继续基本上自由行驶，在此摩擦损耗仍导致车速48下降。
相反，电机32主动驱动飞轮质量驱动单元24的飞轮质量并且至少确保在飞轮质量驱动单元24中的能量守恒。换言之，电机32将飞轮质量驱动单元24的飞轮质量保持在最小转速以上，该最小转速足以机械脉冲起动关闭的内燃机12。
在时间间隔4结束时，在方法步骤b)中例如通过驾驶员操作加速踏板46向电控制单元38发送用于主动车辆加速的信号。
接着，根据方法步骤c)，通过电控制单元38打开第二离合器30，由此电机32和飞轮质量驱动单元24解耦。
随后，在方法步骤d)中闭合第一离合器28。同时也闭合变速器离合器22(或使其保持闭合)，使得电机32与变速器输出轴20不可相对转动地连接。
通过闭合第一离合器28使内燃机12的转速50和飞轮质量驱动单元24的转速52在时间间隔5中迅速相等，在此内燃机12由飞轮质量驱动单元24机械脉冲起动。
此外，在方法步骤d)中在变速器离合器22闭合之后变速器输出轴20由电机32驱动。因此在时间间隔5中已经在驾驶员操作加速踏板46后立即产生由电机32实现的车辆加速。这借助图2中已经在时间间隔5中上升的车速48清晰示出。
当内燃机12在方法步骤d)中起动之后，在下一方法步骤e)中第二离合器30再次闭合(时间间隔6)，在此电机32继续确保车辆加速。
起动并点火的内燃机12在时间间隔7开始时经由闭合的第一离合器28、闭合的第二离合器30和闭合的变速器离合器22与变速器输出轴20不可相对转动地连接并且能够以希望的方式使混合动力车辆加速。因此，在时间间隔7中不仅车速48而且内燃机12和飞轮质量驱动单元24的转速50、52上升。
基于电机32的有限的功率，在时间间隔5和6中的车辆加速度小于在时间间隔7中由内燃机12提供的车辆加速度。但驾驶员已经在时间间隔5和6中、即在其操作加速踏板46之后立即获得希望的、以可察觉到的车辆加速形式的车辆反馈。因此，驱动***10响应较快并为驾驶员提供了更好的驾驶体验。
类似于图2，图3示出用于运行上述用于混合动力车辆的驱动***10的一种方法方案。
图3中示出的方法方案与根据图2的方法方案的区别仅在于：在方法步骤b)中的用于主动车辆加速的信号之前，将变速器离合器22闭合(或使其保持闭合)并且将电机32切换到发电机运行。换言之，在时间间隔3和4中进行回收，即通过处于发电机运行中的电机32将车辆动能转换成电能。
通过电机32在发电机式运行中的阻力产生更强的车辆减速，从而车速48在根据图3的时间间隔3和4中比根据图2的时间间隔3和4中的车速48更快地下降。
由于电机32在根据图3的时间间隔4中处于发电机运行中，因此该电机不能驱动飞轮质量驱动单元24。
在此情况下通过自动变速器16的换挡策略防止飞轮质量驱动单元24的转速52下降到预定最小转速以下。当达到飞轮质量驱动单元24的最小转速时，通过将自动变速器16降挡至更低挡位使变速器输入轴18的转速并且通过闭合的第二离合器30使中间轴26的转速和因此飞轮质量驱动单元24的转速52跳跃地上升(参见图3中时间间隔3和4的过渡区域)。由此确保转速52或者说存储在飞轮质量驱动单元24中的能量足以执行内燃机12的机械脉冲起动。
接下来参考图4具体说明用于发动机关闭-滑行(内燃机关闭、内燃机轴14静止、车辆运动、车辆制动装置未激活)的方法。在矩形中显示的数字1至6表示各个时间阶段1至6。在行驶期间(车速48恒定，阶段1)，飞轮质量驱动单元52的转速和内燃机轴50的转速同步，即它们以相同的转速旋转，因为第一离合器是闭合的。
为了发动机关闭-滑行(Motor-Aus-Segeln)，混合动力车辆处于滑行状态中，为此尤其是脚离开加速踏板并且车速48高于可预定的速度阈值，优选该速度阈值为30km/h或更高、优选为50km/h或更高并且特别优选为80km/h或更高。
在阶段2中关闭内燃机，即关停内燃机，为此打开第一离合器并且内燃机因此完全与扭振减消装置分离。由于内燃机的飞轮质量较小，因此内燃机轴的转速50在数转内下降到零。内燃机因此与传动系分离并且尤其是在惯性运行中不引起拖曳损耗。
在阶段3中车辆自由行驶，尤其是内燃机的阻力矩不作用于可被驱动的车轮。如上所述，第一离合器打开，而第二离合器保持闭合，使得飞轮质量驱动单元和因此扭振减消装置以变速器输入轴的转速一同旋转。通过本发明的控制方法将飞轮质量驱动单元24的转速保持在可定义的最小值以上，该最小值可根据边界条件预定。在此最小值尤其是依据起动发动机所需的能量，优选最小值可通过计算在模拟中确定或通过实验技术确定并且可这样选择，使得可借助飞轮质量驱动单元提供用于起动内燃机并且同时加速混合动力车辆的功率。
混合动力车辆的速度——在这里假设的平面中运动时——继续轻微减小(滚动阻力和空气阻力、电机的回收转矩等降低车辆速度)，该速度减小通过在阶段3中车速48的下降曲线示出。退出该发动机关闭-滑行状态、即存在内燃机起动请求尤其是可如下实现：在达到/低于速度阈值时或在由混合动力车辆的车载电网发出请求时、特别是在低于蓄电池最小充电状态时操作制动踏板、加速踏板。基于该起动请求，通过实施根据模式4的方法来起动内燃机(阶段4和5)。
在起动时，飞轮质量驱动单元的转速52首先下降(阶段4)，因为飞轮质量驱动单元通过闭合的第一离合器28向内燃机轴传递用于加速内燃机轴的功率，内燃机轴的转速50增加。电机向变速器输入轴输出用于加速混合动力车辆的功率。
在达到内燃机的起动转速之后，内燃机进入点火运行并且向飞轮质量驱动单元输出功率，由此内燃机轴和飞轮质量驱动单元的转速50、52增加(阶段5)。
一旦内燃机轴的转速50达到适当水平并且第一离合器、第二离合器和变速器离合器均闭合，则混合动力车辆通过内燃机的功率输出加速(阶段6)。
此外，在发动机关闭-滑行运行状态中，也可进行能量回收运行(回收)。如上所述，混合动力车辆为此处于相应于阶段3的滑行状态中。
内燃机通过打开的第一离合器与传动系(飞轮质量驱动单元、车辆变速器)分离。内燃机关闭。与上述无回收的情况不同，车辆速度由于回收转矩——其由电机逆着变速器输入轴的旋转方向施加到变速器输入轴上(负转矩)——比在上述情况下更强地减速，这将在图4的曲线图中通过车速48以及飞轮质量驱动单元的转速52的更大幅度下降体现出来。
在回收时混合动力车辆和飞轮质量驱动单元的动能在电机的发电机运行中被转换成电能并且被馈送到车载电网中。
退出回收、即退出具有回收的运行模式(模式5)的请求例如通过操作加速踏板或在达到速度阈值时产生。退出过程类似于之前描述的、图4的无回收(模式5)方法的阶段4和5进行。
图5示出这样的行驶情况，在该行驶情况中混合动力车辆在内燃机关闭(零排放)期间至少暂时地仅通过电机驱动(电动行驶)。内燃机在此借助根据模式4的方法起动并且为了通过电机驱动混合动力车辆，驱动***根据模式5的方法以发动机关闭-电动行驶方案运行。
与上述运行状态之一——在其中内燃机关闭并且电机用于能量回收或被动地随着变速器输入轴一同旋转(滑行)——不同，在当前运行状态中，电机在马达式运行中运行，即提供沿着变速器输入轴旋转方向的驱动转矩。在阶段1中混合动力车辆通过内燃机驱动以恒定车速48行驶。在阶段2中内燃机关闭、转速50下降到零、第一离合器打开并且飞轮质量驱动单元的转速52保持恒定。
在阶段3中电机加速车辆，飞轮质量驱动单元的转速52和车速48上升。
在阶段2和3中，第一离合器打开且第二离合器闭合，使得在阶段3中静止的内燃机轴与飞轮质量驱动单元解耦，但飞轮质量驱动单元与变速器输入轴不可相对转动地连接并且电机向变速器输入轴提供用于驱动混合动力车辆所需的转矩，即所谓的电动行驶。
在此，电动行驶可根据电机性能进行。研究表明，在建议的额定电压为48V的低压电机范围中行驶需求(Fahrbedarfe)最高约为15-20kW；这在车辆重量约为1.5t的混合动力车辆中相应于最高约为60km/h的车速和约1.5m/s2的加速度。
只要在该最高约为60km/h的速度范围内的加速请求——尤其是根据加速踏板-驾驶员意愿——超过电机的加速能力，则借助根据模式4的方法通过飞轮质量起动非常快速且舒适地起动内燃机并且可通过内燃机实现这种更高的加速请求，在此在阶段4和5中示出内燃机的起动。在内燃机起动时，飞轮质量驱动单元的转速52首先下降并且同时内燃机轴的转速50上升。内燃机在达到起动转速之后进入点火运行并且随后加速飞轮质量驱动单元(阶段5)。在阶段6中内燃机决定性地用于加速混合动力车辆，第一、第二离合器和变速器离合器为此是闭合的。
借助所提出的驱动***也可由车辆停车状态实现内燃机关闭情况下的电动行驶。在此省略图5的阶段1和阶段2。图5的阶段3则相应于可变化显示的电动行驶阶段或在另一种情况下相应于车辆停车状态。在从车辆停车状态和因此飞轮质量驱动单元静止状态进入电动行驶时，首先由电机提供用于驱动混合动力车辆的功率，附加地加速飞轮质量驱动单元。在借助根据模式4的方法起动内燃机(阶段4和5)期间，如上所述，电机继续满足驾驶员意愿——只要在功率和转矩方面是可能的，并且在阶段6中内燃机用于车辆加速。
在内燃机初始起动时，产生飞轮质量驱动单元的转速曲线51，在阶段4和5中飞轮质量驱动单元的转速52保持不变。初始起动的车速49表示混合动力车辆在内燃机启动期间就已加速。通过预测起动过程得到飞轮质量驱动单元的转速51的曲线。一旦人就座于驾驶座上，飞轮质量驱动单元的转速51就增加。在阶段4开始时，操作起动按钮并且使飞轮质量驱动单元与内燃机轴通过第一离合器耦合。但混合动力车辆在该起动过程期间就已经能够加速，因为电机和飞轮质量驱动单元可经由第二离合器和变速器离合器向可驱动得车轮传递驱动功率。
图6示出用于混合动力车辆的驱动***10，该驱动***包括具有内燃机轴14并且可进行驱动的内燃机12和在驱动侧具有同轴于内燃机轴14设置的变速器输入轴18和在从动侧具有同轴于内燃机轴14设置的变速器输出轴20的车辆变速器16以及用于耦合或解耦变速器输入轴18和变速器输出轴20的变速器离合器22。
在此，车辆变速器也如图1那样高度简化示出。车辆变速器16具有多个可切换的挡位，借助它们可改变在变速器输入轴和变速器输出轴之间的传动比。
此外，驱动***10包括飞轮质量驱动单元24(其沿轴向设置在内燃机12和车辆变速器16之间并且位于同轴于内燃机轴14设置的中间轴26上)、用于耦合或解耦内燃机轴14和中间轴26的第一离合器28。第一离合器28具有驱动侧的输入侧60和从动侧的输出侧62。此外，驱动***10具有用于耦合或解耦中间轴26和变速器输入轴18的第二离合器30。第二离合器30具有驱动侧的输入侧64和从动侧的输出侧66。驱动***10还具有电机32，其设置在变速器输入轴18上并且可在马达式运行中驱动变速器输入轴或在发电机式运行中将其制动。
飞轮质量驱动单元24包括具有DU输入轴56和DU输出轴58的双质量飞轮54。双质量飞轮54构成能量存储器。与飞轮质量驱动单元24的具体结构无关，飞轮质量驱动单元的飞轮质量与第一离合器28一同在车辆静止或行驶时实现内燃机12的机械脉冲起动。因此，可省却用于内燃机12的电起动装置。双质量飞轮54完全设置在第一和第二离合器28、30之间，DU输入侧不可相对转动地与第一离合器28的从动侧的输出侧62连接，并且DU输出侧持续不可相对转动地与中间轴26耦合，该中间轴持续不可相对转动地与第二离合器的驱动侧的输入侧64耦合。
尤其是关于图6中未示出的控制器和车载电网参见图1。驱动功率通过车辆变速器16传递到所示的可被驱动的车轮68，在此，驱动***的基本结构可转用于前轮驱动车辆、后轮驱动车辆和全轮驱动车辆。
电机32根据图6集成到驱动***10的车辆变速器16中。尤其是示出车辆变速器16在驱动侧具有离合器罩36，在此，电机32容纳在该离合器罩36中并且在那里取代通常设置的变扭器。
关于通过致动器、控制器和加速踏板(在此未示出)控制图6中所示的驱动***10参见图1。
所建议的驱动***以及根据所建议的方法控制该驱动***此外具有多个优点：
-在内燃机起动时的角动量平衡方面，在此不会出现外力矩(内燃机轴加速/飞轮质量驱动单元减速)，从而发动机支架无需支撑这种不存在的外力矩，并且降低了发动机支架的负荷；
-此外，尤其是通过将内燃机加速到高的起动转速减少了所谓的起动摇动；
-通过配置整个扭振减消装置产生有利的旋转质量条件(内燃机旋转质量小/飞轮质量驱动单元旋转质量大)，从而可实现内燃机的短的起动时间。研究表明，可为内燃机实现<100ms的起动时间；
-由于在起动时从飞轮质量驱动单元获取用于起动内燃机的能量(纯机械)，因此在内燃机起动时不增加车载电网的负荷并且因此不需要车载电网稳定措施来避免在内燃机起动期间的电压骤降；
-总体上可这样控制驱动***，使得其可快速响应于各种不同的驾驶情况；
-研究表明，例如可在等候交通灯时特别方便地实现发动机起停运行；
-如借助各个运行模式所示的，可通过所述驱动***反映各种不同的驾驶情况，而对此无需设置高压驱动机器；
-可针对行驶运行优化所述电机，因为不必经常考虑否则重要的电机冷启动要求，尤其是因为应借助于飞轮质量驱动单元反映内燃机冷启动(内燃机的高起动转矩)，因此与传统驱动***相比尤其是省却了另外的电起动单元、如小齿轮起动器。
附图标记列表
10 驱动***
12 内燃机
14 内燃机轴
16 车辆变速器/自动变速器
18 变速器输入轴
20 变速器输出轴
22 变速器离合器
24 飞轮质量驱动单元
26 中间轴
28 第一离合器
30 第二离合器
32 电机
34 低压车载电网
36 离合器罩
38 控制单元/控制器
40 用于操作第一离合器的致动器
42 用于操作第二离合器的致动器
44 用于操作变速器离合器的致动器
46 加速踏板
48 车速
49 在初始起动时的车速
50 内燃机轴的转速
51 在初始起动时飞轮质量驱动单元的转速
52 飞轮质量驱动单元的转速
54 扭振减消装置
56 DU输入轴
58 DU输出轴
60 第一离合器的输入侧
62 第一离合器的输出侧
64 第二离合器的输入侧
66 第二离合器的输出侧
68 可被驱动的车轮

Claims (18)

1.用于混合动力车辆的驱动***，包括：
-内燃机(12)，该内燃机具有构造用于朝向混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮输出驱动功率的内燃机轴(14)；
-车辆变速器(16)，该车辆变速器在驱动侧具有变速器输入轴(18)并且在从动侧具有变速器输出轴(20)；
-变速器离合器(22)，用于耦合或解耦变速器输入轴(18)与变速器输出轴(20)；
-飞轮质量驱动单元(24)，该飞轮质量驱动单元在驱动功率的传递方面设置在内燃机轴(14)和变速器输入轴(18)之间；以及
-中间轴(26)、用于耦合或解耦内燃机轴(14)与中间轴(26)的第一离合器(28)、用于耦合或解耦中间轴(26)与变速器输入轴(18)的第二离合器(30)；以及
-电机(32)，该电机与变速器输入轴(18)转矩传递地连接并且能在马达式运行中通过该电机驱动变速器输入轴(18)，
其中，飞轮质量驱动单元包括具有驱动侧的DU输入轴(56)和从动侧的DU输出轴(58)的扭振减消装置并且该扭振减消装置(54)构造用于降低中间轴(26)的扭振，
其特征在于，
-所述扭振减消装置(54)在驱动功率的传递方面完全设置在第一离合器(28)和第二离合器(30)之间。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于混合动力车辆的驱动***，其特征在于，所述扭振减消装置包括面向内燃机的初级侧和面向车辆变速器的次级侧。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的用于混合动力车辆的驱动***，其特征在于，为了降低扭振，所述DU输入轴相对于DU输出轴可转动，并且DU输入轴和DU输出轴彼此同心且同心于内燃机轴设置。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动***，其特征在于，所述扭振减消装置构造成转速自适应减振器。
5.根据权利要求4所述的驱动***，其特征在于，所述转速自适应减振器为了转速自适应具有离心摆重或构造为离心摆重。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的用于混合动力车辆的驱动***，其特征在于，所述扭振减消装置构造为半主动减振器或主动减振器。
7.根据前述权利要求之中任一项所述的驱动***，其特征在于，所述电机(32)是工作电压低于60V的低压电机。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动***，其特征在于，所述电机(32)集成在车辆变速器(16)中。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动***，其特征在于，所述车辆变速器(16)构造为自动变速器或可自动切换的车辆变速器。
10.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动***，其特征在于，所述车辆变速器(16)在驱动侧具有离合器罩(36)，电机(32)容纳于该离合器罩(36)中。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动***，其特征在于，设置有车载电网(34)，电机(32)也能作为发电机运行并且在发电机式运行中向车载电网(34)中馈入电能。
12.用于运行根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的驱动***(10)的方法，该驱动***包括电控制单元(38)，其中，所述方法包括下述步骤：
a)在驱动***(10)的一种运行状态中将第一离合器(28)打开并且将内燃机(12)关停或该内燃机已经处于关停状态中；
c)通过闭合的第二离合器(30)借助电机(32)将飞轮质量驱动单元(24)至少加速到飞轮质量起动转速或至少保持在该飞轮质量起动转速上；
d)将用于主动车辆加速的信号发送至电控制单元(38)，由此需要起动内燃机；
e)随后通过电控制单元(38)打开第二离合器(30)；
f)接着闭合第一离合器(28)，从而通过在飞轮质量驱动单元(24)和内燃机的内燃机轴(14)之间的角动量平衡将内燃机加速到内燃机起动转速；
g)使内燃机从内燃机起动转速起在点火运行中运行并且加速到内燃机目标转速。
13.根据权利要求12所述的用于运行驱动***(10)的方法，其中，在达到内燃机起动转速之后、尤其是在达到内燃机目标转速之后，将第二离合器(30)闭合并且变速器离合器(22)是闭合的或将变速器离合器闭合，从而在内燃机轴(14)和混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮之间建立功率传输或力流。
14.根据权利要求12或13中任一项所述的用于运行驱动***(10)的方法，其中，直接在方法步骤a)之后和方法步骤c)之前执行的方法步骤b)中，电机(32)在变速器离合器(22)完全闭合或部分闭合的情况下与混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮处于动力连接中，以便向混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮提供正转矩或负转矩。
15.根据权利要求14所述的用于运行驱动***(10)的方法，其特征在于，在内燃机关停时并且在车辆停车状态下或在车辆蠕行速度下，使变速器离合器(22)在步骤b)之前进入滑动运行，使得电机(32)与混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮处于动力连接中，以便向混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮提供正转矩或负转矩，同时第二离合器(30)是闭合的或将第二离合器闭合，使得电机(32)和飞轮质量驱动单元(24)处于不可相对转动的力流中，并且使电机以飞轮质量起动转速或更高转速运行，在此飞轮质量起动转速高于在变速器离合器(22)完全闭合的情况下由当前车速经由车轮转速产生的电机转速。
16.根据权利要求12至15中任一项所述的用于运行驱动***(10)的方法，其特征在于，所述飞轮质量起动转速在1000U/min至1400U/min之间的范围内。
17.根据权利要求12至16中任一项所述的用于运行驱动***(10)的方法，其特征在于，所述飞轮质量起动转速已经在车辆初始化之后在车辆停车状态中经由电机(32)调节。
18.根据权利要求12至16中任一项所述的用于运行驱动***(10)的方法，其特征在于，从车辆停车状态开始，在将电机(32)的正转矩首次提供给混合动力车辆的可被驱动的车轮同时调节飞轮质量起动转速。
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