CN106715356A - 挤出的水泥基材料 - Google Patents

挤出的水泥基材料 Download PDF

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CN106715356A
CN106715356A CN201580033711.1A CN201580033711A CN106715356A CN 106715356 A CN106715356 A CN 106715356A CN 201580033711 A CN201580033711 A CN 201580033711A CN 106715356 A CN106715356 A CN 106715356A
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cement
range
mixture
weight
starch
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E·R·丹尼尔斯
P·J·安德森
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INTELLECTUAL GORILLA BV
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
    • B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
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    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
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    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
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    • C04B2103/00—Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone
    • C04B2103/0068—Ingredients with a function or property not provided for elsewhere in C04B2103/00
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Abstract

一种由混合物形成的可挤出的水泥基材料，该混合物包含水泥、水、石膏、辅助材料、增强纤维和流变改性剂。可挤出的水泥基材料是轻质材料，其具有约1.4至2.4g/cm3范围内的密度、约5至100MPa范围内的抗压强度以及约5至35MPa范围内的抗弯强度。注意，水泥可以包含石膏，使得石膏不添加到混合物中。

Description

挤出的水泥基材料
发明领域
本发明一般地涉及复合材料领域，更具体地涉及挤出的水泥基材料。
背景技术
一般使用大量的水以形成浆料产生水泥基材料，该浆料太湿不能挤出。
发明概述
本发明提供一种由混合物形成的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述混合物包含水泥、水、石膏、辅助材料、增强纤维和流变改性剂。注意，水泥可包含石膏，使得石膏不添加到混合物中。可挤出的水泥基材料是具有约1.4至2.4g/cm3范围内的密度、约5至100MPa范围内的抗压强度和约5至35MPa范围内的抗弯强度的轻质材料。
另外，本发明提供一种由混合物形成的可挤出的水泥基材料，该混合物包含以湿重百分比计约0.1-90％范围内的水泥、约10-60％范围内的水、以湿重百分比计约0.1-90％范围内的石膏、以湿重百分比计约0.1-50％范围内的辅助材料(例如砂、岩石、飞灰、矿渣、硅粉(silica fume)、碳酸钙等)、以湿重百分比计约1-20％范围内的增强纤维和以湿重百分比计约0.5-10％范围内的流变改性剂。注意，水泥可以包含石膏，使得石膏不添加到混合物中。
另外，本发明提供一种用于通过以下制备可挤出的水泥基材料的方法：将水泥、石膏、辅助材料、增强纤维和流变改性剂与水混合，使用挤出机通过模具挤出混合物，和使挤出的混合物凝固。注意，水泥可以包含石膏，使得石膏不添加至混合物。
另外，本发明提供了一种通过以下步骤制备可挤出的水泥基材料(复合材料)的方法：(1)将约0.1-90％湿重的水泥和0.1-90％湿重的石膏与约10-60％湿重的水混合；(2)将水泥-石膏-水混合物与约0.1-50％湿重的辅助材料(例如砂、岩石、飞灰、矿渣、硅粉、碳酸钙等)和约1-20％湿重的增强纤维共混；和(3)添加约0.5-10％湿重的流变改性剂至混合物。然后可挤出并固化(例如使静置、加热、蒸汽处理等)得到的可挤出的水泥基材料。注意，水泥可以包含石膏，使得石膏不添加至混合物。
附图简述
可通过结合附图参照以下描述更好地理解本发明的上述和其它优点，其中：
无。
发明描述
尽管下文详细讨论了本发明的各种实施方案的制备和使用，但是应当理解，本发明提供了可以在各种各样的具体上下文中体现的许多可应用的发明构思。本文所讨论的具体实施方案仅仅是说明制备和使用本发明的具体方式，而不限制本发明的范围。
以其湿的状态、具有在凝固之前加入的水的普通波特兰水泥(OPC)、铝酸钙水泥(CAC)、Sorel水泥(氧化镁和氯化镁水泥)、CSA水泥(硫铝酸钙水泥)、磷酸盐水泥或现有技术中已知的其它水泥类型，可以流变改性成粘土状材料，这允许使用称为挤出的常规粘土生产方法。
具有水的水泥可以在与多种材料诸如细石灰石、砂、石膏、硅粉、火成二氧化硅(fumed silica)、熟石膏、飞灰、矿渣、岩石、纤维素纤维、玻璃纤维、塑料纤维、PVA纤维、德兰尼特纤维等组合的复合材料组合物中作为粘结剂使用，当流变改性时可如上所述将其挤出。注意，水泥可以包含少量的石膏(例如0.3％等)，因此当所需的石膏含量在该范围的下端时，可以不需要向混合物中添加石膏(见下文)。
通过添加流变改性剂来稳定水泥-石膏-水混合物，典型地以约0.5至10％湿重的量添加。
流变改性剂分为以下类别：(1)多糖及其衍生物，(2)蛋白质及其衍生物，和(3)合成有机材料。多糖流变改性剂可以进一步细分为(a)纤维素基材料及其衍生物，(b)淀粉基材料及其衍生物，和(c)其他多糖。
适合的纤维素基流变改性剂包括例如甲基羟乙基纤维素、羟甲基乙基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、羟乙基丙基纤维素等。
适合的淀粉基材料包括例如小麦淀粉、预胶凝小麦淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、预胶凝马铃薯淀粉、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、海凝胶(seagel)、淀粉乙酸酯、淀粉羟乙基醚、离子淀粉、长链烷基淀粉、糊精、胺淀粉、磷酸盐淀粉和双醛淀粉。
目前优选的流变改性剂是羟丙基甲基纤维素，其实例是Methocel 240和Methocel240S。
对于挤出，使具有总湿材料的约10-60wt.％的水和适合的流变改性混合物的水泥基复合材料感觉和表现与塑性粘土相似。材料触摸起来感觉是塑性的/可变形的，并且可以类似于粘土使用粘土挤出机将其挤出，其中通过螺旋输送机将材料向前输送通过筒并且通过模具连续地形成具有形状稳定性的最终形状。
根据水含量和流变改性混合物的量，挤出的材料可具有或多或少的形状稳定性。
通过向材料中添加增强纤维，在水泥凝固之前将实现增加的稳定性。此外，已经发现纤维添加减少或消除在生产过程的干燥阶段期间的材料收缩和干燥收缩裂纹，并且进一步提供干材料的增加的抗弯强度和韧性。纤维的优选类型是纤维素(硬木或软木)纤维、塑料(基于聚乙烯醇或丙烯酸)纤维和玻璃纤维；纤维素纤维和塑料纤维主要用于目的是低于冻结或环境温度的绝缘，而玻璃纤维主要用于目的是高于环境的温度或需要耐火性的绝缘。此外，可以应用纤维类型的组合。优选的纤维长度对于纤维素纤维为约1至2mm，对于塑料纤维为约4至10mm，对于玻璃纤维为约6至20mm。优选的纤维直径为约10至40微米。
为了增加在凝固(硬化)之前可以挤出水泥基材料的时间，使用少量添加的适合的常规混凝土缓凝剂(例如，来自BASF公司的Delvo)可以将凝固时间延迟最长达数小时。可以通过使用螺旋输送机将混合物输送通过筒，并使用挤出机通过模具连续地将混合物成形为具有形状稳定性的最终形状来挤出水泥基材料。挤出后，材料将在几小时内形成最终产品的初始和最终凝固。
为了形成由OPC水泥制成的产品的最终28天强度，可以使该产品在潮湿的环境中静置约28天，或者可以借助其自身内部(放热)热产生或借助如现有技术中常规的蒸汽固化，通过加热在24-48小时内加速强度形成。
由CAC水泥、Sorel水泥、CSA水泥、磷酸盐水泥或其他水泥类型制成的产品将在24小时内达到其最终强度，并且不必需要额外的固化。
在实现最终强度形成后，将产品干燥以产生成品复合材料。硬化后，可以根据需要(例如，切割成一定尺寸、砂磨、修整、涂漆、密封、纹理化、图像化等)来精加工硬化的材料。
在一个实施方案中，可以通过用水或溶剂基硅烷喷涂产品使成品具有防水性。这种产品Protectosil BHN通常由BASF出售。还可以用抗真菌或抗微生物涂料来喷涂成品。此外，成品可以进行涂漆、染色或纹理化。
制成的轻质水泥基复合材料将具有约1.4至2.4g/cm3范围内的密度、约5至100MPa范围内的抗压强度和约5至35MPa范围内的抗弯强度。
组成范围如下所示：
水泥可以为以重量计0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1.0％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％或90％或之间的其它增量百分比。
水可以为以重量计10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％或60％或之间的其它增量百分比。
石膏可以为以重量计0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1.0％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％、50％、51％、52％、53％、54％、55％、56％、57％、58％、59％、60％、61％、62％、63％、64％、65％、66％、67％、68％、69％、70％、71％、72％、73％、74％、75％、76％、77％、78％、79％、80％、81％、82％、83％、84％、85％、86％、87％、88％、89％或90％或之间的其它增量百分比。
辅助材料可以为以重量计0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1.0％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％、20％、21％、22％、23％、24％、25％、26％、27％、28％、29％、30％、31％、32％、33％、34％、35％、36％、37％、38％、39％、40％、41％、42％、43％、44％、45％、46％、47％、48％、49％或50％或之间的其它增量百分比。
增强纤维可以为以重量计0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1.0％、2％、3％、4％、5％、6％、7％、8％、9％、10％、11％、12％、13％、14％、15％、16％、17％、18％、19％或20％或之间的其它增量百分比。
流变改性剂可以为以重量计0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1.0％、1.1％、1.2％、1.3％、1.4％、1.5％、1.6％、1.7％、1.8％、1.9％、2.0％、2.1％、2.2％、2.3％、2.4％、2.5％、2.6％、2.7％、2.8％、2.9％、3.0％、3.1％、3.2％、3.3％、3.4％、3.5％、3.6％、3.7％、3.8％、3.9％、4.0％、4.1％、4.2％、4.3％、4.4％、4.5％、4.6％、4.7％、4.8％、4.9％、5.0％、5.1％、5.2％、5.3％、5.4％、5.5％、5.6％、5.7％、5.8％、5.9％、6.0％、6.1％、6.2％、6.3％、6.4％、6.5％、6.6％、6.7％、6.8％、6.9％、7.0％、7.1％、7.2％、7.3％、7.4％、7.5％、7.6％、7.7％、7.8％、7.9％、8.0％、8.1％、8.2％、8.3％、8.4％、8.5％、8.6％、8.7％、8.8％、8.9％、9.0％、9.1％、9.2％、9.3％、9.4％、9.5％、9.6％、9.7％、9.8％、9.9％或10％或之间的其它增量百分比。
缓凝剂可以为以重量计0.1％、0.2％、0.3％、0.4％、0.5％、0.6％、0.7％、0.8％、0.9％、1.0％、1.1％、1.2％、1.3％、1.4％、1.5％、1.6％、1.7％、1.8％、1.9％、2.0％、2.1％、2.2％、2.3％、2.4％、2.5％、2.6％、2.7％、2.8％、2.9％、3.0％、3.1％、3.2％、3.3％、3.4％、3.5％、3.6％、3.7％、3.8％、3.9％、4.0％、4.1％、4.2％、4.3％、4.4％、4.5％、4.6％、4.7％、4.8％、4.9％、5.0％、5.1％、5.2％、5.3％、5.4％、5.5％、5.6％、5.7％、5.8％、5.9％、6.0％、6.1％、6.2％、6.3％、6.4％、6.5％、6.6％、6.7％、6.8％、6.9％、7.0％、7.1％、7.2％、7.3％、7.4％、7.5％、7.6％、7.7％、7.8％、7.9％、或8.0％或之间的其它增量百分比。
因此，本发明提供了由包含水泥、水、石膏、辅助材料、增强纤维和流变改性剂的混合物形成的可挤出的水泥基材料。可挤出的水泥基材料是轻质材料，其具有约1.4至2.4g/cm3范围内的密度、约5至100MPa范围内的抗压强度以及约5至约35MPa范围内的抗弯强度。注意，水泥可以包含石膏，使得石膏不添加到混合物中。在一些实施方案中，可以向混合物中添加缓凝剂。
另外，本发明提供了一种可挤出的水泥基材料，其由混合物形成，该混合物包含以湿重量百分比计约0.1至90％范围内的水泥、约10至60％范围内的水、以湿重百分比计约0.1至90％范围内的石膏、以湿重百分比计约0.1至50％范围内的辅助材料(例如砂、岩石、飞灰、矿渣、硅粉、碳酸钙等)、以湿重量百分比计约0.5至20％范围内的增强纤维和以湿重百分比计约0.5至10％范围内的流变改性剂。注意，水泥可以包含石膏，使得石膏不添加到混合物中。在一些实施方案中，约0.1至8％湿重范围内的缓凝剂可以加入到混合物中。
此外，本发明提供一种通过以下制造可挤出的水泥基材料的方法：将水泥、辅助材料、增强纤维和流变改性剂与水混合，使用挤出机通过模具挤出混合物，并使挤出的混合物凝固。注意，水泥可以包含石膏，使得石膏不添加到混合物中，或者石膏与水混合，或两者。在一些实施方案中，可以向混合物中加入缓凝剂。
此外，本发明提供了通过以下步骤制备可挤出的水泥基材料(复合材料)的方法：(1)混合约0.1-90％湿重的水泥和0.1-90％湿重的石膏与约10至60％湿重的水，其中水泥包含石膏，或石膏与水泥和水混合，或两者；(2)将所述水泥-石膏-水混合物与约0.1至50％湿重的辅助材料(例如砂、岩石、飞灰、矿渣、硅粉、碳酸钙等)和约0.5至20％湿重的增强纤维共混；和(3)加入约0.5至10％湿重的流变改性剂至混合物。然后可将得到的可挤出的水泥基材料挤出并固化(例如，使静置、加热、蒸汽处理等)。在一些实施方案中，可以将约0.1至8％的湿重范围内的缓凝剂添加到混合物中。
在另一个实施方案中，可挤出的水泥基材料(复合材料)可以通过以下步骤制备：(1)将批料的所有成分同时计量加入混合器(例如，Eirich强力混合器等)中并混合这些成分；(2)将混合物倒入料斗中并通过模具挤出混合物以形成细长片材；(3)将细长片材通过一组或多组(例如两组等)压延机轧制到最终厚度；(4)将细长片材切割成具有特定长度的一组单独片材；(5)拾取单独片材中的一个或多个并将它们堆放在托盘上；(6)用塑料和绝缘覆盖物覆盖堆叠物，并将堆叠物放置在固化室中保持特定的一段时间(例如24至48小时或固化各片材所需的其它时间段)；(7)精加工每个单独的片材(例如，弄方正边缘，砂磨以使表面平滑和使尺寸精确(exact)；以及(8)将一种或多种涂料或油墨施加到每个单独的片材(例如借助涂布或印刷工艺施加UV涂料、防火涂料、颜料、图像、纹理化或其组合)。
尽管已经详细描述了本发明的优选实施方案，但是本领域技术人员将理解，在不脱离如所附权利要求中阐述的本发明的精神和范围的情况下，可以在其中进行各种修改。

Claims (40)

1.一种由混合物形成的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述混合物包含：
以湿重百分比计约0.1-90％范围内的水泥；
以湿重百分比计约0.1-90％范围内的石膏；
以湿重百分比计约0.1-50％范围内的辅助材料；
以湿重百分比计约0.5-20％范围内的增强纤维；
以湿重百分比计约0.5-10％范围内的流变改性剂；
总湿材料重量的10-60％范围内的水；和
所述混合物是可挤出的。
2.根据权利要求1所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，其中所述水泥包含石膏，并且石膏不添加至混合物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述混合物具有粘土状稠度。
4.根据权利要求1所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述辅助材料包括砂、硅粉、火成二氧化硅、飞灰、矿渣、岩石、纤维素纤维、玻璃纤维、塑料纤维、聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维或其组合。
5.根据权利要求1所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述增强纤维包括纤维素纤维、玻璃纤维、聚丙烯纤维、聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维、德兰尼特纤维或其组合。
6.根据权利要求1所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述流变改性剂包括多糖、多糖衍生物、蛋白质、蛋白质衍生物、合成有机材料、合成有机材料衍生物或其组合。
7.根据权利要求6所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述多糖包括纤维素基材料、纤维素基材料衍生物、淀粉基材料、淀粉基材料衍生物或其组合。
8.根据权利要求7所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述纤维素基材料选自主要由以下组成的组：甲基羟乙基纤维素(MHEC)、羟甲基乙基纤维素(HMEC)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、甲基纤维素(MC)、乙基纤维素(EC)、羟乙基纤维素(HEC)、羟乙基丙基纤维素(HEPC)和羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)。
9.根据权利要求7所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述淀粉基材料选自主要由以下组成的组：小麦淀粉、预胶凝小麦淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、预胶凝马铃薯淀粉、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、海凝胶、淀粉乙酸酯、淀粉羟乙基醚、离子淀粉、长链烷基淀粉、糊精、胺淀粉、磷酸盐淀粉或双醛淀粉。
10.根据权利要求1所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，进一步包含以湿重百分比计约0.1-8％范围内的缓凝剂。
11.根据权利要求10所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述缓凝剂包括柠檬酸钠，或者熟石膏、柠檬酸钠和结晶二氧化硅的混合物。
12.根据权利要求1所述的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述可挤出的水泥基材料具有约1.4至2.4g/cm3范围内的密度、约5MPa至100MPa范围内的抗压强度和约5至35MPa范围内的抗弯强度。
13.一种由混合物形成的可挤出的水泥基材料，所述混合物主要由以下组成：
以湿重百分比计约0.1-90％范围内的水泥；
以湿重百分比计约0.1-90％范围内的石膏；
以湿重百分比计约0.1-50％范围内的辅助材料；
以湿重百分比计约0.5-20％范围内的增强纤维；
以湿重百分比计约0.5-10％范围内的流变改性剂；
总湿材料重量的10-60％范围内的水；和
所述混合物是可挤出的。
14.可挤出的水泥基材料，其中所述水泥包含石膏，并且石膏不添加至混合物。
15.一种用于制备可挤出的水泥基材料的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
将水泥、辅助材料、增强纤维和流变改性剂与水混合，其中水泥包含石膏，或者石膏与水混合，或两者；
使用挤出机通过模具挤出混合物；和
使挤出的混合物凝固。
16.根据权利要求15所述的方法，所述混合物包含：
以湿重百分比计约0.1-90％范围内的水泥；
以湿重百分比计约0.1-90％范围内的石膏；
以湿重百分比计约0.1-50％范围内的辅助材料；
以湿重百分比计约0.5-20％范围内的增强纤维；
以湿重百分比计约0.5-10％范围内的流变改性剂；和
总湿材料重量的10-60％范围内的水。
17.根据权利要求15所述的方法，所述混合物主要由以下组成：
以湿重百分比计约40-90％范围内的水泥；
以湿重百分比计约0.1-90％范围内的石膏；
以湿重百分比计约0.1-50％范围内的辅助材料；
以湿重百分比计约0.5-20％范围内的增强纤维；
以湿重百分比计约0.5-10％范围内的流变改性剂；和
总湿材料重量的10-60％范围内的水。
18.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中将水泥、辅助材料、增强纤维和流变改性剂与水混合的步骤包括以下步骤：
将水泥与水混合，其中水泥包含石膏；
将水泥-石膏-水混合物与辅助材料和增强纤维共混；和
将流变改性剂添加至混合物。
19.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中将水泥、辅助材料、增强纤维和流变改性剂与水混合的步骤包括以下步骤：
将水泥和石膏与水混合；
将水泥-石膏-水混合物与辅助材料和增强纤维共混；和
将流变改性剂添加至混合物。
20.根据权利要求15所述的方法，所述混合物具有粘土状稠度。
21.根据权利要求15所述的方法，使用挤出机通过模具挤出混合物的步骤包括以下步骤：
使用螺旋输送机输送所述混合物通过筒；和
使用挤出机通过模具连续地将所述混合物成形为具有形状稳定性的最终形状。
22.根据权利要求15所述的方法，所述辅助材料包括砂、硅粉、火成二氧化硅、飞灰、矿渣、岩石、纤维素纤维、玻璃纤维、塑料纤维、聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维或其组合。
23.根据权利要求15所述的方法，所述增强纤维包括纤维素纤维、玻璃纤维、聚丙烯纤维、聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维、德兰尼特纤维或其组合。
24.根据权利要求15所述的方法，所述流变改性剂包括多糖、多糖衍生物、蛋白质、蛋白质衍生物、合成有机材料、合成有机材料衍生物或其组合。
25.根据权利要求24所述的方法，所述多糖包括纤维素基材料、纤维素基材料衍生物、淀粉基材料、淀粉基材料衍生物或其组合。
26.根据权利要求25所述的方法，所述纤维素基材料选自主要由以下组成的组：甲基羟乙基纤维素(MHEC)、羟甲基乙基纤维素(HMEC)、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)、甲基纤维素(MC)、乙基纤维素(EC)、羟乙基纤维素(HEC)、羟乙基丙基纤维素(HEPC)和羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)。
27.根据权利要求25所述的方法，所述淀粉基材料选自主要由以下组成的组：小麦淀粉、预胶凝小麦淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、预胶凝马铃薯淀粉、支链淀粉、直链淀粉、海凝胶、淀粉乙酸酯、淀粉羟乙基醚、离子淀粉、长链烷基淀粉、糊精、胺淀粉、磷酸盐淀粉或双醛淀粉。
28.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中所述混合步骤进一步包括将以湿重百分比计约0.1-8％范围内的缓凝剂与水混合。
29.根据权利要求28所述的方法，所述缓凝剂包括柠檬酸钠，或者熟石膏、柠檬酸钠和结晶二氧化硅的混合物。
30.根据权利要求15所述的方法，所述可挤出的水泥基材料在凝固、固化或干燥之后具有约1.4至2.4g/cm3范围内的密度、约5MPa至100MPa范围内的抗压强度和约5至35MPa范围内的抗弯强度。
31.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中挤出的混合物包括细长片材，并且进一步包括通过一组或多组压延机轧制细长片材的步骤。
32.根据权利要求31所述的方法，进一步包括以下步骤：
将所述细长片材切割成具有指定长度的一组单独片材；
将所述一组单独的片材堆叠到托盘上；
用塑料和绝缘材料覆盖堆叠物；
通过使被覆盖的堆叠物静置指定的时间段来固化所述堆叠物；和
弄方正和砂磨每个单独片材。
33.根据权利要求32所述的方法，其中所述指定的时间段为约24至48小时。
34.根据权利要求15所述的方法，其中使挤出的混合物凝固最长达2至3小时。
35.根据权利要求15所述的方法，进一步包括固化挤出的混合物的步骤。
36.根据权利要求15所述的方法，进一步包括干燥挤出的混合物的步骤。
37.根据权利要求15所述的方法，进一步包括将挤出的混合物模制、切割、修整、砂磨或者特形铣成指定形状的步骤。
38.根据权利要求15所述的方法，进一步包括用防水剂喷涂挤出的混合物的步骤。
39.根据权利要求15所述的方法，进一步包括将一种或多种涂料或油墨施加至挤出的混合物的步骤。
40.根据权利要求39所述的方法，其中所述一种或多种涂料或油墨包括UV涂料、防火涂料、颜料、图像、纹理或其组合。
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