CN104838493A - 功率模块 - Google Patents

功率模块 Download PDF

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CN104838493A
CN104838493A CN201380062029.6A CN201380062029A CN104838493A CN 104838493 A CN104838493 A CN 104838493A CN 201380062029 A CN201380062029 A CN 201380062029A CN 104838493 A CN104838493 A CN 104838493A
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CN104838493B (zh
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出尾晋一
田屋昌树
小原太一
西田信也
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Mitsubishi Electric Corp
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Abstract

本发明的目的在于提供一种功率模块,其能够抑制因散热基板向散热片的固定而产生的树脂壳体的变形,能够防止填充到树脂壳体内的树脂产生裂纹。在本发明的功率模块中,在端部设置有倾斜部的散热基板(20)搭载功率半导体元件(4),配置成将该功率半导体元件(4)包围并使树脂壳体(6)与散热基板(20)相接,将散热片(10)配置成与散热基板(20)的功率半导体元件(4)的搭载面的相反面侧相接,并具有与散热基板(20)的倾斜部相接而将散热基板(20)按压于散热片(10)的按压机构(13)。

Description

功率模块
技术领域
本发明涉及功率模块等中的使搭载有功率半导体元件的散热基板紧贴在散热片上的功率模块的安装构造。
背景技术
在以往的功率模块中,作为使用螺钉来固定树脂壳体与散热片并将搭载有功率半导体元件的散热基板安装于散热片的手段,采用了如下的构造:使用设置在树脂壳体上的突起部将散热基板按压于散热片(例如,参照专利文献1)。
现有专利文献
专利文献
专利文献1:日本专利第3225457号公报(第2页,第1图)
发明内容
发明要解决的课题
在以往的功率模块中,使用树脂壳体将散热基板固定于散热片,因此,由螺钉轴力对树脂壳体施加应力,因该应力而产生树脂壳体的变形。由于该树脂壳体的变形,填充到树脂壳体内的树脂产生裂纹。因该裂纹而存在产生半导体元件的耐压不良、电特性变动这样的问题点。
本发明是为了解决上述的课题而完成的,得到一种功率模块,其抑制因散热基板向散热片的固定而产生的树脂壳体的变形,能够防止填充到树脂壳体内的树脂产生裂纹。
用于解决课题的手段
在本发明的功率模块中,所述功率模块具有:散热基板,其搭载功率半导体元件,在端部具有倾斜部;树脂壳体,其与功率半导体元件搭载面相接;散热片,其与散热基板背面相接;以及按压机构,其与散热基板端部的倾斜部相接而将散热基板按压于散热片。
发明效果
在本发明中,使散热基板的截面中的角部(外周部)为倾斜部,使用施压单元来按压形成在散热基板的外周部的倾斜部,从而抑制树脂壳体以散热基板外周部的角部为支点的变形,因此,能够防止填充到树脂壳体内的树脂产生裂纹。
附图说明
图1是本发明的实施方式1的功率模块的截面构造示意图。
图2是本发明的实施方式2的功率模块的截面构造示意图。
图3是本发明的实施方式2的另一形状的衬套的截面构造示意图。
图4是本发明的实施方式3的功率模块的截面构造示意图。
图5是本发明的实施方式4的功率模块的截面构造示意图。
具体实施方式
在以下的用于说明各实施方式的各图中,相同附图标记表示相同或者相当的结构。
实施方式1
图1是本发明的实施方式1的功率模块的截面构造示意图。如图1(a)所示,功率模块100具有树脂壳体6、散热片10、作为按压机构的按压部件13、散热基板20。树脂壳体6在外周部具有作为贯通孔的通孔15。散热片10在外周部具有螺钉孔16。
散热基板20具有金属基底1、绝缘层2,在散热基板20上形成有金属图形3,经由焊锡(未图示)将功率半导体元件4搭载在金属图形3上。另外,散热基板20在端部具有倾斜部。倾斜部从散热基板20的内部朝向外周部变低。
作为功率半导体元件4,例如是IGBT(Insulated-Gate-Bipolar-Transistor:绝缘栅双极型晶体管)、功率MOSFET(Metal-Oxide-Semionductor-Field-Effect-Transistor:金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管)。另外,作为功率半导体元件4,也可以为FWD(Free-Wheeling-Diode:续流二极管)。
通过这些功率半导体元件4和金属图形3的形状,构成例如反演电路。功率模块100具有该反演电路。
作为金属基底1的材质,考虑到散热性、密度方面,可以使用铝、铜、或者它们的合金。关于金属图形3,从电阻、散热性的观点出发优选为铜、铜合金。关于金属基底1、金属图形3的厚度,从生产性、经济性的观点出发,分别为金属基底1优选为0.5mm至3.0mm左右,金属图形3优选为0.1mm至0.5mm左右。
绝缘层2例如可以使用在环氧树脂、液晶聚合物填充了由高散热材料构成的填料而成的材料。绝缘层2的厚度由使用的额定电压、需求的散热特性决定,但是优选大约0.1mm至0.3mm的范围。
这样,形成搭载有功率半导体元件4的散热基板20。在图1中的散热基板20的两截面端的角部(外周部)设置有倾斜部。该倾斜部在金属基底1或者在金属基底1和绝缘层2形成。另外,也可以不在功率半导体元件4的搭载面的相反面侧的金属基底1的端部形成倾斜部。
图1(b)是散热基板20的外周部的截面构造的放大示意图。作为倾斜部的倾斜,适合采用相对于搭载功率半导体元件4的平面成20度至60度,优选为30度至45度的范围。如图1(b)所示,例如,在30度的斜面的情况下,在使散热基板20的厚度方向的斜面尺寸a为1.5mm的情况下,平面方向的斜面部宽度b为1.5×√3=2.6mm。在针对来自外部的振动等可靠地按压基板这一方面上,作为斜面部宽度b优选确保在2mm以上。
搭载有功率半导体元件4的散热基板20经由粘接材料5固定在树脂壳体6内。树脂壳体6由PPS(Poly-Phenylene-Sulfide:聚苯硫醚)构成。在树脂壳体6中作为端子7内置有主端子、控制端子。端子7与配置在树脂壳体6内部的功率半导体元件4连接,功率半导体元件4经由端子7与外部电连接。例如,连接作为功率半导体元件4的IGBT的栅极和控制端子、连接作为功率半导体元件4的IGBT的发射极和主端子、连接集电极和主端子。这些连接例如使用φ0.4mm的铝线8。铝线8使用超声波的方法而与功率半导体元件4、端子7接合。另外,也可以使用铜线来代替铝线8。由于铜线与铝线相比为低电阻,所以在使用处理大电流的功率半导体元件4的情况下特别有效。
以功率半导体元件4和铝线8部分的保护、绝缘耐压的确保为目的,将填充树脂9设置在由树脂壳体6和散热基板20形成的区域。作为填充树脂9例如应用以凝胶或环氧树脂为主成分的树脂。
散热基板20、树脂壳体6和填充树脂9一体而成的模块使用螺钉12安装于散热片10。在树脂壳体6中设置有螺钉紧固用的通孔15,在通孔15内设置有衬套11。衬套11是为了将树脂壳体6可靠地固定于散热片10而设置的。经由通孔15将螺钉12紧固在形成于散热片10的螺钉孔16,从而该模块被固定于散热片10。作为衬套11的形状,可考虑圆筒形状,但是,只要能够***通孔15,就不限定于圆筒形状,也可以为多角形。另外,作为衬套11的长度,只要比树脂壳体6的通孔15的深度长即可。并且,衬套11也可以为在树脂壳体6的螺钉12***侧卡在树脂壳体6的形状。
此时,在衬套11与散热片10之间设置按压部件13,从而按压部件13接受被螺钉轴力压缩的力。在散热基板20的端部设置有倾斜部,构成为按压部件13与在金属基底1的倾斜部、或者在金属基底1和绝缘层2形成的倾斜部抵接的构造。在按压部件13上,在与散热基板20的倾斜部接触的部分设置有能够与该散热基板20的倾斜部接触的倾斜部。按压部件13的厚度与散热基板20的厚度相同,或者薄0.1mm至0.2mm左右。通过本构造产生如下作用:按压部件13将散热基板20按压于散热片10。在螺钉紧固后,衬套11相比于通孔15向散热片10侧突出,由粘接材料5与衬套11在树脂壳体6与按压部件13之间形成间隙。另外,作为按压部件13的材质,优选为金属,但是不限定于金属,只要是不易产生经时变化的材质即可。
例如,在散热基板20的截面端没有形成倾斜部的构造中,在用2个M5螺钉紧固了树脂壳体6的情况下,在3.5Nm的螺钉扭矩下观察到了填充树脂9产生裂纹。可认为这是因为:由于在散热基板20的截面端没有形成倾斜部,所以散热基板20的平面与树脂壳体6面接触,以散热基板20的截面端的角部(外周部)为支点在树脂壳体6中产生由螺钉紧固导致的旋转力矩。当在树脂壳体6中产生旋转力矩时,树脂壳体6和填充树脂9发生变形。由于相对于树脂壳体6,填充树脂9的杨氏模量通常较低,强度也较弱,所以在形成有端子7等而使树脂壳体6突出的部位的填充树脂9容易产生应力集中。结果,认为在填充树脂9中产生了裂纹。
然而,在本发明的构造中,采用如下构造:散热基板20的平面部与树脂壳体6面接触,并且,使散热基板20的截面端的角部为倾斜部,使用具有倾斜部的按压部件13将散热基板20向散热片10按压。散热基板20的倾斜部与按压部件13的倾斜部之间的接触至少为多个点以上,即以接近面接触的状态按压。结果,散热基板20由树脂壳体6与按压部件13的倾斜部这2个面按压于散热片10。另外,以散热基板20截面端的角部为支点的旋转力矩(应力)并没有直接向树脂壳体6施加,而是经由按压部件13向树脂壳体6传递。因此,进一步降低施加到树脂壳体6的旋转力矩,也进一步抑制树脂壳体6的沿旋转方向的变形。结果,即使是3.5Nm的紧固扭矩也没有在填充树脂9中观察到裂纹的产生。
在以如上方式构成的功率模块中,采用了如下构造:利用散热基板20的平面部和树脂壳体6、散热基板20的倾斜部和按压部件13的倾斜部,将散热基板20按压于散热片10。这样,通过使用散热基板20的平面与斜面这2个面以上而将散热基板20按压于散热片10的构造,按压部件13不易向树脂壳体6传递应力,因此,能够抑制在将树脂壳体6螺钉紧固于散热片10时树脂壳体6的弯曲位移。结果,由于还能够降低在填充树脂9的产生应力,所以,能够防止填充树脂9的裂纹的产生。另外,由于这二者的倾斜部面接触,所以,能够放宽按压部件13的要求尺寸公差、位置公差,加工、组装变得容易。并且,通过使用由不易产生经时变化的金属形成、而不是由易于产生经时变化的树脂形成的按压部件13进行按压,能够降低散热基板20的对散热片10的按压力的经时变化,也能够使功率模块的热阻长期稳定化。
另外,如果按压部件13是热传导良好的金属制,则也存在如下效果:能够将由功率半导体元件4产生的热量从散热基板20经由按压部件13传导到散热片10,因此,能够降低功率模块的热阻,从而使功率模块长寿命化。
在本实施例中,采用了按压部件13设置于散热基板20的整个外周部的构造,但是,并不一定需要按压整个外周部,也可以仅设置在施加到树脂壳体6的应力变大的螺钉紧固部位附近。在该情况下,能够缩小按压部件13的尺寸,在成本方面是有利的。
实施方式2
在本实施方式2中,在如下的方面不同:将作为在实施方式1中使用的按压机构的按压部件13替换为衬套11。由于这样地使用衬套11,衬套11也按压形成于散热基板20的倾斜部,所以,能够抑制树脂壳体6的弯曲位移,也能够降低在填充树脂9的产生应力,因此,能够防止填充树脂9的裂纹的产生。
图2是本发明的实施方式2的功率模块的截面构造示意图。图2示出对作为实施方式2的特征性的部分的树脂壳体6与散热片10之间的固定部进行放大后的截面示意图。如图2所示,功率模块200具有树脂壳体6、散热片10、衬套11、散热基板20。树脂壳体6在外周部具有作为贯通孔的通孔15。散热片10在外周部具有螺钉孔16。
图3是另一形状的衬套21的截面构造示意图。根据图3,衬套21具有与形成于散热基板20的倾斜部对应的倾斜部。
在设置于树脂壳体6的通孔15内配置衬套21,使用形成于该衬套21的散热片10侧的前端部分的倾斜部,按压形成于散热基板20的倾斜部。并且,经由通孔15将螺钉12紧固在形成于散热片10的螺钉孔16中,利用树脂壳体6和衬套21按压散热基板20的平面部和倾斜部,从而将散热基板20固定于散热片10。
例如,在本发明的构造中,即使使用M5螺钉以3.5Nm的紧固扭矩安装于散热片10,在填充树脂9中也没有观察到裂纹的产生。
在此,作为衬套11的形状,设为具有如图3所示的倾斜部的形状,从而与形成于散热基板20的倾斜部之间的接触面积增加,能够更稳定地将散热基板20按压于散热片10。
在以如上的方式构成的功率模块中,采用了如下构造:利用散热基板20的平面部与树脂壳体6、形成于散热基板20的倾斜部与衬套11将散热基板20按压于散热片10。这样,通过使用散热基板20的平面与斜面这2个面以上而将散热基板20按压于散热片10的构造,能够抑制在将树脂壳体6螺钉紧固于散热片10时树脂壳体6的弯曲位移。结果,由于还能够降低填充在树脂9的产生应力,所以能够防止填充树脂9的裂纹的产生。另外,能够省去安装按压部件13的麻烦,能够将制造工序简化。
实施方式3
在本实施方式3中,在如下的方面不同:将作为在实施方式1中使用的按压机构的按压部件13替换成树脂壳体6的形成于与散热基板20的倾斜部相向的位置上的倾斜部。通过采用这样的构造,树脂壳体6成为具有按压机构的一体构造。即使使用这样的设置于树脂壳体6的倾斜部,设置于树脂壳体6的倾斜部也按压形成于散热基板20的倾斜部,从而能够抑制树脂壳体6的弯曲位移,也能够降低在填充树脂9的产生应力,因此能够防止填充树脂9的裂纹的产生。
图4是本发明的实施方式3的功率模块的截面构造示意图。图4示出对作为实施方式3的特征性的部分的树脂壳体6与散热片10之间的固定部进行放大后的截面示意图。如图4所示,功率模块300具有:具有倾斜部的树脂壳体6、散热片10、散热基板20。树脂壳体6在外周部具有作为贯通孔的通孔15。散热片10在外周部具有螺钉孔16。
在设置于树脂壳体6的通孔15内配置衬套11,用设置于树脂壳体6的倾斜部按压形成于散热基板20的倾斜部。并且,经由通孔15将螺钉12紧固在形成于散热片10的螺钉孔16中,利用树脂壳体6的平面部与倾斜部按压散热基板20的平面部与倾斜部,从而散热基板20被固定于散热片10。
例如,在本发明的构造中,即使使用M5螺钉以3.5Nm的紧固扭矩安装于散热片10,在填充树脂9中也没有观察到裂纹的产生。
在以如上方式构成的功率模块中,采用了如下构造:利用散热基板20的平面部与树脂壳体6、形成于散热基板20的倾斜部与形成于树脂壳体6的倾斜部而将散热基板20按压于散热片10。这样,通过使用散热基板20的平面与斜面这2个面以上而将散热基板20按压于散热片10的构造,能够抑制在将树脂壳体6螺钉紧固于散热片10时树脂壳体6的弯曲位移。结果,由于还能够降低在填充树脂9的产生应力,所以能够防止填充树脂9的裂纹的产生。另外,在树脂壳体6设置了倾斜部,从而使各个倾斜部对准,因此能够将树脂壳体6的安装位置向散热基板20的内部侧配置。因此,能够将散热基板20的使用区域尺寸最小化,能够使填充树脂9的使用量也减少,作为结果,能够缩小由填充树脂9、树脂壳体6、散热基板20的热膨胀率差产生的热应变。
实施方式4
在本实施方式4中,在如下的方面不同:将作为在实施方式1中使用的按压机构的按压部件13替换成设置于树脂壳体6的弹簧14。使用这样的弹簧14,弹簧14也按压形成于散热基板20的倾斜部,从而能够抑制树脂壳体6的弯曲位移,也能够降低在填充树脂9的产生应力,因此能够防止填充树脂9的裂纹的产生。
图5是本发明的实施方式4的功率模块的截面构造示意图。图5示出对作为实施方式4的特征性的部分的树脂壳体6与散热片10的之间的固定部进行放大后的截面示意图。如图5所示,功率模块400具有树脂壳体6、散热片10、作为按压机构的弹簧14、散热基板20。树脂壳体6在外周部具有作为贯通孔的通孔15。散热片10在外周部具有螺钉孔16。
在设置于树脂壳体6的通孔15内配置衬套11,利用设置于树脂壳体6的弹簧14按压形成于散热基板20的倾斜部。并且,经由通孔15将螺钉12紧固在形成于散热片10的螺钉孔16中,利用树脂壳体6与树脂壳体6的弹簧14按压散热基板20的平面部与倾斜部,从而散热基板20被固定于散热片10。弹簧14由金属制的构件形成,但是只要能够将散热基板20按压于散热片10,且能够降低按压力的经时变化,就不限定于金属制的部件。另外,作为设置于树脂壳体6的弹簧14的形状,优选为与形成于散热基板20的倾斜部对应的倾斜形状。然而,并不限定于该形状,只要是能够将散热基板20按压于散热片10的形状即可。
例如,在本发明的构造中,即使使用M5螺钉以3.5Nm的紧固扭矩安装于散热片10,在填充树脂9中也没有观察到裂纹的产生。
在以如上的方式构成的功率模块中,采用了如下构造:利用散热基板20的平面部与树脂壳体6、形成于散热基板20的倾斜部与设置于树脂壳体6的弹簧14将散热基板20按压于散热片10。这样,通过使用散热基板20的平面与斜面这2个面以上而将散热基板20按压到散热片10的构造,能够抑制在将树脂壳体6螺钉紧固于散热片10时树脂壳体6的弯曲位移。结果,由于还能够降低在填充树脂9的产生应力,所以能够防止填充树脂9的裂纹的产生。另外,在树脂壳体6设置了弹簧14,从而使弹簧14与散热基板20的倾斜部对准,因此能够使树脂壳体6的安装位置向散热基板20的内部侧配置。因此,能够使散热基板20的使用区域尺寸最小化,能够使填充树脂9的使用量也减少,作为结果,能够缩小由填充树脂9、树脂壳体6、散热基板20的热膨胀率差产生的热应变。并且,通过使用由不易产生经时变化的金属形成、而不是由易于产生经时变化的树脂形成的弹簧14,能够降低散热基板20的对散热片10的按压力的经时变化,能够使功率模块的热阻长期稳定化。
附图标记说明
1:金属基底;2:绝缘层;3:金属图形;4:功率半导体元件;5:粘接材料;6:树脂壳体;7:端子;8:铝线;9:填充树脂;10:散热片;11:衬套;12:螺钉;13:按压部件;14:弹簧;15:通孔;16:螺钉孔;20:散热基板;21:具有倾斜部的衬套;100、200、300、400:功率模块。

Claims (8)

1.一种功率模块,其特征在于,所述功率模块具有:
散热基板,其在一个面上搭载功率半导体元件,在端部具有倾斜部;
树脂壳体,其包围所述功率半导体元件,与所述散热基板的所述一个面相接;
散热片,其与所述散热基板的另一个面相接;以及
按压机构,其与所述散热基板的所述倾斜部相接,将所述散热基板按压于所述散热片。
2.根据权利要求1所述的功率模块,其特征在于,
所述按压机构是具有倾斜部的金属构件。
3.根据权利要求1所述的功率模块,其特征在于,
所述按压机构是在设置于所述树脂壳体的外周部的贯通孔中配置的衬套。
4.根据权利要求3所述的功率模块,其特征在于,
所述衬套在与所述散热基板的所述倾斜部相接的部分具有倾斜部。
5.根据权利要求1所述的功率模块,其特征在于,
所述按压机构是在与所述散热基板的所述倾斜部相向的位置上设置有倾斜部的所述树脂壳体。
6.根据权利要求1所述的功率模块,其特征在于,
所述按压机构是连接到所述树脂壳体的金属弹簧。
7.根据权利要求1至6中的任一项所述的功率模块,其特征在于,
所述散热基板的所述倾斜部形成在所述散热基板的所述一个面侧。
8.根据权利要求7所述的功率模块,其特征在于,
所述散热基板的所述倾斜部朝向所述散热基板的外周部变低。
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