CN103733859A - Cassava blossoming regulation and control technology - Google Patents
Cassava blossoming regulation and control technology Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation, and particularly relates to a cassava blossoming regulation and control technology. The cassava blossoming regulation and control technology is characterized by comprising selection and preparation of land, plantation management, regulation and control of the blooming period, flower retention, regulation and control of the ratio of female flowers to male flowers, measurement of the pollen activity, pollination experiment and cross breeding. Stable and superior hybrid seeds are obtained by adopting a chemical regulation and control method and a manual agricultural measure regulation and control method. The cassava blossoming regulation and control technology has the characteristics of early blossoming time, high blossoming rate and easiness in technical operation, and is suitable for cross breeding in most cassava planting areas in China.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to arviculture technical field, be specifically related to a kind of cassava control technique of blooming.
Background technology
Cassava (Cassava) is shrub shape perennial crop, and one of the world's three yampi classes, extensively cultivate in subtropical and tropical zones.In China South Subtropical Area of China, cassava is the fifth-largest crop that is only second to paddy rice, sweet potato, sugarcane and corn.It is in crop allocation, feed production, and the aspects such as commercial Application have important function, have become the crops of the main producing starch of extensive plantation and feed.Cassava is the piece root of euphorbia plant cassava, conical, cylindrical or spindle that tapioca root is, and meat, is rich in starch.Tapioca starch is best in quality, can be edible, or industrial making alcohol, fructose, glucose etc.
At present, aspect cassava plantation, cross breeding method is the breeding method that cassava generally adopts, and crossbreeding will be hybridized between different population, different genotype individuality exactly, and in its hybrid generation, selects the method for required kind.Hybridization can make parents' recombination of genes, the excellent genes of parents being controlled to various trait is incorporated into one, or the different minor genes of controlling same proterties in parents are accumulated, be created in this proterties and surpass parent's type or to form various type, for selecting improved seeds that abundant material is provided.36 pairs of dyeing of cassava (2N) tool, gene height heterozygosis, cassava crossbreeding, utilize exactly the individuality of the various trait of first familiar generation, select the defect individual of required proterties, because cassava is with planting stem as Reproduction object, the seed selection offspring of institute there will not be proterties separated, thereby crossbreeding is the breeding method of very applicable cassava, and obtain good effect.
In China, Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong are one of areas that cassava cultivated area is the widest, yet, because this area is in monsoon climatic region, subtropics, because of the impact of climatic factor, some kinds can be bloomed, some kinds are difficult for blooming, between the time, difference is also larger, and some times bloom, and some times do not bloom; The cassava florescence is all after September, and most of after dividing October.Cassava generally needs 70-120 days from pollination to seed maturity.In these areas, cassava just blooms after September, pollinates, and because temperature is low, seed approximately needs 100-120 days from pollination to maturation.In theory, be the time diacritical point that pollination is educated in cassava hybridization mid-September, and the seed of pollinating before critical point, can meet seed development institute light requirement, warm condition, and kernel maturing can reach more than eighty per cant; Critical point is the seed of pollination later, and maturity is poor, and by ateliosis, germination rate is low maybe can not germinate.In Guangxi, each kind of flowering naturally cassava, florescence major part is after October, and kernel maturing is poor, and the crossbreeding that has a strong impact on this area is normally carried out.In Hainan, although cassava can normally yield positive results, also can obtain normal hybrid seed, but frequent because of typhoon, cassava easily lodges and the damage of typhoon to flower fringe and seed, be difficult for obtaining long-term, stable hybrid seed source, in other each provinces, the situation and the Guangxi that run into are basic identical.These factors, seriously restrict the cassava crossbreeding efficiency of China.Past, the cassava breeding agency of China each department mainly obtains hybrid seed from CIAT and Thailand, but the breeding in this strange land, take local improved seeds as Parent is as main, but kind domain of the existence difference, improved seeds, not necessarily show good at home abroad, the breeding of this strange land, is directed at crossbreeding efficiency not high; In recent years; CIAT and the Thailand son of no longer supplying hybrid species; the cassava crossbreeding of China most areas has the crisis of food shortage, finds a kind of cassava cross breeding method that is extensively applicable to the cassava growing area of China, becomes a urgent problem.
Summary of the invention
For addressing the deficiencies of the prior art, the invention provides a kind of cassava crossbreeding later stage chance microthermal climate impact bad on seed development that overcome, can avoid when relatively tropical coastal area breeding, the loss of typhoon to hybrid seed, the technology that the cassava in region, applicable relative inland manually blooms and is also the key technology of the cassava crossbreeding in the relative inland of a kind of cassava district.
The cassava of the present invention control technique of blooming, is characterized in that: comprise the whole ground of selection of land, and Cultivate administration, regulation florescence, protects flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers, Pollen Activity mensuration and test of pollination and crossbreeding, concrete implementation step is as follows:
(1) the whole ground of selection of land
1. smooth. select within reason barren, chad is few, without ponding, wind sheltering or there is the soil of woods segment protect, in the first tenday period of a month in the first ten-day period of the March to April, plant, within before plantation 1-2 month, plough deeply thin rake, allow sunlight fully be exposed to the sun to soil, sterilization, levels land;
2. ditch. press seeding row spacing trench digging, the dark 30-40cm of plough soil, the dark 20-25cm that ditches, by one meter furrow of line-spacing;
3. base manure uses. and described base manure is that every mu of consumption is the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium of 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg nitrogen phosphorus potassium concn >=40%, fully mix, base manure is mixed thoroughly with earth in the middle of imposing on furrow, and furrow face covers the wide mulch film of 1m, mulch film surrounding soil compaction;
(2) Cultivate administration
1. the selection of test material. adopt fully aging, stem slubbing is close, bud select intact, fresh, do not damage, otch has milk, the perennial root cassava of anosis worm as cassava bloom regulation and control test material;
2. conservation. temperature is lower than before 12 ℃ or before December 25 in the winter time, above cassava bloomed to the test material of regulation and control is added a cover little arch day film or little arch sky film adds mulch film insulation processing, rainy region, ditch need begin to rehearse;
3. put bud with plantation .3 middle of the month to putting by the end of March bud, April, temperature reaches 16 ℃ when above, opens little arch day film and mulch film, by every strain in mid-March extremely in the bud put by the end of March, first remove the old bud going out in the past mid-March, to new long bud after mid-March, every strain is stayed bud 2-3, and the bud staying is to get the not quite identical bud of growth situation, unnecessary sprouting is removed, all the other Cultivate administrations are Cultivate administration routinely again;
(3) regulation florescence
1. using of phosphate fertilizer: temperature rise to 16 ℃ above after, by mu, disposable the applying in soil of 50-100kg fused calcium magnesium phosphate mixed thoroughly:
2. using of potash fertilizer: to the middle ten days, 16-48L water is converted to 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the first tenday period of a month in April, obtaining concentration is 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 time at place, blade face, and the time interval is one week;
3. the sprinkling on top and blade face: during plant height 15-25cm, the refined sugar solution of the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 5-20mg/L by concentration, 0.5-1.5% and 10% amino acid 500-1000 times liquid, fully mix, to cassava top and foliage spray 1-2 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, and the time interval is one week;
4. flower forcing is sprayed: in early April to the middle ten days during plant height 40-60cm, the glyphosate solution that is 0.05-0.10mg/L by concentration, spend excellent plain 1000 times of liquid and 500 times of liquid of chitin, after fully mixing, cassava top and blade face are sprayed, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, every spray in 7-10 days 1 time, connect and spray 2 times;
(4) protect flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers
1. chemical regulation: in may the first tenday period of a month in the first tenday period of a month to June early squaring, the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 5-20mg/L by concentration, 500 times of liquid of chitin and organic fertilizer, after fully mixing, the bud of cassava and blade face are sprayed 1 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade;
2. artificial agronomic measures regulation and control: while buddingging length 0.8-1cm, pluck other 3 axillalry buds, only stay bud;
(5) Pollen Activity is measured and test of pollination
Put the initial stage the flowers are in blossom, adopt the decoration method of acetic red dyeing and iodine-potassium iodide to carry out Pollen Activity mensuration and test of pollination to female, the male flower of the control technique acquisition of blooming above, the pollen that can dye is vigourous pollen, can inseminate solid, show female, male flower is vigourous;
(6) crossbreeding
Vigourous female, male flower, carries out hybridization pollination above, obtains the hybrid seed of the good Parent proterties of tool, as cassava, selects breeding material.
The selection of above-described test material is to adopt perennial root cassava, or the method that adopts the whole strain of perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato to transplant.
Above-described perennial root cassava refers to when cassava is ripe then, do not gather in the crops then, before winter temperature is lower than 12 ℃ or before December 25, cut off the bar stem on cassava top, the length that it is 10-30cm that bar stem is taken from from ground level, the test original material of blooming and as cassava.
The whole strain of above-described perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato is transplanted, refer to when cassava is ripe, do not gather in the crops then, before winter temperature is lower than 12 ℃ or before December 25, cut off the bar stem on cassava top, taking from from ground is highly bar stem and the tapioca root of 10-30cm, and the whole strain of Cassava stalk stem band potato is transplanted in the soil of other new selection.
Above-described seeding row spacing adopts 0.8 * 0.8m, 0.8-0.9 * 0.9m or 0.7-0.8 * 1.0m.
The micro-fertilizer obtaining after two kinds of trace element fertilizers of zinc fertilizer that the above-described boron fertilizer that to spend excellent element to refer to boron content be 13%-17% and zinc content are 23%-47% mix.
Above-described chitin refers to the chitin liquid fertilizer that chitosan or shitosan content are 30-60g/L.
Above-described organic fertilizer refers to that silk reeling wastewater content is that 80～60 parts, amino acid are that 20～10 parts, nitrogen phosphorus potassium total nutrient content are 10～5 parts.
Above-described silk reeling wastewater is to adopt the silk reeling wastewater of discharging after cassava cocoon or mulberry cocoon industry throwing, and the liquid fermenting through retting.
The present invention has following outstanding substantive distinguishing features and significant progressive:
1. flowering time early.The present invention adopts perennial root cassava or the whole strain of perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato to transplant as the cassava controlled material of blooming, and the form that little arch day film or little arch sky film add mulch film is carried out heat-insulating and cold processing to the regulation and control test material of blooming, can rot and accelerate growth of seedling by anti-potato, enter ahead of time flower bud differentiation period, be equipped with regulate and control method artificial and that agronomic measures combines, as the selection of test material, conservation, put bud, flower forcing is sprayed and guarantor spends the complex art control measures such as sprinkling, making cassava can shift to an earlier date 3-4 month blooms, having realized cassava bloomed in 5-9 month, fully met the high latitude area light temperature required to cassava crossbreeding, condition, can produce the vigourous male and female flowering of a greater number, overcome flowering naturally, florescence is after October, seed can not be fully grown shortcoming.
2. flowering rate is high, obtains the hybrid seed of stablizing high-quality.The present invention adopts perennial root cassava or the whole strain of perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato to transplant as the cassava controlled material of blooming, and encircle the form that little day film or day film add mulch film controlled material is carried out to heat-insulating and cold, March, plant in advance, according to the different growth period of cassava, use and be suitable for different types of fertilizer simultaneously, the various nutritions that needed while fully having guaranteed cassava growth, and then promoted the root piece Fast Growth of cassava, adopt the present invention's control technique of manually blooming, can induce and there is the male and female flowering that vigor and pollination power are applicable to being cross-breeding, obtain the cassava hybrid seed of stablizing high-quality, through test in 2 years, 6 kind flowering rate of the technology of the present invention induced flowering reach 100%, can realize in 5-9 month and blooming for 1-2 time.
3, wide adaptability, easily implements.The present invention adopts the method for chemical regulation and artificial agronomic measures regulation and control, regulated and controled artificially the florescence that cassava blooms, be conducive to artificial hybridization and avoid the loss of typhoon to hybrid seed, overcome the impact bad on seed development of cassava crossbreeding later stage chance microthermal climate, thereby obtain stable hybrid seed, having solved cassava crossbreeding Jin Neng Hainan Province carries out, the present invention is applicable to China most areas completely, especially compared with high latitude area, the Guangxi in typhoon Shao Fa district, Yunnan, Fujian, the torrid zones such as Guangdong, extensively carry out subtropical zone, be conducive to cassava localization crossbreeding, improve breeding efficiency, accelerate breeding process, and technical operation is simple, chemical fertilizer formula is easy to get.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with embodiment, the present invention is done to further detailed description,
The cassava of the present invention control technique of blooming, is characterized in that: comprise the whole ground of selection of land, and Cultivate administration, regulation florescence, protects flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers, Pollen Activity mensuration and test of pollination and crossbreeding, concrete implementation step is as follows:
(1) the whole ground of selection of land
1. smooth. select within reason barren, chad is few, without ponding, wind sheltering or there is the soil of woods segment protect, in the first tenday period of a month in the first ten-day period of the March to April, plant, within before plantation 1-2 month, plough deeply thin rake, allow sunlight fully be exposed to the sun to soil, can eliminate a large amount of germs and insect and insect ovum etc., level land;
2. ditch. press seeding row spacing trench digging, the dark 30-40cm of plough soil, the dark 20-25cm that ditches, by one meter furrow of line-spacing, described seeding row spacing can adopt 0.8 * 0.8m, 0.8-0.9 * 0.9m or 0.7-0.8 * 1.0m;
3. base manure uses. and described base manure is that every mu of consumption is the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium of 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg nitrogen phosphorus potassium concn >=40%, fully mix, base manure is mixed thoroughly with earth in the middle of imposing on furrow, furrow face covers the wide mulch film of 1m, mulch film surrounding soil compaction, can foster and apply fertilizer and improve soil, increase nutrient, the demand to nutrient during guaranteeing that cassava is whole and growing;
(2) Cultivate administration
1. the selection of test material. adopt fully aging, stem slubbing is close, bud point is intact, fresh, do not damage, otch has milk, the test material that the perennial root cassava of anosis worm blooms and as cassava, the selection of described test material is to adopt perennial root cassava, or the method for the whole strain transplanting of employing perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato, perennial root cassava refers to when cassava is ripe then, do not gather in the crops then, before winter temperature is lower than 12 ℃ or before December 25, cut off the bar stem on cassava top, the length that it is 10-30cm that bar stem is taken from from ground level, the test original material of blooming and as cassava, the whole strain of perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato is transplanted and is referred to when cassava is ripe, do not gather in the crops then, before winter temperature is lower than 12 ℃ or before December 25, cut off the bar stem on cassava top, taking from from ground is highly bar stem and the tapioca root of 10-30cm, and the whole strain of Cassava stalk stem band potato is transplanted in the soil of other new selection,
2. conservation. temperature is lower than before 12 ℃ or before December 25 in the winter time, the bloom test material of regulation and control of above cassava is added a cover little arch sky film or little arch sky film and added mulch film and carry out heat-insulating and cold processing, can prevent from that test material causes rotting and accelerates growth of seedling because of low temperature, enter ahead of time flower bud differentiation period, rainy region, ditch need begin to rehearse;
3. put bud with plantation .3 middle of the month to putting bud by the end of March, take and early sprout as good, the bud of taking out in March, generally can induce and bloom 1-2 time in 5-9 month or more than 2 times; The bud of taking out April, generally only blooming in 5-9 month 1 time, and induced flowering difficulty is larger, in April, temperature reaches 16 ℃ when above, opens little arch sky film and mulch film, by every strain in mid-March in the bud put by the end of March, first remove the old bud going out in the past mid-March, to new long bud after mid-March, every strain is stayed bud 2-3, the bud staying is to get the not quite identical bud of growth situation, more unnecessary sprouting is removed, and can elongate the florescence, overcome flowering asynchronism, all the other Cultivate administrations are Cultivate administration routinely;
(3) regulation florescence
1. using of phosphate fertilizer: temperature rise to 16 ℃ above after, by mu, disposable the applying in soil of 50-100kg fused calcium magnesium phosphate mixed thoroughly, be conducive to cassava flower bud differentiation;
2. using of potash fertilizer: in the first tenday period of a month in April to the middle ten days, 16-48L water is converted to 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, obtaining concentration is 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, at cassava top and place, blade face, spray 1-2 time, the time interval is one week, can strengthen disease-resistant, cold-resistant, drought resisting and the ability resistant to lodging of cassava, be conducive to improve the quality of male and female flowering.
3. the sprinkling on top and blade face: during plant height 15-25cm, the refined sugar solution of the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 5-20mg/L by concentration, 0.5-1.5% and 500 times of liquid of 10% amino acid, fully mix, to cassava top and foliage spray 1-2 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, the time interval is one week, can increase quantity and Female Flower Number that cassava blooms;
4. flower forcing is sprayed: in early April to the middle ten days during plant height 40-60cm, the glyphosate solution that is 0.05-0.10mg/L by concentration, spend excellent plain 1000 times of liquid and chitin 500-1000 times liquid, after fully mixing, cassava top and blade face are sprayed, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, every spray in 7-10 days 1 time, connect and spray 2 times, can promote Nutrient Absorption, strengthen nutrition, cassava is sprayed to the glyphosate solution of low concentration and can break the growth busy trend of cassava, the environment that creation is conducive to bloom, can induce and promote cassava early flowering, latter about 15-30 days of general spray, can show bud, can induce cassava to bloom in 5-9 month, the first batch of florescence is at the beginning of mid-May to 6 month, approximately 30 days florescences, before July, most kind reaches 100%, avoided the impact on seed development due to high latitude and winter low temperature, described Hua Yousu refers to that to contain boric acid that concentration is 0.05%-0.2% or borax soln and two kinds of trace elements of solution of zinc sulfate fertile at interior micro-solution, described chitin refers to the chitin liquid fertilizer that chitosan or shitosan content are 30-60g/L,
(4) protect flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers
1. chemical regulation: in may the first tenday period of a month in the first tenday period of a month to June early squaring, the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 5-20mg/L by concentration, chitin 500-1000 times liquid and organic fertilizer, after fully mixing, the bud of cassava and blade face are sprayed 1 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, can promote Nutrient Absorption, enhancing nutrition, pre-insect-pest, improve disease resistance, the growth that is conducive to female flower forms and regulates and controls the ratio of male and female flowering; Described chitin refers to the chitin liquid fertilizer that chitosan or shitosan content are 30-60g/L, and described organic fertilizer refers to that silk reeling wastewater content is that 80～60 parts, amino acid are that 20～10 parts, nitrogen phosphorus potassium total nutrient content are 5～10 parts; Described silk reeling wastewater is to adopt the silk reeling wastewater of discharging after cassava cocoon or mulberry cocoon industry throwing, and the liquid fermenting through retting;
2. artificial agronomic measures regulation and control: while buddingging length 0.8-1cm, pluck other 3 axillalry buds, only stay bud, can overcome inflorescence abortion or degeneration that nutrition inequality causes, the growth that is conducive to female flower forms and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers;
(5) Pollen Activity is measured and test of pollination
Put the initial stage the flowers are in blossom, adopt the decoration method of acetic red dyeing and iodine-potassium iodide to the female of control technique acquisition that bloom above, male flower carries out Pollen Activity mensuration and test of pollination, the pollen that can dye is vigourous pollen, can inseminate solid, show female, male flower is vigourous, can be used as crossbreeding material, choose and newly select 048, south plants 199, GR891, SC205, SC5, six kinds of SC124 are as regulation and control test kind, to above six kinds, adopt the decoration method of acetic red dyeing and iodo-potassium iodide to carry out Pollen Activity mensuration, measurement result exhibits vigour higher, average vigor is respectively 96.8 % and 96.4 %, adopt natural crossing, average ripening rate is 48.3%, show that pollen is vigourous, be suitable as crossbreeding,
(6) crossbreeding
Vigourous female, male flower, carries out hybridization pollination above, obtains the hybrid seed of the good Parent proterties of tool, as cassava, selects breeding material.
Embodiment 1:
The cassava of the present invention control technique of blooming, comprises following technical step:
(1) the whole ground of selection of land
1. smooth. select within reason barren, chad is few, without ponding, wind sheltering or there is the soil of woods segment protect, in the first tenday period of a month in the first ten-day period of the March to April, plant, within before plantation 1-2 month, plough deeply thin rake, allow sunlight fully be exposed to the sun to soil, sterilization, levels land;
2. ditch. press seeding row spacing trench digging, the dark 30-40cm of plough soil, the dark 20-25cm that ditches, seeding row spacing employing 0.8 * 0.8m, plays furrow by one meter of line-spacing;
3. base manure uses. and described base manure is that every mu of consumption is the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium of 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg nitrogen phosphorus potassium concn >=40%, fully mix, base manure is mixed thoroughly with earth in the middle of imposing on furrow, and furrow face covers the wide mulch film of 1m, mulch film surrounding soil compaction;
(2) Cultivate administration
1. the selection of test material. adopt fully aging, stem slubbing is close, bud select intact, fresh, do not damage, otch has milk, the perennial root cassava of anosis worm as cassava bloom regulation and control test material;
2. conservation. temperature is lower than before 12 ℃ or before December 25 in the winter time, above cassava bloomed to the test material of regulation and control is added a cover little arch day film or little arch sky film adds mulch film insulation processing, rainy region, ditch need begin to rehearse;
3. put bud with plantation .3 middle of the month to putting by the end of March bud, April, temperature reaches 16 ℃ when above, opens little arch day film and mulch film, by every strain in mid-March extremely in the bud put by the end of March, first remove the old bud going out in the past mid-March, to new long bud after mid-March, every strain is stayed bud 2-3, and the bud staying is to get the not quite identical bud of growth situation, unnecessary sprouting is removed, all the other Cultivate administrations are Cultivate administration routinely again;
(3) regulation florescence
1. using of phosphate fertilizer: temperature rise to 16 ℃ above after, by mu, disposable the applying in soil of 50-100kg fused calcium magnesium phosphate mixed thoroughly:
2. using of potash fertilizer: to the middle ten days, 16-48L water is converted to 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the first tenday period of a month in April, obtaining concentration is 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 time at place, blade face, and the time interval is one week;
3. the sprinkling on top and blade face: during plant height 15cm, the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 5mg/L by concentration, refined sugar solution and 500 times of liquid of 10% amino acid of 0.5%, fully mix, to cassava top and foliage spray 1-2 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, and the time interval is one week;
4. flower forcing is sprayed: in early April to the middle ten days during plant height 40cm, 500 times of liquid of chitin that the micro-fertile 1000 times of liquid that obtain after two kinds of trace element fertilizers of zinc fertilizer that the boron fertilizer that the glyphosate solution that is 0.05mg/L by concentration, boron content are 13% and zinc content are 23% mix and chitosan or shitosan content are 30g/L, after fully mixing, cassava top and blade face are sprayed, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, every spray in 7-10 days 1 time, connect and spray 2 times;
(4) protect flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers
1. chemical regulation: in may the first tenday period of a month in the first tenday period of a month to June early squaring, the silk reeling wastewater content that 500 times of liquid of chitin that the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 5mg/L by concentration, chitosan or shitosan content are 30g/L and retting were fermented is 80 parts, the organic fertilizer of 5 parts of amino acid/11s, 10 parts of nitrogen phosphorus potassium total nutrient content, after fully mixing, the bud of cassava and blade face are sprayed 1 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade;
2. artificial agronomic measures regulation and control: while buddingging length 0.8-1cm, pluck other 3 axillalry buds, only stay bud;
(5) Pollen Activity is measured and test of pollination
Put the initial stage the flowers are in blossom, adopt the decoration method of acetic red dyeing and iodine-potassium iodide to carry out Pollen Activity mensuration and test of pollination to female, the male flower of the control technique acquisition of blooming above, the pollen that can dye is vigourous pollen, can inseminate solid, show female, male flower is vigourous;
(6) crossbreeding
Vigourous female, male flower, carries out hybridization pollination above, obtains the hybrid seed of the good Parent proterties of tool, as cassava, selects breeding material.
Embodiment 2:
The cassava of the present invention control technique of blooming, comprises following technical step:
(1) the whole ground of selection of land
1. smooth. select within reason barren, chad is few, without ponding, wind sheltering or there is the soil of woods segment protect, in the first tenday period of a month in the first ten-day period of the March to April, plant, within before plantation 1-2 month, plough deeply thin rake, allow sunlight fully be exposed to the sun to soil, sterilization, levels land;
2. ditch. press seeding row spacing trench digging, the dark 30-40cm of plough soil, the dark 20-25cm that ditches, seeding row spacing employing 0.8-0.9 * 0.9m, plays furrow by one meter of line-spacing;
3. base manure uses. and described base manure is that every mu of consumption is the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium of 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg nitrogen phosphorus potassium concn >=40%, fully mix, base manure is mixed thoroughly with earth in the middle of imposing on furrow, and furrow face covers the wide mulch film of 1m, mulch film surrounding soil compaction;
(2) Cultivate administration
1. the selection of test material. adopt fully aging, stem slubbing is close, bud select intact, fresh, do not damage, otch has milk, the whole strain of the perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato of anosis worm is transplanted as the bloom test material of regulation and control of cassava;
2. conservation. temperature is lower than before 12 ℃ or before December 25 in the winter time, above cassava bloomed to the test material of regulation and control is added a cover little arch day film or little arch sky film adds mulch film insulation processing, rainy region, ditch need begin to rehearse;
3. put bud with plantation .3 middle of the month to putting by the end of March bud, April, temperature reaches 16 ℃ when above, opens little arch day film and mulch film, by every strain in mid-March extremely in the bud put by the end of March, first remove the old bud going out in the past mid-March, to new long bud after mid-March, every strain is stayed bud 2-3, and the bud staying is to get the not quite identical bud of growth situation, unnecessary sprouting is removed, all the other Cultivate administrations are Cultivate administration routinely again;
(3) regulation florescence
1. using of phosphate fertilizer: temperature rise to 16 ℃ above after, by mu, disposable the applying in soil of 50-100kg fused calcium magnesium phosphate mixed thoroughly:
2. using of potash fertilizer: to the middle ten days, 16-48L water is converted to 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the first tenday period of a month in April, obtaining concentration is 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 time at place, blade face, and the time interval is one week;
3. the sprinkling on top and blade face: during plant height 20cm, the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 10mg/L by concentration, refined sugar solution and 500 times of liquid of 10% amino acid of 1.0%, fully mix, to cassava top and foliage spray 1-2 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, and the time interval is one week;
4. flower forcing is sprayed: in early April to the middle ten days during plant height 50cm, 1000 times of liquid of chitin that the micro-fertile 1000 times of liquid that obtain after two kinds of trace element fertilizers of zinc fertilizer that the boron fertilizer that the glyphosate solution that is 0.07mg/L by concentration, boron content are 15% and zinc content are 35% mix and chitosan or shitosan content are 60g/L, after fully mixing, cassava top and blade face are sprayed, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, every spray in 7-10 days 1 time, connect and spray 2 times;
(4) protect flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers
1. chemical regulation: in may the first tenday period of a month in the first tenday period of a month to June early squaring, 1000 times of liquid of chitin that the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 10mg/L by concentration, chitosan or shitosan content are 60g/L and the silk reeling wastewater content fermenting through retting are 70 parts, the organic fertilizer of 20 parts, amino acid, 8 parts of nitrogen phosphorus potassium total nutrient content, after fully mixing, the bud of cassava and blade face are sprayed 1 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade;
2. artificial agronomic measures regulation and control: while buddingging length 0.8-1cm, pluck other 3 axillalry buds, only stay bud;
(5) Pollen Activity is measured and test of pollination
Put the initial stage the flowers are in blossom, adopt the decoration method of acetic red dyeing and iodine-potassium iodide to carry out Pollen Activity mensuration and test of pollination to female, the male flower of the control technique acquisition of blooming above, the pollen that can dye is vigourous pollen, can inseminate solid, show female, male flower is vigourous;
(6) crossbreeding
Vigourous female, male flower, carries out hybridization pollination above, obtains the hybrid seed of the good Parent proterties of tool, as cassava, selects breeding material.
Embodiment 3:
The cassava of the present invention control technique of blooming, comprises following technical step:
(1) the whole ground of selection of land
1. smooth. select within reason barren, chad is few, without ponding, wind sheltering or there is the soil of woods segment protect, in the first tenday period of a month in the first ten-day period of the March to April, plant, within before plantation 1-2 month, plough deeply thin rake, allow sunlight fully be exposed to the sun to soil, sterilization, levels land;
2. ditch. press seeding row spacing trench digging, the dark 30-40cm of plough soil, the dark 20-25cm that ditches, seeding row spacing employing 0.7-0.8 * 1.0m, plays furrow by one meter of line-spacing;
3. base manure uses. and described base manure is that every mu of consumption is the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium of 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg nitrogen phosphorus potassium concn >=40%, fully mix, base manure is mixed thoroughly with earth in the middle of imposing on furrow, and furrow face covers the wide mulch film of 1m, mulch film surrounding soil compaction;
(2) Cultivate administration
1. the selection of test material. adopt fully aging, stem slubbing is close, bud select intact, fresh, do not damage, otch has milk, the perennial root cassava of anosis worm or the whole strain of perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato are transplanted as the bloom test material of regulation and control of cassava;
2. conservation. temperature is lower than before 12 ℃ or before December 25 in the winter time, above cassava bloomed to the test material of regulation and control is added a cover little arch day film or little arch sky film adds mulch film insulation processing, rainy region, ditch need begin to rehearse;
3. put bud with plantation .3 middle of the month to putting by the end of March bud, April, temperature reaches 16 ℃ when above, opens little arch day film and mulch film, by every strain in mid-March extremely in the bud put by the end of March, first remove the old bud going out in the past mid-March, to new long bud after mid-March, every strain is stayed bud 2-3, and the bud staying is to get the not quite identical bud of growth situation, unnecessary sprouting is removed, all the other Cultivate administrations are Cultivate administration routinely again;
(3) regulation florescence
1. using of phosphate fertilizer: temperature rise to 16 ℃ above after, by mu, disposable the applying in soil of 50-100kg fused calcium magnesium phosphate mixed thoroughly:
2. using of potash fertilizer: to the middle ten days, 16-48L water is converted to 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the first tenday period of a month in April, obtaining concentration is 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 time at place, blade face, and the time interval is one week;
3. the sprinkling on top and blade face: during plant height 25cm, the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 20mg/L by concentration, refined sugar solution and 500 times of liquid of 10% amino acid of 1.5%, fully mix, to cassava top and foliage spray 1-2 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, and the time interval is one week;
4. flower forcing is sprayed: in early April to the middle ten days during plant height 60cm, 800 times of liquid of chitin that the micro-fertile 1000 times of liquid that obtain after two kinds of trace element fertilizers of zinc fertilizer that the boron fertilizer that the glyphosate solution that is 0.10mg/L by concentration, boron content are 17% and zinc content are 47% mix and chitosan or shitosan content are 50g/L, after fully mixing, cassava top and blade face are sprayed, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, every spray in 7-10 days 1 time, connect and spray 2 times;
(4) protect flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers
1. chemical regulation: in may the first tenday period of a month in the first tenday period of a month to June early squaring, 800 times of liquid of chitin that the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 20mg/L by concentration, chitosan or shitosan content are 50g/L and the silk reeling wastewater content fermenting through retting are 60 parts, the organic fertilizer of 0 part of amino acid/11,5 parts of nitrogen phosphorus potassium total nutrient content, after fully mixing, the bud of cassava and blade face are sprayed 1 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade;
2. artificial agronomic measures regulation and control: while buddingging length 0.8-1cm, pluck other 3 axillalry buds, only stay bud;
(5) Pollen Activity is measured and test of pollination
Put the initial stage the flowers are in blossom, adopt the decoration method of acetic red dyeing and iodine-potassium iodide to carry out Pollen Activity mensuration and test of pollination to female, the male flower of the control technique acquisition of blooming above, the pollen that can dye is vigourous pollen, can inseminate solid, show female, male flower is vigourous;
(6) crossbreeding
Vigourous female, male flower, carries out hybridization pollination above, obtains the hybrid seed of the good Parent proterties of tool, as cassava, selects breeding material.
Embodiment 4
The present invention selects different cultivars cassava to carry out the artificial regulatory same flowering naturally of blooming to carry out Experimental Comparison, result of the test: in Table 1, table 2;
Table 1: the artificial regulatory of different cultivars cassava the same flowering naturally data statistics result of blooming
Table 2:6 kind flowering naturally and the artificial regulatory statistics of blooming,
| ? | Male flower quantity | Female Flower Number | Hermaphrodite flower quantity | The number of times of blooming | Become flower rate % |
| Flowering naturally | 44.8 | 3.6 | 0 | 0.67 | 28.3 |
| Artificial regulatory | 63.2 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 2.2 | 100 |
| Improve percentage % | 41.1 | 66.7 | —— | 198.5 | 253.4 |
By above test, can find out, the present invention regulates and controls cassava and blooms and have multiple advantage: the hero that artificial regulatory is bloomed, Female Flower Number are more than flowering naturally; And can form the hermaphrodite flower showing unique characteristics, hermaphrodite flower also can be cross-breeding; The number of times of blooming also there are differences, and the number of times that artificial regulatory is bloomed is than free flowering often more than one times, and there is notable difference at the florescence, artificial regulatory is bloomed the florescence in the 5-12 month, generally can bloom the 5-9 month 2 times, and the natural opening florescence in the 9-12 month, most of florescence is after October.
It is some the method that this technology is bloomed as a kind of regulation and control of cassava crossbreeding that the present invention protects, and has independent intellectual property right, without license or technology transfer, can not carry out the identical regulation and control method of blooming, and is cross-breeding.
Claims (9)
1. the cassava control technique of blooming, is characterized in that: comprise the whole ground of selection of land, and Cultivate administration, regulation florescence, protects flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers, Pollen Activity mensuration and test of pollination and crossbreeding, concrete implementation step is as follows:
(1) the whole ground of selection of land
1. smooth. select within reason barren, chad is few, without ponding, wind sheltering or there is the soil of woods segment protect, in the first tenday period of a month in the first ten-day period of the March to April, plant, within before plantation 1-2 month, plough deeply thin rake, allow sunlight fully be exposed to the sun to soil, sterilization, levels land;
2. ditch. press seeding row spacing trench digging, the dark 30-40cm of plough soil, the dark 20-25cm that ditches, by one meter furrow of line-spacing;
3. base manure uses. and described base manure is that every mu of consumption is the Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium of 500-800kg farmyard manure, 10-12kg urea and 20-25kg nitrogen phosphorus potassium concn >=40%, fully mix, base manure is mixed thoroughly with earth in the middle of imposing on furrow, and furrow face covers the wide mulch film of 1m, mulch film surrounding soil compaction;
(2) Cultivate administration
1. the selection of test material. adopt fully aging, stem slubbing is close, bud select intact, fresh, do not damage, otch has milk, the perennial root cassava of anosis worm as cassava bloom regulation and control test material;
2. conservation. temperature is lower than before 12 ℃ or before December 25 in the winter time, above cassava bloomed to the test material of regulation and control is added a cover little arch day film or little arch sky film adds mulch film insulation processing, rainy region, ditch need begin to rehearse;
3. put bud with plantation .3 middle of the month to putting by the end of March bud, April, temperature reaches 16 ℃ when above, opens little arch day film and mulch film, by every strain in mid-March extremely in the bud put by the end of March, first remove the old bud going out in the past mid-March, to new long bud after mid-March, every strain is stayed bud 2-3, and the bud staying is to get the not quite identical bud of growth situation, unnecessary sprouting is removed, all the other Cultivate administrations are Cultivate administration routinely again;
(3) regulation florescence
1. using of phosphate fertilizer: temperature rise to 16 ℃ above after, by mu, disposable the applying in soil of 50-100kg fused calcium magnesium phosphate mixed thoroughly;
2. using of potash fertilizer: to the middle ten days, 16-48L water is converted to 80-240g potassium dihydrogen phosphate in the first tenday period of a month in April, obtaining concentration is 0.5-1.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, spray 2-3 time at place, blade face, and the time interval is one week;
3. the sprinkling on top and blade face: during plant height 15-25cm, the refined sugar solution of the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 5-20mg/L by concentration, 0.5-1.5% and 500 times of liquid of 10% amino acid, fully mix, to cassava top and foliage spray 1-2 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, and the time interval is one week;
4. flower forcing is sprayed: in early April to the middle ten days during plant height 40-60cm, the glyphosate solution that is 0.05-0.10mg/L by concentration, spend excellent plain 1000 times of liquid and chitin 500-1000 times liquid, after fully mixing, cassava top and blade face are sprayed, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade, every spray in 7-10 days 1 time, connect and spray 2 times;
(4) protect flower and regulation and control Proportion of male and female flowers
1. chemical regulation: in may the first tenday period of a month in the first tenday period of a month to June early squaring, the phosphate fertilizer solution that is 5-20mg/L by concentration, 500 times of liquid of chitin and organic fertilizer, after fully mixing, the bud of cassava and blade face are sprayed 1 time, the amount of spraying is just dripped and is as the criterion to squirt blade;
2. artificial agronomic measures regulation and control: while buddingging length 0.8-1cm, pluck other 3 axillalry buds, only stay bud;
(5) Pollen Activity is measured and test of pollination
Put the initial stage the flowers are in blossom, adopt the decoration method of acetic red dyeing and iodine-potassium iodide to carry out Pollen Activity mensuration and test of pollination to female, the male flower of the control technique acquisition of blooming above, the pollen that can dye is vigourous pollen, can inseminate solid, show female, male flower is vigourous;
(6) crossbreeding
Vigourous female, male flower, carries out hybridization pollination above, obtains the hybrid seed of the good Parent proterties of tool, as cassava, selects breeding material.
2. the cassava according to claim 1 control technique of blooming, is characterized in that: the selection of described test material is to adopt perennial root cassava, or the method that adopts the whole strain of perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato to transplant.
3. the cassava according to claim 1 and 2 control technique of blooming, it is characterized in that: described perennial root cassava refers to when cassava is ripe then, do not gather in the crops then, before winter temperature is lower than 12 ℃ or before December 25, cut off the bar stem on cassava top, the length that it is 10-30cm that bar stem is taken from from ground level, the test original material of blooming and as cassava.
4. the cassava according to claim 1 and 2 control technique of blooming, it is characterized in that: the whole strain of described perennial root Cassava stalk stem band potato is transplanted, refer to when cassava is ripe, do not gather in the crops then, before winter temperature is lower than 12 ℃ or before December 25, cut off the bar stem on cassava top, taking from from ground is highly bar stem and the tapioca root of 10-30cm, and the whole strain of Cassava stalk stem band potato is transplanted in the soil of other new selection.
5. the cassava according to claim 1 control technique of blooming, is characterized in that: seeding row spacing adopts 0.8 * 0.8m, 0.8-0.9 * 0.9m or 0.7-0.8 * 1.0m.
6. the cassava according to claim 1 and 2 control technique of blooming, is characterized in that: the micro-fertilizer obtaining after two kinds of trace element fertilizers of zinc fertilizer that the boron fertilizer that it is 13%-17% that described Hua Yousu refers to boron content and zinc content are 23%-47% mix.
7. the cassava according to claim 1 control technique of blooming, is characterized in that: described chitin refers to the chitin liquid fertilizer that chitosan or shitosan content are 30-60g/L.
8. the cassava according to claim 1 and 2 control technique of blooming, is characterized in that: described organic fertilizer refers to that silk reeling wastewater content is that 80～60 parts, amino acid are that 20～10 parts, nitrogen phosphorus potassium total nutrient content are 10～5 parts.
9. the cassava according to claim 8 control technique of blooming, is characterized in that: described silk reeling wastewater is to adopt the silk reeling wastewater of discharging after cassava cocoon or mulberry cocoon industry throwing, and the liquid fermenting through retting.
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