CN103460844A - High-ridge ridge-side double-row film-mulching and drop-irrigation planting method and special sowing machine - Google Patents
High-ridge ridge-side double-row film-mulching and drop-irrigation planting method and special sowing machine Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to an agricultural planting method and a special sowing machine thereof, in particular to a high-ridge ridge-side double-row film-mulching and drop-irrigation planting method. The method comprises planting techniques of soil preparation prior to ploughing, mechanical ridging, ridge-side sowing, ridge shaping, drop irrigation under films, mulching film coverage and the like; advanced planting techniques of all dry farming are organically combined, so that a new water-saving irrigation technique that a ridge-planting film-mulching micro-flow-collection planting technique and a drop irrigation technique are combined is found; on the other hand, a ridge-planting film-mulching planting technique is extent and deepened. The high-ridge ridge-side double-row film-mulching and drop-irrigation planting method has the characteristics that potato seedlings emerge earlier; as the growth period can be prolonged, the yield of potatoes is improved remarkably; earth can be directly arranged on the planted potatoes in a covering way, so that the films are pressed; the potato seedlings can emerge by breaking the films in an ejection way without being exposed by manpower.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention relates to a kind of agriculture Novel planting method, especially relate to high ridge ridge side duplicate rows covering membrane and drop irrigation implantation methods and special seeder thereof.
Background technology
Along with the development of market economy, China's potato culture area and output totally present growth trend.China's potato planting zone mainly is distributed in northern season farming district, belongs to high and cold arid area, and its distinguishing feature is exactly that drought, water resource extremely lack, and agricultural hits by drought 9 years out of 10, and frost-free season is short, and early spring, temperature went up slow.In addition, the potato sowing phase is slower, and vegetative period is shorter, very large to yield effect.So, improving the natural precipitation utilization ratio is the fundamental way that the drought-hit area crop is stablized high yield, how by agronomy, agricultural machinery integrated technology, reduce the invalid evaporation between crop and improve the infiltration rate of natural precipitation, become the hot subject of current dryland farming crop genetics area research.At present, very general to research and the application of the single technologies such as ridging, overlay film, drip irrigation, regulation and control irrigation both at home and abroad.Effectively promote agricultural sustainable development, improve capacity to combat natural adversities.Its advantage is:
1. raised bed cultivate, can improve ground temperature.Ridge culture enters unnecessary rainwater in ditch, and the ridge face is exposed to sunlight, and soil temperature is raise, and makes antecedent soil moisture simultaneously, is conducive to timely early sowing.Also can strengthen the plant resistance, high ridge hydrofuge wet down, be conducive to full stand, and simultaneously the planting early enough potato seedling of early emerging is strong, and disease resistance strengthens greatly, increases economic efficiency.
2. plastic film mulching cultivation is better than the transmission sowing.Adopt traditional bedder-planter, easily air-dry, the loss of moisture of soil, be unfavorable for that potato kind sprout tuber expands, affect potato growth and grow.The plastic mulching crop genetics is a protection ground new cultivation technology, is used for the condition that partly controls environment, and creates the cultivation method of the microclimate that is suitable for plant growth, can promote crop precocity, high yield, high-quality, has significant economic benefit.The plastic film mulching cultivation potato, can significantly improve the yield traits of potato, and output is high, the yampi rate is high, and the stem tuber appearance character is also relatively good, and the potato skin is smooth, and potato shape is neat.The situations such as soil Zhong Shui, fertilizer, gas, heat are improved, strengthen biological activity of soil and microbial activity, improved the physicochemical character of soil, accelerated organic matter decomposition, and can suppress weeds and the occurrence and harm that alleviates damage by disease and insect, thereby grow and create good conditions for potato growth.
3. the drip irrigation irrigation is a kind of advanced person's water-saving irrigation method, moisture that can plant growth is required and nutrient evenly, accurately are delivered directly near the soil surface or soil layer crop root with less flow, make the soil of crop root often remain on the irrigation method of best water, fertilizer, gas, hot growth conditions, obtain the maximum output of crop-planting with minimum input.
The present invention organically combines each single technology recited above exactly, and a kind of new water-saving irrigation technique that the micro-afflux planting technology of ridge culture overlay film combines with drip irrigation technique is also extension and the in-depth of ridge culture plastic mulching cultivation technology.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of high ridge ridge side duplicate rows covering membrane and drop irrigation implantation methods and special seeder.
The present invention realizes in the following way: a kind of high ridge ridge side duplicate rows covering membrane and drop irrigation implantation methods.It is characterized in that combining by edge down rain runoff technique and drip irrigation irrigation technique of application ridge culture overlay film, explored a dry farming high-efficiency water-saving new model.It comprises planting technologies such as ploughing front whole ground, mechanical ridging, the sowing of ridge side, alley shaping, under-film drip irrigation, covering with plastic film.
Before described plough, be exactly to adopt machinery deep ploughing operation, tilling depth reaches 300-350mm wholely, breaks the current tillage pan due to the formation of ploughing shallowly all the year round, creates fertile soil property and loose kind bed.Harrow in time a kind of farm tools, soil in small, broken bits, for sowing is laid a solid foundation simultaneously.
Described mechanical ridging is according to agriculture requirement, design and development ridge culture film-covering planting farm machinery, to line-spacing, spacing in the rows, ridge is high, row spacing is reset, the size of mulch film is changed little and takes the technology combined with agronomy at a series of agricultural machinery such as mulch film surface earthing.Potato Mechanization ridging technology refers to by using potato ridging tectorial seeder, at formation ridge, earth's surface top width 200mm, ridge bottom width 800mm, the trapezoidal shape soil layer that high 150-200mm rib is loose, ridge layer soil porosity is large, and the soil is porous, is difficult for hardening, be conducive to impel the potato well developed root system, be convenient to potato growth, promote that stem tuber expands, thereby effectively improve output.The Ridged plant potato also can make the seed manure deep placement, and loose kind of bed, improves fertilizer efficiency, reaches and retains and conserve soil moisture, and reduces the effect of rainwash.
The side sowing of described ridge is to adopt described potato ridging tectorial seeder to broadcast the potato kind at ridge side half waist place.Its line-spacing is 300-400mm, and spacing in the rows is 150-250mm.Row spacing 800-1000mm(is shown in Fig. 1).Form the cropping pattern of little line-spacing, large row spacing.Adjust seeding row spacing, the potato group structure changes; Ventilate, on ridge, three faces are subject to light, and daylighting is good, improve ground temperature, both have been beneficial to the formation microclimate, also are conducive to the growth of potato.Most importantly, ridge side planting also is convenient to implement intertillage, fertilising, ridging and the harvest operation of potato machinery.
Described alley shaping is to adopt described potato ridging tectorial seeder to carry out shaping and compacting, so that overlay film.
Described under-film drip irrigation is to adopt described potato ridging tectorial seeder to lay droping irrigating pipe on the top, alley ridge of shaping compacting.For the required moisture of plant growth and nutrient evenly, accurately are delivered directly near the soil surface or soil layer crop root with less flow, make the soil of crop root often remain on best water, fertilizer, gas, hot growth conditions.
Described covering with plastic film is to adopt described potato ridging tectorial seeder to carry out covering with plastic film.Change the size of mulch film into 600mm by original 700mm.Because ridge is not covered fully by mulch film, fully receive the long-standing whole precipitation of potato raw, effectively solve the problem that has a strong impact on sowing because of spring drought, guarantee normally to emerge.Overlay film can be protected to greatest extent and hold precipitation again, reduces the invalid evaporation of soil moisture.
The present invention also comprises a kind of ridging tectorial seeder of special implementing said method.
The present invention has following effect:
(1) each individual event advanced person's dry farming planting technology being organically combined, explore a kind of new water-saving irrigation technique that the micro-afflux planting technology of ridge culture overlay film combines with drip irrigation technique, is also extension and the in-depth of ridge culture plastic mulching cultivation technology.
(2) due to the moisture-keeping function that heats of mulch film, improve ground temperature, can play the drought-relief effect the water extraction of deep subsoil to earth's surface again, plastic mulching can be corresponding high by 3%～6% than open country soil moisture content.Make potato emerge 10～15 days than open country is early, can prolong growth period, improve potato yield.
(3) under-film drip irrigation can, artificially according to the demand of plant growth, be formulated rational drip irrigation irrigation program.Result shows, under-film drip irrigation on average increases production 26% than open country drip irrigation, and water use efficiency improves 28.5%, and the average production efficiency of pouring water improves 26%.Be the Development of Water-Saving Irrigation agricultural, alleviate northern area the contradiction of supply and demand for the water resource effective way.
(4) owing to changing little mulch film size, not only save the mulch film consumption, reduce the operation investment.And directly earthing is pushed down mulch film to potato seed top, but potato bursting mulch film emerge, without artificial seedling setting.Moreover the exposed soil of furrow can directly be received natural precipitation, the supplementary required moisture of crop.
(5) scientificlly and effectively adjusted seeding row spacing, the potato group structure changes, and ventilates, and alley daylighting is good, has improved ground temperature, both has been beneficial to the formation microclimate, also is conducive to the growth of potato.Most importantly, intertillage, fertilising, ridging and the harvest operation of subsequent implementation potato machinery also is convenient in side half waist plantation in ridge.Compare the high ridge plastic-film-covered cultivation, the amount of breaking ground reduces, and saves power fuel oil consumption.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is high ridge ridge side duplicate rows covering membrane and drop irrigation cropping pattern schematic diagram;
Fig. 2 is ridging tectorial seeder front view;
Fig. 3 is ridging tectorial seeder vertical view.
Description of reference numerals: fertilising furrower 1, hanger bracket 2, forebay 3, seed-fertilizer box 4, discharging tube 5, potato seed feed mechanism 6, potato seed case 7, drip irrigation pipe support 8, afer bay 9, drip irrigation pipe running wheel 10, pressing wheel mechanism 11, disk casing mechanism 12, the flexible frame 13 of L-type, film roll support 14, ridging reshaper 15, disc ridge-making machine structure 16, ridging mechanism depth adjustment 17, land wheel 18, transmission mechanism 19, potato seed plough 20.
Embodiment
A kind of potato high ridge ridge side duplicate rows covering membrane and drop irrigation implantation methods, it comprises planting technologies such as ploughing front whole ground, mechanical ridging, the sowing of ridge side, alley shaping, under-film drip irrigation, covering with plastic film.
Plough front is exactly to adopt machinery deep ploughing operation wholely, and tilling depth reaches 300-350mm, breaks the current tillage pan due to shallow plowing formation all the year round, creates fertile soil property and loose kind bed.Harrow in time a kind of farm tools, soil in small, broken bits, for sowing is laid a solid foundation simultaneously.
Described mechanical ridging is according to agriculture requirement, adopt potato ridging mulch sowing machine operation, at formation ridge, earth's surface top width 200mm, ridge bottom width 800mm, the trapezoidal soil layer that high 150-200mm rib is loose, ridge layer soil porosity is large, the soil is porous, be difficult for hardening, be conducive to impel the potato well developed root system, be convenient to potato growth, promote that stem tuber expands, thereby effectively improve output.
The side sowing of described ridge is to adopt described potato ridging tectorial seeder to broadcast the potato kind at ridge side half waist place.Its line-spacing is 300-400mm, and spacing in the rows is 150-250mm.Row spacing 800-1000mm(is shown in Fig. 1).Form the cropping pattern of little line-spacing, large row spacing.Most importantly, side half waist plantation in ridge also is convenient to implement intertillage, fertilising, ridging and the harvest operation of potato later stage machinery.
Described alley shaping is to adopt described potato ridging tectorial seeder to carry out shaping and compacting, so that overlay film.
To be the required moisture of plant growth and nutrient evenly, accurately be delivered directly near the soil surface or soil layer crop root with less flow described under-film drip irrigation, makes the soil of crop root often remain on best water, fertilizer, gas, hot growth conditions.Be beneficial to and scientifically formulate irrigating water quota and irrigation program, in order to reduce the consumption of pouring water.
Described covering with plastic film is to adopt described potato ridging tectorial seeder to carry out covering with plastic film.Change the size of mulch film into 600mm by original 700mm.Because furrow is not covered fully by mulch film, fully receive the long-standing whole precipitation of potato raw, effectively solve the problem that has a strong impact on sowing because of spring drought, guarantee normally to emerge.But potato bursting mulch film is emerged, without artificial seedling setting, save the indirect labor and drop into.
A kind of ridging tectorial seeder of special implementing said method, it is comprised of fertilising furrower 1, hanger bracket 2, forebay 3, seed-fertilizer box 4, discharging tube 5, potato seed feed mechanism 6, potato seed case 7, drip irrigation pipe support 8, afer bay 9, drip irrigation pipe running wheel 10, pressing wheel mechanism 11, disk casing mechanism 12, the flexible frame 13 of L-type, film roll support 14, ridging reshaper 15, disc ridge-making machine structure 16, ridging mechanism depth adjustment 17, land wheel 18, transmission mechanism 19, potato seed plough 20 etc.
The flexible frame 13 of forebay 3, afer bay 9, L-type wherein, be placed in respectively the place ahead, middle-end and the rear of potato ridging mulch sowing integration of operation unit.
The parts such as fertilising furrower 1, hanger bracket 2, seed-fertilizer box 4, discharging tube 5, potato seed feed mechanism 6, potato seed case 7, disc ridge-making machine structure 16, ridging mechanism depth adjustment 17, land wheel 18, transmission mechanism 19 and potato seed plough 20 are housed on forebay 3 crossbeams.Wherein apply fertilizer furrower 1, discharging tube 5 and potato seed feed mechanism 6 is the monomer setting.Can meet the agriculture requirement of sowing potato line-spacing by the position of mobile two monomers, the machine line-spacing can be adjusted to little line-spacing 300-400mm, wide row space 1000-1300mm.And the spacing in the rows adjustment to be seed-taking device elevator drive sprocket by changing in driving shaft sprocket wheel and corresponding potato seed feed mechanism 6 realize, along with extension changes the sprocket wheel adjustment sowing spacing in the rows of the different numbers of teeth, the sowing spacing in the rows adjustable range of the machine is 150-450mm.The user can select according to soil property, actual conditions.
Can regulate defertilizing amount by regulating defertilizing wheel in the aperture of length, defertilizing wheel rotating speed and the defertilizing tongue of defertilizing box.
Wherein disc ridge-making machine structure 16 is two covers, splits the left and right sides at unit, and is articulated on ridging mechanism depth adjustment 17.The large I of its depth of cut and ridging realizes by the spring pressure of adjusting on ridging mechanism depth adjustment 17.The angle of eccentricity of two disk is all adjustable.
Wherein said land wheel 18 is comprised of tire, wheel shaft and bearing block.Its effect is to support unit walking and drive transmission device.
Afer bay 9 flexibly connects by hinge and forebay 3, for guaranteeing that unit is when the farm work, between two frames, relatively in a plane, in the frame both sides, is equipped with the pressure regulating spring device.Ridging reshaper 15, film roll support 14, drip irrigation pipe running wheel 10 are housed on the crossbeam of afer bay, and drip irrigation pipe support 8 is equipped with in its top.When the operation of tractor-drawn facility, ridging reshaper 15 rolls forward and utilizes deadweight by the formed loose irregular rib of preceding working procedure, is repaired and compacting.According to the agriculture requirement of various places potato ridge culture sowing, can, by adjusting the distance between the taper pinch roller on ridging reshaper 15, form the different trapezoidal and leg-of-mutton ridge shape of size.The lower bottom width of its trapezoid cross section is 270-800mm, and height is 150-200mm; Triangle ridge shape is high is 150-200mm, and lower bottom width is 270mm.
Wherein drip irrigation pipe support 8 can fill drip irrigation pipe, also can be furnished with on request medicine spraying tube.Its effect is at unit operation simultaneously, neatly lays the drip irrigation pipe pipeline on platform top, ridge, in order to realize the agriculture requirement of under-film drip irrigation.
Wherein film roll support 14 is positioned at ridging reshaper 15 rear ends.Its effect is to be orthopedic ridge platform and drip irrigation pipe covering with plastic film.
L shaped flexible frame 13 is fixed by bolts on the rear end floor beam of afer bay 9.It is comprised of large rectangle pipe and little L shaped rectangular tube, is separately installed with pressing wheel mechanism 11 and disk casing mechanism 12 on it.Wherein pressing wheel mechanism 11 is fixed on travel(l)ing rest by pressing wheel support and set bolt, and it is positioned at film roll support 14 rear ends, and splits in the frame left and right sides.The mulch film both sides of the edge compacting that preceding working procedure can be completed, make it be close to the alley surface.By regulating the position of telescope support on the afer bay crossbeam, left and right, can regulate two pressing wheel spacings.
Wherein disk casing mechanism 12 is two covers, and the unit last left and right sides relatively is placed in.The two side discs rear ends certain angle of inwardly setovering, be convenient to cut soil and scraping.Its effect is that the mulch film of preceding working procedure compacting is real by soil pressure in time.By height or the left-right rotation vertical rod angle that is adjusted in vertical rod in the U-shaped clip, the capable of regulating disk is cut the degree of depth of soil and scraping.By regulating the position of L shaped little rectangular tube in the large rectangle pipe, can regulate the distance between pressing wheel mechanism 11 and disk casing mechanism 12.
This unit and 29.4～48.0kW tractor.Unit is when farm work, and at first, two fertilising furrowers of front are outputed darker furrow in side (the about 50mm place) below of fertilizer groove, and seed manure enters bottom of trench along the fertilizer delivering pipe of furrower rear end; Then, two potato seed ploughs are outputed furrow at ridge platform half waist place, and potato seed directly falls in ditch along discharging tube, realizes the agriculture requirement of seed manure layered sowing.The ridging disk mechanism scraping ridging of back, and cover potato seed.According to up-to-date agriculture requirement, line-spacing and the position of these unit two row sowings, just in time at the Ban Yaochu of the both sides of ridging, facilitate so follow-up cultivation and banking operation, and realized the plantation operating type (see figure 1) of little line-spacing (300-400mm) and large row spacing, both output be can increase, the commodity rate and the yampi rate that become potato also improved.Subsequently, ridging reshaper rolls forward and utilizes deadweight by the formed loose irregular rib of preceding working procedure, is repaired and compacting.Agriculture requirement according to various places potato ridge culture sowing, can form the trapezoidal and triangle ridge shape that size is different.Along with unit moves forward, drip irrigation pipe entirely is laid on above the platform of ridge, and film roll rotates and unfolds mulch film simultaneously, covers tightly the alley surface that compacting is good, for realizing combined task under-film drip irrigation New Technique of Save on Water in Steam Electric, creates conditions.And then pressing wheel mechanism is by the mulch film both sides roll extrusion of sprawling, in order to make mulch film be close to the alley surface.Last disk casing mechanism holds together soil, by the compacting of mulch film both sides.So far, unit in field the disposable trench digging-fertilising-sowing-ridging shaping-paving droping irrigating pipe-overlay film-multi-mode operations such as press mold-earthing that completed.
Claims (3)
1. a high ridge ridge side duplicate rows covering membrane and drop irrigation implantation methods, it comprises the following steps:
(1) plough front whole ground: tilling depth reaches 300-350mm;
(2) mechanical ridging: adopt machinery at formation ridge, earth's surface top width 200mm, ridge bottom width 800mm, the trapezoidal shape soil layer that high 150-200mm rib is loose;
(3) ridge side sowing: in the ridge side, the potato kind is broadcast at half waist place, and its line-spacing is 300-400mm, and spacing in the rows is 150-250mm, row spacing 800-1000mm;
(4) alley shaping: alley is carried out to shaping and compacting;
(5) under-film drip irrigation: droping irrigating pipe is laid on the top, alley ridge in the shaping compacting;
(6) covering with plastic film.
2. a kind of high ridge ridge side duplicate rows covering membrane and drop irrigation implantation methods according to claim 1, is characterized in that the mulch film size covered changes 600mm into by original 700mm, makes furrow do not covered fully by mulch film, is convenient to collection and deposits rainwater, improves the crop drought resistance ability.
3. a ridging tectorial seeder that is exclusively used in the high ridge ridge side duplicate rows covering membrane and drop irrigation implantation methods that implements the claims 1-2, comprise fertilising furrower, hanger bracket, forebay, seed-fertilizer box, discharging tube, potato seed feed mechanism, potato seed case, drip irrigation pipe support, afer bay, drip irrigation pipe running wheel, pressing wheel mechanism, disk casing mechanism, the flexible frame of L-type, film roll support, ridging reshaper, disc ridge-making machine structure, ridging mechanism depth adjustment, land wheel, transmission mechanism, potato seed plough.Wherein:
Described forebay, afer bay and L-type telescope support, be placed in respectively the place ahead, middle-end and the rear of ridging mulch sowing integration of operation unit, described forebay supports fertilising furrower, seed-fertilizer box, potato seed plough, potato seed feed mechanism, potato seed case and disc ridge-making machine structure; Afer bay is that flexible hinge is connected with forebay, for guaranteeing opposing parallel between two frames, in the frame both sides, the pressure regulating spring device is installed; Drip irrigation pipe support, film roll support, ridging reshaper are supported in the afer bay effect; The L-type telescope support is two covers, be fixed on respectively the end beams two ends of afer bay with set bolt, the L-type telescope support is comprised of two rectangular tubes that vary in size, and pressing wheel mechanism is housed on the large rectangle pipe, and the disk casing mechanism is housed on little rectangular tube, little rectangular tube can be at the large rectangle inner telescoping tube;
Described fertilising furrower is fixed on the forefront of frame with bolt and U-shaped clip, each furrower rear end is equipped with fertilizer delivering pipe, by pipeline, with the seed-fertilizer box defertilizing tube, is connected;
Described potato seed plough is arranged on the lower end of grain tube, and is fixed on the forebay crossbeam with bolt and U-shaped clip;
Described disc ridge-making machine structure is connected with disc ridge-making machine structure depth adjustment; Disc ridge-making machine structure depth adjustment is arranged on the crossbeam of forebay rear end, inwardly setovers in two relative ridging disk its rear end, so that when unit operation, disc rotary sweeps surface soil draw in simultaneously, forms rib;
Described ridging reshaper is arranged on the afer bay crossbeam by bearing and bearing block, is positioned at the rear of disc ridge-making machine structure;
Described drip irrigation pipe support is arranged on the afer bay top, can fill drip irrigation pipe; And is furnished with the spray medicinal cupping;
Described film roll support is arranged on the afer bay crossbeam, is positioned at the ridging reshaper rear end, and its effect is by orthopedic ridge platform and drip irrigation pipe covering with plastic film;
Described pressing wheel mechanism is comprised of pressing wheel, press mold wheel shaft, pressing wheel support, and pressing wheel mechanism is fixed on the L-type telescope support by pressing wheel support and set bolt, and it is positioned at film roll support rear end, and splits in the frame left and right sides;
Described disk casing mechanism is comprised of disk coverer, bearing, vertical rod, bolt and U-shaped clip, is fixed on the rearmost end of the flexible frame of L-type by bolt and U-shaped clip, and the left and right sides of the frame that relatively is placed in;
Described transmission mechanism comprises drive sprocket, fertilizer can sprocket wheel and the driving chain of drive sprocket, potato seed feed mechanism.During unit operation, the drive sprocket with the coaxial drive sprocket of land wheel by the chain-driving feed mechanism, by the sprocket wheel of movable sprocket and seed-fertilizer box, moved, complete seeding fertilizer-the get operation of potato seed-seeding potato simultaneously;
Under tractor-drawn, described ridging tectorial seeder can disposablely complete trench digging-fertilising-sowing-ridging shaping-paving droping irrigating pipe-overlay film-press mold-earthing operation in field.
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| CN104322238A (en) * | 2014-08-26 | 2015-02-04 | 山西省农业科学院高寒区作物研究所 | Process-machine integral cultivation method for cultivating potatoes in northern dry land |
| CN105706690A (en) * | 2016-02-14 | 2016-06-29 | 云南农业大学 | Water and fertilizer integrated planting method for potatoes in Yunnan in winter |
| CN106034430A (en) * | 2016-06-02 | 2016-10-26 | 包头市农业技术推广站 | High-ridge side-sowing sowing method and side-sowing device for potatoes |
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| CN107517610A (en) * | 2017-09-14 | 2017-12-29 | 宁夏农林科学院固原分院 | A kind of potato drought resistant ridging overlay film furrow plants all-in-one |
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