CN103154237B - 多能干细胞的分化 - Google Patents
多能干细胞的分化 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了促进多能干细胞分化成胰岛素产生细胞的方法。具体地讲,本发明提供了利用降解视黄酸的试剂产生胰腺内分泌前体细胞群的方法。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2010年8月31日提交的美国临时专利申请序列No.61/378,480的权益,其全文以引用方式并入本文用于所有目的。
技术领域
本发明提供了促进多能干细胞分化成胰岛素产生细胞的方法。具体地讲,本发明提供了利用降解视黄酸的试剂产生胰腺内分泌前体细胞的方法。
背景技术
用于I型糖尿病的细胞替代疗法的进展以及可移植胰岛的缺乏已使得注意力集中在开发适于移植物移入的胰岛素产生细胞或β细胞的来源上。一种方法是从多能干细胞,例如胚胎干细胞产生功能性β细胞。
在脊椎动物的胚胎发育中,多能干细胞可在称为原肠胚形成的过程中产生包括三个胚层(外胚层、中胚层和内胚层)的细胞群。诸如甲状腺、胸腺、胰腺、肠和肝脏之类的组织将从内胚层,经由中间阶段发育而来。该过程中的中间阶段是形成定形内胚层。定形内胚层细胞可表达多种标志物,如HNF3β、GATA4、MIXL1、CXCR4和SOX17。
定形内胚层分化成胰腺内胚层导致形成胰腺。胰腺内胚层细胞表达胰-十二指肠同源盒基因PDX1。在不存在PDX1时,胰腺形成腹胰芽和背胰芽后不再发育。因而,PDX1表达标志着胰腺器官发生中的一个关键步骤。除了其它细胞类型,成熟的胰腺还包括外分泌组织和内分泌组织。外分泌和内分泌组织来自胰腺内胚层的分化。
在体内的胰腺发育至少部分依赖于指定器官祖先领域的信号的适当调节。Kinkel等人(PNAS《美国科学院院刊》2009年5月12日,第106卷,第19期,7864-7869)声称“胰腺细胞命运由视黄酸(RA)指定,并且胰腺领域的合适大小和定位取决于RA信号的紧密控制。此处,我们显示RA降解Cyp26酶在限定胰腺领域的正常前限中起关键作用。”
据报道,从小鼠的胚胎细胞衍生了带有胰岛细胞特征的细胞。例如,Lumelsky等人(Science《科学》292:1389,2001)报道了小鼠胚胎干细胞向类似于胰岛的胰岛素分泌结构的分化。Soria等人(Diabetes《糖尿病》49:157,2000)报道了衍生自小鼠胚胎干细胞的胰岛素分泌细胞使链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠中的血糖变正常。
在一个例子中,Hori等人(PNAS《美国科学院院刊》99:16105,2002)公开了用磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶抑制剂(LY294002)处理小鼠胚胎干细胞产生了类似β细胞的细胞。
在另一个例子中,Blyszczuk等人(PNAS《美国科学院院刊》100:998,2003)报道了从组成型表达Pax4的小鼠胚胎干细胞生成产生胰岛素的细胞。
Micallef等人报道了视黄酸可调节胚胎干细胞定向形成PDX1阳性胰腺内胚层。在对应于胚胎的原肠胚形成末期的期间,加入胚胎干细胞分化第4天的培养物中时视黄酸在诱导Pdx1方面最有效(Diabetes《糖尿病》54:301,2005)。
Miyazaki等人报道了过表达Pdx1的小鼠胚胎干细胞系。他们的结果显示,外源Pdx1表达在所得的分化细胞中明显增强了胰岛素、生长抑素、葡萄糖激酶、神经元素3、p48、Pax6和Hnf6基因的表达(Diabetes《糖尿病》53:1030,2004)。
Skoudy等人报道说,激活素A(TGF-β超家族的成员)能上调小鼠胚胎干细胞中的胰腺外分泌基因(p48和淀粉酶)和内分泌基因(Pdx1、胰岛素和胰高血糖素)的表达。使用1nM激活素A观察到最大效应。他们还观察到胰岛素和Pdx1mRNA的表达水平不受视黄酸的影响;然而,3nMFGF7处理导致了Pdx1的转录水平升高(Biochem.J.《生物化学杂志》379:749,2004)。
Shiraki等人研究了能特征性增强胚胎干细胞分化成PDX1阳性细胞的生长因子的效果。他们观察到,TGF-β2可再现地产生更高比例的PDX1阳性细胞(GenesCells.2005年6月;10(6):503-16)。
Gordon等人阐明了在没有血清存在有激活素连同Wnt信号传导抑制剂存在的情况下从小鼠胚胎干细胞诱导短尾蛋白(brachyury)[阳性]/HNF3β[阳性]内胚层细胞(US2006/0003446A1)。
Gordon等人(PNAS《美国科学院院刊》,第103卷,第16806页,2006)声称“Wnt和TGF-β/nodal/激活素信号传导同时为生成前原条所必需的”。
然而,胚胎干细胞发育的小鼠模型可能不会完全模拟高等哺乳动物(例如人)中的发育程序。
D’Amour等人描述了在高浓度激活蛋白和低血清的存在下产生人胚胎干细胞衍生的定形内胚层的富集培养物(NatureBiotechnology《自然生物技术》2005)。将这些细胞移植到小鼠的肾囊下,导致分化成具有某些内胚层器官的特性的更成熟细胞。在加入FGF-10之后,人胚胎干细胞衍生的定形内胚层细胞可进一步分化成PDX1阳性细胞(US2005/0266554A1)。
D’Amour等人.(NatureBiotechnology《自然生物技术》-24,1392-1401(2006))声称:“我们已开发出使人胚胎干(hES)细胞转化成能够合成胰腺激素胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素、胰多肽和生长激素释放肽的内分泌细胞的分化方法。该方法通过引导细胞经过类似于定形内胚层、肠管内胚层、胰腺内胚层和内分泌前体的阶段转变为表达内分泌激素的细胞来模拟体内胰腺器官发生”。
在另一个例子中,Fisk等人报道了用于从人胚胎干细胞产生胰岛细胞的***(US2006/0040387A1)。在该情形中,分化途径分成三个阶段。使用丁酸钠和激活素A混合物将人类胚胎干细胞首先分化成内胚层细胞。随后将该细胞用TGF-β拮抗剂例如头蛋白与EGF或乙胞素的混合物培养以生成PDX1阳性细胞。通过烟酰胺诱导终末分化。
因此,仍明显需要开发生成表达胰岛素的功能细胞的体外方法,所述细胞更密切地类似β细胞。本发明采取替代方法,通过利用降解视黄酸的试剂生成胰腺前体细胞群改善使多能干细胞向胰岛素表达细胞分化的效率。
发明内容
在一个实施例中,本发明提供了利用降解视黄酸的试剂产生胰腺内分泌前体细胞的方法。
在一个实施例中,利用逐步分化方案达到胰腺内分泌前体细胞群的形成,其中首先使所述多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。接下来,随后使所述表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群分化成原肠管细胞群。接下来,随后使所述原肠管细胞群分化成后前肠细胞群。接下来,随后通过用补充有降解视黄酸的试剂的培养基处理所述后前肠细胞群,使所述后前肠细胞群分化成内分泌前体细胞群。
在一个实施例中,所述内分泌前体细胞群进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。
附图说明
图1显示了对于a)PAX4、b)NGN3、c)PDX1、d)NEUROD、e)NKX6.1、f)CDX2和g)白蛋白,得自实例1中概述方案的第III-IV阶段时的细胞的样品的实时PCR数据。y轴是超过未分化H1细胞的表达倍数。小图h显示了在第IV阶段时关于对照和CYP26A处理的培养物的NGN3免疫染色。
图2显示了对于a)NGN3、b)NEUROD、c)CDX2、d)NKX6.1和e)PDX1,得自实例2中概述方案的第III-IV阶段时的细胞的样品的实时PCR数据。y轴是超过未分化H1细胞的表达倍数。
图3显示了在实例3中概述方案的第I-VI阶段时的细胞相位图像。
图4显示了关于在实例3中概述方案的第IV-VII阶段时的细胞中的NKX6.1表达的FACS曲线图。
图5显示了关于在实例3中概述方案的第V和VII阶段时的细胞中的PDX1、NKX6.1和CDX2的免疫染色图像。
具体实施方式
将本发明的具体实施方式部分分成以下几个分部分,来描述或说明本发明的某些特征、实施例或应用,这是为了使公开内容清楚起见,并非限制本发明。
定义
干细胞是由它们在单细胞水平上既自我更新又分化产生子代细胞的能力来定义的未分化细胞,包括自我更新祖细胞、非更新祖细胞和末端分化细胞。干细胞的特征还在于:其具有在体外由多种胚层(内胚层、中胚层和外胚层)分化成各种细胞谱系的功能细胞以及移植后产生多种胚层的组织和注入胚泡后基本上有助于大部分(如果不是所有的话)组织形成的能力。
干细胞根据其发育潜能分为:(1)全能,指能够产生所有的胚胎和胚胎外细胞类型;(2)多能,指能够产生所有的胚胎细胞类型;(3)专能,指能够产生细胞谱系的亚群,但所有细胞谱系都只分布于特定组织、器官或生理***内(例如造血干细胞(HSC)可产生的后代细胞包括:HSC(自我更新)、局限于血细胞的寡能祖细胞以及作为血液正常组分的所有细胞类型和成分(如血小板));(4)寡能,指能够产生比专能干细胞更有限的细胞谱系亚群;以及(5)单能,指能够产生单一细胞谱系(如生精干细胞)。
分化是未特化的(“未定向的”)或特化不足的细胞获得特化细胞(如神经细胞或肌肉细胞)的特征的过程。分化的细胞或诱导分化的细胞是已经在细胞谱系中占据更特化的(“定向的”)位置的细胞。术语“定向的”当应用到分化的过程时,指在分化途径中已经进行到这么一种程度的细胞:在正常环境下,它会继续分化成特定的细胞类型或细胞类型子集,且在正常环境下不能分化成另一细胞类型或回复到分化程度较低的细胞类型。去分化指细胞回复到细胞谱系当中特化(或定向)程度较低的地位的过程。如本文所用,“细胞谱系”限定细胞的遗传关系,即它来自哪些细胞和它能产生什么细胞。细胞谱系将细胞定位于发育和分化的遗传计划内。谱系特异性标志物是指与所关注谱系的细胞表型特异性相关并能够用于评价非定向细胞向所关注谱系的分化的特征。
如本文所用,“表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞”或“第1阶段细胞”或“第1阶段”是指表达至少一种下列标志物的细胞:SOX17、GATA4、HNF3β、GSC、CER1、Nodal、FGF8、短尾蛋白、Mix样同源盒蛋白、FGF4CD48、脱中胚蛋白(eomesodermin,EOMES)、DKK4、FGF17、GATA6、CXCR4、C-Kit、CD99或OTX2。表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞包括原条前体细胞、原条细胞、中内胚层细胞和定形内胚层细胞。
如本文所用,“表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞”指表达至少一种下列标志物的细胞:PDX1、NKX6.1、HNF1β、PTF1α、HNF6、HNF4α、SOX9、HB9或PROX1。表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞包括胰腺内胚层细胞、原肠管细胞和后前肠细胞。
如本文所用,“定形内胚层”指具有在原肠胚形成过程中从上胚层产生的细胞的特性并形成胃肠道及其衍生物的细胞。定形内胚层细胞表达下列标志物:HNF3β、GATA4、SOX17、Cerberus、OTX2、goosecoid、C-Kit、CD99和MIXL1。
如本文所用,“标志物”是在所关注细胞中差异表达的核酸或多肽分子。关于这一点,差异表达意指阳性标志物的水平增加,而阴性标志物的水平降低。与其它细胞相比,所关注细胞中的核酸或多肽标志物的可检测水平足够高或足够低,使得可以使用本领域已知的多种方法识别所关注细胞,并将所关注细胞与其它细胞区相区分。
如本文所用,“胰腺内分泌前体细胞”指表达至少一种下列标志物的细胞:NGN3、NEUROD或NKX2.2。
如本文所用,“后前肠细胞”指表达至少一种下列标志物的细胞:PDX1或HNF6。
如本文所用,“未成熟的胰腺激素表达细胞”指表达至少一种下列标志物的细胞:胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素、MAFB、PDX1、ARX、NKX6.1、NKX2.2或NEUROD。
如本文所用,“原肠管细胞”指能够表达至少一种下列标志物的细胞:HNF1β或HNF4α。
如本文所用,“胰腺内分泌细胞”或“胰激素表达细胞”或“表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞”指能够表达至少一种下列激素的细胞:胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素和胰多肽。
多能干细胞的分离、扩增和培养
多能干细胞的表征
多能干细胞可表达阶段特征性胚胎抗原(SSEA)3和4以及可用称为Tra-1-60和Tra-1-81的抗体检测的标志物中的一种或多种(Thomson等人,Science《科学》282:1145,1998)。多能干细胞体外分化导致丧失SSEA-4、Tra1-60和Tra1-81的表达(如果存在的话),并增加SSEA-1的表达。未分化的多能干细胞通常具有碱性磷酸酶活性,该酶可通过用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞,然后用VectorRed作为底物显影来检测,如生产商所描述(VectorLaboratories,BurlingameCalif)。未分化的多能干细胞通常也表达OCT4和TERT,这可通过RT-PCR检测。
增殖的多能干细胞的另一理想表型是分化成所有三个胚层即内胚层、中胚层和外胚层组织的细胞的潜能。多能干细胞的多能性可例如通过这样来证实:将细胞注射进重症联合免疫缺陷(SCID)小鼠中,用4%多聚甲醛固定所形成的畸胎瘤,然后对它们进行组织学检验以确定是否存在来自三个胚层的细胞类型。作为另外一种选择,可以通过产生胚状体并评估胚状体中三个胚层相关的标志物的存在来确定多能性。
可以使用标准G带技术并比较已公布的相应灵长类物种的核型来分析增殖的多能干细胞系的核型。希望获得具有“正常核型”的细胞,其意指细胞为整倍体,其中所有人染色体都存在并且没有明显的改变。
多能干细胞的来源
非限制性的例子是已确立的人胚胎干细胞系或人胚胎生殖细胞系,例如人胚胎干细胞系H1,H7和H9(WiCell)。
同样合适的是突变型人胚胎干细胞系,例如BG01v(BresaGen,Athens,GA)。
多能干细胞的培养
在一个实施例中,在饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞,饲养细胞可以多种方式支持多能干细胞。作为另一种选择,在培养***中培养多能干细胞,所述培养***基本上不含饲养细胞,但同样支持多能干细胞的增殖而不会进行实质分化。使用通过此前培养另一细胞类型而调理过的培养基来支持多能干细胞在无饲养细胞的培养物中生长而不分化。作为另一种选择,用化学成分确定的培养基来支持多能干细胞在无饲养细胞的培养物中生长而不分化。
在一个实施例中,可以根据如下文献中公开的方法在小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞:Reubinoff等人(NatureBiotechnology《自然生物技术》18:399-404(2000))。作为另外一种选择,可以根据如下文献中公开的方法在小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞:Thompson等人(Science《科学》1998年11月6日:第282卷,第5391期,第1145-1147页)。作为另外一种选择,可以在如下文献中公开的任何一种饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞:Richards等人(StemCells《干细胞》21:546-556,2003)。
在一个实施例中,可以根据如下文献中公开的方法在人饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞:Wang等人(StemCells《干细胞》23:1221-1227,2005)。在一个替代实施例中,可以在如下文献中公开的人饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞:Stojkovic等人(StemCells《干细胞》200523:306-314,2005)。作为另外一种选择,可以在如下文献中公开的人饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞:Miyamoto等人(StemCells《干细胞》22:433-440,2004)。作为另外一种选择,可以在如下文献中公开的人饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞:Amit等人(Biol.Reprod《繁殖生物学》68:2150-2156,2003)。作为另外一种选择,可以在如下文献中公开的人饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞:Inzunza等人(StemCells《干细胞》23:544-549,2005)。
在一个实施例中,可以在根据US20020072117公开的方法所得培养基中培养多能干细胞。作为另外一种选择,可以在根据US6642048公开的方法所得培养基中培养多能干细胞。作为另外一种选择,可以在根据WO2005014799公开的方法所得培养基中培养多能干细胞。作为另外一种选择,可以在根据如下文献公开的方法所得培养基中培养多能干细胞:Xu等人(StemCells《干细胞》22:972-980,2004)。作为另外一种选择,可以在根据US20070010011公开的方法所得培养基中培养多能干细胞。作为另外一种选择,可以在根据US20050233446公开的方法所得培养基中培养多能干细胞。作为另外一种选择,可以在根据US6800480公开的方法所得培养基中培养多能干细胞。作为另外一种选择,可以在根据WO2005065354公开的方法所得培养基中培养多能干细胞。
在一个实施例中,可以根据如下文献中公开的方法在人饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞:Cheon等人(BioReprod《繁殖生物学》DOI:10.1095/biolreprod.105.046870,2005年10月19日)。作为另外一种选择,可以根据如下文献公开的方法培养多能干细胞:Levenstein等人(StemCells《干细胞》24:568-574,2006)。作为另外一种选择,可以根据US20050148070公开的方法培养多能干细胞。作为另外一种选择,可以根据US20050244962公开的方法培养多能干细胞。作为另外一种选择,可以根据WO2005086845公开的方法培养多能干细胞。
可将多能干细胞接种至合适的培养基质上。在一个实施例中,合适的培养基质是胞外基质成分,例如衍自基底膜的成分,或者可形成黏着分子受体-配体偶联物的一部分的成分。在一个实施例中,合适的培养基材是(BectonDickenson)。是得自Engelbreth-HolmSwarm肿瘤细胞的可溶性制剂,其在室温下胶凝而形成重构的基底膜。
其它的细胞外基质组分和组分混合物适合作为替代物。取决于所扩增的细胞类型,这可包括单独的层粘连蛋白、纤连蛋白、蛋白聚糖、巢蛋白、硫酸乙酰肝素等或者它们的各种组合。
可在存在可促进细胞存活、增殖和保持理想特性的培养基存在的情况下,以合适的分布将多能干细胞接种于所述基质上。所有这些特性可得益于对接种分布的认真考虑并可容易地由本领域技术人员确定。
合适的培养基可用如下组分制备,例如达尔伯克氏改良伊格尔培养基(DMEM),Gibco货号11965-092;敲除达尔伯克氏改良伊格尔培养基(KODMEM),Gibco货号10829-018;Ham′sF12/50%DMEM基础培养基;200mML-谷氨酰胺,Gibco货号15039-027;非必需氨基酸溶液,Gibco11140-050;β-巯基乙醇,Sigma货号M7522;人重组碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF),Gibco货号13256-029。
由多能干细胞形成胰腺内分泌前体细胞
本发明提供了由多能干细胞群形成胰腺前体细胞群的方法。在一个实施例中,本发明提供了使胰腺内分泌前体细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系标志物的细胞的方法。
在一个实施例中,本发明提供用于产生胰腺前体细胞的方法,该方法包括步骤:
a.培养多能干细胞群,
b.使多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群;
c.使表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群分化成原肠管细胞群;
d.使原肠管细胞群分化成后前肠细胞群;以及
e.通过用补充有降解视黄酸的试剂的培养基处理后前肠细胞群,使后前肠细胞群分化成内分泌前体细胞群。
胰腺内分泌前体细胞群可以进一步处理,以形成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。
可通过将处理过的细胞群暴露于可特异性识别由表达所需细胞类型特征性标志物的细胞表达的蛋白质标志物的试剂(例如抗体)来确定分化效率。
用于评估蛋白质标志物和核酸标志物在培养的或分离的细胞中的表达的方法是本领域的标准方法。这些包括定量反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、Northern印迹、原位杂交(参见,例如,CurrentProtocolsinMolecularBiology(Ausubel等人编辑,2001增刊))以及免疫测定法,例如分段材料的免疫组织化学分析,Westem印迹、以及用于未受损细胞中容易获得的标志物的流式细胞分析(FACS)(参见例如Harlow和Lane的“UsingAntibodies:ALaboratoryManual”,NewYork:ColdSpringHarborLaboratoryPress(1998))。
多能干细胞的特征是本领域技术人员熟知的,并且其它特征有待继续辨别。多能干细胞标志物包括(例如)一种或多种如下物质的表达:ABCG2、CRIPTO、FOXD3、Connexin43、Connexin45、OCT4、SOX2、Nanog、hTERT、UTF1、ZFP42、SSEA-3、SSEA-4、Tra1-60、Tra1-81。
在用本发明方法处理多能干细胞后,可通过将处理过的细胞群暴露于特异性识别由表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞表达的蛋白质标志物(例如CXCR4)来进行纯化。
适用于本发明的多能干细胞包括例如人胚胎干细胞系H9(NIH编码:WA09)、人胚胎干细胞系H1(NIH编码:WA01)、人胚胎干细胞系H7(NIH编码:WA07)和人胚胎干细胞系SA002(Cellartis,瑞典)。同样适用于本发明的是表达至少一种下列多能细胞特征性标志物的细胞:ABCG2、cripto、CD9、FOXD3、CONNEXIN43、CONNEXIN45、OCT4、SOX2、Nanog、hTERT、UTF1、ZFP42、SSEA-3、SSEA-4、Tra1-60和Tra1-81。
定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物选自SOX17、GATA4、HNF3β、GSC、CER1、Nodal、FGF8、短尾蛋白、Mix样同源盒蛋白、FGF4、CD48、脱中胚蛋白(EOMES)、DKK4、FGF17、GATA6、CXCR4、C-Kit、CD99和OTX2。适用于本发明的是表达至少一种定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞。在本发明的一个方面,表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞为原条前体细胞。在一个替代方面,表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞为中内胚层细胞。在一个替代方面,表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞为定形内胚层细胞。
胰腺内胚层谱系(其包括原肠管细胞和后前肠细胞)特征性标志物选自PDX1、NKX6.1、HNF1β、PTF1α、HNF6、HNF4α、SOX9、HB9和PROX1。适用于本发明的是表达至少一种胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞。在本发明的一个方面,表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞为胰腺内胚层细胞。
胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物选自NGN3、NEUROD、ISL1、PDX1、NKX6.1、PAX4、NGN3和PTF-1α。在一个实施例中,胰腺内分泌细胞能够表达以下激素中的至少一种:胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素和胰多肽。适用于本发明的是表达至少一种胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞。在本发明的一个方面,表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞为胰腺内分泌细胞。胰腺内分泌细胞可为表达胰激素的细胞。作为另外一种选择,胰腺内分泌细胞可为分泌胰激素的细胞。
在本发明的一个方面,胰腺内分泌细胞是表达β细胞谱系特征性标志物的细胞。表达β细胞谱系特征性标志物的细胞可表达PDX1和至少一种下列转录因子:NGN3、NKX2.2、NKX6.1、NEUROD、ISL1、HNF3β、MAFA、PAX4和PAX6。在本发明的一个方面,表达β细胞谱系特征性标志物的细胞是β细胞。
由多能干细胞形成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞
表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群可以通过本领域的任何方法由多能干细胞群形成。
例如,可根据D’Amour等人,NatureBiotechnology《自然生物技术》23,1534-1541(2005)中公开的方法,使多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞。
例如,可根据Shinozaki等人,Development《发育》131,1651-1662(2004)中公开的方法,使多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞。
例如,可根据McLean等人,StemCells《干细胞》25,29-38(2007)中公开的方法,使多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞。
例如,可根据D’Amour等人,NatureBiotechnology《自然生物技术》24,1392-1401(2006)中公开的方法,使多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞。
例如,可根据美国专利申请序列No.11/736,908中公开的方法,使多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞。
例如,可根据美国专利申请序列No.11/779,311中公开的方法,使多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞。
例如,可根据美国专利申请序列No.12/493,741中公开的方法,使多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞。
例如,可根据美国专利申请序列No.12/494,789中公开的方法,使多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞。
表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞的形成
表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞包括胰腺内胚层细胞、原肠管细胞和后前肠细胞。在一个实施例中,通过本发明的方法形成的表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群通过本领域的任何方法进一步分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。
例如,根据D’Amour等人,NatureBiotechnology《自然生物技术》24,1392-1401(2006)中公开的方法,通过处理表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群,可以使根据本发明的方法得到的表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进一步分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。
例如,根据美国专利申请序列No.11/736,908中公开的方法,通过处理表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群,可以使根据本发明的方法得到的表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进一步分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。
胰腺内分泌前体细胞群的形成
在一个实施例中,本发明提供用于产生胰腺前体细胞的方法,该方法包括步骤:
a.培养多能干细胞群,
b.使多能干细胞群分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群;
c.使表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群分化成原肠管细胞群;
d.使原肠管细胞群分化成后前肠细胞群;以及
e.通过用补充有降解视黄酸的试剂的培养基处理后前肠细胞群,使后前肠细胞群分化成内分泌前体细胞群。
在一个实施例中,降解视黄酸的试剂是CYP26A抑制剂。CYP26A抑制剂可以约1nM至约1000nM的浓度使用。作为另外一种选择,CYP26A抑制剂可以约10nM至约100nM的浓度使用。
任何CYP26A抑制剂都适合于在本发明中使用。例如,CYP26A抑制剂可以选自美国专利No.7,468,391中公开的化合物。作为另外一种选择,CYP26A抑制剂可以选自美国专利申请No.2005/0187298A1中公开的化合物。作为另外一种选择,CYP26A抑制剂可以选自美国专利申请No.2004/0106216A1中公开的化合物。作为另外一种选择,CYP26A抑制剂可以选自WO2005058301A1中公开的化合物。作为另外一种选择,CYP26A抑制剂可以选自PNAS《美国科学院院刊》2009年5月12日,第106卷,第19期,7864-7869中公开的化合物。在一个实施例中,CYP26A抑制剂是N-{4-[2-乙基-1-(1H-1,2,4-***-1-基)丁基]苯基}-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-胺。参见式1。
式1
在一个实施例中,补充有降解视黄酸的试剂的培养基还补充有至少一种选自下列的因子:能够抑制BMP的因子、TGFβ受体信号传导抑制剂、维生素A和PKC活化剂。
在一个实施例中,能够抑制BMP的因子为成头蛋白。成头蛋白可以约50ng/ml至约500μg/ml的浓度使用。在一个实施例中,成头蛋白以100ng/ml的浓度使用。
在一个实施例中,TGFβ受体信号传导抑制剂是ALK5的抑制剂。在一个实施例中,ALK5的抑制剂是ALK5抑制剂II。ALK5抑制剂II可以约0.1μM至约10μM的浓度使用。在一个实施例中,ALK5抑制剂II以1μM的浓度使用。
在一个实施例中,PKC活化剂选自(2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4-(三氟甲基)苯基)-2,4-戊二烯酰氨基)苯并内酰胺、IndolactamV(ILV)、佛波醇-12-十四酸酯-13-乙酸酯(PMA)和佛波醇12,13-二丁酸酯(PDBu)。在一个实施例中,蛋白激酶C活化剂是(2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4-(三氟甲基)苯基)-2,4-戊二烯酰氨基)苯并内酰胺。(2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4-(三氟甲基)苯基)-2,4-戊二烯酰氨基)苯并内酰胺可以约20nM至约500nM的浓度使用。(2S,5S)-(E,E)-8-(5-(4-(三氟甲基)苯基)-2,4-戊二烯酰氨基)苯并内酰胺在本文中称作“TPB”。
表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞的形成
在一个实施例中,通过本发明的方法产生的胰腺内分泌前体细胞群通过本领域的任何方法进一步分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。
例如,可以根据如下文献中公开的方法对表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进行处理,使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞群:D’Amour等人,NatureBiotechnology《自然生物技术》,2006。
例如,可以根据如下文献中公开的方法对表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进行处理,使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞群:D’Amour等人,NatureBiotechnology《自然生物技术》,2006。
例如,可以根据美国专利申请序列No.11/736,908中公开的方法对表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进行处理,使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。
例如,可以根据美国专利申请序列No.11/779,311中公开的方法对表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进行处理,使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。
例如,可以根据美国专利申请序列No.60/953,178中公开的方法对表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进行处理,使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。
例如,可以根据美国专利申请序列No.60/990,529中公开的方法对表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进行处理,使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标志物的细胞群。
本发明通过(但不限于)以下实例进一步说明。
实例
实例1
人胚胎干细胞系H1的细胞在缺乏FBS且含有CYP26A抑制剂的细胞培养基中分化成胰腺内分泌前体细胞
人胚胎干细胞系H1(p40-p50)的细胞作为集落在包被的皿上(1∶30稀释度)(BDBiosciences;目录号356231)的MEF-CM(小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞条件培养基)中培养,并且如下分化成胰腺内分泌前体细胞:
a.第I阶段(定形内胚层):将人胚胎干细胞系细胞在补充有2%无脂肪酸BSA(目录号68700,爱荷华州的Proliant公司(Proliant,IA))和100ng/ml激活素A(明尼苏达州的安迪生物科技公司(R&DSystems,MN))加上20ng/mlWNT-3a(目录号1324-WN-002,(明尼苏达州的安迪生物科技公司)加上8ng/mlbFGF(目录号100-18B,新泽西州的PeproTech公司(PeproTech,NJ))的RPMI培养基培养一天,随后用补充有2%BSA和100ng/ml激活素A加上8ng/mlbFGF的RPMI培养基再处理两天,随后
b.第II阶段(原肠管):将细胞用RPMI+2%无脂肪酸的BSA和50ng/mlFGF7处理两天,随后
c.第III阶段(后前肠):将细胞用补充有1∶200稀释的ITS-X(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司(Invitrogen,CA))和0.1%BSA(富含脂肪)(英潍捷基公司,目录号11021-045)、50ng/mlFGF7、0.25μMSANT-1、2μM视黄酸(RA)(密苏里州的西格玛公司(Sigma,MO))、100ng/ml成头蛋白(明尼苏达州的安迪生物科技公司)、2.5μM4-[4-(4-氟苯基)-1-(3-苯丙基)-5-吡啶-4-基-1H-咪唑-2-基]丁-3-炔-1-醇(公开于美国专利6,521,655中的P38抑制剂)和以20ng/ml的激活素A的DMEM/高糖处理五天,随后
d.第IV阶段(胰腺内分泌前体):将细胞用补充有1∶200稀释的ITS-X(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)和0.1%BSA(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、100ng/ml成头蛋白(明尼苏达州的安迪生物科技公司)、1μMALK5抑制剂(SD-208,公开于MolecularPharmacology《分子药理学》200772:152-161中)、500nMTPB(α-淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白调节剂)(目录号565740,EMD,CA)、和10-100nMCYP26A抑制剂N-{4-[2-乙基-1-(1H-1,2,4-***-1-基)丁基]苯基}-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-胺、和10-100nM维生素A(目录号R7632,密苏里州的西格玛公司)的DMEM/高糖处理四天,或
在一些培养中,第IV阶段延长至六天。mRNA在第III和IV阶段时分离用于胰腺相关基因的实时PCR分析。如图1中所示,在第IV阶段时添加CYP26A抑制剂以剂量依赖性方式显著增强内分泌前体标志物(NGN3、Pax4、NeuroD)连同胰腺内胚层标志物NKX6.1的表达。维生素A连同CYP26A抑制剂的添加不显著改变胰腺内胚层或内分泌前体标志物的表达。此外,在第IV阶段时添加CYP26A抑制剂降低CDX2(肠标志物)和白蛋白(肝标志物)的表达。在第IV阶段时关于NGN3(目录号AF3444,明尼苏达州的安迪生物科技公司)的免疫染色明确显示对于用100nMCYP26A抑制剂处理的培养基,NGN3的表达中的显著加强。
实例2
人胚胎干细胞系H1的细胞在缺乏FBS且含有CYP26A抑制剂的细胞培养基中分化成胰腺内分泌前体细胞的替代方法
人胚胎干细胞系H1(p40-p52)的细胞作为单细胞以100000细胞/cm2的密度种植到包被的皿上(1∶30稀释度)(BDBiosciences;目录号356231)补充有16ng/mlFGF2(目录号100-18B,新泽西州的PeproTech公司)和10μMY-27632(Rock抑制剂,目录号Y0503,密苏里州的西格玛公司)的MEF-CM(小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞条件培养基)中。种植后72小时,培养物如下分化成定形内胚层(DE):
a.第I阶段(定形内胚层):将人胚胎干细胞系细胞在补充有2%无脂肪酸BSA(目录号68700,爱荷华州的Proliant公司)、0.0025g/ml碳酸氢钠(目录号S3187,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、1XGlutaMaxTM(目录号35050-079,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)和100ng/ml激活素A(明尼苏达州的安迪生物科技公司)加上20ng/mlWNT-3a(目录号1324-WN-002,明尼苏达州的安迪生物科技公司)的MCDB-131(目录号10372-019,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)培养基处理一天,随后用补充有2%BSA、碳酸氢钠、Glutamax和100ng/ml激活素A的MCDB-131培养基再处理三天,随后
b.第II阶段(原肠管):将细胞用MCDB-131+2%无脂肪酸的BSA和50ng/mlFGF7处理三天,随后
c.第III阶段(后前肠):将细胞用补充有1∶200稀释的ITS-X(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、1XGlutaMaxTM(目录号35050-079,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、0.0025g/ml碳酸氢钠(目录号S3187,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、0.1%BSA(富含脂肪)(英潍捷基公司,目录号11021-045)、50ng/mlFGF7、0.25μMSANT-1、2μM视黄酸(RA)(密苏里州的西格玛公司)、2.5μM4-[4-(4-氟苯基)-1-(3-苯丙基)-5-吡啶-4-基-1H-咪唑-2-基]丁-3-炔-1-醇(公开于美国专利6,521,655中的P38抑制剂)、100nMLDN-193189(BMP受体抑制剂,目录号04-0019,加利福尼亚州的Stemgent公司(Stemgent,CA))、500nMCYP26A抑制剂N-{4-[2-乙基-1-(1H-1,2,4-***-1-基)丁基]苯基}-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-胺、和以20ng/ml的激活素A的MCDB-131/高糖(25mM葡萄糖)处理四天,随后
d.第IV阶段(胰腺内分泌前体):将细胞用补充有1∶200稀释的ITS-X(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)和0.1%BSA(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、1XGlutaMaxTM(目录号35050-079,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、0.0025g/ml碳酸氢钠(目录号S3187,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、1μMALK5抑制剂(SD-208,公开于《分子药理学》200772:152-161中)、500nMPDBu(PKC活化剂)(目录号P1269,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、100nMLDN-193189(BMP受体抑制剂,目录号04-0019,加利福尼亚州的Stemgent公司)、0.25μMSANT-1(货号S4572,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、和500nMCYP26A抑制剂N-{4-[2-乙基-1-(1H-1,2,4-***-1-基)丁基]苯基}-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-胺的MCDB-131/高糖(25mM葡萄糖)处理七天,或
e.第IV阶段(胰腺内分泌前体):将细胞用补充有1∶200稀释的ITS-X(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)和0.1%BSA(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、1XGlutaMaxTM(目录号35050-079,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、0.0025g/ml碳酸氢钠(目录号S3187,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、1μMALK5抑制剂(SD-208,公开于《分子药理学》200772:152-161中)、500nMPDBu(PKC活化剂)(目录号P1269,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、100nMLDN-193189(BMP受体抑制剂,目录号04-0019,加利福尼亚州的Stemgent公司)、0.25μMSANT-1(货号S4572,密苏里州的西格玛公司)MCDB-131/高糖(25mM葡萄糖)处理七天。
mRNA在第III和IV阶段时分离用于胰腺相关基因的实时PCR分析。类似于上文实例1中观察到的结果,CYP26A抑制剂对于第IV阶段的添加增强胰腺内分泌前体标志物例如NGN3和NeuroD的表达(参见图2)。抑制剂对于第III和IV阶段的添加进一步增强NGN3和NeuroD的表达。令人惊讶的是,CYP26A抑制剂对于第III阶段的添加(在视黄酸的存在下)显著下调PDX-1和NKX6.1,同时增强CDX2的表达。这些结果暗示关于CYP26A抑制剂添加的最佳阶段是第IV阶段。
实例3
人胚胎干细胞系H1的细胞在缺乏FBS且含有CYP26A抑制剂的细胞培养基中分化成胰腺内分泌细胞的替代方法
人胚胎干细胞系H1(p40-p52)的细胞作为单细胞以100000细胞/cm2的密度种植到包被的皿上(1∶30稀释度)(BDBiosciences;目录号356231)补充有16ng/mlFGF2(目录号100-18B,新泽西州的PeproTech公司)和10μMY-27632(Rock抑制剂,目录号Y0503,密苏里州的西格玛公司)的MEF-CM(小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞条件培养基)中。种植后72小时,培养物如下分化成定形内胚层(DE):
a.第I阶段(定形内胚层):将作为单细胞在Matrigel包被的皿上培养的人胚胎干细胞系细胞用补充有2%无脂肪酸BSA(目录号68700,爱荷华州的Proliant公司)、0.0025g/ml碳酸氢钠(目录号S3187,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、1XGlutaMaxTM(目录号35050-079,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)和100ng/mlGDF-8(明尼苏达州的安迪生物科技公司)加上2.5μMGSK3B抑制剂14-丙-2-烯-1-基-3,5,7,14,17,23,27-七氮杂四环[19.3.1.1~2,6~.1~8,12~]二十七-1(25),2(27),3,5,8(26),9,11,21,23-壬烯-16-酮的MCDB-131(目录号10372-019,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)培养基处理一天,随后用补充有2%BSA、碳酸氢钠、Glutamax和100ng/mlGDF-8的MCDB-131培养基再处理三天,随后
b.第II阶段(原肠管):将细胞用MCDB-131+2%无脂肪酸的BSA和50ng/mlFGF7处理两天,随后
c.第III阶段(后前肠):将细胞用补充有1∶200稀释的ITS-X(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、1XGlutaMaxTM(目录号35050-079,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、0.0025g/ml碳酸氢钠(目录号S3187,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、0.1%BSA(富含脂肪)(英潍捷基公司,目录号11021-045)、50ng/mlFGF7、0.25μMSANT-1、2μM视黄酸(RA)(密苏里州的西格玛公司)、2.5μM4-[4-(4-氟苯基)-1-(3-苯丙基)-5-吡啶基-1H-咪唑基]丁-3-炔-1-醇、100nMLDN-193189(BMP受体抑制剂,目录号04-0019,加利福尼亚州的Stemgent公司)、和以20ng/ml的激活素的MCDB131/高糖(25mM葡萄糖)处理四天,随后
d.第IV阶段(胰腺前体):将细胞用补充有1∶200稀释的ITS-X(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)和0.1%BSA(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、1XGlutaMaxTM(目录号35050-079,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、0.0025g/ml碳酸氢钠(目录号S3187,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、100nMLDN-193189(BMP受体抑制剂,目录号04-0019,加利福尼亚州的Stemgent公司)、50nMPDBu(PKC活化剂)(目录号P1269,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、0.25μMSANT-1(货号S4572,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、和100nMCYP26A抑制剂N-{4-[2-乙基-1-(1H-1,2,4-***-1-基)丁基]苯基}-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-胺的MCDB131/高糖(25mM葡萄糖)处理三天,随后
e.第V阶段(胰腺内分泌前体):将细胞用补充有1∶200稀释的ITS-X(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)和0.1%BSA(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、1XGlutaMaxTM(目录号35050-079,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、0.0025g/ml碳酸氢钠(目录号S3187,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、100nMLDN-193189(BMP受体抑制剂,目录号04-0019,加利福尼亚州的Stemgent公司)、0.25μMSANT-1(货号S4572,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、2μMALK5抑制剂(SD-208,公开于《分子药理学》200772:152-161中)、和100nMCYP26A抑制剂N-{4-[2-乙基-1-(1H-1,2,4-***-1-基)丁基]苯基}-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-胺的MCDB131/高糖(25mM葡萄糖)处理三天,随后
f.第VI阶段(未成熟的胰腺激素表达细胞):将细胞用补充有1∶200稀释的ITS-X(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)和0.1%BSA(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、1XGlutaMaxTM(目录号35050-079,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、0.0025g/ml碳酸氢钠(目录号S3187,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、100nMLDN-193189(BMP受体抑制剂,目录号04-0019,加利福尼亚州的Stemgent公司)、和2μMALK5抑制剂(SD-208,公开于《分子药理学》200772:152-161中)的MCDB131/高糖(25mM葡萄糖)处理三天,随后
g.第VII阶段(胰腺激素表达细胞):将细胞用补充有1∶200稀释的ITS-X(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)和0.1%BSA(加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、1XGlutaMaxTM(目录号35050-079,加利福尼亚州的英潍捷基公司)、0.0025g/ml碳酸氢钠(目录号S3187,密苏里州的西格玛公司)、100nMLDN-193189(BMP受体抑制剂,目录号04-0019,加利福尼亚州的Stemgent公司)、2μMALK5抑制剂(SD-208,公开于《分子药理学》200772:152-161中)和100nM维生素A(目录号R7632,密苏里州的西格玛公司)的MCDB131/高糖(25mM葡萄糖)处理三天。
在一些培养中,第VII阶段延长至18天。在第V、VI阶段时收集样品,并且用于实时PCR分析、免疫荧光(IF)染色和FACS分析。对于FACS和免疫荧光(IF)染色,从爱荷华大学(UniversityofIowa)杂交瘤库(目录号F55A12)获得NKX6.1抗体,从Abcam公司(目录号ab76541,马萨诸塞州的剑桥市(Cambridge,MA))获得CDX2抗体,并且从Abcam公司(目录号ab47267)购买PDX-1抗体。图3突出显示了在分化的各个阶段时的培养物形态。从第II阶段开始,培养物在第III-VI阶段自始至终显示同质形态。图4描述了对于分化的各个阶段,如通过FACS测量的NKX6.1表达。该图突出显示了实例3中公开的方案可以保留NKX6.1的高表达经过分化晚期。图5显示了关于方案的第V阶段和第VII阶段的PDX1、NKX6.1和CDX2表达。大于90%的NKX6.1阳性细胞也是PDX1阳性的,而小于10%的细胞对于CDX2染色阳性。
在这个文档自始至终引用的出版物在此全文以引用方式并入。尽管上文已结合实例和优选实施例描述了本发明的各个方面,但应当理解本发明的范围不受上述具体实施方式的限定,而受以下在专利法原则下恰当理解的权利要求书的限定。
Claims (4)
1.一种由多能干细胞衍生胰腺内分泌前体细胞群的方法,包括以下步骤:
a.培养多能干细胞群;
b.使所述多能干细胞分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞群;
c.使所述表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标志物的细胞分化成原肠管细胞群;
d.使所述原肠管细胞群分化成后前肠细胞群;以及
e.用补充有CYP26A抑制剂的培养基处理所述后前肠细胞群。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述CYP26A抑制剂以1nΜ至1000nM的浓度使用。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述CYP26A抑制剂以10nΜ至100nM的浓度使用。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述CYP26A抑制剂是N-{4-[2-乙基-1-(1H-1,2,4-***-1-基)丁基]苯基}-1,3-苯并噻唑-2-胺。
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EP2611907B1 (en) | 2016-05-04 |
KR101836855B1 (ko) | 2018-04-19 |
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JP2017163988A (ja) | 2017-09-21 |
CA2809305C (en) | 2019-06-11 |
HK1186492A1 (zh) | 2014-03-14 |
US20160040130A1 (en) | 2016-02-11 |
JP6353951B2 (ja) | 2018-07-04 |
RU2599420C2 (ru) | 2016-10-10 |
WO2012030540A2 (en) | 2012-03-08 |
MX2013002407A (es) | 2013-04-05 |
RU2013114374A (ru) | 2014-10-10 |
AU2011296383B2 (en) | 2016-03-10 |
AR082821A1 (es) | 2013-01-09 |
PL2611907T3 (pl) | 2016-11-30 |
CA2809305A1 (en) | 2012-03-08 |
JP6133776B2 (ja) | 2017-05-24 |
US20120052576A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
SG187947A1 (en) | 2013-03-28 |
US9181528B2 (en) | 2015-11-10 |
US9458430B2 (en) | 2016-10-04 |
BR112013004614A2 (pt) | 2024-01-16 |
RU2673946C1 (ru) | 2018-12-03 |
AU2011296383A1 (en) | 2013-03-07 |
CN103154237A (zh) | 2013-06-12 |
JP2013536687A (ja) | 2013-09-26 |
MX348537B (es) | 2017-06-07 |
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