CN103088010A - Biological health padding and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Biological health padding and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN103088010A CN103088010A CN2011103466601A CN201110346660A CN103088010A CN 103088010 A CN103088010 A CN 103088010A CN 2011103466601 A CN2011103466601 A CN 2011103466601A CN 201110346660 A CN201110346660 A CN 201110346660A CN 103088010 A CN103088010 A CN 103088010A
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Abstract
The invention provides biological health padding and a preparation method thereof. The biological health padding includes: rice husk, sawdust, a compound microbial agent, dandelion, argy wormwood leaves, honeysuckle, mint, cogongrass, liquorice, isatis root and water. The padding is suitable for rural small-scale farming, helps to reduce livestock diseases, is beneficial to improvement of livestock and poultry antibody levels, prevention and control of animal digestive tract, respiratory tract and other diseases, and reduction of antibiotic drug residues in animal organism of livestock and poultry, and helps to promote the sustainable development of breeding industry.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the microbial fermentation field, relate in particular to a kind of biological health bedding and padding that utilize microbial fermentation to make, and its preparation method.
Background technology
The biological health bedding and padding are a kind of bedding and padding that can be fit to the small-sized scale raising in rural area, can effectively improve the livestock and poultry Abwehrkraft des Koepers, decompose farm animal excrement, and improving breeding environment has good effect.Be applicable to cultivation level lower plant, can play the health care prophylactic effect to the livestock and poultry body.
General biological pad main component is bacterial classification, and Pericarppium arachidis hypogaeae, maize straw and straw etc., its preparation method are by with Pericarppium arachidis hypogaeae, and maize straw and straw first mix, and then adds a certain amount of bacterial classification and tap water to be mixed with to form.The bacterial classification that uses is generally Bacillus natto, Bacillus licheniformis.Do not add any herbal medicine, do not possess health-care effect is arranged, the small-scale plant that inapplicable cultivation level is low.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to overcome existing biological pad defective, a kind of rural culture level low small-scale plant of being applicable to is provided, livestock and poultry are played the health care prophylactic effect, and life-time service can reduce the new bio health care bedding and padding of the generation of transmissible disease, and its preparation method.
Another object of the present invention also is to provide a kind of a kind of complex micro organism fungicide that uses in described biological health bedding and padding, and its preparation method.
To achieve these goals, a kind of complex micro organism fungicide provided by the invention is that mixed fermentation liquid by subtilis and yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is adsorbed onto on analysis for soybean powder and makes; Effective total viable count of described mixed fermentation liquid is hundred million/ml of 80-100, and wherein the living bacteria count of subtilis is 70-80%, and the living bacteria count of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is 20-30%; Described mixed fermentation liquid with the volume mass ratio of analysis for soybean powder is: (30-40): (1-2).
Wherein, described mixed fermentation liquid is preferably with the volume mass ratio of analysis for soybean powder: 35: 1.
The volume mass ratio of above-mentioned mixed fermentation liquid and analysis for soybean powder is according to L: g calculates.
Described complex micro organism fungicide can also comprise other carriers, as Semen Maydis powder or wheat bran etc.
The preparation method of complex micro organism fungicide of the present invention, that yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtilis are carried out respectively slant culture, first order seed is cultivated and secondary seed is cultivated, then carries out adsorbing analysis for soybean powder after mixing fermentation culture in fermentor tank, obtains described complex micro organism fungicide.
Particularly, comprise the steps:
1) slant culture comprises yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtilis original strain are inoculated on solid medium respectively and cultivate;
2) first order seed is cultivated, and comprises step 1) yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, each bacterial classification of subtilis of cultivating be inoculated in respectively on substratum, makes the first order seed of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtilis;
3) secondary seed is cultivated, and comprises step 2) yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, the subtilis first order seed cultivated be inoculated into respectively in the fermentor tank that contains substratum and cultivate, and makes the secondary seed of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtilis;
4) mixing fermentation culture comprises step 3) yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, the subtilis secondary seed cultivated be inoculated in the fermentor tank that contains nutrient solution one by one, carry out high density fermentation cultivate after the absorption analysis for soybean powder, obtain complex micro organism fungicide of the present invention.
Wherein, step 1) in slant culture, the solid medium of described yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtilis is: extractum carnis 3g, and peptone 10g, NaCl 5g, agar 18g adds water to 1000ml.
Wherein, step 1) in slant culture, will cultivate 3 days under 30 ℃ of conditions of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Wherein, step 1) in slant culture, will cultivate 2 days under 37 ℃ of conditions of subtilis.
Wherein, step 2) during first order seed was cultivated, the substratum of described yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae was: Tryptones 10g, and yeast extract 5g, sodium-chlor 5g adds water to 1000ml.
Wherein, step 2) during first order seed was cultivated, the substratum of described subtilis was: extractum carnis 3g, and peptone 10g, NaCl 5g, agar 18g adds water to 1000ml.
Wherein, step 2) during first order seed was cultivated, under 30 ℃ of conditions of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, the 150r/min shaking table was cultivated 3 days.
Wherein, step 2) during first order seed was cultivated, under 37 ℃ of conditions of subtilis, static cultivation was 2 days.
Wherein, step 2) during first order seed was cultivated, when finishing to cultivate, yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, each bacteria suspension optical density(OD) (OD600) value of subtilis all reached 4.0, and surperficial growth situation is better.
Wherein, step 3) during secondary seed was cultivated, the inoculum size of first order seed was step 2) described liquid nutrient medium volume 10%.
Wherein, step 3) during secondary seed was cultivated, in fermentor tank, the substratum of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae was Tryptones 10g, yeast extract 5g, and sodium-chlor 5g adds water to 1000ml.
Wherein, step 3) during secondary seed was cultivated, in fermentor tank, the substratum of subtilis was extractum carnis 3g, peptone 10g, and NaCl 5g, agar 18g adds water to 1000ml.
Wherein, step 3) during secondary seed was cultivated, in fermentor tank, the cumulative volume of nutrient solution was 60L.
Wherein, step 3) during secondary seed was cultivated, under 30 ℃ of conditions of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, stirring velocity was 150r/min, and air flow is 1: 1, cultivates 3 days.
Wherein, step 3) during secondary seed is cultivated, cultivated 2 days under 37 ℃ of conditions of subtilis.
Wherein, step 4) in mixing fermentation culture, the inoculum size of secondary seed is step 3) described liquid nutrient medium volume 15%.
Wherein, step 4) in mixing fermentation culture, analysis for soybean powder joins in nutrient solution in fermentor tank as sorbent material, and the quality of each composition of nutrient solution and analysis for soybean powder is to calculate on their total mass basis.In yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, bacillus subtilis bacteria culture fluid, the mass percent of each composition and analysis for soybean powder is: analysis for soybean powder 20%, and brown sugar 1-3%, peptone 0.1-0.5% and wheat bran 30%, surplus is water.
The nutrient solution of this step yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtilis can also be Tryptones 10g, yeast extract 5g, and sodium-chlor 5g adds water to 1000ml; Similarly, adding the quality of analysis for soybean powder is 20g.
Wherein, step 4) in mixing fermentation culture, the nutrient solution cumulative volume in fermentor tank is 600-700L.
Wherein, step 4) in mixing fermentation culture, concrete high density fermentation is cultivated and is adopted the batch feeding training method, and wherein feed supplement carbon source is: glucose, glycerine, sucrose or brown sugar; Nitrogenous source is: ammonium sulfate or peptone.
Wherein, the quality of described supplementary carbon source is 5-10g, preferred 8g.
Wherein, the quality of described additional nitrogenous source is 1-2g, preferred 2g.
Wherein, step 4) the mixing fermentation culture process comprises: a, aerobic cultivation stage; B, slightly soluble oxygen and anaerobism cultivation stage.
Wherein, step 4) in mixing fermentation culture, the ratio of subtilis secondary seed is 70-80%, and the secondary seed ratio of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is 20-30%.
The preparation method of above-mentioned complex micro organism fungicide can also comprise concentrated and spray-dired processing, carries out after mixing fermentation culture.
Biological health bedding and padding of the present invention, composition comprises: husk, saw dust, complex micro organism fungicide, taraxacum, tarragon, Japanese Honeysuckle, peppermint, cogongrass rattan, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Root of Indigowoad and water.
Wherein, the biological health bedding and padding of every cubic metre comprise: husk 50-70kg (preferred 60kg), saw dust 90-120kg (preferred 100kg), complex micro organism fungicide 1kg, taraxacum 15g, tarragon 5g, Japanese Honeysuckle 10g, peppermint 3g, cogongrass rattan 5g, Radix Glycyrrhizae 10g, Root of Indigowoad 15g and water 5-10kg.
Wherein, described water can use tap water.
Wherein, the thickness of described biological health bedding and padding is 70-80cm.
A kind of preparation method of biological health bedding and padding, comprise: first the preparation method according to described complex micro organism fungicide obtains complex micro organism fungicide, add respectively again husk, saw dust, complex micro organism fungicide, taraxacum, tarragon, Japanese Honeysuckle, peppermint, cogongrass rattan, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Root of Indigowoad and water mixing manufacture form.
Wherein, in the preparation process of biological health bedding and padding, the saw dust that adds is the meal thing, and the herbal medicine that adds is the fine powder thing.The consumption of each component that adds is with the corresponding restriction in the described biological health bedding and padding of content of the present invention.The water that adds is that tap water gets final product.
The present invention adopts biological inoculum (yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae and subtilis), inoculates subtilis in take analysis for soybean powder as main fermentation liquid material during mixing fermentation culture, yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae ferments, and be deployed into pure bacterium liquid after will mixed fermentation liquid processing and store.And then add husk, and saw dust, complex micro organism fungicide, taraxacum, tarragon, Japanese Honeysuckle, peppermint, the cogongrass rattan, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Root of Indigowoad and water mix.
Its preparation technology's flow process is as follows:
Slant strains → shaker fermentation (first order seed cultivate and secondary seed cultivate) → → mixing fermentation culture → mixed fermentation liquid absorption analysis for soybean powder and process (concentrating and spraying drying) → allotment → can → sterilize → store → add husk, saw dust, taraxacum, tarragon, Japanese Honeysuckle, peppermint, cogongrass rattan, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Root of Indigowoad and water.Wherein, after the mixed fermentation liquid of absorption analysis for soybean powder is processed, the sequencing that adds material is not required.
Select subtilis, yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae bacterial classification as fermented bacterium, first select the bacterial classification of different sources, by separation and purification, and fermentation capacity is compared, then select subtilis, the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae bacterial classification that to make.
The present invention is after spraying drying, and the preservation condition of mixed fermentation liquid and the index of correlation are:
Temperature: 30 ℃-37 ℃; Time: 2 days-4 days; Effective hundred million/ml of total viable count: 80-100, wherein that subtilis is 70-80%, yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae be 20-30%; PH:6.0-7.0; Check: no wonder smell, the dull and stereotyped cultivation without any miscellaneous bacteria.
Key problem in technology point of the present invention is:
1, having added herbal medicine, is a kind of biological health bedding and padding;
2, be applicable to cultivate industry, mainly be applicable to the rural area and cultivate on a small scale;
3, life-time service can prevent the livestock and poultry transmissible disease;
4, can reduce antibiotic use, reduce medicine residual.
Therefore, biological health bedding and padding provided by the invention can adapt to the rural area and cultivate on a small scale, reduce livestock and poultry and occur, and for improving the diseases such as livestock and poultry antibody horizontal prevention and control digestive tube, respiratory tract, reduce residual the having very great help of livestock and poultry body antibiotic medicine; Can promote the Sustainable development of aquaculture.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is biological health mat material manufacturing technique schema.
Embodiment
Following examples are used for explanation the present invention, but are not used for limiting the scope of the invention.
The present invention's yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae used, subtilis original strain derive from: independent development, screening in cow dung, purification, rejuvenation.
Embodiment 1
1, the preparation of complex micro organism fungicide.
1) slant culture: will be inoculated in respectively on solid medium under yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, each 10g aseptic condition of subtilis original strain, will cultivate 3 days under 30 ℃ of conditions of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, cultivated 2 days under 37 ℃ of conditions of subtilis; The solid medium of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtilis is: extractum carnis 3g, and peptone 10g, NaCl 5g, agar 18g adds water to 1000ml;
2) be inoculated in respectively substratum under the bacterial classification aseptic condition of first order seed cultivation: with step 1) cultivating, under 30 ℃ of conditions of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, the 150r/min shaking table was cultivated 3 days, under 37 ℃ of conditions of subtilis, static cultivation is 2 days, make first order seed, when finishing to cultivate, yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, each bacteria suspension optical density(OD) of subtilis OD600 value all reach 4.0; The substratum of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is: Tryptones 10g, and yeast extract 5g, sodium-chlor 5g adds water to 1000ml; The substratum of subtilis is: extractum carnis 3g, and peptone 10g, NaCl 5g, agar 18g adds water to 1000ml.
3) secondary seed is cultivated: be 10% inoculum size by the volume ratio of liquid nutrient medium, first order seed is inoculated into respectively in the fermentor tank of 100L, in fermentor tank, the cumulative volume of substratum is 60L, under 30 ℃ of conditions of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, stirring velocity is 150r/min, and air flow is 1: 1, cultivates 3 days, cultivated 2 days under 37 ℃ of conditions of subtilis, make secondary seed; In fermentor tank, the substratum of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is Tryptones 10g, yeast extract 5g, and sodium-chlor 5g adds water to 1000ml; The substratum of subtilis is extractum carnis 3g, peptone 10g, and NaCl 5g, agar 18g adds water to 1000ml;
4) mixing fermentation culture: be 15% inoculum size by the volume ratio of liquid nutrient medium, secondary seed is inoculated into one by one in the fermentor tank of 1 ton (the secondary seed ratio of subtilis and yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is 7: 3), nutrient solution cumulative volume in fermentor tank is 700L, carry out high density fermentation and cultivate, obtain complex micro organism fungicide; The substratum that yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtilis are used and the analysis for soybean powder formula that adds are by mass percentage: analysis for soybean powder 20%, and brown sugar 2%, peptone 0.3% and wheat bran 30%, surplus is water.
Above-mentioned concrete high density fermentation is cultivated and is adopted the batch feeding training method, and wherein supplementary carbon source is in the nutrient solution of 700L: glucose 8g; Nitrogenous source is: ammonium sulfate 2g.The batch feeding training method refer in fermenting process with certain specifically placing restrictions on property bottoms stream be added in reactor, the operating method that the purpose resultant just extracts in the time of will be to results.
The mixing fermentation culture process comprises: a, aerobic cultivation stage: in initial 0-24 hour, the interval ventilation remains on the aerobic conditions fermentation, air flow 1: 1.2, regulation and control fermentation dissolved oxygen 10%, mixing speed 180r/min, 2 hours mixing chamber intervals, stirred 30 ℃ of temperature 2 minutes; B, slightly soluble oxygen and anaerobism cultivation stage: 60 hours, keep fermented liquid upper strata slightly soluble oxygen condition, static cultivation, stir at the interval, 4 hours mixing chamber intervals, stirred use sulfate sulfatase ammonium water modification stability pH 4.0,30 ℃ of temperature 4 minutes.
2, the preparation of biological health bedding and padding.
Complex micro organism fungicide with obtaining adds respectively husk, saw dust, herbal medicine (taraxacum, tarragon, Japanese Honeysuckle, peppermint, cogongrass rattan, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Root of Indigowoad) and water mixing manufacture to form.Its proportioning is: every cubic metre adds husk 60kg, saw dust 100kg, adds complex micro organism fungicide 1kg, taraxacum 15g, tarragon 5g, Japanese Honeysuckle 10g, peppermint 3g, cogongrass rattan 5g, Radix Glycyrrhizae 10g, Root of Indigowoad 15g and water 5kg in cubic meter biological health bedding and padding in addition.The biological health bedding and padding thickness that makes is 80cm.
Test is processed: the live pig that selects at random 20 20-25 kilograms in plant, cultivate respectively in 20 cubic metres of common biological pad column homes and health care biological pad column home, raise to delivering for sale, the indexs such as its morbidity number, feedstuff-meat ratio are carried out the implementation result test, concrete data are as follows:
The implementation result data sheet:
From the experiment effect data presentation, the pig sickness rate of raising than common biological pad with the biological health bedding and padding that added herbal medicine is low, and feedstuff-meat ratio is low.
Although above the present invention is described in detail with a general description of the specific embodiments, on basis of the present invention, can make some modifications or improvements it, this will be apparent to those skilled in the art.Therefore, these modifications or improvements, all belong to the scope of protection of present invention without departing from theon the basis of the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. a complex micro organism fungicide, is characterized in that, is that mixed fermentation liquid by subtilis and yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is adsorbed onto on analysis for soybean powder and makes; Effective total viable count of described mixed fermentation liquid is hundred million/ml of 80-100, and wherein the living bacteria count of subtilis is 70-80%, and the living bacteria count of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is 20-30%; Described mixed fermentation liquid with the volume mass ratio of analysis for soybean powder is: (30-40): (1-2).
2. the preparation method of complex micro organism fungicide claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that, comprise yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtilis are carried out respectively slant culture, first order seed is cultivated and secondary seed is cultivated, carry out again adsorbing analysis for soybean powder after mixing fermentation culture in fermentor tank, obtain described complex micro organism fungicide.
3. the preparation method of complex micro organism fungicide according to claim 2, it is characterized in that, in described mixing fermentation culture, in nutrient solution in fermentor tank, the mass percent of each composition and analysis for soybean powder is: analysis for soybean powder 20%, brown sugar 1-3%, peptone 0.1-0.5%, wheat bran 30%, surplus is water; Be perhaps: Tryptones 10g, yeast extract 5g, sodium-chlor 5g, analysis for soybean powder 20g adds water to 1000ml.
4. the preparation method of complex micro organism fungicide according to claim 2, is characterized in that, in described slant culture, the substratum of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae, subtilis is: extractum carnis 3g, and peptone 10g, NaCl 5g, agar 18g adds water to 1000ml.
5. the preparation method of complex micro organism fungicide according to claim 2, is characterized in that, during described first order seed was cultivated, the substratum of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae was: Tryptones 10g, and yeast extract 5g, sodium-chlor 5g adds water to 1000ml; The substratum of subtilis is: extractum carnis 3g, and peptone 10g, NaCl 5g, agar 18g adds water to 1000ml.
6. the preparation method of complex micro organism fungicide according to claim 2, is characterized in that, during described secondary seed was cultivated, the substratum of yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae was Tryptones 10g, yeast extract 5g, and sodium-chlor 5g adds water to 1000ml; The substratum of subtilis is extractum carnis 3g, peptone 10g, and NaCl 5g, agar 18g adds water to 1000ml.
7. biological health bedding and padding, is characterized in that, comprising: husk, saw dust, complex micro organism fungicide claimed in claim 1, taraxacum, tarragon, Japanese Honeysuckle, peppermint, cogongrass rattan, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Root of Indigowoad and water.
8. biological health bedding and padding according to claim 7, it is characterized in that, the biological health bedding and padding of every cubic metre comprise: husk 50-70kg, saw dust 90-120kg, complex micro organism fungicide 1kg, taraxacum 15g, tarragon 5g, Japanese Honeysuckle 10g, peppermint 3g, cogongrass rattan 5g, Radix Glycyrrhizae 10g, Root of Indigowoad 15g and water 5-10kg.
9. according to claim 7 or 8 described biological health bedding and padding, is characterized in that, the thickness of described biological health bedding and padding is 70-80cm.
10. the preparation method of the described biological health bedding and padding of claim 7-9 any one, it is characterized in that, comprising: first the preparation method according to the described complex micro organism fungicide of claim 2-6 any one obtains complex micro organism fungicide, then adds husk respectively, saw dust, complex micro organism fungicide, taraxacum, tarragon, Japanese Honeysuckle, peppermint, the cogongrass rattan, Radix Glycyrrhizae, Root of Indigowoad and water mixing manufacture form.
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| CN104488737A (en) * | 2015-01-26 | 2015-04-08 | 蒋法成 | Fermentation bed padding additive for sow |
| CN104521788A (en) * | 2015-01-26 | 2015-04-22 | 蒋法成 | Goat fermentation mattress feed additive |
| CN104542316A (en) * | 2015-01-26 | 2015-04-29 | 蒋法成 | Litter additive for fermentation beds for broiler chickens |
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| CN104585063A (en) * | 2015-01-26 | 2015-05-06 | 蒋法成 | Breeding boar fermentation bed padding additive |
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| CN103734023A (en) * | 2013-12-23 | 2014-04-23 | 叶树林 | Bed for expelling pigsty mosquitoes and flies |
| CN104620996A (en) * | 2014-04-17 | 2015-05-20 | 北京华牧伟业科技有限公司 | Probiotic fermentation bed for breeding livestock and poultry |
| CN104304042A (en) * | 2014-10-10 | 2015-01-28 | 安徽万利生态园林景观有限公司 | Preparing method of novel and long-service life pig house padding and padding bed of padding |
| CN104488737A (en) * | 2015-01-26 | 2015-04-08 | 蒋法成 | Fermentation bed padding additive for sow |
| CN104521788A (en) * | 2015-01-26 | 2015-04-22 | 蒋法成 | Goat fermentation mattress feed additive |
| CN104542316A (en) * | 2015-01-26 | 2015-04-29 | 蒋法成 | Litter additive for fermentation beds for broiler chickens |
| CN104585062A (en) * | 2015-01-26 | 2015-05-06 | 蒋法成 | Fattening pig fermentation bed padding additive |
| CN104585063A (en) * | 2015-01-26 | 2015-05-06 | 蒋法成 | Breeding boar fermentation bed padding additive |
| CN105075869A (en) * | 2015-08-03 | 2015-11-25 | 滁州市南谯区章广同翠综合养殖专业合作社 | Method for setting black pig cub resting area |
| CN105075869B (en) * | 2015-08-03 | 2018-03-27 | 汕尾市现代畜牧产业研究院 | A kind of method to set up of black pig cub rest area |
| CN105255767A (en) * | 2015-10-29 | 2016-01-20 | 广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所 | Composite microbial preparation and poultry fermentation bed padding material |
| CN105255767B (en) * | 2015-10-29 | 2019-01-11 | 广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所 | A kind of complex microorganism preparations and fowl fermenting bed padding |
| CN105993974A (en) * | 2016-05-25 | 2016-10-12 | 句容市天王镇戴庄有机农业专业合作社 | Fermentation bed pig-keeping litter and preparation method thereof |
| CN106165650A (en) * | 2016-07-11 | 2016-11-30 | 安徽万利生态园林景观有限公司 | A kind of can the pig fermenting bed padding of life-time service |
| CN106359128A (en) * | 2016-08-29 | 2017-02-01 | 烟台中宠食品股份有限公司 | Fresh scent type cat litter added with honeysuckle flowers and processing process thereof |
| CN106982742A (en) * | 2017-02-24 | 2017-07-28 | 河南牧业经济学院 | Milk cow production column bed filler, mattress and its application method |
| CN112841132A (en) * | 2021-01-27 | 2021-05-28 | 陈奇华 | Antibiotic-free live pig breeding method |
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Application publication date: 20130508 |