CN101460698B - 具有旋转天线结构的天线耦合元件测量工具 - Google Patents

具有旋转天线结构的天线耦合元件测量工具 Download PDF

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CN101460698B
CN101460698B CN2006800549436A CN200680054943A CN101460698B CN 101460698 B CN101460698 B CN 101460698B CN 2006800549436 A CN2006800549436 A CN 2006800549436A CN 200680054943 A CN200680054943 A CN 200680054943A CN 101460698 B CN101460698 B CN 101460698B
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M·比塔尔
胡国煜
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Abstract

本文披露了采用具有相对于井眼转动的至多两个发射机或接收机天线取向的天线结构的电磁阻抗测井***和方法。通过这种复杂度降低的天线结构作出的测量能确定耦合矩阵的至少七个分量,这些分量是使用表达测量的方位依存性的等式的线性***确定的。为了更为可靠,可对方位角间隔的区内的测量求平均。耦合矩阵分量则用作确定各岩层参数(包括垂直阻抗和各向异性)的测井记录的基础。

Description

具有旋转天线结构的天线耦合元件测量工具
背景
地球岩层的电磁测井的基本原理和技术是公知的。例如,用来确定与井眼相邻的地球岩层的阻抗(或其倒数,传导率)的感应测井已长时间作为搜索和恢复地下石油矿床的标准和重要的技术。简言之,发射机发出透过井眼周围岩层材料的电磁信号并在一个或多个接收机中感应出信号。接收机信号的振幅和/或相位受岩层阻抗的影响,以作出阻抗测量。测得的信号特征和/或从中计算出的岩层特性作为工具在井眼中的深度或位置的函数被记录,由此产生能由分析人员使用的岩层测井记录。
然而要注意,给定岩层的阻抗可以是各向同性的(在所有方向上相等)或各向异质性的(在不同方向上不等)。在电各向异质性岩层中,各向异质性一般归因于岩层沉积生长过程中极细的分层。因此,在定位成使x-y平面平行于岩层而z轴垂直于岩层的岩层坐标***中,分别沿x、y方向的阻抗RX和RY往往是一样的,但沿z方向的阻抗Rz是不同的。因此,沿平行于岩层平面(即x—y平面)的方向上的阻抗被称为水平阻抗RH,而垂直于岩层平面的方向(即z方向)上的阻抗被称为垂直阻抗Rv。各向异质性的指数η被定义为η=[RV/RH]1/2
作为测量岩层阻抗的另一应用,井眼一般不垂直于岩床。井孔轴和岩床方向之间的角度(如通过法向矢量表示的那样)具有两个分量。这两个分量是倾角和走向角。倾角是井眼轴线和岩床的法向矢量之间的角。走向角是井眼轴线“偏离”法向矢量的方向(这将在详细说明中更为严格地定义)。
电磁阻抗测井测量是岩层阻抗、岩层各向异质性和岩层倾斜和走向角的复函数,这些量可能都是未知的。未能将这些参数中的一个或多个考虑在内的测井工具将提供不理想的测量质量。相反,可用来测量这些参数中的每一个的工具将提供改进的阻抗测量。此外,能够提供倾角和走向角测量连同方位角取向信息的工具可用于地质导向(地质导向是钻井工程师调整钻井方向以增加井眼对烃支承岩层(“产油带”)的暴露程度的过程)。
附图简述
结合附图参阅下面给出的详细说明,能够对所披露实施例有更深入的理解,在附图中:
图1示出包括倾斜岩床的示例性边测井边钻井环境;
图2示出包括倾斜岩床的示例性电缆测井环境;
图3示出井眼和倾斜岩床的取向之间的关系;
图4示出具有正交三轴发射机和两正交接收机的工具的假想天线结构;
图5示出定义倾斜天线取向的角度;
图6是电磁阻抗工具的示例性电子模块的方框图;
图7示出具有倾斜的发射机和接收机天线的示例性电磁阻抗测井工具;
图8是示例性电磁阻抗测井方法的流程图;
图9示出具有平行的倾斜发射机和接收机天线的示例性电磁阻抗测井工具;
图10示出具有沿第一取向倾斜的发射机和沿第二取向倾斜的接收机天线的电磁阻抗测井工具;
图11示出具有平行和不平行的倾斜发射机和接收机天线的示例性电磁阻抗测井工具;
图12示出具有处于同一位置的倾斜接收机天线的示例性电磁阻抗测井工具;
图13示出将井孔圆周分成方位角区;以及
图14示出具有经补偿的测量的示例性电磁阻抗测井工具。
尽管本发明允许各种修改和选择形式,然而其特定实施例以例示方式示出于附图中并在本文中予以详细描述。然而应当理解,附图与附图的详细描述不旨在将本发明限制于所披露的具体形式,相反,本发明覆盖落在所附权利要求书的精神和范围内的所有修改、等效和替换。
详细说明
本文披露一种电磁阻抗测井***和方法,该***和方法采用方位角灵敏天线结构的转动来获得比单独使用静态天线结构更多的耦合矩阵的元素。这种旋转的利用允许通过仅具有两个天线取向的工具来获得完整的天线耦合矩阵。通过完整的天线耦合矩阵可测得各种阻抗测量参数,包括岩层阻抗、岩层各向异质性以及岩层倾角和走向角。另外,当耦合矩阵值与来自工具的取向信息结合时,可获取地质导向或边界检测信号。由于天线数目的减少,可以降低的成本和更高的可靠性实现这些优点。
所披露的工具结构和操作在其工作的较大型***的背景下得到最深刻的理解。因此,图1示出示例性边测井边钻井(LWD)环境。钻井平台2支承具有移动构件6的井架4,移动构件6用来抬高和降低钻柱8。当钻柱8下降经过旋转台12时,方钻杆10支承钻柱8。钻头14由向下打眼电动机和/或钻柱8的转动而驱动。当钻头14转动时,它形成穿过各种岩层18的井眼16。泵20使钻井液循环通过进料管22流至方钻杆10,通过钻柱8的内腔通过钻头14的孔向下打眼,经由钻柱8周围的环面回到表面,并进入储料坑24。钻井液将切削物从井眼传输至储料坑24并帮助维持井眼的完整性。
电磁阻抗测井工具26集成在钻头14附近的底孔组件。随着钻头使井眼穿透岩层延伸,测井工具26采集与各种岩层特性相关联的测量值以及工具取向、位置和各种其它的钻井条件(取向测量可使用方位角取向指示器来实现,该指示器可包括磁力计、倾角计和/或加速度计,尽管也可使用例如陀螺仪的其它传感器类型。在一些实施例中,工具包括三轴磁门磁力计和三轴加速度计)。测井工具26可采用钻铤形式,即提供重量和刚度以助于钻井工艺的厚壁管。可引入遥测接头(telemetry sub)28以将工具测量值传至表面接收机30并从表面接收机接收命令。
更佳地,旋转位置指示器70可包括三轴磁门磁力计和三轴加速度计。如业内所知,那两种传感器***的结合实现井孔的工具面、倾斜度和方位角取向角的测量。工具面和井孔倾角是从加速度计传感器输出计算得到的。磁力计传感器输出用来计算孔的方位角。通过工具面、孔倾斜度和孔的方位角信息,根据本发明的工具可用来操纵钻头至理想的地层。具体地说,可有效地使用响应差或响应比进入理想的产油带或停留在感兴趣的产油带中。
在钻井工艺过程的许多时间,可如图2所示地将钻柱8从井眼中拆除。一旦拆除钻柱,可使用电缆测井工具34——即由具有导体以将功率传至工具和从工具至表面的遥测的电缆42悬挂的灵敏元件探测器——执行测井操作。测井工具34的阻抗成像部分可具有当工具上拉钻孔时将工具定心在井眼中的居中臂36。测井设备44采集来自测井工具34的测量值,并包括用于处理和存储由测井工具采集的测量值的计算设备。
图1示出岩层18不垂直于井眼的情形,这可以是自然形成的或定向钻井操作造成的。井孔可具有根据井孔长轴(z轴)和孔的北侧(或高侧)(x轴)定义的坐标***50。当特征化为平面时,岩层18可具有根据平面法线(z”轴)和最陡下降的方向(x”轴)定义的坐标***51。如图3所示,这两个坐标***由两次转动形成关联。从井眼的坐标***(x,y,z)开始,绕z轴作出角度为γ的第一次转动。所得到的坐标***表示为(x’,y’,z’)。角度γ是相对走向角,该角表示岩层相对于井眼坐标***的倾斜方向。随后绕y’轴作出角度为α的第二次转动。这将井孔坐标***与岩层坐标***对齐。角α是相对倾角,它是地层相对于井眼长轴的倾角。
垂直阻抗一般发现是垂直于岩层平面测得的阻抗,而水平阻抗是在岩层平面内测得的阻抗。确定这些参数中的每一个(倾角、走向角、垂直阻抗和水平阻抗)是希望的。
图4示出多元件电磁阻抗测井工具的假想天线结构(电磁阻抗测井工具可表现为电缆工具和边测井边钻井工具)。提供各自沿相应轴线取向的三元组发射机线圈TX、TY和TZ。还提供至少一个相同取向的三元组接收机线圈R1X、R1Y和R1Z。为了接收关于发射信号的振幅和相位的信号测量值(有时称为“绝对”测量值),仅仅使用一个接收机三元组。当要求差分测量时(例如沿给定轴线取向的接收机线圈之间的信号振幅比和相位差),也提供第二个相同取向的三元组接收机线圈对R2X、R2Y和R2Z。差分测量可提供提高的空间分辨率。
Moran和Gianzero在地球物理学、卷44、第7部分、1266页的“Effects ofFormation Anisotropy on Resistivity Logging Measurement”(1979年)中提到接收机线圈中的磁场h可以发射机处的磁矩m和耦合矩阵C予以表示:
h=Cm                                             (1)
在表达形式中,等式(1)为:
H x H y H z = C xx C xy C xz C yx C yy C zz C zx C zy C zz M x M y M z , - - - ( 2 )
其中MX、MY和MZ是分别由发射机TX、TY和TZ形成的磁矩(与发射信号强度成比例)。HX、HY、HZ分别为接收机天线RX、RY和RZ处的磁场(与接收信号强度成比例)。
在图4的天线结构中,如果每个发射机依次发射,并响应每次发射在每个接收机处作出信号测量,则获得9个绝对测量值或差分测量值。这9个测量值能确定完整的耦合矩阵C(CIJ=aIJVI J,其中I是接收机RX、RY和RZ的索引,J是发射机TX、TY和TZ的索引,aIJ是由工具设计确定的常数,VI J是表示响应发射机J的发射由接收机I测得的信号振幅和相移的复值)。获知完整的耦合矩阵能够确定倾角、走向角、垂直阻抗和水平阻抗。可使用许多种技术来确定这些参数。例如,倾角、走向角可通过由LiGao和Stanley Gianzero在6727706号美国专利“Virtual SteeringofInduction Tool for Determination of Formation Dip Angle”中阐述的耦合矩阵值来确定。给定这些角,可根据由Michael Bittar在7019528号美国专利“ElectromagneticWave Resistivity Tool Having a Tilted Antenna for Geosteering within a DesiredPayzone”中提供的等式来确定垂直阻抗和水平阻抗。或者,这些参数的联立求解可在Bittar参考文献中找到。
图5示出用来规定线圈天线的取向的两个角度。可将线圈天线视为位于具有法向矢量的平面内。倾斜角θ是工具的纵轴和法向矢量之间的角度。方位角β是法向矢量在X-Y平面内的投影和工具划线之间的角度。或者,在向下打眼的背景下,方位角β可表示法向矢量在X-Y平面内的投影和井眼坐标***的x轴之间的角度。
要注意,在图4的天线结构中采用三个发射机天线取向和三个接收机天线取向。已发现当利用工具转动时,还可通过仅一个发射机天线和两个接收机天线的取向(或等同地通过一个接收机天线和两个发射机天线的取向)确定完整的耦合矩阵。此外,通过关于岩层结构的某些假设,一个发射机和接收机天线方向就足够了。
在考虑具有特定天线结构的各种工具前,先描述各种工具所共有的电子器件。图6示出阻抗工具的电子器件的功能性方框图。该电子器件包括耦合于模拟开关604的控制模块602。模拟开关604被配置成用来自信号源606的交流电(AC)信号驱动发射机线圈T1、T2、T3、T4中的任何一个。在某些实施例中,信号源提供射频信号。控制模块602较佳地选择一发射机线圈,停顿足够长的时间以过渡至信号消失,然后向数据存储器/发射模块610发信号以接受由每个接收机接收的信号的振幅和相位采样。控制模块602较佳地对每个发射机按顺序重复该过程。振幅和相移值由以此为目的耦合于每个接收机线圈R1和R2的振幅和相移检测器608提供。
控制模块602可处理振幅和相移测量值以获得经补偿的测量值和/或测量平均值。原始、未经补偿或求平均的测量值被发射至地表以处理,从而确定倾角、走向角、垂直阻抗和水平阻抗以及其它信息,例如(i)最接近的地层界面的距离、(ii)最接近的地层界面的方向以及(iii)任何附近相邻地层的阻抗。数据存储器/发射模块610可耦合于遥测单元28(图1)以将信号测量值发射至地表。遥测单元28可使用若干已知技术中的任何一种以将信息发射至地表,所述已知技术不构成限制地包括:(1)泥浆压力脉冲、(2)硬线连接、(3)声波和(4)电磁波。
图7示出仅具有两个接收机天线取向的电磁阻抗测井工具702。工具702设有一个或多个直径缩减的区域706。线圈704设置在区域706中并在一些实施例中离开子组件702的表面一恒定距离。为了机械地支承和保护线圈704,可将例如环氧树脂、橡胶或陶瓷的不导电填料(未示出)用于直径缩减的区域706。线圈704是发射机线圈,而线圈710和712是接收线圈。在工作中,发射机线圈704发射通过井眼和周围岩层传播的询问电磁信号。接收机线圈710、712检测询问电磁信号并提供电磁信号的振幅衰减和相移的测量。为了差分测量,可在轴向间隔的距离上提供与线圈710、712平行的附加接收机线圈。从振幅衰减和相移的绝对测量值或差分测量值,可确定耦合矩阵分量并将其作为确定岩层参数的基础和地质导向的基础。
发射机线圈704可与接收机线圈710、712相隔将近30英寸。发射机线圈和接收机线圈可包括少至一个线环,尽管更多的线圈提供额外的信号功率。线圈和工具表面之间的距离较佳在1/6英寸至3/4英寸的范围内,但也可以更大。发射机线圈704和接收机线圈712各自具有约45°的倾斜角并与同一方位角对齐,而接收机线圈710可具有离开接收机线圈712大约45°的倾斜角和180°的方位角(或等同地,在与接收机线圈712相同的方位角下具有—45°的倾斜角)。
响应倾斜发射机的发射由倾斜接收机测得的信号可依照由图4的工具测得的信号VI J予以表示。当发射机和接收机线圈取向于同一方位角β时,倾斜的接收机信号VR为:
V R = sin θ T cos β sin θ T sin β cos θ T T V x x V x y V x z V y x V y y V y z V z x V z y V z z sin θ R cos β sin θ R sin β cos θ R - - - ( 3 )
其中θT是发射机的倾斜角而θR是接收机的倾斜角。在全部写出的形式中,倾斜的接收机角度为:
V R = [ V x x sin θ T sin θ R cos 2 β + V y x sin θ T sin θ R sin β cos β + V z x cos θ T sin θ R cos β
+ V x y sin θ T sin θ R sin β cos β + V y y sin θ T sin θ R sin 2 β + V z y cos θ T sin θ R sin β
+ V x z sin θ T sin θ R cos β + V y z sin θ T cos θ R sin β + V z z cos θ T cos θ R - - - ( 4 )
要注意,Vy x和Vx y的方位角依存性是相同的(sinβcosβ),Vz x和Vx z的依存性是相同的(cosβ),而Vz x和Vyz的依存性是相同的(sinβ)。可以假设交叉耦合分量Vy x和Vx y相等,但这种假设对于其余的交叉分量来说是不理想的(至少在倾斜的各向异质性地层中是如此)。在那种情形下,无法独立地从例如发射机线圈704和接收机线圈712的一对旋转倾斜的发射机—接收机确定交叉耦合分量(然而注意仍然可以计算出对角元素)。第二发射机或接收机线圈(例如接收机线圈712)可用来提供独立的一组等式,这组等式使确定交叉耦合值变得可能。
下面提供由旋转工具702作出的测量的等式的线性***。在推导这些等式时,选择井眼坐标***以使x轴与周围岩层的倾斜方位对齐,使Vy x和Vx y为零(可通过确定接收信号的假想分量达到其最小幅度时的方位角来找到倾斜方位,或者假设这些分量是相等的并被保持在等式的线性***中)。由接收机R1(线圈712)和R2(线圈710)在各方位角β1N测得的信号为:
V R 1 ( β 1 ) = 1 2 [ V x x cos 2 β 1 + V z x cos β 1 + V y y sin 2 β 1 + V z y sin β 1 + V x z cos β 1 + V y z sin β 1 + V z z ] , - - - ( 5.1 )
V R 1 ( β 2 ) = 1 2 [ V x x cos 2 β 2 + V z x cos β 2 + V y y sin 2 β 2 + V z y sin β 2 + V x z cos β 2 + V y z sin + β 2 + V z z ] , - - - ( 5 . 2 )
Figure G2006800549436D00073
V R 1 ( β N ) = 1 2 [ V x x cos 2 β N + V z x cos β N + V y y sin 2 β N + V z y sin β N + V x z cos β N + V y z sin β N + V z z ] ,
(5.N)
V R 2 ( β 1 ) = 1 2 [ - V x x cos 2 β 1 - V z x cos β 1 - V y y sin 2 β 1 - V z y sin β 1 + · V x z cos β 1 + V x z cos β 1 + V z z ] , - - - ( 5 . N + 1 )
Figure G2006800549436D00076
V R 2 ( β N ) = 1 2 [ - V x x cos 2 β N - V z x cos β N - V y y sin 2 β N - V z y sin β N + · V x z cos β N + V x z cos β N + V z z ] .
(5.2N)
因此上面提供的线性***具有七个未知量和2N个等式。预计工具可对至少10个不同的方位角执行测量,并对图13所示的16或32个均分的方位区执行测量。可利用线性最小二乘方算法轻易地确定正交电压分量VI J
图8示出由接收来自工具的测量值的地面计算设备、由向下打眼控制器或两者配合地执行的示例性测井方法。在方框802选择最初的发射机(下面进一步阐述多发射机工具)。在方框804,所选择的发射机发射,并测量每个接收机响应的振幅和相位。工具的位置和取向被捕获并用来将接收机响应测量值关联于一个方位区(方位区具有角范围和轴向范围)。在方框806,当前测量值用来更新给定区的每个接收机的平均响应。
在方框808,作出测试以确定在当前井眼位置是否需要或即将出现附加测量值。例如,在具有多发射机的工具中,要求具有来自每个发射机的测量值。需要附加测量值的其它原因包括执行附加处理前在每个方位区内具有要求数目的测量值,或在执行附加处理前具有至少给定数目的方位角不同的测量值。如果在当前位置的附加测量值是可预计的,则可延迟附加处理直到已采集所有相关测量值为止。
一旦在井眼的给定位置获得足够数量的测量值,方法继续至选项框810。在方框810,计算经补偿的测量值。补偿最适用于如图14所示的差分接收机结构。工具1402包括位于等距离的发射机1408、1414之间的一对接收机1410、1412。响应第一发射机1408的发射,接收机1402和1412检测衰减和相移值A1、Φ1和A2、Φ2,藉此确定差分测量值(例如(Φ2—Φ1)或(log A1—log A2))。响应第二发射机1414的发射,接收机1410和1412检测衰减和相移值A4、Φ4和A3、Φ3,藉此确定差分测量值(例如(Φ4—Φ3))。在每个方位区,与对应发射机的差分测量值响应被一起求平均以获得经补偿的测量值,即消除电子器件中的固定偏移的测量值。
在方框812,基于经补偿的测量值或每个方位区的衰减和相移的平均差分或平均绝对测量值来计算正交天线耦合。计算等式的线性***的最小二乘解(例如上面等式5.1—5.2N中所提供)以找到这些耦合值。在方框814,基于正交天线耦合计算感兴趣的岩层参数。岩层参数的计算可利用联立反演,或者使用外部信息固定某些岩层参数,由此使其余参数的求解过程变得简单。
在选项框816,用来自方框814的新计算出的参数值更新一个或多个岩层参数(例如水平阻抗和各向异性)的实时测井记录。测井记录将计算出的值关联于井眼中的深度或轴向位置。作为选择,也可将信息关联于方位角取向以形成方位角阻抗的井眼图像。
在方框818,作出检查以确定井孔中附加位置的测井信息是否可得(或即将可得)。如果是,则进程再次从方框802开始,否则,进程终止。
图7、9-12和14示出可作为例如针对图4描述的多元件测井工具的合适选择的示例性电磁阻抗测井工具的各种天线结构。在图7中,工具包括一个倾斜的发射机天线704和与该发射机天线平行的至少一个倾斜的接收机天线712。仅使用一个倾斜的发射机和接收机天线取向允许确定对角耦合矩阵分量,并在假设交叉分量相等的情况下,也允许确定交叉耦合分量。然而,在较佳实施例中,设置第二倾斜的接收机天线710以在仅假设XY和YX分量相等的同时允许确定交叉耦合分量。因此具有一个发射机和两个接收机天线取向(或一个接收机和两个发射机天线取向)的工具在复杂性和完善性之间提供最好的折衷。
工具702可具有若干变例。在第一变例中,发射机和接收机的角色互换,以使发射机线圈710、712轮流发射并测量接收机线圈704的响应。作为附加的变例,交叉的天线线圈710和712沿相反方向与天线线圈704形成相等间距。天线线圈710和712可仍然扮演对来自发射机线圈704的信号作出应答的接收机的角色,或再次交换角色。
工具702旨在绝对测量(即相对于发射信号测量衰减和相移)。图9示出旨在用不同的发射机-接收机间距的补偿差分测量的示例性工具902。倾斜的接收机线圈910和912是平行的,并具有大约45°的倾斜角和大约8英寸的间距。第一对平行的发射机线圈908、914与接收机线圈中点相等地隔开约32英寸,并图示为平行于接收机天线取向。在另一实施例中,平行的发射机线圈908、914可具有任何倾斜角,包括零度倾斜角(同轴取向)。第二对发射机线圈904和916与接收机线圈中点相等地隔开大约48英寸,且平行于第一对发射机线圈。更大的发射机—接收机间距使电磁信号提供更大穿透深度的测量,以实现更精确的岩层阻抗测量。由于所有发射机线圈平行且接收机线圈平行,工具902仅给出一个发射机天线取向和一个接收机取向,这意味着只需通过交叉耦合相等的假设来确定完整的耦合矩阵。在一个变例中,工具902仅采用一个接收机以进行绝对测量而不是差分测量。
图10示出在作出补偿的差分测量的天线配置中还具有平行的发射机线圈和平行的接收机线圈的示例性工具1002。图示的平行的接收机线圈1010和1012在与发射机线圈相对的方位中具有大约45°的倾斜角。然而,由于只提供了一个发射机天线取向和一个接收机天线取向,因此工具1002可仅通过假设交叉耦合相等来确定完整的耦合矩阵。在一个无补偿变例中,工具1002省去发射机线圈914和916。
图11示出具有平行的发射机线圈但沿相反方位角方向具有倾斜大约45°的接收机线圈1110和1112的示例性工具1102。由于工具1102提供两种接收机取向,因此可确定完整的耦合矩阵。工具1102的结构允许执行经补偿的差分测量。在无补偿变例中,发射机线圈914和916被省去。
图12示出具有两个发射机天线取向和两个接收机天线取向的示例性工具1202。接收机天线1210和1212位于同一位置并沿相反方位角方向倾斜大约45°。第一对发射机线圈包括沿相反的轴向与接收机天线等间隔地相距约32英寸的发射机线圈1208和914,而第二对发射机线圈包括沿相反的轴向与接收机天线等间隔地相距约48英寸的线圈1204和916。每对发射机线圈具有沿相反方位角方向倾斜的发射机线圈。也可采用图12的结构以形成补偿的差分测量。在非差分的变例中,省去其中一个接收机天线。在第二变例中,可通过省去线圈1212而使发射机和接收机的角色互换。可对本文披露的每种示例性工具实现发射机和接收机线圈之间的角色互换。
图14示出具有一对平行的倾斜接收机天线1410和1412的示例性工具1402,其中一对平行的共轴发射机天线1402和1414与两接收机天线的中点等距地隔开。尽管所公开的这种和其它天线结构仅具有一个发射机取向和一个接收机取向,然而它们仍然对倾斜地层的各向异质性很敏感并能用来计算各向异性。
如前所述,耦合矩阵C的分量可作为地质导向的基础。通过适当地定向井眼坐标***,将z轴作为地层边界方向的指示,而CXZ和CZX分量用来确定边界的接近性。
一旦完全理解了前面披露的内容,许多变化和修正对本领域内技术人员而言是明显的。例如,前面披露的内容记载了在边测井边钻井工具背景下的多种天线结构,这些天线结构也可轻易地适用于电缆测井工具。此外,也可应用互易性原则以在互换每个天线的发射机和接收机角色的同时获得等效的测量。下面的权利要求书解释为涵盖所有变化和修正。

Claims (22)

1.一种电磁阻抗测井工具,包括:
旋转的位置传感器;
至少一个发射机天线;
处于第一接收机天线取向的第一接收机天线;以及
处于不同的第二接收机天线取向的第二接收机天线;以及
处理器,用来接收针对处于多个方位角中的每一个方位角的各接收机天线的相位和振幅测量值中的至少一个,以仅使用具有所述第一和第二接收机天线取向的接收机天线计算耦合矩阵的至少一个分量。
2.如权利要求1所述的工具,其特征在于,所述处理器仅使用具有所述第一和第二接收机天线取向的接收机天线来计算耦合矩阵的至少七个分量。
3.如权利要求2所述的工具,其特征在于,所述处理器还仅使用与所述至少一个发射机天线具有相同取向的发射机天线来确定耦合矩阵的七个分量。
4.如权利要求1所述的工具,其特征在于,所述处理器对关联于所述多个方位角中的每一个的区的测量值求平均并从平均测量值确定所述耦合矩阵分量。
5.如权利要求1所述的工具,其特征在于,所述处理器基于表达方位角上每个接收机的响应的依存性的等式的线性***来确定耦合矩阵分量。
6.如权利要求1所述的工具,其特征在于,所述耦合矩阵分量用来确定岩层参数的测井记录以存储或显示。
7.如权利要求6所述的工具,其特征在于,所述岩层参数在由各向异性和垂直阻抗构成的一个组中。
8.如权利要求6所述的工具,其特征在于,所述岩层参数是岩层倾角。
9.如权利要求1所述的工具,其特征在于,所述处理器至少部分地基于所述耦合矩阵的CXZ或CZX分量确定地质导向信号。
10.一种电磁阻抗测井工具,包括:
旋转的位置传感器;
至少一个接收机天线;
具有第一发射机天线取向的第一发射机天线;以及
具有不同的第二发射机天线取向的第二发射机天线;以及
处理器,用来接收响应于处于多个方位角中的每一个方位角的各发射机天线的相位和振幅测量值中的至少一个,以仅使用具有所述第一和第二发射机天线取向的发射机天线计算耦合矩阵的至少一个分量。
11.如权利要求10所述的工具,其特征在于,所述处理器仅使用具有所述第一和第二发射机天线取向的发射机天线来计算所述耦合矩阵的至少七个分量。
12.如权利要求11所述的工具,其特征在于,所述处理器仅使用与所述至少一个接收机天线具有相同取向的接收机天线来计算所述耦合矩阵的七个分量。
13.如权利要求10所述的工具,其特征在于,还包括第二接收机天线,其中所述相位和振幅测量值中的至少一个是所述接收机天线的响应之间的相位差和所述接收机天线的响应之间的振幅比的其中之一。
14.如权利要求10所述的工具,其特征在于,所述处理器对关联于所述多个方位角的每一个的区中的测量值求平均并从所述平均测量值确定所述耦合矩阵分量。
15.如权利要求10所述的工具,其特征在于,所述耦合矩阵分量用来确定岩层参数的测井记录以存储或显示。
16.如权利要求15所述的工具,其特征在于,所述岩层参数在由各向异性和垂直阻抗构成的一个组中。
17.如权利要求15所述的工具,其特征在于,所述岩层参数是岩层倾角。
18.如权利要求10所述的工具,其特征在于,所述处理器至少部分地基于所述耦合矩阵的CXZ或CZX分量确定地质导向信号。
19.一种测井方法,包括:
响应来自具有不超过一个发射机取向的一组发射机的信号,从具有不超过两个不同接收机取向的一组接收机接收作为方位角和工具位置的函数的一组振幅和相位测量值中的至少一个;
从所述一组测量值将耦合矩阵的至少七个分量确定为工具位置的函数;
从所述耦合矩阵分量中找到作为工具位置函数的垂直阻抗和各向异性的至少一个;以及
以测井记录的形式存储所述垂直阻抗或各向异性。
20.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,所述相位和振幅测量值中的至少一个是接收机天线响应之间的相位差和接收机天线响应之间的振幅比的其中之一。
21.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,还包括:对多个与不同方位角关联的区内的测量值求平均。
22.如权利要求19所述的方法,其特征在于,基于表达每个接收机在方位角上的响应的依存性的等式的线性***执行所述确定。
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US8274289B2 (en) 2012-09-25
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