CN101223878A - Ivermectin compound plant source pesticide and preparing method thereof - Google Patents
Ivermectin compound plant source pesticide and preparing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN101223878A CN101223878A CNA2008100570442A CN200810057044A CN101223878A CN 101223878 A CN101223878 A CN 101223878A CN A2008100570442 A CNA2008100570442 A CN A2008100570442A CN 200810057044 A CN200810057044 A CN 200810057044A CN 101223878 A CN101223878 A CN 101223878A
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ivermectin composite botanical pesticide which mainly comprises 0.05 to 5 percent of ivermectin, 0.05 to 20 percent of azadirachtin, 0.01 to 5 percent of matrine, 0.01 to 5 percent of arecoline and auxiliary agents. The invention is mainly applied to the prevention of parasites on the body surface of aquatic animals and has the advantages of high pesticide effect, broad pesticide spectrum, low irritation on aquatic animals, low cost, environmentally friendliness, etc.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to a kind of aquatic livestock insecticide, relate in particular to a kind of ivermectin compound plant source pesticide and preparation method thereof.
Background technology
Along with developing rapidly of China's aquaculture, China's aquatic products total amount ranks first in the world for many years, but aquatic animal disease is also increasing the weight of year by year and suddenling change, and cultures the healthy very big hidden danger of bringing to aquatic products.Annual because the parasite of aquatic livestock: the generation of diseases such as Trichodina, little melonworm, Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Chinese flea, lernaean, cause very big economic loss all for the aquatic products aquaculture.In the control of aquatic livestock parasitic disease, poor stability, contaminated environment and harm humans are healthy to be eliminated medicines such as dichlorvos, orthene, malachite green, mercurous nitrate owing to existing.The general at present chemical agent control aquatic livestock parasitic disease that adopts, as copper sulphate, ferrous sulfate, potassium permanganate, praziquantel, bitin, formalin, chlorophos, methylene blue, materials such as mebendasol, these material toxicity and excitant are all very big, influence ingesting of aquatic livestock, growth, and long-term the use causes parasite that the drug resistance of these materials is strengthened, the vicious circle that causes dosage to use more and more, these materials are difficult for degraded in environment simultaneously, the severe contamination breeding environment, and some material also can cause biological concentration, directly jeopardize human food security and healthy, have influence on the outlet of China's aquatic products and the sound development of aquatic products industry.
Because there is above-mentioned shortcoming in the traditional chemical medicament, therefore the good Biological Pesticide of aquatic animal safety has been obtained application more and more widely.Wherein ivermectin is owing to using widely and the reason of preparation has made aquatic livestock generation drug resistance, and insecticidal properties is not equal to before; Plant-derived insecticide; has safe in utilization, drug residue free as nimbin, matrine, arecaline; it is the environment-friendly pesticide medicine of generally acknowledging; but these medicines are degraded in environment for use soon; unstable properties, use cost is higher and be difficult to large-scale promotion, mostly is the benzene class as the solvent of nimbin and cosolvent etc.; big for environment pollution, offset the effect of nimbin environmental and ecological protection.Therefore composition single, simple parasite insecticide can not solve parasitic disease and drug resistance problem in the aquaculture.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome the shortcoming of existing fish medicine, a kind of ivermectin compound plant source pesticide is provided, this insecticide is compound insecticide, and is wide to the verminal insecticidal spectrum of aquatic animal, drug effect is high, consumption is few and safe and harmless to environment and vertebrate.
Another purpose of the present invention provides the preparation method of ivermectin compound plant source pesticide.
Still a further object of the present invention provides the application of ivermectin compound plant source pesticide on control aquatic livestock vermin.
Purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
A kind of ivermectin compound plant source pesticide, its constituent and percentage by weight thereof are: ivermectin 0.05~5%, nimbin 0.05~20%, matrine 0.01~5%, arecaline 0.01~5%, auxiliary agent are surplus.
Above-mentioned ivermectin compound plant source pesticide, its formulation can be microemulsions.
Auxiliary agent described in the above-mentioned insecticide is meant solvent, emulsifier, stabilizing agent, bleeding agent, antifreezing agent and distilled water etc.
The microemulsion of above-mentioned ivermectin compound plant source pesticide, its composition and percentage by weight thereof are: ivermectin 0.05~5%, nimbin 0.05~20%, matrine 0.01~5%, arecaline 0.01~5%, solvent 1~50%, emulsifier 5~30%, stabilizing agent 0.5~15%, bleeding agent 0.5~10%, antifreezing agent 0.5~10%, distilled water are surplus.
Solvent described in the above-mentioned insecticide is meant one or more in ethanol, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, espeleton, ether, the methyl acetate equal solvent.
Emulsifier described in the above-mentioned insecticide is meant one or more in the emulsifier such as Tween 80, sorbester p17, OP-10, EL-10,1702,600# or 700#.
Stabilizing agent described in the above-mentioned insecticide is meant BHT, tertiary sodium phosphate, trimethyl phosphate, 3-chloro-1,2-expoxy propane, epoxidised soybean oil, go back linoxyn or sorbierite in the stabilizing agent one or more such as receives.
Bleeding agent described in the above-mentioned insecticide is meant one or more in the bleeding agents such as azone, methyl-sulfoxide, succinic acid two secondary octyl sodium sulphates, fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether or tridecanol polyoxyethylene ether.
Antifreezing agent described in the above-mentioned insecticide is meant one or more in the antifreezing agents such as glycerine, propane diols, glycerine, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol or sorbierite.
Distilled water described in the above-mentioned insecticide is meant one-level distilled water or secondary distillation water.
The preparation method of above-mentioned ivermectin compound plant source pesticide microemulsion comprises the steps:
(1) proportionally ivermectin, nimbin, matrine, arecaline are joined in the solvent respectively and dissolve, original liquid;
(2) emulsifier, bleeding agent, stabilizing agent are mixed, add distilled water, get mixed liquor;
(3) with mixed liquor heating 50~60 degree, and stir, the original liquid that step (1) is prepared joins in the mixed liquor under stirring again, when phase inversion becomes the translucent or transparency liquid of homogeneous phase, again antifreezing agent is added in the homogeneous phase and to mix and stir, promptly get insecticide of the present invention.
Ivermectin described in the above-mentioned insecticide can be former medicine, can buy from the market, as buying the former medicine of Ivermectin HCL that Shandong Qifa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. produces.
Nimbin described in the above-mentioned insecticide can be former medicine or neem oil, all can buy from the market, as buying nimbin raw medicine or the neem oil that Luxi City bright seal chinaberry development company produces.
Matrine described in the above-mentioned insecticide can be former medicine or shrubby sophora extract, all can buy from the market, as buying former medicine of matrine or the shrubby sophora extract that the bright development corporation, Ltd. in Baoji side produces.
Arecaline described in the above-mentioned insecticide can be former medicine or betelnut extract, all can buy from the market, as buying former medicine of arecaline or the betelnut extract that Shifang City plant material Co., Ltd of huge nation produces.
The using method of ivermectin compound plant source pesticide of the present invention gets final product the water surface of splashing behind the insecticide dilute with water of the present invention exactly.
The application of ivermectin compound plant source pesticide of the present invention on parasitic diseases such as the infusorian on the control aquatic animal body surface or the gill, Trichodina, Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Chinese flea, lernaean.
The present invention has the following advantages: (1) drug effect height, to compare with single ivermectin or plant insecticide, and insecticidal activity of the present invention obviously strengthens and is stable; (2) insecticidal spectrum is wide, and insecticide of the present invention all has preventive and therapeutic effect to aquatic animal epizoon such as oblique tube insect, Trichodina, Dactylogyrus, lernaean, Chinese flea etc.; (3) insecticide gentleness of the present invention is uniformly dispersed, and is little to the aquatic livestock excitant; (4) cost is low, because the drug effect height, consumption is little, and general per hectare expense is 45~75 yuan of RMB, and is 120~180 yuan of per hectares with the expense of former insecticide, so use cost reduces greatly; (5) environmentally friendly, owing to do not contain the benzene class in the solvent, so environmental pollution is little, belongs to environmental protection and public nuisance free fish medicine.
Embodiment
For a more clear understanding of the present invention and the utilization of preparation of the present invention, below the present invention is described in further detail by specific embodiment, but the invention is not restricted to these embodiment.
Embodiment 1
The preparation of ivermectin and plant insecticide microemulsion comprises the steps:
(1) proportionally (Shandong Qifa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. produces with ivermectin, down with) 0.1%, neem oil (Luxi City bright seal chinaberry development company produces) 1%, matrine (the bright development corporation, Ltd. in Baoji side produces) 0.1%, betelnut extract (productions of Shifang City plant material Co., Ltd of huge nation) 3% join respectively in 15% the ethanol and dissolve, and gets original liquid;
(2) emulsifier that 10% Tween 80 and sorbester p17 (both ratios are 5: 1) are formed, 6% azone and 2% 3-chloro-1,2-expoxy propane mix, and add 60.8% distilled water, mixed liquor;
(3) with 50~60 ℃ of mixed liquor heating, and stirring makes into uniform liquid, the original liquid that step (1) is prepared joins in the mixed liquor under stirring again, when phase inversion becomes the translucent or transparency liquid of homogeneous phase, at last 2% propane diols and sorbierite (both ratios 1: 1) are added to mix in the homogeneous phase and stir again, promptly get insecticide of the present invention.
Embodiment 2
Raw material sources and preparation method are with embodiment 1, and its constituent and proportioning thereof are: ivermectin 0.25%, neem oil 0.5%, matrine 0.15%, betelnut extract 5%, methyl alcohol 15%, 700#10%, azone 6%, epoxidised soybean oil 1%, glycerine 1%, surplus is 61.1% distilled water.
Embodiment 3
Raw material sources and preparation method are with embodiment 1, its constituent and proportioning thereof are: ivermectin 0.5%, neem oil 0.25%, matrine 0.1%, the extract 5% of betel nut, ethanol 15%, OP-10 10%, goes back linoxyn 2%, azone 6%, ethylene glycol 2%, surplus are that 59.15% distilled water is.
Embodiment 4
Raw material sources and preparation method are with embodiment 1, and its constituent and proportioning thereof are: ivermectin 1%, neem oil 0.25%, matrine 0.1%, the extract 5% of betel nut, ethanol 20%, EL-10 10%, trimethyl phosphate 2%, azone 6%, glycerine 2%, surplus is 53.65% distilled water.
Embodiment 5
Raw material sources and preparation method are with embodiment 1, and its constituent and proportioning thereof are: ivermectin 2%, nimbin 0.25%, matrine 0.05%, the extract 3% of betel nut, methyl alcohol 20%, 1,702 15%, BHT 2%, azone 6%, polyethylene glycol 2%, surplus is 49.7% distilled water.
Experimental example 1
The micro emulsion insecticide of ivermectin and plant insecticide is to the test of killing of Dactylogyrus
1 content of the test
The test aquatic animal: grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), get fishing ground, the Xu Xin village, white Beijing, body weight 62 ± 12g.After gathering the grass carp that infects genus Pseudodactylogrus from Anguilla anguilla in the open air, the indoor artificial culture of carrying out is chosen the individuality that can normally swim during test, checks fish body gill portion, after affirmation has the genus Pseudodactylogrus from Anguilla anguilla parasitism, just can test.From temporarily foster tank, grasp the test fish during test at random and put into 72cm * 48cm * 45cm aquarium, every chamber 30 tails.
The raising condition: the test fish is tested then in 72cm * 48cm * 45cm aquarium and carries out supporting a week temporarily in tank.Test water is the above running water of aeration 3d, and water temperature is 20 ± 0.5 ℃, and the pH of water is 6.8, and dissolved oxygen is 6~7mg/L.Duration of test continues inflation, guarantees the dissolved oxygen abundance.
Experimental scheme: 5 experimental group (from embodiment 1~5) and 1 control group (negative control group, promptly blank group does not add any medicine) are set, put the positive fish of 30 tails in a suitable place to breed for every group.Splash medicine once according to the test dosage every 5d, splash altogether 3 times.4d after the medicine of at every turn splashing finishes picks up fish, checks the parasitic situation of fish body gill portion genus Pseudodactylogrus from Anguilla anguilla.7d after the last medication will all get for the examination fish, cut the gill filament, scrutiny polypide under anatomical lens, and add up its quantity.Judge the effect of medication according to parasitic quantity.
Morbidity mode: natural infection.
Dosage: 5 experimental group concentration are 0.10mL/m
3
Method of administration: dipping bath administration.
Observation index: the 4d after the medicine of at every turn splashing finishes picks up fish, checks the parasitic situation of fish body gill portion genus Pseudodactylogrus from Anguilla anguilla.7d after the last medication will all get for the examination fish, cut the gill filament, scrutiny polypide under anatomical lens, and add up its quantity.
2 result of the tests and analysis
Result's (seeing Table 1) compares with control group, and ivermectin of the present invention and vegetable source pesticide agent concentration are at 0.10mL/m
3The time killing effect of grass carp genus Pseudodactylogrus from Anguilla anguilla demonstrated good killing effect, wherein embodiment 1 handle and embodiment 2 to handle the killing effect that is showed the most remarkable, inspection is less than the existence of Dactylogyrus on the later stage grass carp gill.Test shows: illustrate that the present invention has good killing action to Dactylogyrus.
Table 1 insecticide of the present invention is to the experiment effect of killing of the genus Pseudodactylogrus from Anguilla anguilla on the grass carp gill
Experimental group | Test fish number (tail) | Elapsed time after the medication (d) and polypide sneak case (polypide quantity) | |||
4 | 9 | 14 | 16 | ||
Embodiment 1 | 30 | +(3.7) | +(1.2) | - | - |
Embodiment 2 | 30 | +(1.5) | - | - | - |
Embodiment 3 | 30 | +(4.9) | +(2.9) | - | +(1.8) |
Embodiment 4 | 30 | +(5.2)+ | +(3.1) | - | +(1.2) |
Embodiment 5 | 30 | +(4.1) | +(2.6) | - | +(1.5) |
Control group | 30 | +++ | +++ | +++ | +++(27.6) |
Annotate: +++expression polypide a lot (each sheet gill 20 more than the polypide); ++ expression polypide many (10~20 polypides of each sheet gill); + expression has (each polypide of the sheet gill below 10); The sum of parasitic genus Pseudodactylogrus from Anguilla anguilla on the every tail grass carp of numeral in the bracket gill first time.
Experimental example 2
Ivermectin and plant insecticide are to the killing effect test of anchor head Sao
1 test material
1.1 test aquatic livestock
Vermin kind: polymorphic anchor head Sao (Lernaea polymorpha).
Source: some from the anchor head Sao adult that parasitism has the silver carp of polymorphic anchor head Sao to collect on one's body to have egg capsule, win its egg capsule and be placed in the glass jar that fills the 500.0mL culturing pool with tweezers, under 22~24 ℃ condition, hatch, after treating that larva hatches out, regularly collect larva, be for experiment.
100 of every group of polymorphic anchor head Sao.
The beaker of raising condition: 1000mL, test water are the above running water of aeration 7d, and pH is 6.8,20 ± 0.5 ℃ of water temperatures, and dissolved oxygen concentration is 6~7mg/L.
1.2 the experimental scheme formal test is provided with 5 experimental group (being 1~5 prepared micro emulsion insecticide of the foregoing description) and 1 control group (negative control group, promptly blank group does not add any medicine), each concentration is provided with parallel group.Change water every 24h and change dressings once, clear at any time dead individual, add up the once sum of dead polypide every 12h.
1.3 morbidity mode natural infection.
Dosage: 0.10mL/m
3
Method of administration: dipping bath administration.
Observation index: every the lethality of 12h statistics anchor head Sao once.
1.4 result of the test and analysis
The concentration of result's (seeing Table 2) ivermectin of the present invention and plant insecticide is 0.10mL/m
3The time, the lethality of anchor head Sao all about 30%, increases subsequently gradually in the 12h, and the lethality in the 48h reaches more than 90%, and the anchor head Sao of control group has only 7% in the lethality of 48h, illustrates that insecticide of the present invention is remarkable to the killing action of lernaean.
Table 2 ivermectin and plant insecticide are to the result of the test of killing of anchor head Sao
Experimental group | Test polypide number (tail) | Different time after the medication (d) and parasitic lethality (%) | |||
12h | 24h | 36h | 48h | ||
Embodiment 1 | 100 | 28 | 73 | 89 | 96 |
Embodiment 2 | 100 | 31 | 76 | 86 | 92 |
Embodiment 3 | 100 | 29 | 78 | 88 | 94 |
Embodiment 4 | 100 | 34 | 75 | 84 | 94 |
Embodiment 5 | 100 | 30 | 80 | 87 | 95 |
Control group | 100 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
Experimental example 3
The safety testing of ivermectin and plant insecticide
1 content of the test
1.1 experimental animal
Kind grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), crucian carp (Carassius aauratus), carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerling are taken from fishing ground, the Xu Xin village, Beijing, and the average body length of 3 kinds of tested fish is 3~4.5cm.Choose healthy anosis individuality during test.From temporarily foster tank, grasp the test fish during test at random and put into 72cm * 48cm * 45cm aquarium, every chamber 30 tails.
The raising condition: the test fish is tested then in 72cm * 48cm * 45cm aquarium and carries out supporting a week temporarily in tank.Test water is the above running water of aeration 3d, and water temperature is 25 ± 1 ℃, and the pH of water is 6.8, and dissolved oxygen is more than the 6mg/L.Duration of test continues inflation, guarantees the dissolved oxygen abundance.
1.2 experimental scheme selects several concentration to carry out preliminary experiment earlier, then according to the preliminary experiment result, by waiting logarithm method that concentration group and blank group are set.Experimental liquid adopts distilled water preparation mother liquor earlier, and then is mixed with the soup of desired concn on request, and is now with the current.By waiting logarithm concentration that 5 concentration groups and a blank group are set respectively, be provided with 3 parallel group simultaneously.The duration of test liquid of not changing dressings.After on-test, observe continuously in preceding 8 hours, later not timing is observed, and writes down the dead of experiment fish and survival number respectively in 24h, 48h, 96h.Half lethal concentration (LC
50) adopt method of linear interpolation to try to achieve, calculate its safe concentration according to following formula:
Safe concentration=48h LC
50* 0.3/ (24h LC
50/ 48h LC
50)
2
1.3 medicine and source
Ivermectin and plant insecticide are by the micro emulsion insecticide of the present invention's preparation.
1.4 test method
Method of administration: dipping bath administration (under laboratory condition).
Dosage is provided with: by waiting logarithm concentration that 5 concentration groups are set respectively, be provided with 3 parallel group simultaneously.Do not add soup in the blank group.
Ivermectin and the plant insecticide soup of tested fish being put into variable concentrations soak, and poisoning symptom and the lethality of above-mentioned test fish in record 24h, 48h, the 96h adopt method of linear interpolation to try to achieve half lethal concentration (LC
50).According to formula computationally secure concentration.
2 result of the tests
Death takes place in result's (seeing Table 3) carp after soup soaks 96h, body surface is not seen obvious variation, and movable normal, lethality is 0 behind the 96h.
Table 3 ivermectin and plant insecticide are to the The acute toxicity tests of angle, carp angle kind
Concentration (mL/m 3) | Test fish number | 24h | 48h | 96h | |||
Death toll | Lethality % | Death toll | Lethality % | Death toll | Lethality % | ||
1 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
100 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1000 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Blank | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Death takes place in result's (seeing Table 4) crucian after soup soaks 96h, body surface is not seen obvious variation, and movable normal, lethality is 0 behind the 96h.
Table 4 ivermectin and plant insecticide are to the The acute toxicity tests of crucian kind
Concentration (mL/m 3) | Test fish number | 24h | 48h | 96h | |||
Death toll | Lethality % | Death toll | Lethality % | Death toll | Lethality % | ||
1 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
100 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1000 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Blank | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Death takes place in result's (seeing Table 5) grass carp after soup soaks 96h, body surface is not seen obvious variation, and movable normal, lethality is 0 behind the 96h.
Table 5 ivermectin and smart thing insecticide are to the The acute toxicity tests of grass carp kind
Concentration (mL/m 3) | Test fish number | 24h | 48h | 96h | |||
Death toll | Lethality % | Death toll | Lethality % | Death toll | Lethality % |
1 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
100 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1000 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Blank | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
By above result as can be seen, ivermectin of the present invention and plant insecticide all are greater than 1000mL/m to the safe concentration of grass carp, carp, crucian kind
3, all be far longer than the recommendation working concentration 0.1mL/m of this product
3Therefore, it should be safe using this product by recommended density.Ivermectin of the present invention and plant insecticide are described as a kind of new and effective insecticide, it has very high safety.
Claims (10)
1. ivermectin compound plant source pesticide, its constituent and percentage by weight thereof are: ivermectin 0.05~5%, nimbin 0.05~20%, matrine 0.01~5%, arecaline 0.01~5%, auxiliary agent are surplus.
2. according to the described insecticide of claim 1, it is characterized in that described auxiliary agent is meant solvent, emulsifier, stabilizing agent, bleeding agent, antifreezing agent and distilled water etc.
3. according to claim 1 or 2 described insecticides, it is characterized in that its composition and percentage by weight thereof are: ivermectin 0.05~5%, nimbin 0.05~20%, matrine 0.01~5%, arecaline 0.01~5%, solvent 1~50%, emulsifier 5~30%, stabilizing agent 0.5~15%, bleeding agent 0.5~10%, antifreezing agent 0.5~10%, distilled water are surplus.
4. according to the described insecticide of claim 3, it is characterized in that described solvent is meant one or more in ethanol, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, espeleton, ether, the methyl acetate equal solvent.
5. according to the described insecticide of claim 4, it is characterized in that described emulsifier is meant one or more in the emulsifier such as Tween 80, sorbester p17, OP-10, EL-10,1702,600# or 700#.
6. according to the described insecticide of claim 5, it is characterized in that described stabilizing agent is meant BHT, tertiary sodium phosphate, trimethyl phosphate, 3-chloro-1,2-expoxy propane, epoxidised soybean oil, goes back linoxyn or sorbierite and in the stabilizing agent one or more such as receive.
7. according to the described insecticide of claim 6, it is characterized in that described bleeding agent is meant one or more in the bleeding agents such as azone, methyl-sulfoxide, succinic acid two secondary octyl sodium sulphates, fatty alcohol-polyoxyethylene ether or tridecanol polyoxyethylene ether.
8. according to the described insecticide of claim 7, it is characterized in that described antifreezing agent is meant one or more in the antifreezing agents such as glycerine, propane diols, glycerine, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol or sorbierite.
9. the described method for producing insecticide of claim 3 comprises the steps:
(1) proportionally ivermectin, nimbin, matrine, arecaline are joined in the solvent and dissolve, original liquid;
(2) emulsifier, bleeding agent, stabilizing agent are mixed, add distilled water, get mixed liquor;
(3) with 50~60 ℃ of mixed liquor heating, and stir, the original liquid that step (1) is prepared joins in the mixed liquor under stirring again, when phase inversion becomes the translucent or transparency liquid of homogeneous phase, again antifreezing agent is added in the homogeneous phase and to mix and stir, promptly get insecticide of the present invention.
10. the application of the arbitrary described insecticide of claim 1 to 8 on control aquatic livestock vermin.
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WO2013181103A2 (en) * | 2012-05-27 | 2013-12-05 | Wang, Su | Agricultural system |
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