WO2018233382A1 - 一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺 - Google Patents

一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2018233382A1
WO2018233382A1 PCT/CN2018/085435 CN2018085435W WO2018233382A1 WO 2018233382 A1 WO2018233382 A1 WO 2018233382A1 CN 2018085435 W CN2018085435 W CN 2018085435W WO 2018233382 A1 WO2018233382 A1 WO 2018233382A1
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Prior art keywords
circuit board
sorting
dry
range
particle size
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PCT/CN2018/085435
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
贺靖峰
赵跃民
何亚群
段晨龙
王海锋
姚亚科
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中国矿业大学
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Publication of WO2018233382A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018233382A1/zh

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
    • B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C21/00—Disintegrating plant with or without drying of the material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B02—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING; PREPARATORY TREATMENT OF GRAIN FOR MILLING
    • B02C—CRUSHING, PULVERISING, OR DISINTEGRATING IN GENERAL; MILLING GRAIN
    • B02C23/00—Auxiliary methods or auxiliary devices or accessories specially adapted for crushing or disintegrating not provided for in preceding groups or not specially adapted to apparatus covered by a single preceding group
    • B02C23/08—Separating or sorting of material, associated with crushing or disintegrating
    • B02C23/14—Separating or sorting of material, associated with crushing or disintegrating with more than one separator
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C7/00—Separating solids from solids by electrostatic effect
    • B03C7/02—Separators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
    • B07B—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS BY SIEVING, SCREENING, SIFTING OR BY USING GAS CURRENTS; SEPARATING BY OTHER DRY METHODS APPLICABLE TO BULK MATERIAL, e.g. LOOSE ARTICLES FIT TO BE HANDLED LIKE BULK MATERIAL
    • B07B1/00—Sieving, screening, sifting, or sorting solid materials using networks, gratings, grids, or the like
    • B07B1/28—Moving screens not otherwise provided for, e.g. swinging, reciprocating, rocking, tilting or wobbling screens
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
    • B07B—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS BY SIEVING, SCREENING, SIFTING OR BY USING GAS CURRENTS; SEPARATING BY OTHER DRY METHODS APPLICABLE TO BULK MATERIAL, e.g. LOOSE ARTICLES FIT TO BE HANDLED LIKE BULK MATERIAL
    • B07B7/00—Selective separation of solid materials carried by, or dispersed in, gas currents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
    • B07B—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS BY SIEVING, SCREENING, SIFTING OR BY USING GAS CURRENTS; SEPARATING BY OTHER DRY METHODS APPLICABLE TO BULK MATERIAL, e.g. LOOSE ARTICLES FIT TO BE HANDLED LIKE BULK MATERIAL
    • B07B7/00—Selective separation of solid materials carried by, or dispersed in, gas currents
    • B07B7/12—Selective separation of solid materials carried by, or dispersed in, gas currents with pulsating air currents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
    • B07B—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS BY SIEVING, SCREENING, SIFTING OR BY USING GAS CURRENTS; SEPARATING BY OTHER DRY METHODS APPLICABLE TO BULK MATERIAL, e.g. LOOSE ARTICLES FIT TO BE HANDLED LIKE BULK MATERIAL
    • B07B9/00—Combinations of apparatus for screening or sifting or for separating solids from solids using gas currents; General arrangement of plant, e.g. flow sheets
    • B07B9/02—Combinations of similar or different apparatus for separating solids from solids using gas currents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/82—Recycling of waste of electrical or electronic equipment [WEEE]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of electronic waste resource recycling, in particular to a dry sorting and recycling process for valuable components in a waste circuit board.
  • PCBs electronic circuit boards
  • the Chinese Patent Publication No. CN 102228890A discloses a multi-stage air separation-high-voltage electrostatic sorting method, which uses a multi-stage wind sorting method to sort waste circuit board particles with a particle size ranging from 1.20 to 0.02 mm.
  • the mixed metal and non-metal mixture obtained from the two stages are subjected to high-pressure electrostatic air separation, and the non-metal material obtained by the first or second-stage air separation is used as a non-metal rich collective product; the method uses a wind sorting to reduce the high-voltage electrostatic sorting machine.
  • the content of non-metal in the feed increases the sorting efficiency, but the range of feed size is wider, and the corresponding sorting operation parameters are not easy to adjust, so that the sorting effect is not ideal for sorting narrow-grain materials by a single physical sorting technique.
  • the Chinese patent of CN 101406861A discloses a multi-roll high-voltage electrostatic separation method for recycling waste printed circuit boards; the method indicates that the multi-roll high-voltage electrostatic separation method is suitable for sorting metals with a particle size of 0.1-0.6 mm. - non-metal mixed particles, the method separates the intermediate product produced by the first separation for a second time, and then can be separated as many times as needed to solve the problem of high yield of the intermediate product, but the particle size range of the feed Wide, resulting in high-voltage electrostatic sorting equipment operating parameters are difficult to adjust, thereby reducing the separation accuracy of metal components and non-metallic components.
  • the present invention aims to provide a dry sorting and recycling process for valuable components in a waste circuit board, which is used to solve the problem of narrow application particle size range and low recovery efficiency caused by the existing single physical recovery technology. The problem.
  • a dry sorting and recycling process for valuable components in a waste circuit board comprising the following steps:
  • Step 1 Disassemble the discarded circuit board to obtain the disassembled bare board of the discarded circuit board;
  • Step 2 removing the solder from the bare board of the discarded circuit board
  • Step 3 the bare board of the discarded circuit board after removing the solder is sequentially subjected to dry coarse crushing and dry fine crushing to obtain waste circuit board particles;
  • Step 4 feeding the waste circuit board particles into the dry vibration multi-layer grading sieve for sieving and grading, and obtaining the granularity levels of -2+1 mm, -1+0.5 mm, -0.5+0.3 mm, -0.3+0.125 mm, - 0.125+0.074mm and -0.074mm materials;
  • Step 5 The above-mentioned granular grade materials are separately fed into different dry physical physical sorting equipments for sorting, respectively, to obtain metal rich collectives and non-metal rich collectives;
  • Step 6 Collect the metal rich group and the non-metal rich group separately sorted by each device.
  • the process of the invention separates the waste circuit board particles by multi-layer screening and sorting, and has the advantages of two aspects compared with the prior art.
  • the present invention can select suitable sorting equipment for materials of different grain sizes. The effect of material size on the sorting precision is reduced, thereby improving the sorting efficiency of materials in each sorting device;
  • the present invention selects a sorting device that is suitable for narrower-grained materials, and can exert a greater extent The advantages of each sorting device can achieve better sorting effect when the feed size range is the ideal feed size range of the sorting equipment.
  • the components obtained by disassembling the discarded circuit board are sequentially classified by component classification and component performance detection.
  • the components obtained by disassembling the discarded circuit board include resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, transistors, relays, integrated circuits, etc., by using a multimeter to detect whether the functions of these components are intact, and classifying the functionally intact components as reusable Components; components that are damaged in function and contain harmful substances such as polybrominated biphenyls and polychlorinated biphenyls are classified as toxic and hazardous components; components with functional damage but high metal content are classified as components with high metal content. For example, the content of aluminum and copper in the slot is high; the components obtained by disassembly are divided into reusable components, components with high metal content and toxic and harmful components, wherein reusable components can be used for old equipment. Maintenance and production of new components; smelting and processing of components with high metal content to recover valuable metals; and toxic and hazardous components are handled in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations on solid waste pollution prevention and control.
  • the tin slag obtained by removing the solder is sequentially subjected to smelting and refining to obtain a solder conforming to the national standard.
  • the bare board of the discarded circuit board after removing the solder is sequentially subjected to dry coarse crushing and dry fine crushing using a dry double-toothed roller crusher and a dry high-speed impact mill.
  • the crushing process consisting of the dry coarse crushing and the dry fine crushing is a two-stage dry crushing process.
  • the particle size of the material is reduced by one crushing section.
  • the crushing section is composed of: 1) single crushing operation; 2) pre-screening-crushing operation; 3) crushing-checking screening operation; 4) Pre-screening----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  • the particle size of the waste circuit board obtained by the dry crushing is less than 20 mm, and the particle size of the discarded circuit board obtained by the dry crushing is less than 2 mm.
  • the step 3 of the invention is subjected to dry coarse crushing and then subjected to dry fine crushing, which can narrow the particle size range of the fine crushing equipment, improve the crushing efficiency of the fine crushing equipment, and at the same time reduce the excessive crushing of the material to ensure the metal component in the material.
  • the present invention reduces the particle size of the waste circuit board to less than 2 mm because of the basic dissociation particle size range of the metal component and the non-metal component in the waste circuit board It is 0.5 ⁇ 1.2mm; the particle of the waste circuit board is broken to 2mm or less in order to dissociate the metal component and the non-metal component as much as possible to improve the sorting index of the crushed product, which is beneficial for subsequent further sorting. condition.
  • an industrial vacuum cleaner is used for dust removal in the dry coarse crushing and the dry crushing process.
  • the mesh size of the dry vibrating multi-layer grading sieve is 2 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.125 mm, and 0.074 mm from top to bottom; the dry vibration multi-layer grading
  • the vibration vibration motor of the sieve has a suitable adjustment range of 300 to 960 times/min, an appropriate amplitude adjustment range of 4 to 8 mm, and a suitable adjustment range of the vibration direction angle of 45 to 60 degrees.
  • the invention selects the dry vibration multi-layer grading sieve with the above-mentioned mesh size, which can improve the screening effect and ensure accurate sorting in the next step.
  • the material with a particle size of -2+1 mm is sorted into a pulsating airflow sorting machine, and the feed granularity of the pulsating airflow sorting machine ranges from 1 to 5 mm, and the gas velocity is
  • the suitable adjustment range is 2 ⁇ 10cm/s, and the pulsation frequency is suitable for the range of 0 ⁇ 2.35Hz.
  • the pulsating airflow sorting machine of the invention selects the above parameters, and the metal grade of the metal rich group obtained by the sorting is higher than 90%, and the metal recovery rate is higher than 90%.
  • the material with a particle size level of -1+0.5 mm is fed into a fluidized bed of a dense phase gas-solid medium, and the dense phase gas-solid medium fluidized bed is directed to the circuit.
  • the particle size of the plate particles is in the range of 0.5 to 2 mm, and the gas velocity is suitably adjusted in the range of 6 to 13 cm/s;
  • the separation medium is selected from magnetite ore, and the particle size of the magnetite powder is in the range of 0.06 to 0.3 mm.
  • the above-mentioned parameters are selected for the fluidized bed of the dense phase gas-solid medium of the present invention, and the metal grade of the metal-rich collective obtained by sorting is higher than 85%, and the metal recovery rate is higher than 85%.
  • the material with a particle size of -0.5+0.3 mm is fed into a vibrating gas-solid medium fluidized bed for sorting, and the vibrating gas-solid medium fluidized bed is directed to the circuit board particles.
  • the feeding particle size range is 0.125 ⁇ 1mm, the gas velocity is suitable for the adjustment range of 4 ⁇ 10cm/s; the amplitude is suitable for the adjustment range of 0 ⁇ 4mm, the vibration frequency is suitable for the adjustment range of 0 ⁇ 40Hz; the separation medium is magnetite powder.
  • the magnetite powder has a particle size ranging from 0.06 to 0.3 mm.
  • the vibrating gas solid medium fluidized bed of the invention selects the above parameters, and the metal grade of the metal rich group obtained by the sorting is higher than 85%, and the metal recovery rate is higher than 75%.
  • the material with a particle size of -0.3+0.125 mm is sorted into a high-voltage electrostatic sorting machine, and the high-pressure electrostatic sorting machine has a particle size range of 0.04 for the board particles.
  • the sorting voltage is suitable for the range of 15 ⁇ 30kV
  • the roller speed is suitable for the range of 60 ⁇ 120rpm
  • the corona electrode deflection angle is suitable for the range of 20° ⁇ 35°
  • the distance between the corona electrode and the roller is adjusted.
  • the range is 60-75mm
  • the deflection angle of the high-pressure static electrode is suitably adjusted from 60° to 80°.
  • the distance between the high-pressure static electrode and the roller is suitably adjusted to be 80-95mm.
  • the high-voltage electrostatic sorting machine of the invention selects the above parameters, and the metal grade of the metal rich group obtained by sorting is higher than 85%, and the metal recovery rate is higher than 85%.
  • the material with a particle size level of -0.125+0.074 mm is fed into a friction electric separator for sorting, and the feeding particle size range of the friction electric separator is 0 to 0.2 mm, and the voltage is suitable.
  • the adjustment range is 0 ⁇ 40kV, and the suitable airflow range is 10 ⁇ 90m 3 /h.
  • the friction electric separator of the invention selects the above parameters, and the metal grade of the metal rich group obtained by sorting is higher than 85%, and the metal recovery rate is higher than 70%.
  • the material with a particle size of -0.074 mm is sorted into a cyclone separator, and the inlet particle size range of the cyclone separator is 0-0.1 mm, and the inlet wind speed is appropriately adjusted. 12 to 18 m/s.
  • the cyclone separator of the present invention selects the above parameters, and the metal grade of the metal rich group obtained by sorting is higher than 90%, and the metal recovery rate is higher than 80%.
  • the magnetic material is recovered by a dry magnetic separator; the copper and silver in the metal rich group are recovered by the acid leaching method and the electrolytic method; the aqua regia method and the extraction are adopted.
  • the method recovers gold, platinum and palladium in the metal rich group.
  • the magnetic substance is mainly iron, cobalt and nickel.
  • non-metal rich group sorted in the step 6 can be used for preparing modified asphalt, filling material as a composite material, and heat treatment to prepare activated carbon and porous silicate.
  • the method of the invention adopts manual dismantling, mechanical crushing and various physical sorting techniques to separately process waste circuit board materials of different granularity levels, which is a metal component of the waste circuit board particles of each granularity after crushing.
  • the recovery of non-metallic components provides good sorting conditions, improves the grade and recovery of metals such as copper, iron, tin, aluminum, etc. in the metal rich group, and reduces the metals such as copper, iron and tin in the non-metallic rich group.
  • the residual amount improves the quality of the non-metallic rich group products, thereby achieving efficient sorting and recovery of metal components and non-metal components in the waste circuit board;
  • the method of the present invention separates metal components and non-metal components in materials of different size grades by using various physical sorting techniques according to physical properties, chemical composition and metal enrichment of the discarded circuit boards, and sorts the obtained metals. Rich collective products have higher grades, higher metal recovery rates, and less environmental pollution throughout the sorting process.
  • Figure 1 is a process flow diagram of the method of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a system of a pulsating airflow sorting machine in the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a fluidized bed sorting system for a dense phase gas solid medium in the present invention
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing a fluidized bed solidification fluidized bed sorting system according to the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic view of a high voltage static electricity sorting machine of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a sorting system of a friction electric separator according to the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic view of a cyclone separator sorting system of the present invention.
  • the invention relates to a dry sorting and recycling process for valuable components in a waste circuit board, and the specific process is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the dry sorting and recycling process of the valuable components in the discarded circuit board of the computer is as follows :
  • Step 1 Disassemble the discarded circuit board of the computer to obtain the bare board of the discarded circuit board of the disassembled 5kg computer, and disassemble the discarded circuit board of the computer through the component classification and performance testing procedures.
  • Reusable components components with high metal content and toxic and harmful components
  • the discarded circuit boards of the computer are disassembled to obtain components on the discarded circuit board: resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and triodes. , relays, integrated circuits, etc., with the help of a multimeter to check whether the functions of these components are intact, classify the functionally intact components as reusable components; components that are functionally damaged and contain harmful substances such as polybrominated biphenyls and polychlorinated biphenyls. Classified as toxic and hazardous components; classify some components with damaged function but high metal content as components with high metal content. If the content of aluminum and copper in the slot is high, it is classified as high metal content.
  • Components Components
  • Step 2 removing the soldering process from the bare board of the discarded circuit board of the computer; then, the tin slag obtained by removing the solder is sequentially subjected to smelting and refining to obtain a solder conforming to the national standard; in this embodiment, the solder is removed by using a heated sanding method;
  • Step 3 using a dry double-toothed roller crusher and a dry high-speed impact pulverizer to perform dry coarse crushing and dry fine crushing on the bare board of the discarded circuit board after removing the solder to obtain waste circuit board particles;
  • the particle size of the discarded circuit board particles after the coarse crushing is 10mm-20mm, and the particle size of the waste circuit board particles after dry crushing is less than 2mm, and finally the waste circuit board particles with particle size less than 2mm are obtained after two stages of crushing; the crushing process is adsorbed by industrial vacuum cleaner. Dust to reduce the pollution of dust to the environment;
  • Step 4 The dry circuit board waste granules are sent to a dry vibrating multi-layer sieving sieve for sieving and grading, and the obtained size fraction is -2+1 mm, -1+0.5 mm, -0.5+0.3 mm, -0.3.
  • the materials of +0.125mm, -0.125+0.074mm and -0.074mm have mass ratios of 39.08%, 25.24%, 16.52%, 8.9%, 7.21% and 3.05%, respectively;
  • Step 5 The graded materials of -2+1mm, -1+0.5mm, -0.5+0.3mm, -0.3+0.125mm, -0.125+0.074mm and -0.074mm are sequentially fed into the pulsating airflow sorting machine. , dense phase gas solid medium fluidized bed, vibrating gas solid medium fluidized bed, high pressure electrostatic sorting machine, friction electric separator and cyclone separator are sorted to obtain metal rich collective and non-metal rich collective respectively;
  • Step 6 Collect the metal rich group and the non-metal rich group obtained by each device for recycling.
  • the dry coarse crushing equipment used is a dry double-toothed roller crusher with a feed size range of 80-200 mm, a discharge size range of 15 to 50 mm, and a discharge size range adjusted by a double-toothed roll pitch;
  • the dry crushing equipment used is a dry high-speed impact pulverizer with a feed size range of 10 to 40 mm, a discharge size range of 0 to 5 mm, and a discharge size range controlled by adjusting the discharge opening size;
  • the crushing efficiency can be improved, and the particle size of the discarded circuit board particles of 88% to 94% after the crushing is concentrated at the level of -2+0.125 mm.
  • the suction diameter of the industrial vacuum cleaner is 50mm
  • the filtration area is 2.4m 2
  • the collection barrel volume is 65L
  • the highest vacuum is 23036Pa
  • the dust removal efficiency is higher than 99.95%
  • the processing capacity is 100 ⁇ 265m 3 /h.
  • the length x width x height of the outer dimensions is 1180 x 670 x 1320 mm.
  • the mesh size of the multi-layer screen in the dry vibrating multi-layer grading sieve is 2mm, 1mm, 0.5mm, 0.3mm, 0.125mm and 0.074mm from top to bottom;
  • the vibration vibration motor is suitable for adjustment range. 300 to 960 times / min, the appropriate range of amplitude adjustment is 4 ⁇ 8mm, the vibration direction angle is suitable to adjust the range of 45 ° ⁇ 60 °;
  • the screen material is a wire woven mesh;
  • the pulsating airflow sorting machine sorts the materials of -2+1mm grain size
  • the schematic diagram of the pulsating airflow sorting machine sorting system is shown in Figure 2, mainly by the air supply system, the flow control system, the pulsating airflow generator,
  • the material device, the sorting column 13, the heavy product discharging device and the cyclone dust collector 17 are composed of components;
  • the pulsating airflow converter is composed of a pulsating valve 5, a motor for controlling the pulsating valve and a frequency converter 6, and the pulsating frequency of the pulsating airflow is controlled by the frequency converter.
  • the pulsating airflow sorting machine sorts the material of -2+1mm size grade
  • the material is fed into the sorting column 13 through the feeding device, the air is blown into the wind pack 2 by the blower 1, and after passing through the main damper after being stabilized
  • the bypass damper adjusts the wind pressure and the air volume, and then converts it into a pulsating airflow of a desired waveform through a pulsating airflow converter; the pulsating airflow is uniformly fed into the sorting column 13 through the air blowing chamber 11 and the air distribution plate 12; an appropriate airflow
  • the material in the sorting column 13 is stratified by density under the action of the pulsating airflow, and the particles with high density will continue to settle to the bottom of the sorting column due to the action of gravity and inertia; and the particles with low density are subjected to the airflow.
  • the feed size range of the equipment is 1 to 5 mm
  • the processing capacity is 10 to 50 kg/h
  • the inner diameter of the sorting column is 100 mm.
  • the height is 1000mm; the air distribution plate is composed of thick cotton fabric sandwiched between two layers of 5mm thick sponge-like filling material; the frequency range of the inverter output is 0-550Hz, and the precision is 0.01Hz; / power factor is greater than 0.95 / 0.72; control mode is V / f, V 2 / f and FCC; rated power is 0.75kW, the length of the device dimensions ⁇ width ⁇ height is 68 ⁇ 142 ⁇ 127.8mm; working, pulsating airflow
  • the speed is suitable for the adjustment range of 2 ⁇ 10cm/s, and the pulsation frequency is suitable for the range of 0 ⁇ 2.35Hz; the feed metal content of this embodiment is 34.57%, the pulsating airflow velocity is 8.5cm/s, and the pulsation frequency is 2.02Hz; After sorting, the metal grade of the metal rich group was 96.54%, and the metal recovery rate was 92.63%.
  • the dense phase gas solid medium fluidized bed sorting -1 + 0.5mm size grade material, the dense phase gas solid weight medium fluidized bed sorting system is shown in Figure 3, mainly by fan, fluidized bed
  • the bed body, the rotameter and the like are composed of components, wherein the fluidized bed body is mainly composed of a sorting bed body, an air distribution plate, an air distribution room and a base; the sorting room is made of plexiglass to observe the particles in the bed.
  • the fluidized state is composed of a porous steel plate and a double-layer multifilament filter cloth, and the porous steel plate is covered with a multifilament filter cloth having a thickness of 0.5 to 1.5 mm, and the steel plate and the multifilament filter cloth are connected by a rubber pad and a bolt.
  • the porous steel plate has a hole diameter of 3 mm and an opening ratio of 32.65%; the air distribution chamber is welded by a steel plate; a height scale is fixed on the side of the bed body, which can be used to calibrate the fluidized bed height and the sampling height; Lamination change, a pressure measurement point is set every 30 ⁇ 40mm on the side wall of the bed, and the pressure drop inside the bed is measured by the plug-in pressure measuring probe; the fluidized bed is sorted by dense phase gas solid medium - When 1+0.5mm grain size material, it will be heavier In the bed, the weight of the weight is 2/3 of the size of the bed, the air is blown into the wind bag by the blower, and after adjusting, the wind pressure and air volume are adjusted through the main damper and the bypass damper, and the airflow enters the air chamber.
  • the bed After evenly distributing the air, it enters the bed through the air distribution plate; by selecting a suitable air flow speed, the bed is subjected to heavy fluidization until the gas-solid contact is sufficient, and the fluidized bed has no good or fluidized state of fluidization, forming a good fluidization state.
  • a sorting medium having a certain density and uniform stability; the feed material is fed into the fluidized bed layer from the top of the sorting bed body, and under the action of the gas stream, the feed material is gradually dispersed in the fluidized bed layer after entering the bed layer.
  • the high density particles sink to the bottom of the bed, the low density particles float to the bed surface, and the high and low density materials are separated by the discharge device respectively; the device is for the circuit board
  • the particle size range of the particles is 0.5-2 mm, the treatment capacity is 30-100 kg/h; the diameter of the sorting bed is 100 mm, the height is 300 mm, the experimental wind pressure is fixed at 0.02 MPa, and the gas velocity is suitable for the adjustment range of 6-13 cm/ s, the separation medium uses magnetite powder, particle size range 0.06 ⁇ 0.3mm.
  • the metal content of the feed is 54.14%; when sorting, the gas flow rate is 8.2 cm/s, and the weight quality is 15 kg; the metal grade of the metal rich group is 92.57%, and the metal recovery rate is 85.08%.
  • the vibrating gas-solid heavy medium fluidized bed sorting -0.5+0.3mm granular grade material, vibrating gas-solid heavy medium fluidized bed sorting system is shown in Figure 4, mainly by fan 19, fluidized bed
  • the body, the rotameter 22, the vibration table and the control system are composed of components, wherein the fluidized bed body is mainly composed of the sorting bed body 27, the air distribution plate 26, the air distribution room 25 and the base 24; the sorting room adopts organic
  • the glass is processed to observe the fluidized state of the particles in the bed;
  • the air distribution plate 26 is composed of a porous steel plate and a double-layer multifilament filter cloth, and the porous steel plate is covered with a multifilament filter cloth having a thickness of 0.5 to 1.5 mm, respectively.
  • the multifilament filter cloth is connected by a rubber pad and a bolt, wherein the porous steel plate has a hole diameter of 3 mm and an opening ratio of 32.65%; the air distribution chamber 25 is welded by a steel plate; the height of the separation bed body 27 is fixed with a height scale, which can be used for calibrating the flow.
  • the feed is gradually dispersed in the fluidized bed after entering the bed, and according to the fluidized bed.
  • the density is stratified, the high-density particles sink to the bottom of the bed, and the low-density particles float to the bed surface, and the high-low density materials are separated by the discharging device respectively; the feeding granularity of the device for the circuit board particles is 0.125.
  • processing capacity is 30 ⁇ 80kg / h; sorting bed diameter is 110mm, height is 400mm, experimental wind pressure is fixed at 0.02MPa, gas speed is suitable for adjustment range is 4 ⁇ 10cm / s; amplitude suitable adjustment range is 0 ⁇ 4mm, the vibration frequency is suitable for the adjustment range of 0 ⁇ 40Hz; the separation medium is magnetite powder, the particle size range is 0.06 ⁇ 0.3mm; the feed metal content of this embodiment is 36.58% at a gas velocity of 6.8cm / s, Under the condition of amplitude of 3 mm and vibration frequency of 30 Hz, the metal grade of the metal-rich group was 90.24%, and the metal recovery rate was 79.06%.
  • the high-voltage electrostatic sorting machine of the invention sorts the material of -0.3+0.125mm size grade, and the schematic diagram of the sorting system of the high-voltage electrostatic sorting machine is shown in Fig. 5, mainly by the feeding device 45, the corona electrode 48, the high voltage
  • the static electrode 49, the roller and the product collection tank 51 are composed of components.
  • the material is fed by the feeding device 45 at a certain rate, and is laid on the surface of the roller electrode which rotates clockwise at a certain rotation speed, and rotates therewith; the feed rate needs to be with the roller
  • the rotation speed of the cylinder is adapted to ensure a single layer, uniform mixed particle layer is formed on the surface of the roller electrode; when the material enters the ionization region generated by the corona electrode 48, both the conductor particles and the non-conductor particles are charged; The difference in electrical properties, the negative charge obtained by the conductor particles is quickly transferred away by the charging roller; at the same time, the conductor particles are inductively induced by the electrostatic field generated by the high-voltage static electrode, and a positive charge is induced near one side thereof.
  • the equipment has a feeding particle size range of 0.04 ⁇ 3mm for the board particles, a processing capacity of 500-800kg/h, and a sorting precision higher than 90%; the sorting voltage is suitable for the range of 15 ⁇ 30kV, and the roller speed is suitable for adjustment.
  • the range is 60-120 rpm
  • the deflection angle of the corona electrode is suitable for the range of 20°-35°
  • the distance between the corona electrode and the roller is suitably adjusted to 60-75mm
  • the deflection angle of the high-voltage static electrode is suitable for the range of 60°-80.
  • the distance between the high-pressure static electrode and the roller is suitably adjusted to be 80-95 mm; the content of the incoming metal in this embodiment is 34.57%; when the sorting voltage is 25 kV, the rotational speed of the roller is 80 rpm, and the deflection angle of the corona electrode is 25°.
  • the distance between the corona electrode and the roller is 65mm, the deflection angle of the high-voltage static electrode is 75°, the distance between the high-pressure static electrode and the roller is 85mm; the metal grade of the metal-rich group obtained by sorting is 96.12%, and the metal recovery rate is 89.75%.
  • the friction electric separator sorting system is shown in Fig. 6. It is mainly composed of a fan, an air volume controller 60, a feeding device 61, and a friction chamber 63.
  • the air volume refers to the feed air volume, and the air that is blown in forms a stable gas-solid two-phase flow with the feed material; the material and air form a uniform gas-solid two-phase flow into the friction chamber; through the particles and particles or between the particles and the friction chamber.
  • the final conductor particles are positively charged, and the non-conductor particles are negatively charged;
  • the charged particles coming out of the chamber enter the high-pressure sorting chamber through the nozzle.
  • the conductor particles and the non-conductor particles exhibit different motion trajectories and are positively charged.
  • the conductor particles move toward the negative plate, and the negatively charged non-conductor particles move toward the positive plate, thereby separating the conductor particles and the non-conductor particles;
  • the feeding size of the device ranges from 0 to 0.2 mm, and the processing capacity is 80 to 120 kg.
  • the sorting precision is higher than 85%
  • the experimental voltage is suitable for the adjustment range of 0 to 40kV
  • the air volume is suitable for the operation range of 10 to 90m 3 /h
  • the feed metal content of this embodiment is 18.56%, when the sorting voltage is 8kV
  • the metal grade of the metal-rich group obtained by sorting is 89.77%
  • the metal recovery rate is 73.90%.
  • the cyclone separator sorts -0.074mm size grade material.
  • the schematic diagram of the cyclone separator sorting system is shown in Figure 7. It is mainly composed of the feeding device 70, the sorting chamber 73, the discharge port 72 and the like; When the cyclone separator sorts the material of -0.074 mm size, the material is fed into the sorting chamber 73 by the feeding device 70. Under the action of the inertial centrifugal force, the heavy component particles enter the downward moving outer swirl due to the high density.
  • the light component particles Moving toward the wall and moving with the external swirl to the heavy component discharge port 76; the light component particles enter the upwardly moving internal swirl due to the low density, and are discharged through the light component discharge port 72, thereby achieving light reorganization
  • the separation of the particles is 0-0.1mm, the processing capacity is 400-800kg/h, the sorting precision is higher than 95%; the inlet wind speed is suitable for the adjustment range of 12-18m/s; the diameter of the cylindrical section 300mm, height 500mm, cone height 550mm; inlet height 162mm, width 77mm; light component discharge opening diameter 145mm, light component discharge tube inserted into the cylindrical section depth 410mm, heavy component
  • the discharge opening has a diameter of 115 mm.
  • the feed metal content of the present embodiment is 3.92%; at the time of sorting, the inlet wind speed is 15 m/s; the metal grade of the metal rich group is 94.52%, and the metal recovery rate is 83.18%.
  • the present invention recovers the recovered metal rich group, and uses a dry magnetic separator to recover the magnetic substances iron, cobalt and nickel in the metal rich group; the acid leaching method and the electrolytic method are used to recover the metal rich group. Copper and silver; gold, platinum and palladium in the metal rich group are recovered by aqua regia dissolution method and extraction method;
  • the present invention uses the recovered non-metal rich group for preparing modified asphalt, filling material as composite material, heat treatment to prepare activated carbon and porous silicate.
  • the invention discloses a dry sorting and recycling process for valuable components in a waste circuit board, first disassembling the discarded circuit board, and then crushing and sifting the disassembled bare board of the discarded circuit board, and then using the combined use
  • Different sorting equipment can sort the materials of different size grades, which can give full play to the advantages of each sorting equipment, improve the sorting effect, and improve the quality of metal rich collective products and metal recovery rate.

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Abstract

本发明公开了一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，主要包括：步骤1、将废弃电路板拆解得到废弃电路板裸板；步骤2、对废弃电路板裸板进行脱除焊料；步骤3、对脱除焊料后的废弃电路板裸板依次进行粗碎和细碎得到废弃电路板颗粒；步骤4、将废弃电路板颗粒进行筛分分级，得到粒度级为-2+1mm、-1+0.5mm、-0.5+0.3mm、-0.3+0.125mm、-0.125+0.074mm和-0.074mm的物料；步骤5、将物料分别给入不同的干法物理分选设备进行分选；步骤6、将各设备分选得到的金属富集体和非金属富集体分别进行回收处理。本发明的有益效果为：采用多种物理分选技术分离不同粒度级物料中的金属组分和非金属组分，最终分选得到的金属富集体产品的品位较高，金属回收率高，分选过程对环境污染较小。

Description

一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺 技术领域
本发明涉及电子废弃物资源回收技术领域，尤其涉及一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺。
背景技术
近年来，集成电路技术及其产品的快速发展，使电子线路板(PCBs)成为现代信息产业中不可或缺的重要部件，随着电子产品研制和推广速度、频次的加快，以及消费者对于电子产品功能需求越来越高，各类电子产品换代、淘汰过程中产生大量废弃电路板，电子废弃物每年的增长速度达16％～28％。废弃电路板作为电子产品的重要组成部分，由于其材料组成和结合方式非常复杂，单体解离度小，金属组分和非金属组分不易实现分离，其综合回收处理一直是个相当复杂的问题。
专利公开号为CN 102228890A的中国专利公开了一种多级风选—高压静电分选方法，该方法采用多级风力分选方法分选粒度范围为1.20～0.02mm的废弃电路板颗粒，将前两级得到的混合金属和非金属混合物料进行高压静电风选，最后一级或二级风选得到的非金属物料作为非金属富集体产物；该方法采用风力分选降低了高压静电分选机进料中非金属的含量，提高了分选效率，但入料粒度范围较宽，相应的分选操作参数不易调节，使得分选效果没有单一物理分选技术分选窄粒级物料理想。
专利公开号为CN 101406861A的中国专利，公开了用于废旧印刷电路板回收的多辊式高压静电分离方法；该方法指出多辊式高压静电分离方法适用于分选粒度为0.1～0.6mm的金属—非金属混合颗粒，该方法对第一次分离产生的中间产物进行了第二次分离，然后根据需要可以进行多次分离，以解决中间产物的产率较多的问题，但入料粒度范围较宽，造成高压静电分选设备操作参数较难调节，从而降低了金属组分与非金属组分颗粒的分离精度。
发明内容
鉴于上述的分析，本发明旨在提供一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，用以解决现有单一物理回收技术造成的适用入料粒度范围窄、回收效率较低的问题。
本发明的目的主要是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，主要包括以下步骤：
步骤1、将废弃电路板进行拆解，得到拆解后的废弃电路板裸板；
步骤2、对废弃电路板裸板进行脱除焊料；
步骤3、将脱除焊料后的废弃电路板裸板依次进行干法粗碎和干法细碎，得到废弃电路板颗粒；
步骤4、将废弃电路板颗粒给入干法振动多层分级筛进行筛分分级，得到粒度级为-2+1mm、-1+0.5mm、-0.5+0.3mm、-0.3+0.125mm、-0.125+0.074mm和-0.074mm的物料；
步骤5、将上述粒度级物料分别给入不同的干法物理分选设备进行分选，分别得到金属富集体和非金属富集体；
步骤6、将各设备分选得到的金属富集体和非金属富集体分别进行回收。
本发明工艺将废弃电路板颗粒进行多层筛分分级后单独分选，与现有技术相比具有两方面的优点，第一，本发明能够针对不同粒度级物料选用相适应的分选设备，减小物料粒度对分选精度的影响，从而提高物料在各个分选设备中的分选效率；第二，本发明选用相适应的较窄粒度级物料的分选设备，能较大限度地发挥各分选设备的优势，当入料粒度范围为分选设备的理想入料粒度范围时，能够达到较好的分选效果。
进一步的，所述步骤1中，将废弃电路板进行拆解得到的元器件依次通过元器件分类、元器件性能检测进行分类处理。
拆解废弃电路板得到的元器件包括电阻、电容、电感、二极管、三极管、继电器、集成电路等，通过使用万用表检测这些元器件的功能是否完好，将功能完好的元器件归类为可再利用元器件；将功能损坏且含有多溴联苯、聚氯联苯等有害物质的元器件归类为有毒有害元器件；将一些功能损坏但金属含量较高的元器件归类为金属含量高的元器件，如插槽中铝和铜的含量较高；拆解得到的元器件分为可再利用元器件、金属含量高的元器件及有毒有害元器件，其中，可再利用元器件能够用于旧设备的维修及新元器件的生产；对金属含量高的元器件进行冶炼加工，以回收其中的有价金属；而有毒有害元器件则按照固体废物污染环境防治法等相关法规处理。
进一步的，所述步骤2中，对脱除焊料得到的锡渣依次进行粗炼和精炼，得到符合国家标准的焊料。
进一步的，所述步骤3中，使用干式双齿辊式破碎机和干式高速冲击式粉碎机对脱除焊料后的废弃电路板裸板依次进行干法粗碎和干法细碎。
进一步的，所述干法粗碎和干法细碎组成的破碎流程是两段式干法破碎流程。
在破碎过程中，物料的粒度每减小一次为一个破碎段，破碎段的构成形式有：1)单一破碎作业；2)预筛分—破碎作业；3)破碎—检查筛分作业；4)预筛分—破碎—检查筛分作业；本发明采用的是干法粗碎和干法细碎，因此称为两段式干法破碎；相对于单段干法破碎流程，两段式干法破碎具有破碎效率高、产品特性好及选别指标较高等优点，产品特性好表现 在产品粒度较均匀，过粉碎程度较小。
进一步的，所述步骤3中，所述干法粗碎后得到的废弃电路板颗粒粒径小于20mm，所述干法细碎后得到的废弃电路板颗粒粒径小于2mm。
本发明步骤3经过干法粗碎后再进行干法细碎，能使细碎设备的入料粒度范围变窄，提高细碎设备的破碎效率；同时可以减少物料的过粉碎，以保证物料中金属组分与非金属组分在尽可能粗的粒度下解离；本发明将废弃电路板颗粒粒径降低到2mm以下，原因是：废弃电路板中金属组分与非金属组分的基本解离粒度范围为0.5～1.2mm；将废弃电路板颗粒破碎到2mm以下是为了使其中的金属组分与非金属组分尽可能解离，以提高破碎产品的选别指标，为后续进一步的分选创造有利条件。
进一步的，所述步骤3中，在干法粗碎和干法细碎过程中采用工业吸尘器进行除尘。
进一步的，所述步骤4中，干法振动多层分级筛的筛孔尺寸从上到下依次是2mm、1mm、0.5mm、0.3mm、0.125mm和0.074mm；所述干法振动多层分级筛的振动电机的振次适宜调节范围为300～960次/min，振幅适宜调节范围为4～8mm，振动方向角适宜调节范围为45°～60°。
本发明选用上述筛孔尺寸的干法振动多层分级筛，能够提高筛分效果，确保下一步的精确分选。
进一步的，所述步骤5中，所述粒度级为-2+1mm的物料给入脉动气流分选机进行分选，所述脉动气流分选机的入料粒度范围为1～5mm，气速适宜调节范围为2～10cm/s，脉动频率适宜调节范围为0～2.35Hz。
本发明脉动气流分选机选择上述参数，分选得到的金属富集体的金属品位高于90％，金属回收率高于90％。
进一步的，所述步骤5中，所述粒度级为-1+0.5mm的物料给入浓相气固重介质流化床进行分选，所述浓相气固重介质流化床针对于电路板颗粒的入料粒度范围为0.5～2mm，气速适宜调节范围为6～13cm/s；分选介质选用磁铁矿粉，所述磁铁矿粉的粒度范围为0.06～0.3mm。
本发明浓相气固重介质流化床选择上述参数，分选得到的金属富集体的金属品位高于85％，金属回收率高于85％。
进一步的，所述步骤5中，所述粒度级为-0.5+0.3mm的物料给入振动气固重介质流化床进行分选，所述振动气固重介质流化床针对于电路板颗粒的入料粒度范围为0.125～1mm，气速适宜调节范围为4～10cm/s；振幅适宜调节范围为0～4mm，振动频率适宜调节范围为0～40Hz；分选介质选用磁铁矿粉，所述磁铁矿粉的粒度范围为0.06～0.3mm。
本发明振动气固重介质流化床选择上述参数，分选得到的金属富集体的金属品位高于85％，金属回收率高于75％。
进一步的，所述步骤5中，所述粒度级为-0.3+0.125mm的物料给入高 压静电分选机进行分选，所述高压静电分选机针对电路板颗粒的入料粒度范围为0.04～3mm，分选电压适宜调节范围为15～30kV，辊筒转速适宜调节范围为60～120rpm，电晕电极偏转角度适宜调节范围为20°～35°，电晕电极与辊筒的距离适宜调节范围为60～75mm，高压静电极偏转角度适宜调节范围为60°～80°，高压静电极与辊筒的距离适宜调节范围为80～95mm。
本发明高压静电分选机选择上述参数，分选得到的金属富集体的金属品位高于85％，金属回收率高于85％。
进一步的，所述步骤5中，所述粒度级为-0.125+0.074mm的物料给入摩擦电选机进行分选，所述摩擦电选机的入料粒度范围为0～0.2mm，电压适宜调节范围为0～40kV，风量适宜操作范围为10～90m 3/h。
本发明摩擦电选机选择上述参数，分选得到的金属富集体的金属品位高于85％，金属回收率高于70％。
进一步的，所述步骤5中，所述粒度级为-0.074mm的物料给入旋风分离器进行分选，所述旋风分离器的入料粒度范围为0～0.1mm，进口风速适宜调节范围为12～18m/s。
本发明旋风分离器选择上述参数，分选得到的金属富集体的金属品位高于90％，金属回收率高于80％。
进一步的，对步骤6中分选得到的金属富集体，采用干式磁选机回收其中的磁性物质；采用酸浸出法和电解法回收金属富集体中的铜和银；采用王水溶解法和萃取法回收金属富集体中的金、铂和钯。
进一步的，所述磁性物质主要为铁、钴和镍。
进一步的，所述步骤6中分选得到的非金属富集体可用于制备改性沥青、作为复合材料的填充材料及热处理制备活性炭和多孔硅酸盐。
本发明有益效果如下：
(1)本发明方法采用人工拆解、机械破碎和多种物理分选技术分别处理不同粒度级的废弃电路板物料，这种方法为破碎后的各个粒度级废弃电路板颗粒中金属组分和非金属组分回收提供了良好的分选条件，提高了金属富集体中铜、铁、锡、铝等金属的品位和回收率，同时降低了非金属富集体中铜、铁、锡等金属的残留量，提高了非金属富集体产品的质量，从而实现废弃电路板中金属组分和非金属组分的高效分选与回收；
(2)本发明方法根据废弃电路板的物理特性、化学组成及金属富集情况，采用多种物理分选技术分离不同粒度级物料中的金属组分和非金属组分，分选得到的金属富集体产品的品位较高，金属回收率较高，整个分选过程对环境污染较小。
附图说明
图1为本发明方法的工艺流程图；
图2为本发明中脉动气流分选机***示意图；
图3为本发明中浓相气固重介质流化床分选***示意图；
图4为本发明中振动气固重介质流化床分选***示意图；
图5为本发明中高压静电分选机示意图；
图6为本发明中摩擦电选机分选***示意图；
图7为本发明中旋风分离器分选***示意图。
图中，1-脉动气流分选机***中的风机；2-脉动气流分选机***中的风包；3-脉动气流分选机***中的气流阀门；4-脉动气流分选机***中的转子流量计；5-脉动气流分选机***中的脉动阀；6-脉动气流分选机***中的变频器；7-脉动气流分选机***的给料装置；8-脉动气流分选机***的进料口；9-脉动气流分选机***的重组分排料口；10-脉动气流分选机***的排料阀门；11-脉动气流分选机***的布风室；12-脉动气流分选机***的布风板；13-脉动气流分选机***的分选柱；14-脉动气流分选机***分离出的重组分颗粒；15-脉动气流分选机***分离出的轻组分颗粒；16-脉动气流分选机***的轻组分排料口；17-脉动气流分选机***中的旋风除尘器；18-脉动气流分选机***中旋风除尘器的粉尘出口；19-浓相气固重介质流化床分选***的风机；20-浓相气固重介质流化床分选***的风包；21-浓相气固重介质流化床分选***的主风阀；22-浓相气固重介质流化床分选***的转子流量计；23-浓相气固重介质流化床分选***的旁路风阀；24-浓相气固重介质流化床的底座；25-浓相气固重介质流化床的布风室；26-浓相气固重介质流化床的布风板；27-浓相气固重介质流化床的分选床体；28-浓相气固重介质流化床分选***分离出的重组分颗粒；29-浓相气固重介质流化床分选***分离出的轻组分颗粒；30-浓相气固重介质流化床分选***的加重质颗粒；31-振动气固重介质流化床分选***的风机；32-振动气固重介质流化床分选***的风包；33-振动气固重介质流化床分选***的主风阀；34-振动气固重介质流化床分选***的转子流量计；35-振动气固重介质流化床分选***的旁路风阀；36-振动气固重介质流化床分选***的振动台；37-振动气固重介质流化床分选***的振动控制***；38-振动气固重介质流化床的底座；39-振动气固重介质流化床的布风室；40-振动气固重介质流化床的布风板；41-振动气固重介质流化床的分选床体；42-振动气固重介质流化床分选***分离出的重组分颗粒；43-振动气固重介质流化床分选***分离出的轻组分颗粒；44-振动气固重介质流化床分选***的加重质颗粒；45-高压静电分选机的给料装置；46-高压静电分选机的接地电极；47-高压静电分选机的荷电区；48-高压静电分选机的电晕电极；49-高压静电分选机的高压静电极；50-高压静电分选机的滚刷；51-高压静电分选机的产物收集槽；52-高压静电分选机分离出的非金属颗粒；53-高压静电分选机分离出的金属颗粒；54-高压静电分选机的金属颗粒收集槽；55-高压静电分选机的中间产物收集槽1；56-高压 静电分选机的中间产物收集槽2；57-高压静电分选机的中间产物收集槽3；58-高压静电分选机的非金属颗粒收集槽；59-摩擦电选机的风机；60-摩擦电选机的风量控制器；61-摩擦电选机进料装置；62-摩擦电选机的进料口；63-摩擦电选机的摩擦室；64-摩擦电选机的喷嘴；65-摩擦电选机的高压分选室；66-摩擦电选机分离出的金属颗粒；67-摩擦电选机的金属组分排料口；68-摩擦电选机的非金属组分排料口；69-摩擦电选机分离出的非金属颗粒；70-旋风分离器的给料装置；71-旋风分离器的进料口；72-旋风分离器的轻组分排料口；73-旋风分离器的分选室；74-旋风分离器分离出的轻组分颗粒；75-旋风分离器分离出的重组分颗粒；76-旋风分离器的重组分排料口。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图来具体描述本发明的优选实施例，其中，附图构成本申请一部分，并与本发明的实施例一起用于阐释本发明的原理。
实施例1
本发明一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，具体流程如图1所示，本实施例对电脑的废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺如下：
步骤1、将电脑的废弃电路板进行拆解，得到拆解后的5kg电脑的废弃电路板裸板，将电脑的废弃电路板拆解得到的元器件经过元器件分类以及性能测试工序，分别得到可再利用元器件，金属含量高的元器件及有毒、有害元器件三类；本实施例中电脑的废弃电路板拆解得到废弃电路板上的元器件为电阻、电容、电感、二极管、三极管、继电器、集成电路等，借助万用表检测这些元器件的功能是否完好，将功能完好的元器件归类为可再利用元器件；将功能损坏且含有多溴联苯、聚氯联苯等有害物质的元器件归类为有毒有害元器件；将一些功能损坏但金属含量较高的元器件归类为金属含量高的元器件，如插槽中铝和铜的含量较高，则将其归为金属含量高的元器件；
步骤2、对电脑的废弃电路板裸板进行脱除焊料处理；然后对脱除焊料得到的锡渣依次进行粗炼和精炼得到符合国家标准的焊料；本实施例使用加热流砂法脱除焊料；
步骤3、利用干式双齿辊式破碎机和干式高速冲击式粉碎机对脱除焊料后的废弃电路板裸板依次进行干法粗碎和干法细碎，得到废弃电路板颗粒；干法粗碎后的废弃电路板颗粒的粒度为10mm～20mm，干法细碎后的废弃电路板颗粒的粒度小于2mm，最终经过两段破碎得到粒度小于2mm的废弃电路板颗粒；破碎过程采用工业吸尘器吸附粉尘，以降低粉尘对环境的污染；
步骤4、将干法细碎后的废弃电路板颗粒给入干法振动多层分级筛进行 筛分分级，得到粒度级为-2+1mm、-1+0.5mm、-0.5+0.3mm、-0.3+0.125mm、-0.125+0.074mm和-0.074mm的物料，各粒度级的质量比例分别为39.08％、25.24％、16.52％、8.9％、7.21％和3.05％；
步骤5、将分级后的-2+1mm、-1+0.5mm、-0.5+0.3mm、-0.3+0.125mm、-0.125+0.074mm和-0.074mm粒度级物料依次给入脉动气流分选机、浓相气固重介质流化床、振动气固重介质流化床、高压静电分选机、摩擦电选机和旋风分离器进行分选，分别得到金属富集体和非金属富集体；
步骤6、分别收集各设备得到的金属富集体和非金属富集体进行回收。
值得注意的，采用的干法粗碎设备为干式双齿辊式破碎机，进料粒度范围为80～200mm，出料粒度范围为15～50mm，出料粒度范围通过双齿辊间距调节；采用的干法细碎设备为干式高速冲击式粉碎机，进料粒度范围为10～40mm，出料粒度范围为0～5mm，出料粒度范围通过调节排料口大小控制；使用上述参数进行破碎，可以提高破碎效率，破碎后的88％～94％的废弃电路板颗粒的粒度集中在-2+0.125mm粒度级。
值得注意的，工业吸尘器的吸入口直径为50mm，过滤面积为2.4m 2，收集桶容积为65L，最高真空度为23036Pa，除尘效率高于99.95％，处理能力为100～265m 3/h，设备外形尺寸的长×宽×高为1180×670×1320mm。
值得注意的，干法振动多层分级筛中多层筛网的筛孔尺寸由上到下依次是2mm、1mm、0.5mm、0.3mm、0.125mm和0.074mm；振动电机的振次适宜调节范围为300～960次/min，振幅适宜调节范围为4～8mm，振动方向角适宜调节范围为45°～60°；筛网材料为金属丝编织网；
值得注意的，脉动气流分选机分选-2+1mm粒度级物料，脉动气流分选机分选***示意图如图2所示，主要由供风***、流量控制***、脉动气流产生器、给料装置、分选柱13、重产物排料装置和旋风除尘器17等部件组成；脉动气流转化器由脉动阀5、控制脉动阀的电机和变频器6组成，脉动气流的脉动频率由变频器控制；采用脉动气流分选机分选-2+1mm粒度级物料时，物料经给料装置给入分选柱13，空气由鼓风机1鼓入风包2，经稳压后通过主风阀和旁路风阀调节风压和风量，进而经过脉动气流转换器将其转换为所需波形的脉动气流；脉动气流通过布风室11和布风板12均匀地给入分选柱13；适当的气流脉动频率下，分选柱13内的物料在脉动气流作用下按密度分层，密度高的颗粒由于受重力和惯性力的作用，将继续沉降至分选柱底部；而密度低的颗粒受气流的作用显著作上升运动，最后被气流带出分选柱13，从而实现高低密度物料的分离；本设备的入料粒度范围为1～5mm，处理能力为10～50kg/h；分选柱内径为100mm，高度为1000mm；气流分布板是由厚棉织物夹在两层5mm厚的海绵状填充材料中间构成；变频器输出的频率范围为0～550Hz，精度为0.01Hz；
Figure PCTCN2018085435-appb-000001
/功率因数大于0.95/0.72；控制模式为V/f、V 2/f和FCC；额定功率为0.75kW， 设备外形尺寸的长×宽×高为68×142×127.8mm；工作时，脉动气流速度适宜调节范围为2～10cm/s，脉动频率适宜调节范围为0～2.35Hz；本实施例的入料金属含量为34.57％，脉动气流速度为8.5cm/s，脉动频率为2.02Hz；经分选后金属富集体的金属品位为96.54％，金属回收率为92.63％。
值得注意的，浓相气固重介质流化床分选-1+0.5mm粒度级物料，浓相气固重介质流化床分选***示意图如图3所示，主要由风机、流化床床体、转子流量计等部件组成，其中流化床床体主要由分选床体、布风板、布风室和底座等构成；分选室采用有机玻璃加工制成，以便观察床内颗粒的流化状态；布风板由多孔钢板和双层复丝滤布组成，多孔钢板两面分别覆盖厚度为0.5～1.5mm的复丝滤布，钢板与复丝滤布通过橡胶垫和螺栓连接，其中多孔钢板孔径为3mm，开孔率为32.65％；布风室由钢板焊接而成；床体侧面固定有高度标尺，可用来标定流化床高度和采样高度；为方便测量流化过程中床层压降变化，在床体侧壁每隔30～40mm设置一个测压点，同时借助***式测压探头来测量床层内部压降变化；采用浓相气固重介质流化床分选-1+0.5mm粒度级物料时，将适量加重质放入床内，加重质的体积占分选床体的2/3，空气由鼓风机鼓入风包，经稳压后通过主风阀和旁路风阀调节风压和风量，气流进入布风室均匀布风后通过布风板进入床内；通过选择合适的气流速度使得床内加重质流化，直至达到气固接触充分，流化床床内无泡或少泡的良好流化状态，形成具有一定密度且均匀稳定的分选介质；入料由分选床体顶部给入并进入流化床层，在气流的作用下，入料进入床层中后就逐渐分散在流化床层内，并按流化床层的密度分层，密度高的颗粒下沉到床底，密度低的颗粒上浮至床面，分别通过排料装置实现高低密度物料的分离；本设备针对于电路板颗粒的入料粒度范围为0.5～2mm，处理能力为30～100kg/h；分选床体直径为100mm，高度为300mm，实验风压固定在0.02MPa，气速适宜调节范围为6～13cm/s，分选介质选用磁铁矿粉，粒度范围为0.06～0.3mm。本实施例入料金属含量为54.14％；分选时，气流速度为8.2cm/s，加重质质量为15kg；分选得到金属富集体的金属品位为92.57％，金属回收率为85.08％。
值得注意的，振动气固重介质流化床分选-0.5+0.3mm粒度级物料，振动气固重介质流化床分选***示意图如图4所示，主要由风机19、流化床床体、转子流量计22、振动台和控制***等部件组成，其中流化床床体主要由分选床体27、布风板26、布风室25和底座24等构成；分选室采用有机玻璃加工制成，以便观察床内颗粒的流化状态；布风板26由多孔钢板和双层复丝滤布组成，多孔钢板两面分别覆盖厚度为0.5～1.5mm的复丝滤布，钢板与复丝滤布通过橡胶垫和螺栓连接，其中多孔钢板孔径为3mm，开孔率为32.65％；布风室25由钢板焊接而成；分选床体27侧面固定有高度标尺，可用来标定流化床高度和采样高度；为方便测量流化过程中床层压降 变化，在床体侧壁每隔30～40mm设置一个测压点，同时借助***式测压探头来测量床层内部压降变化；工作时，将10kg加重质加入到流化床内，空气由鼓风机19鼓入风包20，经稳压后通过主风阀21和旁路风阀23调节风压和风量，气流进入布风室25均匀布风后通过布风板26进入床内；通过选择振幅合适的振动参数(振幅、振频)和气流速度使得加重质流化，直至气固接触充分，流化床床内无泡或少泡的良好流化状态，形成具有一定密度且均匀稳定的分选介质。入料由分选床体顶部给入并进入流化床层，在振动和气流的共同作用下，入料进入床层中后就逐渐分散在流化床层内，并按流化床层的密度分层，密度高的颗粒下沉到床底，密度低的颗粒上浮至床面，分别通过排料装置实现高低密度物料的分离；本设备针对于电路板颗粒的入料粒度范围为0.125～1mm，处理能力为30～80kg/h；分选床体直径为110mm，高度为400mm，实验风压固定在0.02MPa，气速适宜调节范围为4～10cm/s；振幅适宜调节范围为0～4mm，振动频率适宜调节范围为0～40Hz；分选介质选用磁铁矿粉，粒度范围为0.06～0.3mm；本实施例的入料金属含量为36.58％在气速为6.8cm/s、振幅为3mm、振动频率为30Hz的条件下，分选得到金属富集体的金属品位为90.24％，金属回收率为79.06％。
值得注意的，本发明高压静电分选机分选-0.3+0.125mm粒度级物料，高压静电分选机分选***示意图如图5所示，主要由给料装置45、电晕电极48、高压静电极49、辊筒和产物收集槽51等部件组成。使用高压静电分选机进行分选时，物料以一定速率由给料装置45给入，平铺在以某一转速顺时针旋转的辊筒电极表面，并随其转动；进料速率需与辊筒转速相适应，以确保在辊筒电极表面形成单层、均匀的混合颗粒层；当物料进入电晕电极48产生的离化区域后，导体颗粒和非导体颗粒均被荷电；由于其介电性质差异，导体颗粒所获得的负电荷很快被接电辊筒传走；与此同时，导体颗粒又受到高压静电极所产生的静电场的感应作用，靠近它的一侧感应出正电荷，远离它的另一侧感应出负电荷，负电荷也迅速由辊筒传走，因而导体颗粒只剩下正电荷；对于介电性能较好的非导体颗粒，其所获得的负电荷较难通过辊筒传走；当荷电过程完成后，导体颗粒和非导体颗粒在高压静电极产生的静电场作用下表现出不同的运动轨迹；导体颗粒荷正电，而静电极带负电，因此导体颗粒受到静电力的作用而被静电极吸引；同时，导体颗粒还受到随辊筒运动的离心力和自身重力切向分力的作用，在这些力的共同作用下，导体颗粒以一定角度从辊筒表面脱离落入导体产物收集区；非导体颗粒由于荷负电而紧紧地吸附在辊筒表面，并随之转动，最后经滚刷清除落入非导体产物收集区，从而实现导体颗粒和非导体颗粒的分离。本设备针对于电路板颗粒的入料粒度范围为0.04～3mm，处理能力为500～800kg/h，分选精度高于90％；分选电压适宜调节范围为15～30kV， 辊筒转速适宜调节范围为60～120rpm，电晕电极偏转角度适宜调节范围为20°～35°，电晕电极与辊筒的距离适宜调节范围为60～75mm，高压静电极偏转角度适宜调节范围为60°～80°，高压静电极与辊筒的距离适宜调节范围为80～95mm；本实施例的入料金属含量为34.57％；当分选电压为25kV，辊筒转速为80rpm，电晕电极偏转角度为25°，电晕电极与辊筒的距离为65mm，高压静电极偏转角度为75°，高压静电极与辊筒的距离为85mm；分选得到的金属富集体的金属品位为96.12％，金属回收率为89.75％。
值得注意的，摩擦电选机分选-0.125+0.074mm粒度级物料，摩擦电选机分选***示意图如图6所示，主要由风机、风量控制器60、进料装置61、摩擦室63和高压分选室65等部件组成；采用摩擦电选机分选-0.125+0.074mm粒度级物料时，空气由鼓风机鼓入，物料由进料装置61给入，在合适的风量控制下，合适风量是指进料风量，鼓入的空气与给入的物料形成稳定的气固两相流；物料和空气形成均匀的气固两相流进入摩擦室；经过颗粒与颗粒之间或颗粒与摩擦室器壁间的相互接触、摩擦和碰撞，导体颗粒和非导体颗粒由于介电性质差异而带上极性相反、电量不等的电荷，最终导体颗粒荷正电，非导体颗粒荷负电；从摩擦室出来的带电颗粒经喷嘴进入高压分选室，在电场力、颗粒自身重力以及风力的共同作用下，导体颗粒和非导体颗粒表现出不同的运动轨迹，带正电荷的导体颗粒向负极板移动，而带负电荷的非导体颗粒向正极板移动，从而实现导体颗粒和非导体颗粒的分离；本设备的入料粒度范围为0～0.2mm，处理能力为80～120kg/h，分选精度高于85％，实验电压适宜调节范围为0～40kV，风量适宜操作范围为10～90m 3/h；本实施例的入料金属含量为18.56％，当分选电压为8kV，风量为22m 3/h时，分选得到的金属富集体的金属品位为89.77％，金属回收率为73.90％。
值得注意的，旋风分离器分选-0.074mm粒度级物料，旋风分离器分选***示意图如图7所示，主要由给料装置70、分选室73、排料口72等部件组成；采用旋风分离器分选-0.074mm粒度级物料时，物料由给料装置70给入分选室73，在惯性离心力的作用下，重组分颗粒由于密度较大而进入向下运动的外旋流，向器壁移动并随外旋流运动到重组分排料口76；轻组分颗粒由于密度较小而进入向上运动的内旋流，并经轻组分排料口72排出，从而实现轻重组分颗粒的分离；本设备的入料粒度范围为0～0.1mm，处理能力为400～800kg/h，分选精度高于95％；进口风速适宜调节范围为12～18m/s；圆柱段直径为300mm，高度为500mm，圆锥段高度为550mm；入料口高度为162mm，宽度为77mm；轻组分排料口直径为145mm，轻组分排料管***圆柱段的深度为410mm，重组分排料口直径为115mm。本实施例的入料金属含量为3.92％；分选时，进口风速为15m/s；分选得到金属富集体的金属品位为94.52％，金属回收率为83.18％。
值得注意的，本发明对回收后的金属富集体进行回收，采用干式磁选机回收金属富集体中的磁性物质铁、钴和镍等；采用酸浸出法和电解法回收金属富集体中的铜和银；采用王水溶解法和萃取法回收金属富集体中的金、铂和钯；
值得注意的，本发明将回收到的非金属富集体用于制备改性沥青、作为复合材料的填充材料、热处理制备活性炭和多孔硅酸盐。
本发明一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，首先对废弃电路板进行拆解，进而对拆解得到的废弃电路板裸板进行破碎、筛分，然后通过联合使用不同分选设备进行不同粒度级物料的分选，能较大限度地发挥各分选设备的优势，改善分选效果，提高金属富集体产品的质量和金属的回收率。
以上所述，仅为本发明较佳的具体实施方式，但本发明的保护范围并不局限于此，任何熟悉本技术领域的技术人员在本发明揭露的技术范围内，可轻易想到的变化或替换，都应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，其特征在于，主要包括以下步骤：
    步骤1、将废弃电路板进行拆解，得到拆解后的废弃电路板裸板；
    步骤2、对废弃电路板裸板进行脱除焊料；
    步骤3、对脱除焊料后的废弃电路板裸板依次进行干法粗碎和干法细碎，得到废弃电路板颗粒；
    步骤4、将废弃电路板颗粒给入干法振动多层分级筛进行筛分分级，得到粒度级为-2+1mm、-1+0.5mm、-0.5+0.3mm、-0.3+0.125mm、-0.125+0.074mm和-0.074mm的物料；
    步骤5、将上述粒度级物料分别给入不同的干法物理分选设备进行分选，分别得到金属富集体和非金属富集体；
    步骤6、将各设备分选得到的金属富集体和非金属富集体分别进行回收。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，其特征在于，所述步骤1中，将废弃电路板进行拆解得到的元器件依次通过元器件分类、元器件性能检测进行分类处理；所述步骤2中，对脱除焊料得到的锡渣依次进行粗炼和精炼，得到符合国家标准的焊料。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，其特征在于，所述步骤3中，使用干式双齿辊式破碎机和干式高速冲击式粉碎机对脱除焊料后的废弃电路板裸板依次进行干法粗碎和干法细碎。
  4. 根据权利要求3所述的一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，其特征在于，所述步骤3中，所述干法粗碎后得到的废弃电路板颗粒粒径小于20mm，所述干法细碎后得到的废弃电路板颗粒粒径小于2mm。
  5. 根据权利要求4所述的一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，其特征在于，所述步骤3中，在干法粗碎和干法细碎过程中采用工业吸尘器进行除尘。
  6. 根据权利要求5所述的一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，其特征在于，所述步骤4中，干法振动多层分级筛的筛孔尺寸从上到下依次是2mm、1mm、0.5mm、0.3mm、0.125mm和0.074mm；所述干法振动多层分级筛的振动电机的振次适宜调节范围为300～960次/min，振幅适宜调节范围为4～8mm，振动方向角适宜调节范围为45°～60°。
  7. 根据权利要求6所述的一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，其特征在于，所述步骤5中，所述粒度级为-2+1mm的物料给入脉动气流分选机进行分选，所述脉动气流分选机的入料粒度范围为1～5mm，气速适宜调节范围为2～10cm/s，脉动频率适宜调节范围为0～2.35Hz；
    所述粒度级为-1+0.5mm的物料给入浓相气固重介质流化床进行分选，所述浓相气固重介质流化床针对于电路板颗粒的入料粒度范围为0.5～2mm， 气速适宜调节范围为6～13cm/s；分选介质选用磁铁矿粉，所述磁铁矿粉的粒度范围为0.06～0.3mm；
    所述粒度级为-0.5+0.3mm的物料给入振动气固重介质流化床进行分选，所述振动气固重介质流化床针对于电路板颗粒的入料粒度范围为0.125～1mm，气速适宜调节范围为4～10cm/s；振幅适宜调节范围为0～4mm，振动频率适宜调节范围为0～40Hz；分选介质选用磁铁矿粉，所述磁铁矿粉的粒度范围为0.06～0.3mm；
    所述粒度级为-0.3+0.125mm的物料给入高压静电分选机进行分选，所述高压静电分选机针对于电路板颗粒的入料粒度范围为0.04～3mm，分选电压适宜调节范围为15～30kV，辊筒转速适宜调节范围为60～120rpm，电晕电极偏转角度适宜调节范围为20°～35°，电晕电极与辊筒的距离适宜调节范围为60～75mm，高压静电极偏转角度适宜调节范围为60°～80°，高压静电极与辊筒的距离适宜调节范围为80～95mm；
    所述粒度级为-0.125+0.074mm的物料给入摩擦电选机进行分选，所述摩擦电选机的入料粒度范围为0～0.2mm，电压适宜调节范围为0～40kV，风量适宜操作范围为10～90m3/h；
    所述粒度级为-0.074mm的物料给入旋风分离器进行分选，所述旋风分离器的入料粒度范围为0～0.1mm，进口风速适宜调节范围为12～18m/s。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，其特征在于，对步骤6中分选得到的金属富集体，采用干式磁选机回收其中的磁性物质；采用酸浸出法和电解法回收金属富集体中的铜和银；采用王水溶解法和萃取法回收金属富集体中的金、铂和钯。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，其特征在于，所述磁性物质主要为铁、钴和镍。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的一种废弃电路板中有价组分的干法分选回收工艺，其特征在于，所述步骤6中分选得到的非金属富集体可用于制备改性沥青、作为复合材料的填充材料及热处理制备活性炭和多孔硅酸盐。
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