WO2017008354A1 - 一种研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置及实验方法 - Google Patents

一种研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置及实验方法 Download PDF

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WO2017008354A1
WO2017008354A1 PCT/CN2015/085928 CN2015085928W WO2017008354A1 WO 2017008354 A1 WO2017008354 A1 WO 2017008354A1 CN 2015085928 W CN2015085928 W CN 2015085928W WO 2017008354 A1 WO2017008354 A1 WO 2017008354A1
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porous medium
control unit
gas
skeleton
natural gas
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PCT/CN2015/085928
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English (en)
French (fr)
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李小森
王屹
冯景春
李刚
张郁
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中国科学院广州能源研究所
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Publication of WO2017008354A1 publication Critical patent/WO2017008354A1/zh

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00

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  • the invention relates to the field of multiphase seepage and natural gas hydrate exploitation in a porous medium, and particularly relates to an experimental device and an experimental method for studying a change of a skeleton of a porous medium during decomposition of a natural gas hydrate.
  • Natural gas hydrate is a kind of cage-shaped crystalline compound produced by natural gas and water under low temperature and high pressure. Its shape is like ice and snow, and it is burned in case of fire. It is commonly called “combustible ice”. Natural gas hydrates in natural gas hydrates are mainly methane (>90%). At normal temperature and pressure, 1 m3 of natural gas hydrate decomposes and releases about 160 m 3 of natural gas, so natural gas hydrates have extremely high energy density. Natural gas hydrates in nature are mainly found in sedimentary layers of the continental shelf and terrestrial tundra. In 1964, scientists first discovered natural gas hydrates in the Siberian tundra. Soon after, natural gas hydrates found in seabed sediments were discovered in the Black Sea.
  • natural gas hydrate mining technology is one of the key links to realize the development and utilization of natural gas hydrate resources.
  • natural gas hydrates exist in a solid form in a porous medium.
  • the basic idea of mining is to change the natural gas hydrate stable temperature-pressure environment, that is, the hydrate phase equilibrium conditions, causing the solid hydrate to be decomposed into natural gas and water in situ after the reservoir is produced. Accordingly, scientists have proposed several conventional mining techniques, such as: the pressure reduction method, the heat shock method, and the chemical reagent method.
  • the particle size of the porous medium in the actual hydrate deposit is composed of 0.01 um microparticles to 500 um large particles, and the deformation of the porous medium skeleton is unavoidable during hydrate mining.
  • One of the difficulties in the current hydrate mining technology is the lack of understanding of the gas-solid-liquid three-phase percolation mechanism of the porous medium-containing skeleton. It is necessary to obtain experimental data, and the phase change seepage in the hydrate decomposition process is directed to the hydrate sediment skeleton. The impact lacks basic experimental data, which is a key issue in the safety assessment of hydrate mining and requires experimental research.
  • the technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an experimental apparatus and an experimental method which can visually observe the morphological change of the porous medium skeleton with the hydrate decomposition.
  • An experimental device for studying changes in the skeleton of a porous medium during decomposition of natural gas hydrates comprising a rapid sampling high pressure reactor, an inlet control unit, an outlet control unit, an ambient temperature control unit, a gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit, and a data processing unit;
  • the rapid sampling high pressure reaction kettle is placed in an ambient temperature control unit, and a porous medium can be filled in a rapid sampling high pressure reactor to simulate a geological environment;
  • the inlet control unit is used to inject water and natural gas into the rapidly sampleable high pressure reactor;
  • the export control unit is used to control the rapid sampling high pressure reaction during the gas hydrate decomposition experiment.
  • the ambient temperature control unit is used to control the gas hydrate formation/decomposition process and the temperature of the sampling process;
  • the gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit is used for separating the gas-solid liquid mixture discharged after the decomposition of the weather hot water compound, and real-time metering the data of the gas-solid liquid three-phase output;
  • the high-speed reaction kettle, the ambient temperature control unit, the gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit, the outlet control unit, and the induction component in the inlet control unit can be connected to the data processing unit through a signal line; the data processing unit is used for collecting and processing The sensing signal of each sensing element.
  • the rapid sampling high-pressure reactor of the experimental device can visually observe the morphological change of the porous medium skeleton with the hydrate decomposition, and meter the gas, solid and liquid three-phase production of the outlet. It is used to study the multi-phase seepage problem with solid phase migration in the process of decomposition and gas production of hydrate under different formation conditions under different formation conditions.
  • the quick sampling high pressure reaction kettle comprises a kettle lid, a kettle body and a quick opening mechanism for quick sampling
  • the quick opening mechanism comprises a clamp for fixedly connecting the kettle lid and the kettle body, and the kettle lid and the kettle body Sealed rubber ring.
  • the quick opening mechanism is set so that the lid and the kettle body are quickly closed/opened, and the clamp is fixed, and the rubber ring seal makes it possible to quickly sample the high pressure reaction vessel, including the top pressure of the kettle lid to 25 MPa.
  • the quick-sampling high-pressure reactor has a cylindrical or rectangular parallelepiped inside, and a thin inner sleeve is disposed on the inner wall thereof. After the lid is quickly opened, the thin inner sleeve can be arranged to take out the porous medium sample conveniently and quickly.
  • the high-speed reactor can be quickly sampled and the opening time is shorter than 30s.
  • the high pressure reactors related to hydrate mining research basically use bolts to fix the lid and the kettle body, and the opening time is often more than one hour.
  • the porous medium skeleton Due to the long opening time of the lid and the kettle body in the prior art, the porous medium skeleton has been When the morphological changes occur under the change of external conditions, the morphological change conditions of the observed porous medium skeleton with the decomposition of natural gas hydrate are lost.
  • the gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit includes a screen sand remover and a gas-liquid separator connected in series with the screen sand remover.
  • the internal volume of the rapidly sampled high pressure reactor is greater than 0.5L.
  • the high pressure reactor is made to reflect the multiphase seepage flow conditions in the real hydrate reservoir mining.
  • the porous medium has a particle size of less than 100 um.
  • large particles were used to form a porous medium (particle size > 100 um), so that the porous medium skeleton during the decomposition of the hydrate could not be changed.
  • the porous medium of the present invention has a particle diameter of less than 100 um, and is intuitively observed to change the skeleton of the porous medium due to decomposition of the hydrate. Chemical.
  • Simulated injection wells and production wells are arranged in the fast sampling high pressure reactor according to requirements. A more realistic geological simulation environment can be obtained.
  • the outlet control unit is connected to the gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit by a straight pipe or a large arc angle pipe. It can make the gas-solid liquid three-phase mixture output smoothly, effectively avoiding the blockage of the mixture in the pipeline.
  • S1 placing the rapidly sampled high pressure reaction kettle in the ambient temperature control unit, filling a porous medium in a rapidly sampled high pressure reaction vessel to simulate a geological environment; and setting an experimental ambient temperature through the inlet control The unit injects water and natural gas into the rapidly sampled high pressure reactor to generate a gas hydrate sample;
  • the screen de-sander is used in series with the gas-liquid separator, and the solid-state separation is first performed, and the weight change of the weighing screen de-slicer is recorded to record the solid output, and then the solid output is recorded.
  • the gas and liquid were separated and metered with a balance and a gas flow meter, respectively.
  • the gas-solid liquid three-phase output data can be obtained accurately in real time, and the structure is simple.
  • the outlet control unit When it is necessary to study the change of the porous medium skeleton at a certain moment, firstly, the outlet control unit is closed, and the overall temperature of the rapidly sampled high-pressure reaction reactor is lowered to -20 ° C to -40 ° C by the ambient temperature control unit, and the temperature is lowered. After fully releasing the outlet control unit, the pressure in the rapidly sampled high pressure reactor is reduced to one atmosphere, the lid is opened within 30 seconds, the porous medium skeleton is taken out, and the porous medium skeleton is directly observed or instrumentally measured with natural gas hydration. Morphological changes in the decomposition of matter.
  • the reaction vessel was opened in 30 seconds by the quick opening mechanism in the reaction vessel.
  • the porous medium skeleton was completely taken out, and the influence of hydrate decomposition on the morphological changes of the porous medium skeleton was studied by direct observation or instrumental measurement.
  • the reactor can be quickly opened, and the porous medium skeleton can be completely taken out, so that the change of the porous medium skeleton due to the decomposition of the hydrate can be visually observed; the multiphase seepage problem containing the solid phase migration in the decomposition process of the natural gas hydrate can be studied; Accurately obtain the real-time output of gas-solid liquid three-phase in the decomposition process of natural gas hydrate; easy to operate, easy to control, suitable for reactors of various sizes and shapes; provide basic experimental data and theory for hydrate mining technology in accordance with.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an experimental apparatus for changing a skeleton of a porous medium during decomposition of a natural gas hydrate according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an experimental apparatus for studying changes in the skeleton of a porous medium during decomposition of natural gas hydrate according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • an experimental apparatus for studying the change of the skeleton of a porous medium in the decomposition process of natural gas hydrates includes: a rapid sampling high pressure reactor, an ambient temperature control unit, a gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit, an outlet control unit, and an inlet control unit. And a data processing unit.
  • the rapid sampling high pressure reactor is placed in an ambient temperature control unit for controlling the hydrate formation/decomposition process and the temperature of the sampling process.
  • the high-speed reaction kettle can be quickly sampled to achieve quick opening by setting a quick-opening kettle lid.
  • the lid and the kettle body are fixedly connected by a clamp, and the rubber ring is used for sealing; in the rapid sampling high-pressure reaction kettle, the simulated injection well is arranged according to requirements.
  • the inlet control unit, the rapid sampling high pressure reaction kettle, the outlet control unit, and the gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit are sequentially connected through the control valve and the pipeline.
  • the rapid sampling high-pressure reaction kettle, the ambient temperature control unit, the gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit, the outlet control unit, and the inlet control unit are all provided with sensing elements, and each sensing element is connected to the data processing unit through a signal line.
  • the rapid sampling high pressure reactor is filled with porous medium, water and natural gas are injected from the inlet control unit, and the hydrate formation temperature is controlled by the ambient temperature control unit to generate a hydrate sample.
  • Decomposition experiments and porous media skeleton deformation studies can be started when the hydrate sample is formed.
  • the outlet pressure is controlled by the outlet control unit, and with the decomposition of the hydrate, the gas-solid mixture in the high-pressure reactor can be quickly sampled and released to the outside of the rapidly sampled high-pressure reactor, and the gas-solid mixture is discharged.
  • the compound is separated by a gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit and metered in real time and recorded by a data processing unit.
  • the outlet control unit In the process of decomposition of the whole hydrate, when it is necessary to study the change of the skeleton of the porous medium at any moment, the outlet control unit is first closed, and the overall temperature of the rapidly sampled high-pressure reactor is rapidly lowered to -20 ° C by the ambient temperature control unit. At 40 ° C, after the temperature is lowered, the outlet control unit is completely released, so that the pressure in the high-speed reaction vessel can be rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure. At this time, the remaining water in the high-pressure reaction vessel can be quickly sampled to become an ice state, and the hydrate hardly decomposes due to the "self-protection effect" under low temperature conditions. At this time, the rapid sampling high pressure reactor is opened by a quick opening mechanism in the rapid sampling high pressure reactor.
  • the porous medium skeleton is completely taken out within 30 s, and the influence of hydrate decomposition on the morphology change of the porous medium skeleton is studied by direct observation or instrumental measurement.
  • the lid of the high-pressure reaction vessel that can be quickly sampled is closed/opened by a quick opening mechanism, and the maximum design pressure can reach 25 MPa.
  • the inside of the reaction vessel can be designed as a cylindrical or rectangular parallelepiped.
  • a thin inner sleeve is arranged on the inner wall of the reaction vessel, and after the quick opening of the kettle lid is opened, the entire porous medium block can be completely taken out without breaking the porous medium skeleton.
  • the internal volume of the high-pressure reactor can be quickly sampled to be greater than 0.5L, and the volume is too small to reflect the multi-phase flow conditions in the real hydrate reservoir mining.
  • Physical sensors such as temperature measurement and pressure measurement can be designed as needed to study physical and chemical changes in porous media during hydrate decomposition. It is also possible to increase the confining pressure or axial compression system to obtain a more realistic geological simulation environment.
  • the outlet control unit includes an outlet pressure control mechanism and a well cluster extending into the simulated cavity of the rapidly sampleable high pressure reactor.
  • the equipment technical requirements that the export control unit needs to meet include well settings that conform to different hydrate production methods, and the outlet control unit can accurately control the outlet pressure, so that the gas-solid liquid three-phase mixture can be smoothly produced, and the gas-solid liquid mixture can be effectively avoided. Blockage inside the pipe.
  • a straight pipe connection can be used in the outlet control unit to avoid bending and valves as much as possible.
  • the ambient temperature control unit needs to control the ambient temperature at which the hydrate is formed and decomposed, and can rapidly reduce the temperature of the high-pressure reactor to be quickly sampled to between minus 20 and 40 degrees. Therefore, the ambient temperature control unit is preferably designed to control the temperature using a common water bath during hydrate formation or decomposition, with a temperature range of 0-30 ° C and a high precision of 0.1 ° C. In the case of rapid cooling, the water in the water bath is evacuated, and liquid nitrogen or other coolant is injected to rapidly cool down. Stop adding liquid nitrogen when the temperature reaches minus 20 degrees, when the temperature When the degree is higher than minus 20 degrees, the liquid nitrogen is kept at a low temperature.
  • the gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit can realize separation and real-time metering of the produced gas-solid liquid three-phase.
  • a screen desander can be used in series with the gas-liquid separator. The solid state is separated first, and the weight change of the weighing screen de-sander is recorded to record the solid output, and then the gas-liquid is separated and used separately. The balance is metered with a gas flow meter. The advantage of using this combination is that the gas-solid liquid three-phase output data can be obtained accurately in real time, and the structure is simple.
  • the high-speed reaction vessel 1 can be quickly sampled, including a kettle lid, a kettle body and a quick opening mechanism; the quick opening mechanism includes a clamp for fixing the lid of the kettle lid and the kettle body, and sealing the kettle lid and the kettle body Rubber ring.
  • the high pressure reactor 1 can be quickly sampled and placed in an ambient temperature control unit (cold tank 10) for controlling the hydrate formation/decomposition process and the temperature of the sampling process.
  • the simulated injection well and the production well can be arranged in the high-speed reactor 1 and the porous medium can be filled in the rapid sampling high-pressure reactor to simulate the geological environment.
  • the porous medium has a particle size of less than 100 ⁇ m.
  • the inlet control unit consists of a liquid injection system 11, a gas injection system 12 and an evacuation system 13.
  • the liquid injection system 11 is composed of a double plunger pump 111, a preheater 112, and a pressure sensor 113.
  • the double plunger pump 111 controls the water injection flow rate
  • the preheater 112 controls the water injection temperature
  • the pressure sensor 113 monitors the inlet pressure.
  • the gas injection system 12 is composed of a gas cylinder 121, a pressure regulating valve 122, an air compressor 123, a gas boosting pump 124 and a flow meter 125.
  • the gas cylinder 121 provides a gas source
  • the pressure regulating valve 122 sets the gas source pressure and air pressure.
  • the machine 123 and the gas booster pump 124 inject gas into the reactor for gas pressurization, while the flow meter 125 meters the injected gas flow.
  • the evacuation system 13 is composed of a vacuum gauge 131, a buffer tank 132, and a vacuum pump 133, and the exhaust gas in the reaction vessel can be discharged to form a vacuum.
  • the outlet control unit includes an outlet pressure control mechanism 100 and a well cluster 101 that extends into the simulated cavity of the rapidly sampleable high pressure reactor.
  • the gas-solid liquid three-phase separation unit is composed of a screen sand remover 21, a back pressure valve 22, a gas-liquid separator 23, a gas flow meter 24, a liquid collection cylinder 25, and an electronic scale 26, and an outlet control unit outlet is connected to the screen to remove sand.
  • the device 21 realizes solid phase separation.
  • the screen remover 21 is connected to a back pressure valve 22 composed of a buffer container 221, a pointer pressure gauge 222, and a hand pump 223, and the back pressure valve 22 controls the outlet pressure.
  • the back pressure valve 22 is connected to the gas-liquid separator 23 to achieve gas-liquid separation.
  • the exhaust gas is metered by the gas flow meter 24, and the liquid is collected by the liquid collection cylinder 25, and then the electronic scale 26 is metered.
  • the experiment needs to study the change of the porous medium skeleton at 30 minutes after the start of hydrate decomposition.
  • the outlet control unit is first closed, the cooling water in the water bath is taken out, and the overall temperature of the rapidly sampling high-pressure reactor is rapidly lowered to -20 ° C to -40 by injecting liquid nitrogen. °C, after the temperature is lowered, the back pressure valve is completely released, so that the pressure in the high-pressure reaction vessel can be rapidly reduced to atmospheric pressure. At this time, the remaining water in the high-pressure reaction vessel can be quickly sampled to become an ice state, and the hydrate hardly decomposes due to the "self-protection effect" under low temperature conditions.
  • the experimental device for studying the change of the porous medium skeleton in the decomposition process of natural gas hydrate can study the multiphase seepage problem containing solid phase migration in the decomposition process of natural gas hydrate; and can accurately obtain natural gas hydrate
  • the real-time output of gas-solid liquid three-phase in the decomposition process; the change of porous medium skeleton caused by hydrate decomposition can be visually observed; the operation is simple and easy to control, and it is suitable for reactors of various sizes and shapes;
  • the mining technology provides basic experimental data and theoretical basis.

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Abstract

研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，包括可快速取样高压反应釜（1）、进口控制单元、出口控制单元、环境温度控制单元、气固液三相分离单元以及数据处理单元。能够快速开启反应釜（1），完整的取出多孔介质骨架，从而能够直观观察到由于水合物分解引起的多孔介质骨架变化；操作简单，易于控制，适用于各种大小和各种形状的反应釜（1）。

Description

一种研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置及实验方法 技术领域
本发明涉及多孔介质中多相渗流和天然气水合物开采领域，特别涉及一种研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置及实验方法。
背景技术
天然气水合物(Natural gas hydrate,NGH)是一种在低温高压下由天然气和水生成的一种笼形结晶化合物，其外形如冰雪状，遇火既燃，俗称“可燃冰”。自然界的天然气水合物中的天然气成分主要是甲烷(>90％)，在常温常压下1m3的天然气水合物分解释放约160m3天然气，所以天然气水合物具有极高的能量密度。自然界中的天然气水合物主要存在于海洋大陆架的沉积物层和陆地冻土带。1964年，科学家在西伯利亚冻土带首次发现了自然存在的天然气水合物。不久之后，在黑海发现了赋存于海底沉积物中的天然气水合物。到上世纪90年代，业内学者一致认为，全球天然气水合物所储藏的能量超过所有石油、煤及天然气所储藏能量的总和。在过去的20年中，全球范围展开包括深海钻探计划(DSDP)、大洋钻探计划(ODP)和综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)对天然气水合物的矿藏资源进行调研。目前全球水合物总量的估计约1015～1018标准立方米，所以，天然气水合物(NGH)被认为是21世纪石油天然气最具潜力的替代能源。资源调查显示，我国南海、东海陆坡－冲绳海、青藏高原冻土带都蕴藏着NGH。因此，研究出天然气水合物有效、快速、经济的开采方法，为大规模开采天然气水合物提供实验基础和依据，是缓解与日俱增的能源压力的有效途径。
所以天然气水合物开采技术是实现天然气水合物资源开发利用的关键环节之一。与常规化石能源不同，天然气水合物以固体形态存在于多孔介质中。它开采的基本思路是：通过改变天然气水合物稳定存在的温-压环境，即水合物相平衡条件，造成固体水合物在储层原位分解成天然气和水后再将天然气采出。据此，科学家提出了几种常规开采技术，如：降压法、热激法以及化学试剂法。由于水合物矿藏地质环境复杂，赋存形式多样，并且开采过程包含了复杂的天然气-水-沉积物-水合物-冰组成的多相体系的相变过程及多相渗流过程，水合物开采过程 中伴随水合物分解的多孔介质骨架变化是目前水合物开采中所遇到的最大问题之一。由于固态赋存的天然气水合物变为流动的水和气，原先的水合物矿藏地质特性会发生巨大变化，例如渗透率、孔隙度、力学性质和孔隙压力都发生强烈变化。从而导致多孔介质骨架变形，引起气固液三相混合流动场，最终可能导致地层变形。所以研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化对于水合物开采技术是否能够顺利完成以及水合物开采技术的安全性有着重要的作用。
目前世界上较为先进的水合物开采研究，主要的研究重点在不同的开采方法对水合物相变分解的效果，以及水合物分解过程中热量的消耗传递。但是对于真实条件下，水合物分解过程的复杂相变渗流机理的认识还处于模糊的状态。目前的主要水合物开采模拟实验中几乎全部忽略水合物分解对水合物藏多孔介质骨架变化的影响，在以往的模拟实验中利用大颗粒组成多孔介质(粒径>100um)，令水合物分解过程中的多孔介质骨架无法变化。但实际水合物矿藏中的多孔介质粒径是由0.01um的微颗粒至500um的大颗粒共同组成的，并且在水合物开采过程中多孔介质骨架变形是不可避免的。目前水合物开采技术的其中一个难点就是对含多孔介质骨架变化的气固液三相渗流机理还缺少认识，需要获取实验数据，并且水合物分解过程中的相变渗流对水合物沉积物骨架的影响缺乏基本的实验数据，而这是水合物开采安全性评价的关键问题，需要实验研究。
发明内容
本发明要解决的技术问题是提供一种可以直观观察到随水合物分解多孔介质骨架的形态变化的实验装置和实验方法。
本发明的技术解决方案是：
一种研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，包括可快速取样高压反应釜、进口控制单元、出口控制单元、环境温度控制单元、气固液三相分离单元以及数据处理单元；
该可快速取样高压反应釜置于环境温度控制单元中，在可快速取样高压反应釜内填充多孔介质用以模拟地质环境；
进口控制单元用于向可快速取样高压反应釜中注入水和天然气；
出口控制单元用于控制天然气水合物分解实验过程中可快速取样高压反应 釜的出口压力；
环境温度控制单元用于控制天然气水合物生成/分解过程以及取样过程的温度；
气固液三相分离单元用于将天气热水合物分解后排出的气固液混合物分离，并实时计量气固液三相产出的数据；
可快速取样高压反应釜、环境温度控制单元、气固液三相分离单元、出口控制单元、进口控制单元内的感应元件均通过信号线与数据处理单元连接；该数据处理单元用以采集和处理各感应元件的感应信号。
该实验装置的可快速取样高压反应釜可以直观观察到随水合物分解多孔介质骨架的形态变化，并且计量出口的气、固、液三相产量。用以研究不同开采方法，不同地层条件下水合物分解采气过程中的含固相迁移的多相渗流问题。
所述可快速取样高压反应釜包括釜盖、釜体以及用于快速取样的快速开启机构，该快速开启机构包括用于将釜盖和釜体固定连接的卡箍，以及将釜盖和釜体密封的橡胶圈。设置快速开启机构，使得釜盖和釜体快速闭合/开启，采用卡箍固定，橡胶圈密封使得可快速取样高压反应釜包括釜盖的最高压力能够到25MPa。
所述可快速取样高压反应釜内部为圆柱形或长方体，且其内壁设有一层薄内套。在快速开启釜盖后，设置的薄内套能够方便快捷完整的取出多孔介质样块。可快速取样高压反应釜开启时间短于30s。而目前水合物开采研究相关高压反应釜基本使用螺栓固定釜盖和釜体，开启时间往往在1个小时以上，由于现有技术中的釜盖和釜体开启时间过长，多孔介质骨架已经在外界条件的改变下发生了形态变化，则失去观测多孔介质骨架随天然气水合物分解时的形态变化条件。
所述气固液三相分离单元包括筛网除砂器以及与筛网除砂器串联的气液分离器。
所述可快速取样高压反应釜内部容积大于0.5L。使得高压反应釜反映真实水合物藏开采中的多相渗流流动条件。
所述多孔介质粒径小于100um。在以往的模拟实验中利用大颗粒组成多孔介质(粒径>100um)，令水合物分解过程中的多孔介质骨架无法变化。本发明的多孔介质粒径小于100um，够直观观察到由于水合物分解引起的多孔介质骨架变 化。
在所述可快速取样高压反应釜内按照需求布置模拟注入井及开采井。能够获得更加真实的地质模拟环境。
所述出口控制单元采用直管或者大弧度弯角管与所述气固液三相分离单元相连。能够使气固液三相混合物顺利产出，有效避免混合物在管道内堵塞。
一种采用上述的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置的实验方法，包括以下步骤：
S1：将所述可快速取样高压反应釜置于所述环境温度控制单元中，在可快速取样高压反应釜内填充多孔介质用以模拟地质环境；并设定实验环境温度，通过所述进口控制单元向所述可快速取样高压反应釜中注入水和天然气，生成天然气水合物样品；
S2：当天然气水合物生成完成后，通过所述出口控制单元控制出口压力以及所述环境温度控制单元控制分解温度，模拟S1中的生成的样品的分解实验；
S3：实验完成后或实验进行中可以直接观察或者仪器测量多孔介质骨架随天然气水合物分解的形态变化。
所述气固液三相分离单元分离气固液混合物时采用筛网除砂器与气液分离器串联使用，先将固态分离，称量筛网除砂器的重量变化记录固体产出，再分离气液，并分别用天平与气体流量计计量。可以实时准确的获得气固液三相产出数据，并且结构简单。
当需要研究某一时刻的多孔介质骨架变化时，首先关闭所述出口控制单元，通过所述环境温度控制单元将所述可快速取样高压反应釜整体温度降低至-20℃～-40℃，降温后完全放开所述出口控制单元使所述可快速取样高压反应釜内的压力降至一个大气压，在30s内将釜盖打开，取出多孔介质骨架，直接观察或者仪器测量多孔介质骨架随天然气水合物分解的形态变化。此时，反应釜内的剩余水变为冰态，而水合物由于低温条件下的“自保护效应”几乎不分解。此时通过反应釜中的快速开启机构在30s内将反应釜打开。完整取出多孔介质骨架，通过直接观察或者仪器测量的方法研究水合物分解对多孔介质骨架形态变化的影响。
本发明的有益效果：
能够快速开启反应釜，完整的取出多孔介质骨架，从而能够直观观察到，由于水合物分解引起的多孔介质骨架变化；另能够研究天然气水合物分解过程中含固相迁移的多相渗流问题；可以准确的获得天然气水合物分解过程中的气固液三相实时产出量；操作简单，易于控制，适用于各种大小和各种形状的反应釜；为水合物开采技术提供基础实验数据及理论依据。
附图说明
图1为本发明的天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置的方框图；
图2为本发明实施例的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置示意图。
具体实施方式
实施例：
参阅图1，一种研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，包括：可快速取样高压反应釜、环境温度控制单元、气固液三相分离单元、出口控制单元、进口控制单元以及数据处理单元。其中可快速取样高压反应釜置于环境温度控制单元中用于控制水合物生成/分解过程以及取样过程的温度。可快速取样高压反应釜通过设置快开釜盖实现快开，优选为釜盖和釜体通过卡箍固定连接，且使用橡胶圈密封；在可快速取样高压反应釜中按照需求布置模拟注入井及开采井。进口控制单元、可快速取样高压反应釜、出口控制单元、气固液三相分离单元分别通过控制阀和管道依次连接。可快速取样高压反应釜、环境温度控制单元、气固液三相分离单元、出口控制单元、进口控制单元内均设有感应元件，各感应元件均通过信号线与数据处理单元连接。
进一步地，可快速取样高压反应釜中填满多孔介质，由进口控制单元注入水和天然气，并利用环境温度控制单元控制水合物生成温度，用以生成水合物样品。当水合物样品生成完成后可以开始分解实验及多孔介质骨架形变研究。水合物分解实验开始时，通过出口控制单元控制出口压力，伴随着水合物分解，可快速取样高压反应釜内气固液混合物向可快速取样高压反应釜外释放，排出的气固液混 合物通过气固液三相分离单元分离，并实时计量并通过数据处理单元记录。在整个水合物分解的过程中，当需要研究任一时刻的多孔介质骨架变化时，首先关闭出口控制单元，通过环境温度控制单元将可快速取样高压反应釜整体温度迅速降低至-20℃～-40℃，降温后完全放开出口控制单元，令可快速取样高压反应釜内的压力迅速降低至大气压。此时，可快速取样高压反应釜内的剩余水变为冰态，而水合物由于低温条件下的“自保护效应”几乎不分解。此时通过可快速取样高压反应釜中的快速开启机构将可快速取样高压反应釜打开。利用可快速取样高压反应釜中的薄内套，在30s内完整取出多孔介质骨架，通过直接观察或者仪器测量的方法研究水合物分解对多孔介质骨架形态变化的影响。
进一步地，可快速取样高压反应釜的釜盖通过快速开启机构闭合/开启，最高设计压力可达25MPa。为方便多孔介质样品取出，反应釜内部可设计为圆柱形或长方体。反应釜内壁设一层薄内套，在快速开启釜盖打开后，可以迅速并且不破坏多孔介质骨架的情况下完整取出整个多孔介质块。可快速取样高压反应釜内部容积大于0.5L，容积过小无法反映真实水合物藏开采中的多相渗流流动条件。可快速取样高压反应釜中可以按照需要设计温度测量，压力测量等物性传感器，用以研究水合物分解过程的多孔介质中的物理化学变化。还可以增加围压或轴压***以获得更加真实的地质模拟环境。
进一步地，出口控制单元包括出口压力控制机构以及伸入可快速取样高压反应釜模拟腔内的井簇。其中出口控制单元需要满足的设备技术要求包括符合不同水合物开采方法的井设置，且出口控制单元能够精确控制出口压力，使得气固液三相混合物顺利产出，能够有效避免气固液混合物在管道内堵塞。为达到这一技术目标，可以在出口控制单元采用直管连接，尽量避免弯管与阀门。无法避免时，采用大弧度弯角管与高压球阀或者其他能够使得固相能够顺利通过的阀门，以避免管道堵塞。
进一步地，环境温度控制单元需要控制水合物生成及分解时的环境温度，并且可以迅速降低可快速取样高压反应釜温度至零下20度到40度。所以环境温度控制单元优选设计为在水合物生成或者分解时利用普通水浴控制温度，温度范围为0-30℃，精度较高，可达0.1℃。而在快速降温时，把水浴中的水抽空，注入液氮或者其他冷却液进行快速降温。当温度达到零下20度时停止加液氮，当温 度高于零下20度时继续加液氮保持低温。
进一步地，气固液三相分离单元可以实现将产出的气固液三相分离并实时计量。为实现这一技术效果，可以采用筛网除砂器与气液分离器串联使用，先将固态分离，称量筛网除砂器的重量变化记录固体产出，再分离气液，并分别用天平与气体流量计计量。利用这个组合的优点在于可以实时准确的获得气固液三相产出数据，并且结构简单。
参阅图2中，可快速取样高压反应釜1包括釜盖、釜体以及快速开启机构；该快速开启机构包括用于将釜盖和釜体固定连接的卡箍，以及将釜盖和釜体密封的橡胶圈。可快速取样高压反应釜1，置于环境温度控制单元(冷箱10)中用于控制水合物生成/分解过程以及取样过程的温度。可快速取样高压反应釜1中布置模拟注入井及开采井，在可快速取样高压反应釜内填充多孔介质用以模拟地质环境，所述多孔介质粒径小于100um。
进口控制单元由注液***11、注气***12和抽空***13组成。注液***11由双柱塞泵111、预热器112及压力传感器113组成，双柱塞泵111控制注水流速，预热器112控制注水温度，压力传感器113监控进口压力。注气***12由气瓶121、调压阀122、空压机123、气体增压泵124及流量计125组成，其中气瓶121提供气源，调压阀122设定气源压力，空压机123和气体增压泵124为气体增压向反应釜注气，而流量计125计量注入气体流量。抽空***13由真空表131、缓冲罐132和真空泵133组成，可以将反应釜内的尾气排出形成真空。
出口控制单元包括出口压力控制机构100以及伸入可快速取样高压反应釜模拟腔内的井簇101。
气固液三相分离单元由筛网除砂器21、背压阀22、气液分离器23、气体流量计24、液体收集筒25、电子秤26构成，出口控制单元出口连接筛网除砂器21，实现固相分离。筛网除砂器21后连接由缓冲容器221、指针压力表222以及手摇泵223组成的背压阀22，背压阀22控制出口压力。背压阀22后连接气液分离器23，实现气液分离。排出气体通过气体流量计24计量，而液体通过液体收集筒25收集，然后电子秤26计量。
以可快速取样高压反应釜内部容积设为1L为例；在可快速取样高压反应釜中共均匀布置了27个温度测量点，2个压力测量点，用以研究水合物分解过程 的多孔介质中的物理化学变化，高压反应釜上的设计了五点法排列的井口可以满足降压法，注热法，注抑制剂法等各种水合物开采方法实验的进行。
实验需要研究水合物分解开始后30分钟时刻的多孔介质骨架变化。在降压试验进行到第30分钟时，首先关闭出口控制单元，抽出水浴中的冷却水，并同时通过注入液氮的方式将可快速取样高压反应釜整体温度迅速降低至-20℃～-40℃，降温后完全放开背压阀，令可快速取样高压反应釜内的压力迅速降低至大气压。此时，可快速取样高压反应釜内的剩余水变为冰态，而水合物由于低温条件下的“自保护效应”几乎不分解。此时通过可快速取样高压反应釜中的快速取样机构将釜盖打开。完整取出多孔介质骨架，通过直接观察或者仪器测量的方法研究水合物分解对多孔介质骨架形态变化的影响。
综上所述，本发明所提供的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，可以研究天然气水合物分解过程中含固相迁移的多相渗流问题；可以准确的获得天然气水合物分解过程中的气固液三相实时产出量；可以直观观察到由于水合物分解引起的多孔介质骨架变化；操作简单，易于控制，适用于各种大小和各种形状的反应釜；为水合物开采技术提供基础实验数据及理论依据。
上列详细说明是针对本发明可行实施例的具体说明，该实施例并非用以限制本发明的专利范围，凡未脱离本发明所为的等效实施或变更，均应包含于本案的专利范围中。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，其特征在于：包括可快速取样高压反应釜、进口控制单元、出口控制单元、环境温度控制单元、气固液三相分离单元以及数据处理单元；
    该可快速取样高压反应釜置于环境温度控制单元中，在可快速取样高压反应釜内填充多孔介质用以模拟地质环境；
    进口控制单元用于向可快速取样高压反应釜中注入水和天然气；
    出口控制单元用于控制天然气水合物分解实验过程中可快速取样高压反应釜的出口压力使气固液三相混合物顺利产出；
    环境温度控制单元用于控制天然气水合物生成/分解过程以及取样过程的温度；
    气固液三相分离单元用于将天气热水合物分解后排出的气固液混合物分离，并实时计量气固液三相产出的数据；
    可快速取样高压反应釜、环境温度控制单元、气固液三相分离单元、出口控制单元、进口控制单元内的感应元件均通过信号线与数据处理单元连接；该数据处理单元用以采集和处理各感应元件的感应信号。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，其特征在于：所述可快速取样高压反应釜包括釜盖、釜体以及快速开启机构；该快速开启机构包括用于将釜盖和釜体固定连接的卡箍，以及将釜盖和釜体密封的橡胶圈。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，其特征在于：所述可快速取样高压反应釜内部为圆柱形或长方体，且其内壁设有一层薄内套。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，其特征在于：所述气固液三相分离单元包括筛网除砂器以及与筛网除砂器串联的气液分离器。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，其特征在于：所述可快速取样高压反应釜内部容积大于0.5L。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，其特征在于：所述多孔介质粒径小于100um。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置，其特征在于：所述出口控制单元采用直管或者大弧度弯角管与所述气固液三相分离单元相连。
  8. 一种采用权利要求1所述的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置的实验方法，其特征在于：包括以下步骤：
    S1：将所述可快速取样高压反应釜置于所述环境温度控制单元中，在可快速取样高压反应釜内填充多孔介质用以模拟地质环境，并设定实验环境温度，通过所述进口控制单元向所述可快速取样高压反应釜中注入水和天然气，生成天然气水合物样品；
    S2：当天然气水合物生成完成后，通过所述出口控制单元控制出口压力以及所述环境温度控制单元控制分解温度，模拟S1中生成的样品的分解实验；
    S3：实验完成后或实验进行中可以直接观察或者仪器测量多孔介质骨架随天然气水合物分解的形态变化。
  9. 根据权利要求8所述的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置的实验方法，其特征在于：所述气固液三相分离单元分离气固液混合物时采用筛网除砂器与气液分离器串联使用，先将固态分离，称量筛网除砂器的重量变化记录固体产出，再分离气液，并分别用天平与气体流量计计量。
  10. 根据权利要求8所述的研究天然气水合物分解过程中多孔介质骨架变化的实验装置的实验方法，其特征在于：当需要研究任一时刻的多孔介质骨架变化时，首先关闭所述出口控制单元，通过所述环境温度控制单元将所述可快速取样高压反应釜整体温度降低至-20℃～-40℃，降温后完全放开所述出口控制单元使所述可快速取样高压反应釜内的压力降至一个大气压，在30s内将釜盖打开，取出多孔介质骨架，直接观察或者仪器测量多孔介质骨架随天然气水合物分解的形态变化。
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