WO2016067374A1 - 半導体装置、パワーモジュール、および電力変換装置 - Google Patents
半導体装置、パワーモジュール、および電力変換装置 Download PDFInfo
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
- H01L29/70—Bipolar devices
- H01L29/72—Transistor-type devices, i.e. able to continuously respond to applied control signals
- H01L29/739—Transistor-type devices, i.e. able to continuously respond to applied control signals controlled by field-effect, e.g. bipolar static induction transistors [BSIT]
- H01L29/7393—Insulated gate bipolar mode transistors, i.e. IGBT; IGT; COMFET
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- H01L29/16—Semiconductor bodies ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor characterised by the materials of which they are formed including, apart from doping materials or other impurities, only elements of Group IV of the Periodic Table
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
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- H01L29/66068—Multistep manufacturing processes of devices having a semiconductor body comprising crystalline silicon carbide the devices being controllable only by the electric current supplied or the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched, e.g. three-terminal devices
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- H01L29/66—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor
- H01L29/68—Types of semiconductor device ; Multistep manufacturing processes therefor controllable by only the electric current supplied, or only the electric potential applied, to an electrode which does not carry the current to be rectified, amplified or switched
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to power conversion using a semiconductor switching element, and more particularly to improvement of short circuit tolerance.
- low-loss power semiconductor switching elements using wide gap semiconductor materials such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) are being studied. Since SiC and GaN have a breakdown electric field strength about 10 times higher than that of silicon (Si), the thickness of the drift layer can be reduced to 1/10 of Si in the case of switching elements having the same breakdown voltage. By thinning the drift layer in this manner, the drift layer resistance can be greatly reduced, so that the on-resistance of the entire element can be reduced.
- Power semiconductor switching elements are used in power conversion devices such as inverters.
- power conversion devices such as inverters.
- the control system monitors the load current, and when the load short circuit occurs, the circuit is shut off to protect the device. To do.
- the semiconductor switching element is exposed to high voltage and large current stress during this time.
- the load short-circuit tolerance is an index indicating a period during which a high-voltage and large-current stress can be sustained during the time until the protection circuit operates when the load is short-circuited.
- the on-state continues for 10 microseconds when the load is short-circuited.
- the element is required not to be broken.
- the cause of the destruction of the element when the load is short-circuited is that the temperature of the element rapidly rises due to a large power loss that occurs when the load is short-circuited.
- Si since the band gap of Si is about 1.1 eV, at a temperature of 200 ° C. or higher, Si becomes an intrinsic state, loses rectification, causes thermal runaway, and destroys the element.
- the thickness of the drift layer can be reduced to one-tenth of that of Si, but this reduces the heat capacity of the element, so that heat generation is 10 times that of Si when the load is short-circuited.
- the temperature rises markedly as compared with an element using Si.
- the intrinsic carrier density is low and theoretically does not become intrinsic even at a high temperature of 1000 ° C.
- the reliability of the elements other than the semiconductor, such as electrodes and insulating films deteriorates remarkably, so it is necessary to perform heat dissipation design and loss control different from those using Si elements. is there.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a structure in which a load short-circuit resistance is increased in a semiconductor switching element using a wide gap semiconductor.
- an electrode having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m or more made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy is brought into contact with the element surface to enhance a heat dissipation effect, and a current detection transistor is connected in parallel with the main semiconductor switching element.
- a load short circuit is detected, and when the load is short circuited, the gate voltage of the main semiconductor switching element is limited.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a technique for improving the short-circuit resistance by limiting the interval between well regions.
- Patent Document 1 includes the formation of a very thick electrode of 50 ⁇ m or more, and the number of parts is increased to limit the current when the load is short-circuited. Disadvantageous.
- the depletion layer extends from the well region to the drift layer even during normal operation, and the current path flowing from the channel to the drift layer is limited by the depletion layer extending from the opposite well region.
- the on-resistance during normal operation increases.
- the impurity concentration of the drift layer is lowered in order to ensure the breakdown voltage of the device, the depletion layer extends to the drift layer, which is disadvantageous for increasing the breakdown voltage.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device, a power module, and a power conversion device that can reduce saturation current without increasing on-resistance, and have low loss and a large short-circuit tolerance. It is.
- the above-described problem is solved by having a constriction region in which the body region and the insulating film face each other across the drift region.
- a semiconductor switching element capable of reducing a saturation current without increasing an on-resistance, and having a low loss and a large short-circuit tolerance. Therefore, it is possible to suppress element destruction at the time of load short-circuiting of a power conversion device using this element, and it is possible to provide a power module and a power conversion device with low loss and high reliability.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram corresponding to the A-A ′ cross section of FIG. 3 for explaining a unit active cell. It is an expanded sectional view for demonstrating a constriction area
- FIG. 2 is a top view of an n-channel insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) chip which is a semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- a termination region 101 is provided in the peripheral region of the semiconductor chip so as to go around the end of the chip, and most of the inner region is an active region 102 and a gate pad region 103.
- unit active cells 104 of transistors are laid. Note that the unit active cells 104 are spread over the entire active area 102, but in FIG. 2, the unit active cells 104 are displayed only in the central portion for easy viewing of the drawing.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged top view for explaining the unit active cell 104.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram corresponding to the A-A ′ cross section of FIG. 3 for explaining the unit active cell 104.
- an n ⁇ type drift region 4 containing nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. is formed in the SiC substrate on the first main surface side of the SiC substrate, That is, an n-type buffer region 3 containing nitrogen, phosphorus or the like is formed on the second main surface side of the SiC substrate.
- ⁇ and “+” are signs representing the relative impurity concentration of the n-type or p-type conductivity. For example, in the case of the n-type, “n ⁇ ”, “n”, “n” The impurity concentration of the n-type impurity increases in the order of “ + ” and “n ++ ”.
- the buffer region 3 is not necessarily required, but is provided for improving the breakdown voltage and suppressing conduction loss.
- a p + -type collector region 2 containing aluminum or boron is formed below the buffer region 3, and a collector electrode 1 is provided below the p + -type collector region 2.
- a p-type body region 5 containing aluminum, boron, or the like is formed inside the drift region 4.
- An n + -type emitter region 6 containing nitrogen, phosphorus, etc., and aluminum, boron, etc. are formed inside the body region 5.
- a p + -type emitter region 7 is formed.
- a gate insulating film 8 is formed so as to cover a part of the n + -type emitter region 6, the body region 5, and the drift region 4, and a gate electrode 9 is provided so as to cover the gate insulating film 8. ing.
- An emitter electrode 10 is formed so as to cover the remaining part of the n + -type emitter region 6 and the p + -type emitter region 7, and an interlayer insulating film 11 is formed to insulate the gate electrode 9 from the emitter electrode 10. Is formed.
- a trench structure 12 is formed in an intermediate region between adjacent body regions 5 inside the drift region 4, and a constriction region 13 is provided in which the body region 5 and the gate insulating film 8 face each other with the drift region 4 interposed therebetween. It has been.
- the side walls and the bottom surface of the trench structure 12 are boundaries between the gate insulating film 8 and the drift layer 4. That is, the sidewall of the trench structure 12 has the gate insulating film 8.
- the end portion 14 in the longitudinal direction of the trench structure 12 is in contact with the body region 5.
- the gate insulating film 8 and the body region 5 are in contact with each other at the end portion 14 in the longitudinal direction of the trench structure 12, and it is possible to prevent current from flowing through the end portion 14 in the longitudinal direction. Can be improved.
- the body region 5 is continuously formed up to the portion in contact with the end portion 14 in the longitudinal direction of the trench structure 12, but the impurity concentration in the vicinity of the end portion 14 is made higher than that of the body region 5. Thus, the effect of suppressing the saturation current can be further improved.
- the collector electrode 1 can be formed using a metal such as aluminum, titanium, nickel, or gold by a method such as sputtering or metal vapor deposition.
- the collector region 2, the buffer region 3, and the drift region 4 may be formed by epitaxially growing the collector region 2, the buffer region 3, and the drift region 4 on the n-type or p-type bulk substrate in this order and then grinding the bulk substrate. It can be formed by grinding the bulk substrate after epitaxial growth in the order of the drift region 4, the buffer region 3, and the collector region 2 on the n-type or p-type bulk substrate.
- the impurity concentration of the collector region 2 is, for example, 1 ⁇ 10 18 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the impurity concentration of the buffer region 3 is, for example, a value lower than the impurity concentration of the collector region 2.
- the impurity concentration of the drift region 4 is, for example, less than 5 ⁇ 10 15 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the body region 5 can be formed in the drift layer by, for example, impurity implantation or epitaxial growth.
- the emitter region 6 is a region formed by, for example, implanting impurities so as to have a high concentration of 1 ⁇ 10 19 cm ⁇ 3 or more.
- the trench structure 12 can be formed by, for example, dry etching.
- the gate insulating film 8 can be formed, for example, by wet oxidation, dry oxidation, or CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) of a silicon oxide film (SiO 2 film) after dry etching for forming the trench structure 12.
- the gate electrode 9 is an electrode region formed by, after forming the gate insulating film 8, directly after CVD of polysilicon or CVD of amorphous silicon, and denatured into polysilicon by heat treatment.
- the interlayer insulating film 11 can be formed by CVD or the like of a silicon oxide film (SiO 2 film), and the emitter electrode 10 is formed by sputtering or metal vapor deposition using a metal such as aluminum, titanium, or nickel. can do.
- FIG. 5 shows an enlarged cross-sectional view in the vicinity of the stenosis region 13.
- the length L of the gate insulating film 8 facing the body region 5 in the narrowed region 13 is made longer than the interval W between the body region 5 and the gate insulating film 8 in the narrowed region 13.
- the length L of the gate insulating film facing the body region 5 corresponds to the depth of the trench structure 12.
- the length L of the gate insulating film is, for example, 0.65 ⁇ m, and the interval W is, for example, 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the current flowing at that time is usually determined by the saturation current characteristics of the channel part.
- the current flowing from the emitter region 6 through the channel to the drift region 4 is restricted by the constriction region 13, whereby the current flowing to the element when the load is short-circuited can be suppressed. Since the path of the current flowing from the channel to the drift region 4 spreads within the drift region 4 at an angle of about 45 °, the path of the current flowing to the drift region 4 is limited by making the length L longer than the interval W. be able to.
- the trench structure 12 and the body region 5 are in contact with each other at the end portion 14 in the longitudinal direction of the trench structure 12, and the current path other than the constriction region 13 can be narrowed.
- the suppression effect can be further improved.
- FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the interval W and the saturation current density.
- the saturation current density is calculated when the length L is 0.65 ⁇ m, the gate voltage is 15 V, and the collector voltage is half the withstand voltage.
- the saturation current density decreases only slightly even if the interval W decreases.
- the saturation current density decreases as the interval W decreases, and when the interval W is near 0.65 ⁇ m, the saturation current density decreases rapidly.
- the effect of reducing the saturation current density can be obtained by setting the interval W, which is the width of the constriction region, to less than 1 ⁇ m, that is, by setting the interval W to a submicron or less. Further, by making the length L longer than the interval W, it is possible to sufficiently suppress the current flowing through the element when the load is short-circuited.
- FIG. 7 shows the relationship between the collector-emitter voltage and the collector current density. When the length L is 0.65 ⁇ m and the interval W is 1.0 ⁇ m is indicated by a one-dot chain line, the interval W is 0.5 ⁇ m is indicated by a broken line, and the IGBT structure without the constriction region shown in FIG. The solid lines indicate the calculation results. For example, the ON voltage at a collector current density of 100 A / cm 2 is 3.6 V.
- the semiconductor device of this embodiment has a constricted region in which the body region and the insulating film are opposed to each other with the drift region interposed therebetween, thereby sufficiently reducing the saturation current and suppressing an increase in on-voltage. It becomes possible. Since the present invention relates to an insulated gate structure on the element surface, the present invention is not limited to an IGBT, and can be applied to a semiconductor switching element having an insulated gate structure such as a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). When applied to the MOSFET, the p + -type collector region 2 of this embodiment is not provided. Further, the present invention is not limited to the n-type channel structure but can be applied to a p-type channel structure. As a semiconductor material used in the semiconductor device, for example, Si or GaN can be applied in addition to the SiC of this embodiment.
- a semiconductor material used in the semiconductor device for example, Si or GaN can be applied in addition to the SiC of this embodiment.
- FIG. 8 shows a cross-sectional structure of an n-channel IGBT according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 shows an enlarged view of the vicinity of the constriction region 13 of this embodiment.
- the length L of the gate insulating film in the narrowed region 13 is set to the length of the body region in the narrowed region 13, that is, the depth of the body region 5. It is shorter than the length D.
- Others are the same as those in the first embodiment, and thus the description thereof is omitted.
- the end portion of the gate insulating film 8 is present in the region sandwiched between the body regions 5, so that the electric field generated in the gate insulating film 8 during the off operation can be relaxed and the reliability of the gate insulating film 8 can be reduced. It becomes possible to improve the property.
- FIG. 10 shows a cross-sectional structure of an n-channel IGBT according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- an n ⁇ type drift region 4 containing nitrogen, phosphorus or the like is formed on a SiC substrate, and an n type buffer region 3 containing nitrogen, phosphorus or the like is formed below the n ⁇ type drift region 4.
- a p + -type collector region 2 containing aluminum or boron is formed below the buffer region, and a collector electrode 1 is provided below the p + -type collector region 2.
- a p-type body region 5 containing aluminum, boron, or the like is formed inside the drift region 4.
- the body region 5 contains an n + -type emitter region 6 containing nitrogen, phosphorus, etc., and aluminum, boron, etc.
- a p + -type emitter region 7 is formed.
- the constriction region 13 in which the body region 5 and the gate insulating film 8 are opposed to each other across the drift region 4 is provided.
- Gate insulating film 8 is formed so as to cover part of emitter region 6, body region 5, and drift region 4.
- a first gate electrode 9 a is provided so as to cover the gate insulating film 8, and a second gate electrode 9 b is provided so as to cover the gate insulating film 8 in the narrowed region 13.
- the first gate electrode 9a and the second gate electrode 9b can be formed, for example, by depositing polysilicon or the like and patterning it by dry etching, as in the first embodiment.
- an emitter electrode 10 is formed so as to cover the remaining part of the emitter region 6 and the p + -type emitter region 7, and the first gate electrode 9a, the second gate electrode 9b, and the emitter electrode 10 are connected to each other.
- An interlayer insulating film 11 is formed for insulation.
- the gate electrode is separated into two, the inversion layer is controlled by one gate electrode, and the storage layer is controlled by the other gate electrode, so that the gate capacitance is reduced and the inversion layer is controlled. It is possible to improve the switching speed.
- the structure of the gate electrode of the present embodiment can be applied to other semiconductor switching elements having an insulated gate structure such as a MOSFET, and is not limited to the n-type channel structure but can be applied to a p-type channel structure.
- the semiconductor material can be applied to, for example, Si or GaN other than the SiC exemplified in this embodiment.
- the gate voltage 111 is always applied to the second gate electrode 9b for controlling the storage layer, and the first gate electrode 9a is applied to the semiconductor device of the third embodiment.
- This is a power conversion device for switching elements by connecting the output of the gate drive circuit 110.
- the storage layer is always generated during the device operation using the second gate electrode 9b, and the element is switched by repeating generation and disappearance of the inversion layer using the first gate electrode 9a.
- an increase in gate capacitance can be suppressed and the switching speed can be improved.
- a first gate electrode 9a and a second gate electrode 9b are connected via a resistor 112 and an inductor 113, and the first gate electrode 9a is driven by a gate.
- the output of the circuit 110 is connected.
- the power module is provided with a single gate terminal, and the output of the gate drive circuit 110 is connected to the gate terminal.
- the gate control signal from the gate drive circuit 110 is input to the first gate electrode 9a.
- a second gate electrode 9b is connected to the gate terminal via a resistor 112 and an inductor 113, and a gate control signal delayed by the resistor 112 and the inductor 113 is input to the second gate electrode 9b.
- the gate voltage is set to be applied to the second gate electrode 9b in the initial state, and the gate control signal is switched faster than the delay due to the resistor 112 and the inductor 113 during the operation of the element, so that the second gate electrode 9b is always switched. It can be kept on. Therefore, it is possible to input different control signals to the first gate electrode 9a and the second gate electrode 9b using one gate terminal of the power module, thereby suppressing an increase in gate capacitance and improving the switching speed. It becomes possible.
- the resistor 112 and the inductor 113 can be incorporated in a power module using a semiconductor switching element, the gate drive circuit 110 provided outside can be simplified. Therefore, the cost of the power conversion device can be reduced.
- the sixth embodiment is a three-phase motor system to which the semiconductor switching element, power module, or power converter according to the first to fifth embodiments of the present invention is applied.
- FIG. 13 shows the circuit configuration of the three-phase motor system of this embodiment.
- the inverter converts the electric energy of the DC power source into an AC current and controls the rotation speed of the three-phase motor 206 at a variable speed.
- the upper arm portion 201a and the lower arm portion 201b are connected in series, and three series connection circuits thereof are connected in parallel.
- Each arm unit 201 includes a semiconductor switching element 202 such as an IGBT and a free wheel diode 203, for example.
- FIG. 14 shows a block diagram of an example of a three-phase motor system applied to a railway vehicle.
- a high voltage alternating current of 25 kV or 15 kV flows through the overhead line 301, and electric power is supplied to the railway vehicle via the pantograph 302.
- the high-voltage alternating current supplied to the railway vehicle is stepped down to, for example, 3.3 kV alternating current by the insulated main transformer 303 and then forward converted to 3.3 kV direct current by the converter 305. Thereafter, this direct current is converted into alternating current by the inverter 307 via the capacitor 306, and a desired three-phase alternating current is output to the three-phase motor 206 to drive the three-phase motor 206.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (15)
- 第1主面および第2主面を有する半導体基板と、
前記半導体基板内の前記第1主面側に設けられているドリフト領域と、
前記第2主面側に設けられている第1電極と、
前記ドリフト領域内に設けられているボディ領域と、
前記ドリフト領域内に前記ボディ領域と間隔を空けて設けられ、絶縁膜の側壁を有するトレンチと、
前記トレンチの内部に設けられている第2電極と、を有し、
前記間隔が1μm未満であり、且つ前記トレンチの深さよりも短いことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1に記載の半導体装置において、
前記トレンチの長手方向の端部が前記ボディ領域に接していることを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1に記載の半導体装置において、
前記ボディ領域の深さが前記トレンチの深さよりも大きいことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1に記載の半導体装置において、
前記第2主面側に設けられており、前記ドリフト層とは異なる導電型を有するコレクタ領域を有し、
前記コレクタ領域は前記第1電極に接続されていることを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1に記載の半導体装置において、
前記半導体基板は炭化ケイ素を含むことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項1に記載の半導体装置を有し、
前記第2電極が、ゲート駆動回路の出力に接続する端子とインダクタを介して接続されていることを特徴とするパワーモジュール。 - 請求項1に記載の半導体装置を有し、
前記第2電極が、ゲート駆動回路の出力とインダクタを介して接続されていることを特徴とする電力変換装置。 - 第1主面および第2主面を有する半導体基板と、
前記半導体基板内の前記第1主面側に設けられている第1導電型を有する第1半導体領域と、
前記第2主面側に設けられている第1電極と、
前記第1半導体領域内に設けられている前記第1導電型とは異なる第2導電型を有する第2半導体領域と、
前記第1半導体領域内に設けられ、絶縁膜の側壁を有するトレンチと、
前記トレンチの内部に設けられている第2電極と、を有し、
前記トレンチの短手方向には、前記トレンチと間隔を空けて前記第2半導体領域が存在し、
前記トレンチの長手方向の端部が前記第2導電型を有する第3半導体領域に接していることを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項8に記載の半導体装置において、
前記第2半導体領域と前記第3半導体領域とが連続していることを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項8に記載の半導体装置において、
前記第2主面側に設けられている前記第2導電型を有する第4半導体領域を有し、
前記第4半導体領域は前記第1電極に接続されていることを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項8に記載の半導体装置において、
前記半導体基板は炭化ケイ素を含むことを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項8に記載の半導体装置を有し、
前記第2電極が、ゲート駆動回路の出力に接続する端子とインダクタを介して接続されていることを特徴とするパワーモジュール。 - 請求項8に記載の半導体装置を有し、
前記第2電極が、ゲート駆動回路の出力とインダクタを介して接続されていることを特徴とする電力変換装置。 - 第1主面および第2主面を有する半導体基板と、
前記半導体基板内の前記第1主面側に設けられているドリフト領域と、
前記第2主面側に設けられている第1電極と、
前記ドリフト領域内に設けられているボディ領域と、
前記ボディ領域および前記ドリフト領域上に設けられているゲート絶縁膜と、
前記ゲート絶縁膜上に設けられている第2電極と、を有し、
前記ボディ領域と前記ドリフト領域上の前記ゲート絶縁膜とが、1μm未満の間隔で対向していることを特徴とする半導体装置。 - 請求項14に記載の半導体装置の前記第2電極が、ゲート駆動回路に接続されていることを特徴とする電力変換装置。
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US10763355B2 (en) | 2018-04-02 | 2020-09-01 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Power semiconductor device |
US11152502B2 (en) | 2019-05-17 | 2021-10-19 | Fuji Electric Co., Ltd. | Nitride semiconductor device |
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JP3257358B2 (ja) * | 1994-08-01 | 2002-02-18 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 電界効果型半導体装置 |
JP3257394B2 (ja) * | 1996-04-04 | 2002-02-18 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 電圧駆動型半導体装置 |
DE19849555A1 (de) | 1997-11-04 | 1999-06-10 | Hitachi Ltd | Halbleiter-Bauelement und flaches Halbleiter-Bauteil |
JP2003009508A (ja) | 2001-06-19 | 2003-01-10 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 電力用半導体装置 |
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JP5736683B2 (ja) | 2010-07-30 | 2015-06-17 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 電力用半導体素子 |
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