WO2013140937A1 - 蓄電デバイスの電極用活性炭及び蓄電デバイスの電極用活性炭の製造方法 - Google Patents
蓄電デバイスの電極用活性炭及び蓄電デバイスの電極用活性炭の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2013140937A1 WO2013140937A1 PCT/JP2013/054497 JP2013054497W WO2013140937A1 WO 2013140937 A1 WO2013140937 A1 WO 2013140937A1 JP 2013054497 W JP2013054497 W JP 2013054497W WO 2013140937 A1 WO2013140937 A1 WO 2013140937A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
- C01B32/336—Preparation characterised by gaseous activating agents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/34—Carbon-based characterised by carbonisation or activation of carbon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/312—Preparation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/30—Active carbon
- C01B32/354—After-treatment
- C01B32/36—Reactivation or regeneration
- C01B32/366—Reactivation or regeneration by physical processes, e.g. by irradiation, by using electric current passing through carbonaceous feedstock or by using recyclable inert heating bodies
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an activated carbon used for an electrode of an electricity storage device such as an electric double layer capacitor or a lithium ion capacitor, and a method for producing activated carbon used for an electrode of the electricity storage device.
- An electric double layer capacitor (Electric Double Layer Capacitor) that can be charged and used repeatedly is an ion adsorption layer formed in pores in a porous carbon electrode such as activated carbon, that is, a capacitor that stores electric charge in the electric double layer. Because this electric double layer capacitor has a long life and high output, it is widely used as a backup power source for computer memory. Recently, it has attracted a great deal of attention as a power storage system installed in railway vehicles and as an auxiliary power source for hybrid vehicles. ing.
- hybrid capacitors using not only activated carbon electrodes but also active materials of secondary batteries as electrode materials have been developed.
- One of the hybrid capacitors is a lithium ion capacitor.
- activated carbon is used for the positive electrode
- carbon material for the negative electrode of the lithium ion battery is used for the negative electrode
- an organic electrolytic solution for the lithium ion battery is used for the electrolytic solution.
- the electric double layer capacitor 10 is charged by applying a voltage by connecting a power source 14 between two activated carbon electrodes 12 and 13 immersed in an electrolyte solution 11.
- electrolyte ions are adsorbed on the electrode surface.
- the positive electrode 12 attracts positive ions ( ⁇ ) in the electrolytic solution 11 to holes (h + )
- the negative electrode 13 attracts positive ions (+) in the electrolytic solution 11 to electrons (e ⁇ ).
- the holes (h + ) and the anions ( ⁇ ) and the electrons (e ⁇ ) and the cations (+) are aligned with a minimum distance of about several tens to form an electric double layer.
- Electric double layer capacitors are (1) charge and discharge at high speed compared to general secondary batteries, (2) high reversibility of charge and discharge cycles, (3) long cycle life, (4) electrodes And because it does not use heavy metals in the electrolyte, it is environmentally friendly. These characteristics are derived from the fact that the electric double layer capacitor does not use heavy metal, operates by physical adsorption / desorption of ions, and does not involve an electron transfer reaction of chemical species.
- the charging voltage of the electric double layer capacitor is normally suppressed to about 2.5V. It is explained that this is because when the battery is charged at a voltage of 3 V or more, the electrode and the electrolyte begin to electrolyze, the capacity is reduced and the electric double layer capacitor is deteriorated.
- a practical activated carbon for an electrode of an electric double layer capacitor is obtained by adding an appropriate amount of a conductive auxiliary such as carbon black to activated carbon particles having a size of 1 to 10 ⁇ m, thereby producing a fibril such as polytetrafluoroethylene. It is manufactured by molding it into a sheet with a modified binder. About the fall of the capacity
- Non-Patent Document 1 an activated carbon for an electrode is directly produced without using a binder by utilizing the characteristics of a sol-gel method having excellent moldability.
- the capacity of the electrode using activated carbon produced without using this binder is higher than that of the electrode using activated carbon produced using the binder, and the difference increases as the thickness of the activated carbon for the electrode increases. It has been confirmed that it has become prominent.
- a carbon material having a specific surface area of around 1000 m 2 / g having a fine porous structure produced by firing a polyacrylonitrile-based polymer (PAN) porous body is disclosed.
- PAN polyacrylonitrile-based polymer
- Patent Document 1 a method of molding a tablet-like carbon material without a binder is disclosed (for example, see Patent Document 1).
- a phenolic compound and an aldehyde compound are reacted in a disc-shaped container in the presence of water and a catalyst to obtain a tablet-shaped wet gel, and the water in the wet gel is replaced with a hydrophilic organic solvent, followed by freezing.
- a tablet-like carbon material is produced by drying to obtain a tablet-like dry gel and firing the tablet-like dry gel in an inert atmosphere.
- the tablet-like carbon material molded without a binder by this method has a fine structure such as micropores and mesopores (pores having a diameter of 2 to 50 nm) which are fine pores having a diameter of less than 2 nm.
- a block of a carbonized resin porous body having continuous pores inside and activated is disclosed (for example, see Patent Document 2).
- an activated carbon block obtained by carbonizing and activating a phenol resin molded body is shown as a preferred example.
- JP-A-5-217803 paragraphs [0015] and [0049] of the specification
- Porous adsorbent handbook p. 444, August 24, 2005, 2nd print, Fuji Techno System Co., Ltd. Summary of 2011 Annual Meeting of the Carbon Materials Society of Japan, P.44 “Preparation of Porous Polyacrylonitrile as a Precursor and Application to Electrodes” Applied technology of activated carbon, P.I. 81, Table 2.3.5, July 25, 2000, first edition, first edition, published by Techno System Co., Ltd.
- Non-Patent Document 3 fibrous activated carbon based on polyacrylonitrile as disclosed in Non-Patent Document 3 is on the market but is not used for capacitors. This is presumably because the specific surface area does not readily reach 1,500 m 2 / g or more, and a substantial capacity cannot be obtained even if the carbonization product of polyacrylonitrile is sufficiently activated. This is supported by the fact that Non-Patent Document 3 discloses that the specific surface area of the polyacrylonitrile-based fibrous activated carbon is 1,250 m 2 / g or less.
- the carbon porous body of Non-Patent Document 2 can only obtain a specific surface area of about 1000 m 2 / g, and it is estimated that the capacity is not sufficient as an electric double layer capacitor. Furthermore, since non-patent document 2 uses polyacrylonitrile, it is presumed that the specific surface area does not become sufficiently large even if the activation treatment is performed under severe conditions as shown in non-patent document 3. Therefore, although the carbon porous body of Non-Patent Document 2 may have a structure close to seamless activated carbon, it is not promising as an electrode material for capacitors using an organic electrolyte.
- the tablet-like carbon produced by the methods of Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 1 has not only micropores but also fine structures such as mesopores, and no macropores. For this reason, there is a possibility that the activation is not sufficiently performed, and the electrolyte does not sufficiently permeate and has a low capacity.
- the activation yields of Reference Examples 1 and 2 of Patent Document 2 are estimated to be 81% and 74%, respectively, assuming that there is no volume shrinkage due to activation as judged from the density.
- the specific surface area is about 1000 to 1200 m 2 / g, and it is considered that a capacitor using an organic electrolyte cannot obtain a sufficient capacity and durability.
- Example 1 and Example 2 of patent document 2 it is estimated from the micrograph that the hole diameter of a macropore is a nonuniform size of about 50 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the wall of the carbon matrix to be activated reaches several tens of ⁇ m, so that there is a possibility that it is difficult to activate uniformly to the inside of the electrode. Furthermore, if the macropores are not uniform, the thickness of the carbon matrix is also nonuniform, so that the degree of activation becomes microscopically different. Therefore, it is considered that the communicating macro holes need to be uniform and not more than a certain hole diameter.
- the object of the present invention is not only high in charge / discharge capacity at a high current density (2000 mA / g), but also excellent in electric double layer capacitors with excellent durability against high voltage charging of 3 V or higher and high voltage charging of 4 V or higher.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an activated carbon for an electrode of an electricity storage device suitable for a lithium ion capacitor excellent in durability and a method for producing an activated carbon for an electrode of an electricity storage device.
- the first aspect of the present invention has uniform communication macropores, the center of the pore size distribution is in the range of 1.5 to 25 ⁇ m, the specific surface area is in the range of 1500 to 2300 m 2 / g, and the micropores
- the activated carbon for an electrode of an electricity storage device having a volume in the range of 0.4 to 1.0 ml / g and an average micropore width in the range of 0.7 to 1.2 nm.
- a pore-forming agent and a crosslinking agent are added to and mixed with an aqueous solution prepared by mixing a phenol resin and polyvinyl alcohol, and then a catalyst for curing the mixed solution is added and mixed.
- the reaction solution obtained by adding water to the mixture and mixing is cast into a block mold made of synthetic resin, heated and reacted for a predetermined time, and the resulting reaction product is molded into the mold Porous phenol resin in which uniform macropores having an average pore diameter in the range of 3 to 35 ⁇ m are formed in a three-dimensional network shape after being taken out from the water, washed with water to remove the pore-forming agent and unreacted substances and then dried.
- the block is cut into a plate shape, and the cut plate-shaped body is heated from room temperature to 700 to 1000 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere, and the temperature rise is performed in an inert gas atmosphere. Hold at the temperature
- a third aspect of the present invention is that the activation treatment is performed by heating the plate-like carbonized product from room temperature to a range of 800 to 900 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere, and at a temperature increased in a carbon dioxide flow. It is a manufacturing method of the activated carbon for electrodes of the electrical storage device based on the 2nd viewpoint characterized by performing by hold
- a fourth aspect of the present invention is an electric double layer capacitor using activated carbon based on the first aspect as an electrode.
- a fifth aspect of the present invention is a lithium ion capacitor using activated carbon based on the first aspect as an electrode.
- a sixth aspect of the present invention is an electric double layer capacitor using as an electrode activated carbon produced by a production method based on the second aspect.
- a seventh aspect of the present invention is a lithium ion capacitor using as an electrode activated carbon produced by a production method based on the second aspect.
- the activated carbon for an electrode of an electricity storage device has uniform communication macropores, the center of the pore size distribution is in the range of 1.5 to 25 ⁇ m, and the specific surface area is 1500 to 2300 m 2 / g.
- the micropore volume is in the range of 0.4 to 1.0 ml / g, and the average micropore width is in the range of 0.7 to 1.2 nm. Therefore, at a high current density (2000 mA / g)
- Electrode of an electricity storage device suitable for an electric double layer capacitor excellent in durability against high-voltage charging of 3 V or higher and a lithium ion capacitor excellent in durability against high-voltage charging of 4 V or higher Activated carbon is obtained.
- a porous phenol resin in which continuous uniform macropores having an average pore diameter in the range of 3 to 35 ⁇ m are formed in a three-dimensional network is carbonized, and subsequently activated.
- the activation of the carbonized product is sufficiently performed, and since there is no contact interface between the activated carbon particles without including a binder or a conductive auxiliary agent, charging / discharging at a high current density (2000 mA / g) is performed.
- the activated carbon for electrode of an electricity storage device suitable for an electric double layer capacitor excellent in durability against high voltage charging of 3 V or higher and a lithium ion capacitor excellent in durability against high voltage charging of 4 V or higher as well as high capacity in can get.
- the method for producing activated carbon for electrodes of an electricity storage device of the present invention is a porous phenol resin block in which continuous macropores having an average pore diameter in the range of 3 to 35 ⁇ m are formed in a three-dimensional network.
- 20 is cut into a plate shape, for example, a disk shape, and the plate-like body made of the cut porous phenol resin, for example, a disk, is heated from room temperature to 700 to 1000 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere to generate an inert gas
- the plate-like body, for example, the disk 21 is carbonized to obtain a plate-like body, for example, a disk-like carbonized material.
- the temperature is raised to a range of 800 to 900 ° C., carbon dioxide gas is circulated so that the activation yield is in a range of 40 to 70%, and carbon is maintained by maintaining the temperature at the raised temperature.
- Plate-like body by activation treatment objects for example, it is characterized in that to obtain a disc-like activated carbon 22.
- reference numeral 21 a indicates a macro hole of the porous phenol resin disk 21, and reference numeral 22 a indicates a micro hole of the activated carbon 22.
- porous phenol resin which is a raw material of this manufacturing method and is a precursor of an activated carbon electrode is manufactured by the following method, for example.
- the method for producing a phenolic resin block described in Patent Document 2 is a method in which a lipophilic compound is dispersed in a phenolic resin, and the pore diameter is adjusted particularly by the stirring speed at the time of stirring.
- a method of dispersing a foaming agent in a phenolic resin and evaporating and foaming is also described, it is difficult to make a fine pore size and it is difficult to adjust the pore size uniformly because of foam molding.
- the phenol resin block is manufactured by mixing a pore generator in the phenol resin and selecting the type, amount, and temperature of the pore generator to uniformly adjust the fine pore diameter, so that the average pore diameter is 3 to 35 ⁇ m. A uniform porous phenolic resin block is obtained.
- the porous phenolic resin block is extracted into a cylindrical shape having a diameter of 21 to 22 mm using, for example, a drilling machine, and is formed into a plate-like body having a thickness of 1 to 3 mm using, for example, a diamond saw. It is cut out.
- the plate-like body is a disk
- the diameter of the disk is in the range of 21 to 22 mm.
- the plate-like body is not limited to the disk shape, but may be a square shape. The shape, size, and thickness of the plate-like body are determined according to the use of the activated carbon electrode.
- the average pore diameter of the connected macropores formed in a three-dimensional network is defined in the above range because activation below will not be sufficiently performed if the value is less than the lower limit, and mechanical strength decreases if the upper limit is exceeded. It is to do.
- the measuring method of the said average hole diameter is based on a mercury porosimeter.
- the cut plate-like body made of porous phenol resin is placed in a heat treatment furnace.
- a horizontal tubular electric furnace is used as the heat treatment furnace.
- the furnace is heated in an inert gas atmosphere and heated from room temperature to 700 to 1000 ° C., preferably 800 to 900 ° C., at a heating rate of 5 to 20 ° C./min.
- heat treatment is performed by holding at the elevated temperature for 0.5 to 2 hours.
- the electric furnace is gradually cooled to room temperature.
- the plate-like body is carbonized to obtain a plate-like carbonized product.
- the inert gas a gas such as nitrogen, argon, or helium is used.
- the reason why the temperature to be heated for carbonization treatment is defined in the above range is that there is a problem that carbonization is insufficient if it is less than the lower limit value, and there is a problem that activation of the next process is difficult if the upper limit value is exceeded. It is. Further, the temperature increase rate for carbonization treatment is defined in the above range because there is a problem that it takes too much time for carbonization if it is less than the lower limit value, and there is a problem that the carbonization is insufficient if the upper limit value is exceeded. Because.
- (D) Activation treatment Further, the temperature of the heat treatment furnace is raised from room temperature to a range of 800 to 900 ° C. in an inert gas atmosphere with the plate-like carbonized product placed in the heat treatment furnace. Next, the introduction of the inert gas is stopped and the carbon dioxide gas is introduced. Next, the carbon dioxide gas is circulated for 2 to 12 hours, preferably 6 to 10 hours at the above elevated temperature so that the activation yield is in the range of 40 to 70%, preferably 50 to 65%. .
- the activation yield is the rate of change of the sample mass due to the activation treatment, represented by the following formula.
- the reason why the temperature to be heated to activate the carbonized product is defined in the above range is that activation is not sufficiently performed if the temperature is less than the lower limit value, and if the upper limit value is exceeded, there is a problem of extreme decrease in yield. It is.
- the reason why the activation yield is defined in the above range is that if it is less than the lower limit value, it may be activated too much to maintain the shape and the productivity is too low. If the upper limit value is exceeded, activated carbon having a sufficient specific surface area This is because the initial capacity and durability are poor.
- the reason why the activation treatment is performed in a carbon dioxide gas atmosphere is that micropores are easily developed. As the activation gas, water vapor can be used in addition to carbon dioxide gas.
- a chemical activation method can be used as the activation treatment of the present invention.
- This chemical activation method is a method in which a carbonized product is mixed with a chemical such as potassium hydroxide, phosphoric acid, or zinc chloride and heated.
- the activated carbon for electrode of the electricity storage device obtained by the gas activation method of the present invention has a specific surface area in the range of 1500-2300 m 2 / g and a micropore volume of 0.4- It is in the range of 1.0 ml / g, and the average micropore width is in the range of 0.7 to 1.2 nm.
- the specific surface area is in the range of 1600 to 2000 m 2 / g
- the micropore volume is in the range of 0.6 to 0.9 ml / g
- the average micropore width is in the range of 0.8 to 1.1 nm. is there.
- the reason why the average micropore width is defined in the above range is that there is a problem that electrolyte ions cannot be adsorbed in the micropores if it is less than the lower limit value, and there is a problem that the electrode bulk density is lowered if the upper limit value is exceeded. .
- the activated carbon for an electrode of an electricity storage device obtained by the present invention is suitably used for an electric double layer capacitor or a lithium ion capacitor. According to the present invention, not only has a high capacity in charge / discharge at a high current density (2000 mA / g), but also an electric double layer capacitor excellent in durability against high voltage charging of 3 V or higher and durability against high voltage charging of 4 V or higher. Can produce activated carbon for an electrode of an electricity storage device suitable for a lithium ion capacitor excellent in.
- a phenol resin (trade name: BRL-1583, manufactured by Showa High Polymer Co., Ltd., solid content: 72%) and PVA are mixed with a solid content ratio of 4/1 and a total mass of solid content of 30 w / v. %
- PVA polymer graft copolymer
- 12 w / v% rice starch was added to this aqueous solution and mixed well, and then 5 w / v% 37% formaldehyde aqueous solution was added and mixed as a crosslinking agent.
- water was added to a predetermined amount and mixed uniformly to obtain a reaction solution.
- the obtained reaction liquid was poured into a mold and reacted at 60 ° C. for 20 hours.
- the obtained reaction product was taken out from the mold, washed with water to remove starch and unreacted materials, and then dried.
- a block of porous phenol resin which is a carbon precursor in which continuous macropores having a porosity of 75% and an average pore diameter of 7 ⁇ m were formed in a three-dimensional network shape, was obtained.
- the porous phenol resin block was cut out with a diamond saw to obtain a disk having a diameter of 22 mm and a thickness of 2 mm. This disk was heated from room temperature to 800 ° C.
- a carbonized product hereinafter referred to as MLC.
- MLC carbonized product
- the carbonized product is heated from room temperature to 850 ° C. at a heating rate of 10 ° C./min in a nitrogen atmosphere, then switched to carbon dioxide gas, and the carbon dioxide gas is circulated and held at 850 ° C. for 8 hours.
- the activation treatment was performed to obtain a disk-shaped activated carbon having a diameter of 16 mm and a thickness of about 0.8 mm.
- Example 2 A disc-shaped activated carbon having a diameter of 16 mm and a thickness of 0.8 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation treatment was performed by holding for 6 hours.
- a phenol resin (trade name: BRL-1583, manufactured by Showa Polymer Co., Ltd., solid content: 72%) and PVA are mixed with a solid content ratio of 3/1 and a total mass of the solid content of 20 w / v. %
- PVA polymer resin
- a phenol resin (trade name: BRL-1583, manufactured by Showa Polymer Co., Ltd., solid content: 72%)
- PVA polymer resin
- a solid content ratio of 3/1 a total mass of the solid content of 20 w / v. %
- 9 w / v% rice starch was added to this aqueous solution and mixed well, and then 5 w / v% 37% formaldehyde aqueous solution was added and mixed as a crosslinking agent.
- 6 w / v% maleic acid was added as a curing catalyst, and then water was added to a predetermined amount and mixed uniformly to obtain a reaction solution.
- the obtained reaction liquid was poured into a mold and reacted at 60 ° C. for 20 hours.
- the obtained reaction product was taken out from the mold, washed with water to remove starch and unreacted materials, and then dried.
- a diameter of 16 mm and a thickness of about 0 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that a porous phenol resin disk having an average pore diameter of 9 ⁇ m was obtained and retained for 10 hours.
- An 8 mm disk-shaped activated carbon was obtained.
- Example 4 First, a phenol resin (trade name: BRL-1583, manufactured by Showa Polymer Co., Ltd., solid content: 72%) and PVA are mixed with a solid content ratio of 3/1 and a total mass of the solid content of 30 w / v. % To prepare an aqueous solution. Next, 4 w / v% rice starch was added to this aqueous solution and heated and mixed well. Subsequently, 5 w / v% 37% formaldehyde aqueous solution as a crosslinking agent was added and mixed.
- Example 1 A disc-shaped activated carbon having a diameter of 16 mm and a thickness of about 0.8 mm was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the activation treatment was performed by holding for 4 hours.
- Activated carbon fiber prepared by carbonizing phenol resin fiber and steam activating this was prepared and pulverized in an agate mortar. Together with this carbon material, acetylene black was prepared as a conductive auxiliary agent, and a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) -based binder was prepared as a binder. Acetylene black and PTFE binder were added to 30 mg of the carbon material and mixed. The mixing ratio was adjusted such that the carbon material was 85 mass%, the acetylene black was 10 mass%, and the PTFE binder was 5 mass%. This mixture was pressed using an IR tablet molding machine at a pressure of about 6 MPa for 20 minutes and formed into a disk shape having a diameter of 13 mm and a thickness of about 0.5 mm to obtain a disk-shaped activated carbon.
- ACF Activated carbon fiber
- micropore volume a range of less than 2 nm
- mesopore means a range of 2 to 50 nm.
- Example 6 in the case of Example 1 in which the pore diameter of the macropores is about 5 ⁇ m in Example 1 having an average pore diameter of 7 ⁇ m by the carbonization treatment and activation treatment, was reduced to a pore size of about 6 ⁇ m, and in the case of Example 4 having an average pore size of 27 ⁇ m, the pore size was reduced to about 16 ⁇ m.
- Table 1 shows the pore structure parameters determined by nitrogen adsorption / desorption measurement. As is clear from the table, it can be seen that the pore structure develops and becomes activated carbon as the activation time increases.
- the activated carbons of Examples 1, 3 and 4 subjected to the activation treatment for 8 hours and 10 hours each have a specific surface area exceeding 2000 m 2 / g, and can be said to be activated carbons with highly developed micropores.
- a hydrazole manufactured by Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd., conductive adhesive paint for EDLC
- an etched aluminum foil manufactured by Nippon Denki Sangyo Kogyo Co., Ltd., EDLC current collector
- Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 are applied thereto.
- the disk-shaped activated carbon obtained in 3 was bonded together to produce electrodes.
- bipolar cell for electric double layer capacitor In order to perform the capacity measurement and the durability test of the electric double layer capacitor, an activated carbon electrode obtained in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 was used to form an aluminum bipolar cell having the structure shown in FIG. Each was made and used.
- the positive electrode side electrode, the separator, the fluororesin guide, and the negative electrode side electrode are stacked in this order on the positive electrode side aluminum body having electrical wiring, the electrolyte solution is impregnated between the two electrodes, and then stacked.
- a negative electrode side aluminum body having an electrode retainer provided with a spring and electric wiring was placed on the negative electrode side current collector, and sandwiched between the positive electrode side aluminum body and the negative electrode side aluminum body.
- a propylene carbonate solution containing 1.0 M concentration of triethylmethylammonium tetrafluoroborate ((C 2 H 5 ) 3 CH 3 NBF 4 ) as an electrolyte salt was used as the electrolytic solution of the electric double layer capacitor.
- This electrolytic solution is generally used as an organic electrolytic solution for an electric double layer capacitor.
- the impregnation with the electrolytic solution was performed by drying in a thermal vacuum dryer at 200 ° C. for 2 hours, and then transferring into an argon glove box and holding for 30 minutes.
- the capacitance measurement for evaluating the current density dependency of the electric double layer capacitor is performed using a constant current method, and the constant current density is 10 mA / g, 40 mA / g, 80 mA / g, 200 mA / g, 400 mA / g, 600 mA / g. g, charging / discharging at 1000 mA / g, 1500 mA / g and 2000 mA / g were performed at 5 cycles each, with an evaluation voltage of 0 to 2.5 V and 40 ° C.
- FIG. 10 shows the current density dependence of the capacity of the electric double layer capacitor using the disk-shaped activated carbon of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and
- FIG. 11 shows the disk-shaped activated carbon of Examples 1, 3, and 4. The current density dependence of the capacitance of the electric double layer capacitor used is shown respectively.
- Examples 1 to 4 as compared with Comparative Examples 2 and 3, the capacity decrease was small even during charge / discharge at a high current density, and the rate characteristics (charge / discharge response) were excellent.
- Comparative Examples 2 and 3 the contact resistance between the activated carbon particles is high and the electrode internal resistance is high, but in Examples 1 to 4, the contact resistance between the activated carbon particles is seamless and the electrode internal resistance is low. This is probably because it is low.
- Comparative Example 1 since the weight of one electrode is about 30 mg, there is almost no difference between the activated carbon molded electrodes of Comparative Examples 2 and 3 and the electrode weight. The effect of this difference can be ignored.
- the capacitance measurement for evaluating the durability of the electric double layer capacitor was performed at 40 ° C. by the constant current method (current density: 80 mA / g; measurement voltage range: 0 to 2.5 V).
- the capacity at the fifth cycle was set as the initial capacity.
- a durability test was performed by applying a voltage of 3.5 V to the cell at 70 ° C. for 100 hours.
- the temperature was again returned to 40 ° C., and the capacity was determined by a constant current method (current density: 80 mA / g: measurement voltage range: 0 to 2.5 V).
- the capacity at the fifth cycle was defined as the end capacity.
- FIG. 12 shows the charge and discharge curves before and after the durability test of the electric double layer capacitor using the disk-shaped activated carbon of Example 1 and Comparative Examples 2 and 3, and FIG. 13 uses the disk-shaped activated carbon of Examples 1, 3, and 4.
- FIG. 14 shows the charge / discharge curves before and after the endurance test of the electric double layer capacitor using the disk-shaped activated carbon of Examples 1 and 2 and Comparative Example 1. Each is shown.
- Table 2 shows the initial capacity and capacity retention rate.
- Example 3 having macropores with an initial pore diameter of 9 ⁇ m and a pore diameter of 6 ⁇ m after the activation treatment and the pore diameter after the activation treatment of 27 ⁇ m with the initial pore diameter of 27 ⁇ m.
- Example 4 having 16 ⁇ m macropores, a charge / discharge curve similar to that in Example 1 having macropores having a pore diameter of 5 ⁇ m after the activation treatment was obtained. Further, as is apparent from FIG. 14, in Comparative Example 1, the charge / discharge curve was greatly distorted after the endurance test compared to before the endurance test.
- Examples 1 to 4 have extremely excellent durability against charging at a high voltage of 3.5 V, as compared with Comparative Examples 1 to 3. This is because the phenol resin-based activated carbons of Examples 1 to 4 do not have a contact interface between the activated carbons. This is thought to be because it is unrelated to the disruption of the global network.
- each of the bipolar cells having the structure shown in FIG. 9 was prepared using the activated carbon electrodes obtained in Example 1 and Comparative Example 3.
- a positive electrode side electrode-separator (for lithium ion battery) -polypropylene guide-negative electrode side electrode (graphite coated copper foil) are stacked in this order on a positive electrode side aluminum body with electrical wiring.
- the electrode holder with a spring and the negative electrode side stainless steel body with electrical wiring are placed on the superimposed negative electrode side current collector, and the positive electrode side aluminum body and negative electrode side stainless steel body It was produced by sandwiching.
- the negative electrode graphite-coated copper foil is previously doped with lithium ions.
- an ethylene carbonate (EC) / ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) mixed solution containing LiPF 6 having a concentration of 1.0 M was used as the electrolytic solution.
- This electrolytic solution is common as an organic electrolytic solution for a lithium ion capacitor.
- the reason why the stainless steel body is used for the cell bottom on the negative electrode side is that aluminum reacts with the carbon negative electrode doped with lithium.
- the reason why the polypropylene guide is used as the electrode guide is that the carbon negative electrode doped with lithium is highly reducible and reacts with the fluororesin.
- FIG. 15 shows a Ragon plot of a lithium ion capacitor (LIC) using the disk-shaped activated carbon of Example 1 and Comparative Example 3.
- FIG. 15 shows that the lithium ion capacitor using the activated carbon of Example 1 for the positive electrode does not decrease the energy density even at a high output density, compared to the lithium ion capacitor using the conventional electrode of Comparative Example 3 for the positive electrode. This is considered to be because there is no contact resistance between the activated carbon particles and the internal resistance of the electrode is low, as in the result of the electric double layer capacitor.
- the capacity measurement for evaluating the durability of the lithium ion capacitor was performed at 40 ° C. by a constant current method (current density: 80 mA / g; measurement voltage range: 3 to 4 V).
- current density: 80 mA / g measurement voltage range: 3 to 4 V.
- the capacity at the fifth cycle was set as the initial capacity.
- a durability test was performed by applying a voltage of 4.5 V to the cell at 40 ° C. for 100 hours.
- the capacity was determined by a constant current method (current density: 80 mA / g: measurement voltage range: 3 to 4 V).
- the capacity at the fifth cycle was defined as the end capacity.
- FIG. 16 shows charge and discharge curves before and after the durability test of the lithium capacitor by the constant current method using the disk-shaped activated carbon of Example 1 and Comparative Example 3.
- both the lithium ion capacitor using Example 1 for the positive electrode and the lithium ion capacitor of Comparative Example 3 using the conventional electrode for the positive electrode are characteristic of the capacitor before the durability test.
- a straight charge / discharge curve was observed.
- the same charge / discharge curve as that before the test was obtained.
- the change in the charge / discharge curve after the durability test was large, and the time required for discharge was reduced. This means that the capacity was reduced by the durability test.
- Table 3 shows a summary of the capacity before the endurance test (initial capacity) and the capacity retention rate after the endurance test from the above charge / discharge curves. In Example 1, it became clear that the durability against high voltage charging was superior to that in Comparative Example 3.
- the activated carbon for an electrode of an electricity storage device manufactured by the method of the present invention is used for an electrode of an electricity storage device such as an electric double layer capacitor or a lithium ion capacitor.
Abstract
Description
本製造方法の原材料であって、活性炭電極の前駆体である多孔質フェノール樹脂は、例えば、次の方法により製造される。
多孔質フェノール樹脂のブロックは、例えば、ボール盤により、直径21~22mmの円柱状に抜き取り、例えば、ダイヤモンドソーにより、厚さ1~3mmの範囲に板状体、例えばディスク状に切り出される。板状体がディスクの場合、ディスクの直径は21~22mmの範囲にある。板状体はディスク状に限らず方形状でもよい。板状体の形状、寸法及び厚さは活性炭電極の用途に応じて決められる。
次に、切り出された多孔質フェノール樹脂からなる板状体を熱処理炉に入れる。熱処理炉には横型管状電気炉を使用する。次に、炉内を不活性ガス雰囲気とした熱処理炉を加熱し、室温から700~1000℃、好ましくは800~900℃の範囲まで昇温速度5~20℃/分で昇温し、不活性ガス雰囲気下、前記昇温した温度で0.5~2時間保持し熱処理する。熱処理後、電気炉を室温まで徐冷する。上記条件の熱処理を施すことにより、前記板状体を炭素化処理して板状炭素化物を得る。不活性ガスには、窒素、アルゴン、ヘリウム等のガスを用いる。炭素化処理するために昇温する温度を上記範囲に規定したのは、下限値未満では炭素化が不十分である不具合があり、上限値を超えると次工程の賦活がされにくい不具合があるからである。また、炭素化処理するための昇温速度を上記範囲に規定したのは、下限値未満では炭素化に時間がかかりすぎる不具合があり、上限値を超えると炭素化が不十分である不具合があるからである。
更に、上記板状炭素化物を熱処理炉に入れた状態で不活性ガス雰囲気下、熱処理炉を室温から800~900℃の範囲まで昇温する。次に、不活性ガスの導入を止め、二酸化炭素ガスを導入する。次に、賦活収率が40~70%の範囲、好ましくは50~65%になるように、二酸化炭素ガス流通下、前記昇温した温度で2~12時間、好ましくは6~10時間保持する。
本発明のガス賦活方法により得られた蓄電デバイスの電極用活性炭は、比表面積が1500~2300m2/gの範囲にあり、ミクロ孔容積が0.4~1.0ml/gの範囲にあり、平均ミクロ孔幅が0.7~1.2nmの範囲にある。好ましくは、比表面積が1600~2000m2/gの範囲にあり、ミクロ孔容積が0.6~0.9ml/gの範囲にあり、平均ミクロ孔幅が0.8~1.1nmの範囲にある。電極用活性炭の比表面積を上記範囲に規定したのは、下限値未満では十分な容量を確保できないからであり、上限値を超えると電極かさ密度の低下の不具合があるからである。ミクロ孔容積を上記範囲に規定したのは、下限値未満では十分な容量を確保できないからであり、上限値を超えると電極かさ密度の低下の不具合があるからである。平均ミクロ孔幅を上記範囲に規定したのは、下限値未満では電解質イオンがミクロ孔内に吸着できない不具合があるからであり、上限値を超えると電極かさ密度の低下の不具合があるからである。本発明により得られた蓄電デバイスの電極用活性炭は、電気二重層キャパシタ又はリチウムイオンキャパシタに好適に用いられる。本発明により、高電流密度(2000mA/g)での充放電における容量が高いだけでなく、3V以上の高電圧充電に対する耐久性が優れた電気二重層キャパシタ及び4V以上の高電圧充電に対する耐久性が優れたリチウムイオンキャパシタに好適な蓄電デバイスの電極用活性炭を製造することができる。
まず、フェノール樹脂(商品名:BRL-1583、昭和高分子社製、固形分72%)とPVAとを、その固形分比が4/1でかつ固形分の合計質量が所定量の30w/v%となるように混合し、水溶液を調製した。次にこの水溶液に12w/v%の米澱粉を加えて十分混合し、続いて架橋剤として37%ホルムアルデヒド水溶液を5w/v%加えて混合した。引き続き硬化触媒としてマレイン酸を7w/v%添加した後、所定量まで水を加えて均一に混合し、反応液を得た。得られた反応液を型枠に注型し、60℃で20時間反応させた。得られた反応生成物を型枠から取り出し、水洗して澱粉及び未反応物を除去した後乾燥した。この製法により、気孔率75%の平均孔径が7μmである連通したマクロ孔が三次元網目状に形成された炭素前駆体である多孔質フェノール樹脂のブロックが得られた。この多孔質フェノール樹脂のブロックをダイヤモンドソーにより切り出して、直径22mm、厚さ2mmのディスクを得た。このディスクを窒素雰囲気下、昇温速度5℃/分で室温から800℃まで昇温し、窒素雰囲気下1時間保持して炭素化物(以下、MLCという)を調製した。次に、この炭素化物を窒素雰囲気下、昇温速度10℃/分で室温から850℃まで昇温した後、二酸化炭素ガスに切り替え、二酸化炭素ガスを流通させて850℃で8時間保持することにより賦活処理を行って直径16mm、厚さ約0.8mmのディスク状活性炭を得た。
6時間保持することにより賦活処理した以外、実施例1と同様にして、直径16mm、厚さ0.8mmのディスク状活性炭を得た。
まず、フェノール樹脂(商品名:BRL-1583、昭和高分子社製、固形分72%)とPVAとを、その固形分比が3/1でかつ固形分の合計質量が所定量の20w/v%となるように混合し、水溶液を調製した。次にこの水溶液に9w/v%の米澱粉を加えて十分混合し、続いて架橋剤として37%ホルムアルデヒド水溶液を5w/v%加えて混合した。引き続き硬化触媒としてマレイン酸を6w/v%添加した後、所定量まで水を加えて均一に混合し、反応液を得た。得られた反応液を型枠に注型し、60℃で20時間反応させた。得られた反応生成物を型枠から取り出し、水洗して澱粉及び未反応物を除去した後乾燥した。この製法により、連通したマクロ孔の平均孔径が9μmの多孔質フェノール樹脂のディスクを得た後10時間保持することにより賦活処理した以外、実施例1と同様にして、直径16mm、厚さ約0.8mmのディスク状活性炭を得た。
まず、フェノール樹脂(商品名:BRL-1583、昭和高分子社製、固形分72%)とPVAとを、その固形分比が3/1でかつ固形分の合計質量が所定量の30w/v%となるように混合し、水溶液を調製した。次にこの水溶液に4w/v%の米澱粉を加えて加熱して十分混合し、続いて架橋剤として37%ホルムアルデヒド水溶液を5w/v%加えて混合した。引き続き硬化触媒としてマレイン酸を6w/v%添加した後、所定量まで水を加えて均一に混合し、反応液を得た。得られた反応液を型枠に注型し、60℃で20時間反応させた。得られた反応生成物を型枠から取り出し、水洗して澱粉及び未反応物を除去した後乾燥した。この製法により、連通したマクロ孔の平均孔径が27μmの多孔質フェノール樹脂のディスクを得た後10時間保持することにより賦活処理した以外、実施例1と同様にして、直径16mm、厚さ約0.8mmのディスク状活性炭を得た。
4時間保持することにより賦活処理した以外、実施例1と同様にして、直径16mm、厚さ約0.8mmのディスク状活性炭を得た。
フェノール樹脂繊維を炭素化し、これを水蒸気賦活して調製した活性炭素繊維(ACF)を用意し、メノウ乳鉢で粉砕した。この炭素材料とともに、導電性補助剤としてアセチレンブラックを、バインダとしてポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)系粘結材をそれぞれ用意した。30mgの上記炭素材料にアセチレンブラック及びPTFE系粘結材を添加し混合した。混合割合は炭素材料が85質量%、アセチレンブラックが10質量%、PTFE系粘結材が5質量%となるように配合を調整した。この混合物をIR錠剤成型器を用いて、プレス機で約6MPaで20分加圧して直径13mm、厚さ約0.5mmのディスク状に成形することにより、ディスク状活性炭を得た。
比較例2の炭素材料の代わりにヤシ殻系活性炭水蒸気賦活炭(クラレケミカル製YP50F)を用いた以外、比較例2と同様にして、直径13mm、厚さ約0.5mmのディスク状活性炭を得た。この比較例3の活性炭は電気二重層キャパシタ電極用活性炭として広く使われているものである。
実施例1~4及び比較例1~3で得られた炭素材料の物性を測定した。その結果を以下の表1に示す。
実施例1~4及び比較例1~3で得られた炭素材料について、77Kにおける窒素吸脱着測定をそれぞれ行い、得られた吸着等温線からBET比表面積を算出した。
実施例1~4及び比較例1~3で得られた炭素材料について、DH法からメソ孔容積、DR法からミクロ孔容積及び平均ミクロ孔幅を求めた。なお、ここでいうミクロ孔とは2nm未満、メソ孔とは2~50nmの範囲をいう。
実施例1で得られた炭素材料及び比較例3の炭素材料について、走査型電子顕微鏡(Scanning Electron Microscope、以下、SEMという。)によりそれぞれ測定し、SEM像を得た。図2~5に、実施例1,3,4、比較例3で得られた炭素材料のSEM像をそれぞれ示す。(a)は1,000倍,(b)は4,000倍の倍率で撮影したものである。実施例1,3,4の炭素材料では、比較例3の従来の成型された電極用活性炭とは異なり、個々の活性炭粒子の集合体ではないため、界面は存在しない。
実施例1,3,4と比較例3で得られた炭素材料について水銀ポロシメーターを用いて孔径4.3~1000μmの範囲を測定し、そのうちの孔径50μmまでの範囲の気孔径分布の測定結果を図6及び図7にそれぞれ示す。図6から、実施例1,3,4の炭素材料ではマクロ孔が非常に均一に分布していることが確認された。このことは図2~5のSEM象と一致する。また、図7から、比較例3の従来の電極では複数の分布ピークがあり不均一であることが確認された。なお、図6から明らかなように、炭素化処理及び賦活処理によってマクロ孔の孔径が、平均孔径7μmの実施例1の場合には約5μmの孔径に、平均孔径9μmの実施例3の場合には約6μmの孔径に、平均孔径27μmの実施例4の場合には約16μmの孔径に減少していた。
(電気二重層キャパシタ用電極の作製)
集電体としてアルミ箔を用意し、このアルミ箔に導電接着塗料を塗布して実施例1~4及び比較例1~3で得られたディスク状の活性炭を重ね接着することにより、活性炭と集電体とを一体化させて、電極をそれぞれ作製した。
電気二重層キャパシタの容量測定及び耐久試験を行うために、実施例1~4及び比較例1~3で得られた活性炭電極を用いて、図8に示す構造を有するアルミニウム製二極式セルをそれぞれ作製し、用いた。この二極式セルは、電気配線を有する正極側アルミニウム製ボディ上に、正極側電極-セパレータ-フッ素樹脂ガイド-負極側電極の順に重ね、両電極間に電解液を含浸させた後、重ね合わせた負極側集電体上にスプリングを備えた電極押さえ、電気配線を有する負極側アルミニウム製ボディを載せ、正極側アルミニウム製ボディと負極側アルミニウム製ボディとで挟み込んで作製した。電気二重層キャパシタの電解液には、1.0M濃度のトリエチルメチルアンモニウムテトラフルオロボレート((C2H5)3CH3NBF4)を電解質塩として含むプロピレンカーボネート溶液を用いた。この電解液は、電気二重層キャパシタの有機系電解液として一般的である。
電気二重層キャパシタの電流密度依存性評価のための容量測定は、定電流法を用いて行い、定電流密度10mA/g、40mA/g、80mA/g、200mA/g、400mA/g、600mA/g、1000mA/g、1500mA/g、2000mA/gでの充放電を各5サイクル、評価電圧0~2.5V、40℃にて行った。図10に実施例1,2、比較例1~3のディスク状の活性炭を用いた電気二重層キャパシタの容量の電流密度依存性を、図11に実施例1,3,4のディスク状活性炭を用いた電気二重層キャパシタの容量の電流密度依存性を、それぞれ示す。
電気二重層キャパシタの耐久性評価のための容量測定は、40℃において定電流法(電流密度:80mA/g;測定電圧範囲:0~2.5V)により行った。まず、5サイクル目の容量を初期容量とした。次に、容量測定後、70℃においてセルに3.5Vの電圧を100時間印加することにより耐久試験を行った。続いて、耐久試験後、再び40℃に戻し、容量を定電流法(電流密度:80mA/g:測定電圧範囲:0~2.5V)により求めた。なお、5サイクル目の容量を終止容量とした。そして耐久試験前後の容量の比(終止容量と初期容量の比)を容量維持率とした。図12に実施例1、比較例2,3のディスク状活性炭を用いた電気二重層キャパシタの耐久試験前後での充放電曲線を、図13に実施例1,3,4のディスク状活性炭を用いた電気二重層キャパシタの耐久試験前後での充放電曲線を、図14に実施例1,2、比較例1のディスク状活性炭を用いた電気二重層キャパシタの耐久試験前後での充放電曲線を、それぞれ示す。また、表2に、初期容量及び容量維持率を示す。
(リチウムイオンキャパシタ用電極の作製)
実施例1及び比較例3で得られたディスク状の活性炭を用いて、比較試験2の場合と同様に、リチウムイオンキャパシタ用セルに使用する電極をそれぞれ作製した。
リチウムイオンキャパシタの容量測定及び耐久試験を行うために、実施例1及び比較例3で得られた活性炭電極を用いて、図9に示す構造を有する二極式セルをそれぞれ作製した。この二極式セルは、電気配線を有する正極側アルミニウム製ボディ上に、正極側電極-セパレータ(リチウムイオン電池用)-ポリプロピレンガイド-負極側電極(黒鉛塗布銅箔)の順に重ね、電極間に電解液を含浸させた後、重ね合わせた負極側集電体上にスプリングを備えた電極押さえ、電気配線を有する負極側ステンレス製ボディを載せ、正極側アルミニウム製ボディと負極側ステンレス製ボディとで挟み込んで作製した。負極の黒鉛塗布銅箔にはあらかじめリチウムイオンをドープしておく。電解液には、1.0M濃度のLiPF6を含むエチレンカーボネート(EC)・エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)混合溶液を用いた。この電解液は、リチウムイオンキャパシタの有機系電解液として一般的である。負極側のセル底部にステンレスボディを用いたのは、アルミニウムでは、リチウムがドープされた炭素負極と反応してしまうからである。また、電極ガイドにポリプロピレンガイドを用いたのは、リチウムがドープされた炭素負極は還元性が高くフッ素樹脂と反応してしまうからである。
組み立てたリチウムイオンキャパシタ用セルを35℃において4.5Vまで定電流充電(1.2mA)し、その後3Vまで定電力放電することで、ラゴンプロット測定を行った。図15に、実施例1,比較例3のディスク状活性炭を用いたリチウムイオンキャパシタ(LIC)のラゴンプロットを示す。
リチウムイオンキャパシタの耐久性評価のための容量測定は、40℃において定電流法(電流密度:80mA/g;測定電圧範囲:3~4V)により行った。まず、5サイクル目の容量を初期容量とした。次に、容量測定後、40℃においてセルに4.5Vの電圧を100時間印加することにより耐久試験を行った。続いて、耐久試験後、容量を定電流法(電流密度:80mA/g:測定電圧範囲:3~4V)により求めた。なお、5サイクル目の容量を終止容量とした。そして耐久試験前後の容量の比(終止容量と初期容量の比)を容量維持率とした。図16に、実施例1,比較例3のディスク状活性炭を用いた定電流法によるリチウムキャパシタの耐久試験前後の充放電曲線を示す。
11 電解液
12 正極
13 負極
14 電源
20 多孔質フェノール樹脂のブロック
21 多孔質フェノール樹脂のディスク
22 ディスク状活性炭
Claims (7)
- 均一な連通マクロ孔を有し、かつ孔径分布の中心が1.5~25μmの範囲にあり、比表面積が1500~2300m2/gの範囲にあり、ミクロ孔容積が0.4~1.0ml/gの範囲にあり、平均ミクロ孔幅が0.7~1.2nmの範囲にある蓄電デバイスの電極用活性炭。
- フェノール樹脂とポリビニルアルコールとを混合して調製された水溶液に気孔生成剤及び架橋剤を添加して混合した後、この混合液を硬化させる触媒を加えて混合し、次いで、この混合物に水を加えて混合して得られた反応液を合成樹脂製のブロック状型枠に注型し、加熱して、所定時間反応させ、得られた反応生成物を型枠から取り出し、水洗して気孔生成剤及び未反応物を除去した後乾燥して、平均孔径が3~35μmの範囲にある連通した均一なマクロ孔が三次元網目状に形成された多孔質フェノール樹脂のブロックを得る工程と、
前記多孔質フェノール樹脂のブロックを板状に切り出し、切り出した板状体を、不活性ガス雰囲気下、室温から700~1000℃の範囲まで昇温し、不活性ガス雰囲気下、前記昇温した温度で保持することにより炭素化処理して板状炭素化物を得る工程と、
賦活収率が40~70%の範囲になるように、前記板状炭素化物を賦活処理して板状活性炭を得る工程と、
を含むことを特徴とする蓄電デバイスの電極用活性炭の製造方法。 - 前記賦活処理が、前記板状炭素化物を不活性ガス雰囲気下、室温から800~900℃の範囲まで昇温し、二酸化炭素流通下、前記昇温した温度で保持することにより行われることを特徴とする請求項2記載の蓄電デバイスの電極用活性炭の製造方法。
- 請求項1記載の活性炭を電極に用いた電気二重層キャパシタ。
- 請求項1記載の活性炭を電極に用いたリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
- 請求項2の方法により製造された活性炭を電極に用いた電気二重層キャパシタ。
- 請求項2の方法により製造された活性炭を電極に用いたリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
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