WO2012085420A1 - Construction element for building construction - Google Patents

Construction element for building construction Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2012085420A1
WO2012085420A1 PCT/FR2011/053041 FR2011053041W WO2012085420A1 WO 2012085420 A1 WO2012085420 A1 WO 2012085420A1 FR 2011053041 W FR2011053041 W FR 2011053041W WO 2012085420 A1 WO2012085420 A1 WO 2012085420A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
tubes
bamboo
construction element
construction
bamboo tubes
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Application number
PCT/FR2011/053041
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French (fr)
Inventor
Christian Martin
Original Assignee
Christian Martin
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Publication of WO2012085420A1 publication Critical patent/WO2012085420A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
    • E04C1/40—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings built-up from parts of different materials, e.g. composed of layers of different materials or stones with filling material or with insulating inserts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C2/00—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels
    • E04C2/02—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials
    • E04C2/10—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products
    • E04C2/24—Building elements of relatively thin form for the construction of parts of buildings, e.g. sheet materials, slabs, or panels characterised by specified materials of wood, fibres, chips, vegetable stems, or the like; of plastics; of foamed products laminated and composed of materials covered by two or more of groups E04C2/12, E04C2/16, E04C2/20
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/29—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces built-up from parts of different material, i.e. composite structures

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of building construction. It relates more particularly to a construction element for building construction, modular and modular
  • the field of building construction is a very large consumer of cement. It is responsible for large quantities of carbon dioxide emissions produced, as well as energy sources consumed during the manufacture of cement.
  • wood is more and more used. When it is harvested with systematic planting of young trees for every tree felled, wood is a sustainable material. In addition it allows to obtain lighter constructions than concrete.
  • the wood is generally used in the form of beams, which can be stacked one on top of the other in a horizontal position, or positioned side by side in a vertical position.
  • the beams may also be arranged in a vertical position, spaced from one another, with a filling between these beams for example with glass wool.
  • the beams can also be used to create the entire structure, some beams being vertical other horizontal connect the vertical beams together, and still others, oblique stabilize the whole.
  • Filler material complements the spaces between the beams to form the walls. This is the case in what are sometimes called "Alsatian houses", or type "beam posts".
  • wood although lighter than concrete, remains a heavy material. Moreover, its sustainable exploitation is binding. The growth time of a tree is usually 60 years in our latitudes and more than 80 years in the forests of northern Europe.
  • US 4,774,121 discloses a plastic material reinforced with bamboo tubes. This material has better mechanical strength than plastic simply reinforced with fibers. It is proposed in this document to use it for boat hulls. Nevertheless the material of this document use it for boat hulls. Nevertheless the material of this document requires a filling material between the tubes also having a good mechanical strength, such as fiber-reinforced plastic. Even the inside of the tubes is preferably filled with such material. This illustrates the disadvantages associated with these plastic materials, such as their cost, or lack of durability.
  • the present invention seeks to solve at least some of these various disadvantages, and provides a constructive element having a lower weight, better insulation and better durability.
  • the object of the present invention is a constructive element of building construction
  • the constructive element according to the invention is particular in that it comprises a plurality of bamboo tubes, each having a cavity and a wall, arranged side by side and adjacent in the plane of section of the tubes, and a connecting means adapted to maintain said bamboo tubes side by side and adjacent.
  • bamboo is a plant that grows very quickly, reaches maturity between 2 and 4 years, and captures 8 to 10 times more carbon dioxide than wood. It is therefore much easier and faster for wood to reconstitute the materials used. Moreover it is a lightweight material in itself. By arranging it according to the invention in a constructive element, the binder being placed between the bamboo tubes, the hollow of the bamboo remains empty. This creates a particularly lightweight construction element. In addition it gives a constructive element with good insulating properties, air trapped in the hollow of bamboo being an excellent insulator.
  • the bamboo tubes are arranged adjacent. Adjacent is the situation where two neighboring bamboo tubes could touch each other; nevertheless, they do not always touch each other, because of the imperfection of the shapes of each tube, variations in the dimensions of the tubes relative to each other, as well as because of the minimum space required for the binder to ensure its binder function between the tubes.
  • the word "adjacent” therefore means that two neighboring tubes are as close as possible to one another, taking into account imperfections shape of the different bamboo tubes, variations of dimensions of the tubes relative to each other . , as well as the space required for the binder to fulfill its function.
  • Said bamboo tubes may have a large wall thickness, the ratio between said wall thickness and the dimension of said cavity being at least 0.5, said dimension being measured by the introduction into the cavity of a cylindrical jig circular wall about 50 mm long at one end of the bamboo tube, and the wall thickness being defined by half the difference between the average outer diameter of the bamboo tube and the dimension of said inner cavity.
  • said ratio can be at least two thirds.
  • this ratio can be at least equal to 1.
  • the bamboo tubes may have an outer shape calibrated in a circular cylindrical shape of identical diameter to the other bamboo tubes; this arrangement makes it possible to significantly reduce the interstices between the bamboo tubes to the minimum necessary, so as to allow a good filling of the section of the constructive element made of bamboo tubes; such a calibration can be done by machining,
  • the bamboo tubes may have an internal dimension of at least 5 mm and not more than 25 mm, preferably 15 mm, preferably 10 mm, preferably 6 mm; thus the air trapped in the internal cavity can be considered as being static,
  • Said connecting means may be a binder, such as for example slaked lime or a doiomie.
  • a binder such as for example slaked lime or a doiomie.
  • Such a binder is well suited to bamboo binding, and has the advantage over, for example cement, it hardens by associating with carbon dioxide, to reform the limestone. This choice therefore makes it possible to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
  • It can also be a resin glue, a plant concrete or a bioplastic based on wood or plants such as for example the use of bamboo or rice waste or other binder.
  • said connecting means may be a mechanical means, for example a wooden frame, which surrounds said tubes so as to keep them side by side and adjacent; such a frame leaves free only the two faces on which the sections of the tubes are apparent; said connecting means can also be a metal or other strapping,
  • said construction element has a dimension, called length, larger than the other dimensions of said construction element, and the bamboo tubes can be arranged in a direction perpendicular to said length; this arrangement makes it possible to use the construction elements according to the invention as traditional bricks, for example with the bamboo tubes in the vertical direction for constructive elements placed next to one another, and a layer after the other.
  • the bamboo tubes may be arranged in the direction of said length; this arrangement makes it possible to manufacture construction elements of greater length, up to several meters long; thus said constructive elements can serve as beams, arranged vertically or obliquely; this then allows the "beam column” type constructions, as described above, or the beams being arranged vertically and adjacent to one another or vertical spaced apart from one another with a filling;
  • the section perpendicular to said length may have a rib on one of its sides, and a groove on its opposite side, so that said rib is adapted to be introduced into the groove of an adjacent constructive element; this allows an assembly of adjacent constructive elements with guaranteed positioning; said section may also have a groove disposed between two ribs on one side of said section and a rib disposed between two grooves on its opposite side, said groove and the two ribs on one side being able to cooperate with said rib and the ribs.
  • two grooves on the opposite side of an adjacent constructive element for establishing a rib and groove connection this provision reinforces the guarantee of positioning, and gives a great stability to the construction;
  • said constructive element may also further comprise at least one facing disposed on one side of said constructive element so that said facing is apparent when said construction element is laid for the construction of said building; this makes it possible to give a chosen aspect to the construction, without having to lay an additional covering after the installation of the construction elements;
  • said constructive element may also comprise two facings on either side of said bamboo tubes, and holding means arranged so as to maintain the spacing between said facings; such a characteristic makes it possible to arrange the bamboo tubes horizontally with respect to the direction of construction; the tubes then work in compression in the direction of their section, and the connecting means is biased to ensure the stability of the constructive element; the holding means then contribute to the holding of the constructive elements;
  • the present invention also relates to the use of construction elements according to the invention as vertical beams or oblique beams, as indicated above, or as a filling panel.
  • the present invention finally relates to a method of manufacturing a constructive element according to the invention by extrusion, comprising a feed phase, an extrusion phase, and a dimension sawing phase; other modes of manufacture are of course possible, but this method of manufacture brings undeniable advantages of productivity and cost.
  • said method may furthermore comprise a step of selecting the tubes according to their internal dimension and their thickness, and an external calibration step, optionally in addition to an internal calibration step;
  • said method may further comprise a vibration phase before or during the extrusion, so as to reduce as much as possible the interstices between the tubes.
  • the advantage of the present invention is that the bamboo material has very good insulating characteristics, and its hollow shape further adds to its insulating characteristic, in that the static air is a better insulator still.
  • bamboos often have closures every 20 cm, if the air pressure in a closed cavity is lower than the atmospheric pressure, because of the growth of bamboo, the insulation characteristics are even better.
  • the present invention makes the most of these characteristics of bamboo, by selecting the conditions of collection and arrangement of bamboo parts in constructive elements.
  • FIG. 1 represents a constructive element according to a first embodiment of the invention, seen in perspective
  • FIG. 2 represents an essential detail of the constructive element of FIG. 1 or 2, seen from above,
  • FIG. 3 represents an essential detail of a construction element according to a third embodiment, seen from above,
  • FIG. 4 represents a constructive element according to a second embodiment of the invention, seen in perspective
  • FIG. 5 represents the section of a constructive element according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 represents an example of a construction with constructive elements according to the invention
  • Figure 7 schematically shows a manufacturing facility of constructive elements according to the invention.
  • FIG. 8 represents the section of a construction element according to a fifth embodiment
  • Figure 9 schematically shows a second embodiment of a manufacturing facility of constructive elements according to the invention.
  • the constructive element 1 visible in FIG. 1 comprises a plurality of bamboo tubes 2.
  • These tubes 2 each consist of a piece of bamboo rod 8 (see Fig. 7), the section of the tube 2 being the entire section of the rod 8 in the plane of section 8 or tubes 2.
  • a frame 18, as a mechanical connection solution, consists of four boards arranged on the four sides of the construction element 1 excluding the sides showing the sections of tubes 2 of bamboo.
  • the bamboo tubes 2 are arranged vertically, the construction element 1 being intended to be placed during the construction of a wall 1 1 in the direction in which it is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the tubes 2 of bamboo will therefore be arranged vertically in the wall 1 1 built.
  • the tubes 2 of bamboo are here arranged perpendicular to the greatest length L of the constructive element 1.
  • FIG. 4 A second embodiment of a construction element 1 according to the invention is shown in FIG. 4.
  • a binder 3 is disposed between the tubes 2 so that the assembly forms an integral whole.
  • Two facings 4 are arranged on either side of the bamboo tubes 2. These facings 4 may be wood, or panel based on wood. They give the wood aspect to the constructive element 1, and therefore to the wall in a constructed situation. Other materials can of course be used, such as a plastic material, or metal siding 4, steel or aluminum for example. Naturally, the construction element 1 may also not have such facings 4, the bamboo tubes 2 then being visible on the sides.
  • binder it is also possible to use resin, plant concrete, wood-based or plant-based bioplastics.
  • the ends of the bamboo tubes can be closed, to ensure that the air is static in the tube.
  • the bamboo tubes 2 are here arranged parallel to the greatest length L of the construction element 1. In this arrangement, it will be understood that the vertical compressive forces have a tendency to separate the bamboo tubes 2 from each other. We can then have tie rods 5, to maintain the spacing between the two facings 4 and thus resume these lateral forces.
  • the cladding 4 contributes in this case to the mechanical strength of the constructive element 1.
  • tie rods 5 may also be provided, or it may be considered that the frame 18 itself serves, according to the dimensions of the constructive element 1 and the efforts to be considered.
  • Figures 2 and 3 illustrate two examples of arrangement of bamboo tubes 2 relative to each other.
  • the space 12 between the tubes 2 must be sufficient for the binder 3, if necessary, to fulfill its function, but once this condition is fulfilled, said space 12 must be as small as possible.
  • the bamboo tubes 2 contribute to the strength of the construction element 1, in particular to its resistance to compression by the resistance of the bamboo tubes 2 themselves, in the direction of their length in this embodiment, then that the space 12 between the tubes 2 contributes there where appropriate by the quality of the binder 3, which may have a different strength, which, depending on the type of binder 3, may be lower. It is observed that the arrangement proposed in FIG. 2 with identical tubes 2 leaves only very small gaps 12 between the tubes 2. It is theoretically possible to estimate the proportion of this space 12 with respect to the total area, and then it reaches about 10%.
  • the arrangement proposed in fig. 3 is also interesting and illustrates a third embodiment.
  • Tubes 2 of larger size alternate there with tubes 2 about half size, ideally even a diameter of about 40% compared to the tubes 2 of larger size.
  • the theoretical proportion of space 12 between the tubes 2 relative to the total area is also about 10%.
  • the practical proportion can range from about 10% to about 20 to 30%.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a profiled section of constructive element 1, according to a fourth embodiment.
  • On the top is disposed an upper central groove 13 between two upper ribs 14, and on the underside, in correspondence, a central lower rib 15 between two lower grooves 16.
  • the construction element 1 according to the invention can thus be assembled to the elements 1 adjacent construction with guaranteed positioning.
  • An advantageous embodiment of the invention can be sought to ensure that at least one tube 2 in each of the upper ribs 14 or lower 15.
  • bamboo tubes of great thickness preferably the thickness being at least equal to half, or two-thirds of the size of the internal cavity, preferably even at least equal to the size of the internal cavity.
  • bamboo tubes whose internal diameter is less than 15 mm. It has been observed that in this case, the air remains immobile inside the tube, and therefore behaves like an insulator, with an insulating characteristic close to that of still air, whereas with larger diameters, the air begins to circulate, the cold air on one side mixing with the warm air on the other, so that the air behaves like a conductor. This effect is further accentuated when the inside diameter is less than 10 mm, and it becomes almost complete when this inside diameter becomes less than 6 mm.
  • bamboo tubes being a natural product the internal cavity of the tube is not usually a perfect circular cylinder. In some sections it can approach the perfect circle, in others it is more of a form. The differences exist between two tubes, but also between various sections of the same tube. The criterion to be retained is therefore that which best represents the capacity of the air to move inside the cavity. In addition, it is necessary to find a simple measure, not to make too difficult the sort to be made to the harvest of the bamboos. A satisfactory solution consists of a solid circular cylinder calibrated to the retained diameter (15, 10 or 6 mm for example) of about 5 cm long, which one seeks to introduce inside the bamboo tube. If it returns, the inside of the tube is too big, if it does not fit the tube can be retained.
  • This jig cylinder can be made of wood, metal or plastic, or other materials hard enough not to erode too much with use. Those skilled in the art will understand that such a test remains imperfect, and for example a tube with a cavity 9 mm wide and 20 mm long may be less able to preserve the still air than a cavity 10 mm in diameter. . These kinds of exceptions, sufficiently flagrant and at the same time quite rare, will be rejected by a visual control.
  • the length of the beams for example more than one meter long, the selection test can not be realized at the end of the tube. Nevertheless, those skilled in the art will readily understand that if the cavity is widened at the end of the tube for other reasons (assembly mode or otherwise), the desired effect will nevertheless be obtained in large part if the cavity dimension is sufficiently small over a large part of the length of the tubes. In case of such enlargement by machining or otherwise, the test should be done more deeply, from the non-enlarged section.
  • Such a dimension of 30 mm, combined with an internal diameter of 15 mm results in a wall thickness of about 7.5 mm.
  • a wall thickness of about 10 mm is obtained.
  • An outer diameter of 25 mm, combined with an internal diameter of 9 mm results in a wall thickness of about 7 mm.
  • a calibration diameter of 20 mm for example with a cavity dimension of 8 mm, resulting in a wall thickness of 6 mm, thus making it possible to include a larger number of tubes 2.
  • the internal d iameter can be cal ibré also.
  • This is of interest for tubes 2 having a very small cavity 20, for example less than 5 mm.
  • the amount of air that is there contained becomes very weak.
  • the thermal resistivity of the immobile air is of the order of 0.02 W / m / K, better than that of bamboo which is rather of the order of 0.1 W / m / K; if the amount of air is very low, it would therefore result in a thermal insulation performance of the weaker building element. It is therefore useful to calibrate the internal diameter also, thus ensuring a desired quality of insulation by ensuring a minimum of space filled with still air.
  • the construction elements 1 may have a length significantly greater than the section of the construction element 1, for example of the order of two meters, for a section having a larger dimension of about 20 cm. Having a length significantly greater than the section, these constructive elements 1 can be used as beams 1.
  • these beams 1 may then constitute a wall by assembly of adjacent vertical beams 1, each beam 1 having the height of the wall to be built.
  • these beams can constitute a wall 1 1 by assembly of horizontal beams 1 (see Fig. 6). There is then a first horizontal beam 1 on the ground, possibly a second in its extension and a third, until the desired length of the wall 1 1. The last beam 1 must be cut to length.
  • the chute 17 may be used to be disposed on the first beam 1 placed, which may have the effect that the beams of beams 1 laid end to end will be shifted from one row of beams 1 to another.
  • These beams 1 can also be arranged vertical, spaced apart from each other, the space then being filled with insulating materials.
  • the beams may constitute a structure, by vertical beams 1, horizontal and oblique, the wall filling elements can then be attached to it, according to the principle of construction type "Alsatian houses”.
  • a construction element 1 may then have, for example, a thickness of 100 mm, a width of 1 m, and a length of 2 m, and may be used as a filler panel between vertical and / or oblique beams according to the invention. Such panels can also be used alone, without beams.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates an extrusion die by which constructive elements 1 according to the invention can be extruded. It distinguishes the die 6 itself, and a supply side 7 in bamboo rods 8, where appropriate calibrated, and connecting 3, and an output side 9 of a beam. On the output side 9, a saw 10 is disposed, to cut the constructive elements 1 to the desired length. Depending on the applications, this length may be of the order of 100 to 150 mm, for constructive elements 1 to be used as traditional bricks; or the length will be several meters, for constructive elements 1 used as beams. All intermediate lengths are also possible; for example a length of between 500 mm and 1500 mm may be useful for the construction of a complement of side wall just under the roof.
  • Fig. 9 illustrates a preferred embodiment, in which a vibrator 19 has been added just before the die 6.
  • the function of this vibrator 19 is to reduce the interstices 12 between the tubes 2 of bamboo. This is particularly interesting with calibrated bamboo tubes 2, for which the interstices 12 can be close to their minimum theoretical value. This gives the construction elements 1 particularly resistant, and optimal thermal properties.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
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Abstract

The invention relates to a construction element (1) for building construction, including: a plurality of bamboo tubes (2) arranged side by side and adjacent to each other in the plane of the cross-section of the tubes; and a linking means (3, 4, 5, 18) that is capable of holding said bamboo tubes side by side and adjacent to each other. The walls of said bamboo tubes are very thick, wherein the ratio between the wall thickness and the size of the interior of the tube is at least equal to 0.5. Said interior size is measured by inserting a circular gauge tube, the length of which is about 50 mm, into one of the ends of the tube, and the wall thickness is defined by half of the difference between the mean outer diameter of the tube and said interior size. The construction element (1) according to the invention can be used as a brick or beam when placed horizontally, as a vertical beam, as a diagonal beam, or as a cladding panel. The invention also relates to a method for manufacturing a construction element (1) according to the invention.

Description

Elément constructif de construction pour bâtiment  Construction building element
Domaine technique  Technical area
La présente invention concerne le domaine de la construction de bâtiments. Elle concerne plus particulièrement un élément constructif de construction pour bâtiment, modulaire et modulable  The present invention relates to the field of building construction. It relates more particularly to a construction element for building construction, modular and modular
Le domaine de la construction de bâtiments est un très gros consommateur de ciment. Il est en cela responsable de grandes quantités d'émission de gaz carbonique produites, ainsi que de sources d'énergie consommées à l'occasion de la fabrication du ciment.  The field of building construction is a very large consumer of cement. It is responsible for large quantities of carbon dioxide emissions produced, as well as energy sources consumed during the manufacture of cement.
Technique antérieure Prior art
Des matériaux alternatifs ont été proposés, plus conformes à un développement durable. Par exemple le bois est de plus en plus utilisé. Quand il est exploité avec plantation systématique de jeunes arbres pour chaque arbre abattu, le bois est un matériau durable. De plus il permet d'obtenir des constructions plus légères que le béton.  Alternative materials have been proposed, more in line with sustainable development. For example, wood is more and more used. When it is harvested with systematic planting of young trees for every tree felled, wood is a sustainable material. In addition it allows to obtain lighter constructions than concrete.
Le bois est généralement utilisé sous forme de poutres, qui peuvent être empilées les unes sur les autres en position horizontale, ou alors positionnées l'une à côté de l'autre en position verticale. Les poutres peuvent aussi être disposées en position verticale, espacées l'une de l'autres, avec un remplissage entre ces poutres par exemple avec de la laine de verre. Enfin les poutres peuvent aussi servir à créer l'ensemble de la structure, certaines poutres étant verticales d'autres horizontales relient les poutres verticales entre elles, et d'autres encore, obliques permettent de stabiliser l'ensemble. Un matériau de remplissage vient compléter les espaces entre les poutres pour former les murs. C'est le cas dans ce qu'on appelle parfois les « maisons alsaciennes », ou de type « poteaux poutres ».  The wood is generally used in the form of beams, which can be stacked one on top of the other in a horizontal position, or positioned side by side in a vertical position. The beams may also be arranged in a vertical position, spaced from one another, with a filling between these beams for example with glass wool. Finally the beams can also be used to create the entire structure, some beams being vertical other horizontal connect the vertical beams together, and still others, oblique stabilize the whole. Filler material complements the spaces between the beams to form the walls. This is the case in what are sometimes called "Alsatian houses", or type "beam posts".
Néanmoins le bois, quoique plus léger que le béton, reste un matériau lourd. Par ailleurs, son exploitation durable est contraignante. Le temps de pousse d'un arbre est en général de 60 ans sous nos latitudes et de plus de 80 ans dans les forêts du nord de l'Europe.  Nevertheless, wood, although lighter than concrete, remains a heavy material. Moreover, its sustainable exploitation is binding. The growth time of a tree is usually 60 years in our latitudes and more than 80 years in the forests of northern Europe.
Le document US 4 774 121 divulgue un matériau plastique renforcé de tubes de bambou. Ce matériau présente de meilleures résistances mécaniques que le plastique simplement renforcé de fibres. Il est proposé dans ce document de l'utiliser pour des coques de bateau. Néanmoins le matériau de ce document l'utiliser pour des coques de bateau. Néanmoins le matériau de ce document nécessite un matériau de remplissage entre les tubes présentant également une bonne résistance mécanique, tel que du plastique renforcé de fibres. Même l'intérieur des tubes est de préférence rempli d'un tel matériau. Ceci illustre les inconvénients liés à ces matériaux plastiques, comme leur coût, ou l'absence de durabilité. US 4,774,121 discloses a plastic material reinforced with bamboo tubes. This material has better mechanical strength than plastic simply reinforced with fibers. It is proposed in this document to use it for boat hulls. Nevertheless the material of this document use it for boat hulls. Nevertheless the material of this document requires a filling material between the tubes also having a good mechanical strength, such as fiber-reinforced plastic. Even the inside of the tubes is preferably filled with such material. This illustrates the disadvantages associated with these plastic materials, such as their cost, or lack of durability.
Exposé de l'invention  Presentation of the invention
La présente invention cherche à résoudre au moins une partie de ces divers inconvénients, et propose une élément constructif présentant un poids plus faible, une meilleure isolation et une meilleure durabilité. The present invention seeks to solve at least some of these various disadvantages, and provides a constructive element having a lower weight, better insulation and better durability.
L'objet de la présente invention est un élément constructif de construction pour bâtiment  The object of the present invention is a constructive element of building construction
L'élément constructif selon l'invention est particulier en ce qu'il comprend une pluralité de tubes de bambou, présentant chacun une cavité et une paroi, disposés côte à côte et adjacents dans le plan de section des tubes, et un moyen de liaison apte à maintenir lesdits tubes de bambou côte à côte et adjacents.  The constructive element according to the invention is particular in that it comprises a plurality of bamboo tubes, each having a cavity and a wall, arranged side by side and adjacent in the plane of section of the tubes, and a connecting means adapted to maintain said bamboo tubes side by side and adjacent.
Le bambou est une plante qui pousse très rapidement, elle atteint sa maturité entre 2 et 4 ans, et capte 8 à 10 fois plus de gaz carbonique que le bois. Il est donc bien plus aisé et plus rapide que pour le bois de reconstituer les matériaux util isés. Par ailleurs c'est un matériau léger en soi . En le disposant selon l'invention dans un élément constructif, le liant étant disposé entre les tubes de bambou, le creux du bambou reste vide. Cela crée un élément constructif particulièrement léger. De plus cela donne un élément constructif avec de bonnes propriétés isolantes, l'air emprisonné dans le creux des bambous étant un excellent isolant.  Bamboo is a plant that grows very quickly, reaches maturity between 2 and 4 years, and captures 8 to 10 times more carbon dioxide than wood. It is therefore much easier and faster for wood to reconstitute the materials used. Moreover it is a lightweight material in itself. By arranging it according to the invention in a constructive element, the binder being placed between the bamboo tubes, the hollow of the bamboo remains empty. This creates a particularly lightweight construction element. In addition it gives a constructive element with good insulating properties, air trapped in the hollow of bamboo being an excellent insulator.
Les tubes de bambou sont disposés adjacents. Il faut entendre par « adjacent » la situation où deux tubes de bambou voisins pourraient se toucher ; néanmoins ils ne se touchent pas toujours, du fait de l'imperfection des formes de chaque tube, des variations de dimensions des tubes les uns par rapport aux autres, ainsi que du fait de l'espace minimal nécessaire pour que le liant puisse assurer sa fonction de liant entre les tubes. Le mot « adjacent » signifie donc que deux tubes voisins sont aussi près que possible l'un de l'autre, en tenant compte des imperfections de forme des différents tubes de bambou, des variations de dimensions des tubes les uns par rapport aux autres., ainsi que de l'espace nécessaire au liant pour remplir sa fonction. The bamboo tubes are arranged adjacent. Adjacent is the situation where two neighboring bamboo tubes could touch each other; nevertheless, they do not always touch each other, because of the imperfection of the shapes of each tube, variations in the dimensions of the tubes relative to each other, as well as because of the minimum space required for the binder to ensure its binder function between the tubes. The word "adjacent" therefore means that two neighboring tubes are as close as possible to one another, taking into account imperfections shape of the different bamboo tubes, variations of dimensions of the tubes relative to each other . , as well as the space required for the binder to fulfill its function.
Lesdits tubes de bambou peuvent présenter une forte épaisseur de paroi, le rapport entre ladite épaisseur de paroi et la dimension de ladite cavité étant au moins égale à 0,5, ladite dimension étant mesurée par l'introduction dans la cavité d'un gabarit cylindrique circulaire d'environ 50 mm de long à l'une des extrémités du tube de bambou, et l'épaisseur de paroi étant définie par la moitié de la différence entre le diamètre extérieur moyen du tube de bambou et la dimension de ladite cavité intérieure. De préférence, ledit rapport peut être au moins égal à deux tiers. De préférence ce rapport peut être au moins égal à 1 . Said bamboo tubes may have a large wall thickness, the ratio between said wall thickness and the dimension of said cavity being at least 0.5, said dimension being measured by the introduction into the cavity of a cylindrical jig circular wall about 50 mm long at one end of the bamboo tube, and the wall thickness being defined by half the difference between the average outer diameter of the bamboo tube and the dimension of said inner cavity. Preferably, said ratio can be at least two thirds. Preferably this ratio can be at least equal to 1.
Selon d'autres caractéristiques :  According to other characteristics:
- les tubes de bambou peuvent présenter une forme extérieure calibrée selon une forme cylindrique circulaire de diamètre identique aux autres tubes de bambou ; cette disposition permet de réduire nettement les interstices entre les tubes de bambou au minimum nécessaire, de sorte à permettre un bon remplissage de la section de l'élément constructif en tubes de bambou ; un tel calibrage peut se faire par usinage,  the bamboo tubes may have an outer shape calibrated in a circular cylindrical shape of identical diameter to the other bamboo tubes; this arrangement makes it possible to significantly reduce the interstices between the bamboo tubes to the minimum necessary, so as to allow a good filling of the section of the constructive element made of bamboo tubes; such a calibration can be done by machining,
- les tubes de bambou peuvent présenter une dimension intérieure au moins égale à 5 mm , et ne dépassant pas 25 mm , de préférence 1 5 mm , de préférence 10 mm, de préférence 6 ; ainsi l'air emprisonné dans la cavité interne pourra être considéré comme étant statique,  the bamboo tubes may have an internal dimension of at least 5 mm and not more than 25 mm, preferably 15 mm, preferably 10 mm, preferably 6 mm; thus the air trapped in the internal cavity can be considered as being static,
- ledit moyen de liaison peut être un liant, comme par exemple de la chaux éteinte ou une doiomie. Un tel liant convient bien au liage de bambous, et présente l'avantage par rapport, par exemple à du ciment, qu'il durcit en s'associant avec du gaz carbonique, pour reformer du calcaire. Ce choix permet donc de réduire les émissions de gaz carbonique. Cela peut être également une colle résine, un béton végétal ou un bioplastique à base de bois ou de végétaux comme par exemple l'utilisation des déchets de bambous ou de riz ou un autre liant.  - Said connecting means may be a binder, such as for example slaked lime or a doiomie. Such a binder is well suited to bamboo binding, and has the advantage over, for example cement, it hardens by associating with carbon dioxide, to reform the limestone. This choice therefore makes it possible to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. It can also be a resin glue, a plant concrete or a bioplastic based on wood or plants such as for example the use of bamboo or rice waste or other binder.
- ledit moyen de liaison peut être un moyen mécanique, par exemple un cadre en bois, qui entoure lesdits tubes de sorte à les maintenir côte à côte et adjacents ; un tel cadre ne laisse libre que les deux faces sur lesquelles les sections des tubes sont apparents ; ledit moyen de liaison peut aussi être un sanglage métallique ou autre, said connecting means may be a mechanical means, for example a wooden frame, which surrounds said tubes so as to keep them side by side and adjacent; such a frame leaves free only the two faces on which the sections of the tubes are apparent; said connecting means can also be a metal or other strapping,
ledit élément constructif comporte une dimension, appelée longueur, plus grande que les autres dimensions dudit élément constructif, et les tubes de bambou peuvent être disposés dans un sens perpendiculaire à ladite longueur ; cette disposition permet d'utiliser les élément constructifs selon l'invention comme des briques traditionnelles, par exemple avec les tubes de bambou dans le sens vertical pour des élément constructifs posés l'un à côté de l'autre, et une couche après l'autre. said construction element has a dimension, called length, larger than the other dimensions of said construction element, and the bamboo tubes can be arranged in a direction perpendicular to said length; this arrangement makes it possible to use the construction elements according to the invention as traditional bricks, for example with the bamboo tubes in the vertical direction for constructive elements placed next to one another, and a layer after the other.
ou alors les tubes de bambou peuvent être disposés dans le sens de ladite longueur ; cette disposition permet de fabriquer des éléments constructifs de plus grande longueur, pouvant aller jusqu'à plusieurs mètres de long ; ainsi lesdits éléments constructifs peuvent servir de poutres, disposées verticalement où en oblique ; cela permet alors les constructions de type « poteaux poutres», comme décrit ci-dessus, ou les poutres étant disposées verticales et adjacentes l'une à l'autre ou encore verticales espacées l'une de l'autre avec un remplissage ; or the bamboo tubes may be arranged in the direction of said length; this arrangement makes it possible to manufacture construction elements of greater length, up to several meters long; thus said constructive elements can serve as beams, arranged vertically or obliquely; this then allows the "beam column" type constructions, as described above, or the beams being arranged vertically and adjacent to one another or vertical spaced apart from one another with a filling;
la section perpendiculaire à ladite longueur peut présenter une nervure sur un de ses côtés, et une rainure sur son côté opposé, de sorte que ladite nervure est apte à s'introduire dans la rainure d'un élément constructif adjacent ; cela permet un assemblage d'éléments constructifs adjacents avec un positionnement garanti ; ladite section peut également présenter une rainure disposée entre deux nervures d'un côté de lad ite section et une nervure disposée entre deux rainures sur son côté opposé, ladite rainure et les deux nervures d'un côté étant aptes à coopérer avec ladite nervure et les deux rainures du côté opposé d'un élément constructif adjacent pour établir une liaison de type nervure et rainure ; cette disposition renforce la garantie de positionnement, et donne une grande stabilité à la construction ; the section perpendicular to said length may have a rib on one of its sides, and a groove on its opposite side, so that said rib is adapted to be introduced into the groove of an adjacent constructive element; this allows an assembly of adjacent constructive elements with guaranteed positioning; said section may also have a groove disposed between two ribs on one side of said section and a rib disposed between two grooves on its opposite side, said groove and the two ribs on one side being able to cooperate with said rib and the ribs. two grooves on the opposite side of an adjacent constructive element for establishing a rib and groove connection; this provision reinforces the guarantee of positioning, and gives a great stability to the construction;
ledit élément constructif peut aussi comprendre en plus au moins un parement disposé sur un côté dudit élément constructif de sorte que ledit parement soit apparent quand ledit élément constructif est posé en vue de la construction dudit bâtiment ; cela permet de donner un aspect choisi à la construction, sans avoir à poser un revêtement supplémentaire après la pose des éléments constructifs ; said constructive element may also further comprise at least one facing disposed on one side of said constructive element so that said facing is apparent when said construction element is laid for the construction of said building; this makes it possible to give a chosen aspect to the construction, without having to lay an additional covering after the installation of the construction elements;
- ledit élément constructif peut aussi comprendre deux parements de part et d'autre desdits tubes de bambou, et des moyens de maintien disposés de sorte à maintenir l'espacement entre lesdits parements ; une telle caractéristique permet de disposer les tubes de bambou horizontalement par rapport au sens de construction ; les tubes travaillent alors à la compression dans le sens de leur section, et le moyen de liaison est sollicité pour assurer la stabilité de l'élément constructif ; les moyens de maintien contribuent alors à la tenue des éléments constructifs ; said constructive element may also comprise two facings on either side of said bamboo tubes, and holding means arranged so as to maintain the spacing between said facings; such a characteristic makes it possible to arrange the bamboo tubes horizontally with respect to the direction of construction; the tubes then work in compression in the direction of their section, and the connecting means is biased to ensure the stability of the constructive element; the holding means then contribute to the holding of the constructive elements;
La présente invention concerne également l'utilisation d'éléments constructifs selon l'invention comme poutres verticales ou poutres obliques, comme indiqué ci- dessus, ou alors comme panneau de remplissage.  The present invention also relates to the use of construction elements according to the invention as vertical beams or oblique beams, as indicated above, or as a filling panel.
La présente invention concerne enfin un procédé de fabrication d'un élément constructif selon l'invention par extrusion, comprenant une phase d'alimentation, une phase d'extrusion, et une phase de sciage à dimension ; d'autres modes de fabrication sont bien entendu possibles, mais ce mode de fabrication apporte d'indéniables avantages de productivité et de coût.  The present invention finally relates to a method of manufacturing a constructive element according to the invention by extrusion, comprising a feed phase, an extrusion phase, and a dimension sawing phase; other modes of manufacture are of course possible, but this method of manufacture brings undeniable advantages of productivity and cost.
Selon d'autres caractéristiques :  According to other characteristics:
- ledit procédé peut comprendre en outre une étape de sélection des tubes selon leur dimension intérieure et leur épaisseur, et une étape de calibrage extérieur, optionnellement en plus une étape de calibrage intérieur ;  said method may furthermore comprise a step of selecting the tubes according to their internal dimension and their thickness, and an external calibration step, optionally in addition to an internal calibration step;
- ledit procédé peut comprendre en outre une phase de vibration avant ou pendant l'extrusion, de sorte à réduire le plus possible les interstices entre les tubes. said method may further comprise a vibration phase before or during the extrusion, so as to reduce as much as possible the interstices between the tubes.
L'avantage de la présente invention consiste en ce que le matériau bambou présente de très bonnes caractéristiques d'isolation, et sa forme creuse ajoute encore à sa caractéristique d'isolation, par le fait que l'air statique est un meilleur isolant encore. De plus les bambous présentent souvent des fermetures tous les 20 cm, en si la pression de l'air dans une cavité fermée est plus faible que la pression atmosphérique, du fait de la croissance du bambou, les caractéristiques d'isolation en sont encore meilleures. La présente invention tire le meilleur parti de ces caractéristiques du bambou, en sélectionnant les conditions de collecte et de disposition de parties de bambou dans des éléments constructifs. The advantage of the present invention is that the bamboo material has very good insulating characteristics, and its hollow shape further adds to its insulating characteristic, in that the static air is a better insulator still. In addition, bamboos often have closures every 20 cm, if the air pressure in a closed cavity is lower than the atmospheric pressure, because of the growth of bamboo, the insulation characteristics are even better. The present invention makes the most of these characteristics of bamboo, by selecting the conditions of collection and arrangement of bamboo parts in constructive elements.
Description sommaire des dessins  Brief description of the drawings
D'autres avantages de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description d'un exemple de réalisation et des dessins annexés, dans lesquels :  Other advantages of the invention will appear on reading the description of an exemplary embodiment and the appended drawings, in which:
La figure 1 représente un élément constructif selon un premier mode de réalisation de l'invention, vu en perspective,  FIG. 1 represents a constructive element according to a first embodiment of the invention, seen in perspective,
La figure 2 représente un détail essentiel de l'élément constructif de la fig. 1 ou 2, vu de dessus,  FIG. 2 represents an essential detail of the constructive element of FIG. 1 or 2, seen from above,
La figure 3 représente un détail essentiel d'un élément constructif selon un troisième mode de réalisation, vu de dessus,  FIG. 3 represents an essential detail of a construction element according to a third embodiment, seen from above,
La figure 4 représente un élément constructif selon un deuxième mode de réalisation de l'invention, vu en perspective, FIG. 4 represents a constructive element according to a second embodiment of the invention, seen in perspective,
La figure 5 représente la section d'un élément constructif selon un quatrième mode de réalisation de l'invention,  FIG. 5 represents the section of a constructive element according to a fourth embodiment of the invention,
La figure 6 représente un exemple de construction avec des éléments constructifs selon l'invention,  FIG. 6 represents an example of a construction with constructive elements according to the invention,
La figure 7 représente schématiquement une installation de fabrication d'éléments constructifs selon l'invention.  Figure 7 schematically shows a manufacturing facility of constructive elements according to the invention.
La figure 8 représente la section d'un élément constructif selon un cinquième mode de réalisation, et  FIG. 8 represents the section of a construction element according to a fifth embodiment, and
La figure 9 représente schématiquement un deuxième mode de réalisation d'une installation de fabrication d'éléments constructifs selon l'invention. Figure 9 schematically shows a second embodiment of a manufacturing facility of constructive elements according to the invention.
Meilleure manière de réaliser l'invention  Best way to realize the invention
L'élément constructif 1 visible à la fig. 1 comporte une pluralité de tubes de bambou 2. Ces tubes 2 sont constitués chacun d'un morceau de tige de bambou 8 (voir fig. 7), la section du tube 2 étant la section entière de la tige 8 dans le plan de section des tiges 8 ou des tubes 2. Un cadre 18, en tant que solution de liaison mécanique, est constitué de quatre planches disposées sur les quatre côtés de l'élément constructif 1 à l'exclusion des côtés faisant apparaître les sections de tubes 2 de bambou. Les tubes 2 de bambou sont disposés verticalement, l'élément constructif 1 étant destiné à être posé lors de la construction d'un mur 1 1 dans le sens dans lequel il est représenté à la fig. 1 . Les tubes 2 de bambou seront donc disposés verticalement dans le mur 1 1 construit. Les tubes 2 de bambou sont ici disposés perpendiculaires à la plus grande longueur L de l'élément constructif 1 . The constructive element 1 visible in FIG. 1 comprises a plurality of bamboo tubes 2. These tubes 2 each consist of a piece of bamboo rod 8 (see Fig. 7), the section of the tube 2 being the entire section of the rod 8 in the plane of section 8 or tubes 2. A frame 18, as a mechanical connection solution, consists of four boards arranged on the four sides of the construction element 1 excluding the sides showing the sections of tubes 2 of bamboo. The bamboo tubes 2 are arranged vertically, the construction element 1 being intended to be placed during the construction of a wall 1 1 in the direction in which it is shown in FIG. 1. The tubes 2 of bamboo will therefore be arranged vertically in the wall 1 1 built. The tubes 2 of bamboo are here arranged perpendicular to the greatest length L of the constructive element 1.
Un deuxième mode de réalisation d'un élément constructif 1 selon l'invention est montré à la fig. 4. Un liant 3 est disposé entre les tubes 2, pour que l'ensemble forme un tout solidaire. Deux parements 4 sont disposés de part et d'autre des tubes 2 de bambou. Ces parements 4 peuvent être en bois, ou en panneau à base de bois. Ils donnent l'aspect bois à l'élément constructif 1 , et donc au mur en situation construite. D'autres matériaux peuvent bien entendu être utilisés, comme une matière plastique, ou alors des parements 4 métalliques, en acier ou en aluminium par exemple. Bien entendu l'élément constructif 1 peut aussi ne pas disposer de tels parements 4, les tubes de bambou 2 étant alors apparents sur les côtés. Comme liant, on peut également employer de la résine, du béton végétal, un bioplastique à base de bois ou à base de végétaux. A second embodiment of a construction element 1 according to the invention is shown in FIG. 4. A binder 3 is disposed between the tubes 2 so that the assembly forms an integral whole. Two facings 4 are arranged on either side of the bamboo tubes 2. These facings 4 may be wood, or panel based on wood. They give the wood aspect to the constructive element 1, and therefore to the wall in a constructed situation. Other materials can of course be used, such as a plastic material, or metal siding 4, steel or aluminum for example. Naturally, the construction element 1 may also not have such facings 4, the bamboo tubes 2 then being visible on the sides. As binder, it is also possible to use resin, plant concrete, wood-based or plant-based bioplastics.
Les extrémités des tubes de bambou peuvent être obturées, pour assurer que l'air est statique dans le tube.  The ends of the bamboo tubes can be closed, to ensure that the air is static in the tube.
Les tubes 2 de bambou sont ici disposés parallèles à la plus grande longueur L de l'élément constructif 1 . Dans cette disposition, on comprendra que les efforts de compression verticaux ont une tendance à écarter les tubes 2 de bambou les uns des autres. On peut alors disposer des tirants 5, pour maintenir l'espacement entre les deux parements 4 et reprendre ainsi ces efforts latéraux. Les parements 4 contribuent dans ce cas à la résistance mécanique de l'élément constructif 1 . Dans le cas où le moyen de liaison est un cadre 18 et les tubes 2 sont disposés dans ce sens, des tirants 5 peuvent également être prévus, ou alors on pourra considérer que le cadre 18 lui-même en fait office, selon les dimensions de l'élément constructif 1 et les efforts à considérer. Les figures 2 et 3 illustrent deux exemples de disposition des tubes 2 de bambou les uns par rapport aux autres. On comprend aisément que l'espace 12 entre les tubes 2 doit suffire pour que le liant 3, le cas échéant, puisse remplir sa fonction, mais une fois cette condition remplie, ledit espace 12 doit être le plus réduit possible. En effet les tubes 2 de bambou contribuent à la solidité de l'élément constructif 1 , notamment à sa tenue à la compression par la résistance des tubes 2 de bambou eux-mêmes, dans le sens de leur longueur dans ce mode de réalisation, alors que l'espace 12 entre les tubes 2 y contribue le cas échéant par la qualité du liant 3, qui peut présenter une résistance différente, qui, selon le type de liant 3, peut être plus faible. On observe que la disposition proposée à la fig. 2 avec des tubes 2 identiques ne laisse que de très petits espaces 12 entre les tubes 2. On peut évaluer de manière théorique la proportion de cet espace 12 par rapport à la surface totale, et on arrive alors à environ 10%. Néanmoins dans la pratique, en tenant compte de l'imperfection des formes de chaque tube 2, des variations de dimensions des tubes 2 les uns par rapport aux autres, des effets de bord de l'élément constructif 1 , ainsi que le cas échéant de l'espace 12 minimal nécessaire pour que le liant 3 puisse assurer sa fonction de liant entre les tubes 2, on arrive à une valeur un peu supérieure, qui peut aller d'environ 10% jusque environ 20 à 30%. The bamboo tubes 2 are here arranged parallel to the greatest length L of the construction element 1. In this arrangement, it will be understood that the vertical compressive forces have a tendency to separate the bamboo tubes 2 from each other. We can then have tie rods 5, to maintain the spacing between the two facings 4 and thus resume these lateral forces. The cladding 4 contributes in this case to the mechanical strength of the constructive element 1. In the case where the connecting means is a frame 18 and the tubes 2 are arranged in this direction, tie rods 5 may also be provided, or it may be considered that the frame 18 itself serves, according to the dimensions of the constructive element 1 and the efforts to be considered. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate two examples of arrangement of bamboo tubes 2 relative to each other. It is easily understood that the space 12 between the tubes 2 must be sufficient for the binder 3, if necessary, to fulfill its function, but once this condition is fulfilled, said space 12 must be as small as possible. Indeed, the bamboo tubes 2 contribute to the strength of the construction element 1, in particular to its resistance to compression by the resistance of the bamboo tubes 2 themselves, in the direction of their length in this embodiment, then that the space 12 between the tubes 2 contributes there where appropriate by the quality of the binder 3, which may have a different strength, which, depending on the type of binder 3, may be lower. It is observed that the arrangement proposed in FIG. 2 with identical tubes 2 leaves only very small gaps 12 between the tubes 2. It is theoretically possible to estimate the proportion of this space 12 with respect to the total area, and then it reaches about 10%. Nevertheless, in practice, taking into account the imperfection of the shapes of each tube 2, variations of dimensions of the tubes 2 relative to each other, edge effects of the constructive element 1, as well as, where appropriate, the minimum space 12 necessary for the binder 3 to be able to act as a binder between the tubes 2 leads to a slightly higher value, which can range from about 10% to about 20 to 30%.
La disposition proposée à la fig . 3 est également intéressante et illustre un troisième mode de réalisation. Des tubes 2 de dimension plus grande y alternent avec des tubes 2 environ de taille moitié, idéalement même d'un diamètre d'environ 40% par rapport aux tubes 2 de dimension plus grande. La proportion théorique d'espace 12 entre les tubes 2 par rapport à la surface totale est également d'environ 10%. Là encore, la proportion pratique pourra aller d'environ 10% jusque environ 20 à 30%. The arrangement proposed in fig. 3 is also interesting and illustrates a third embodiment. Tubes 2 of larger size alternate there with tubes 2 about half size, ideally even a diameter of about 40% compared to the tubes 2 of larger size. The theoretical proportion of space 12 between the tubes 2 relative to the total area is also about 10%. Here again, the practical proportion can range from about 10% to about 20 to 30%.
La figure 5 illustre une section d'élément constructif 1 profilée, selon un quatrième mode de réalisation. Sur le dessus est disposée une rainure supérieure 13 centrale entre deux nervures supérieures 14, et sur le dessous, en correspondance, une nervure inférieure 15 centrale entre deux rainures inférieures 16. L'élément constructif 1 selon l'invention peut ainsi être assemblé aux éléments constructifs 1 adjacents avec un positionnement garanti. On peut chercher, selon un mode avantageux de réalisation de l'invention, à faire en sorte d'obtenir au moins un tube 2 dans chacune des nervures supérieures 14 ou inférieure 15.FIG. 5 illustrates a profiled section of constructive element 1, according to a fourth embodiment. On the top is disposed an upper central groove 13 between two upper ribs 14, and on the underside, in correspondence, a central lower rib 15 between two lower grooves 16. The construction element 1 according to the invention can thus be assembled to the elements 1 adjacent construction with guaranteed positioning. An advantageous embodiment of the invention can be sought to ensure that at least one tube 2 in each of the upper ribs 14 or lower 15.
Dans tous ces modes de réalisation de l'invention, il peut être intéressant de sélectionner des tubes de bambou de forte épaisseur, de préférence l'épaisseur étant au moins égale à la moitié, ou aux deux tiers de la dimension de la cavité interne, de préférence même au moins égale à la dimension de la cavité interne.In all these embodiments of the invention, it may be advantageous to select bamboo tubes of great thickness, preferably the thickness being at least equal to half, or two-thirds of the size of the internal cavity, preferably even at least equal to the size of the internal cavity.
On peut par exemple utiliser des tubes de bambou dont le diamètre intérieur est inférieur à 15 mm. On a pu observer que dans ce cas, l'air reste immobile à l'intérieur du tube, et se comporte donc comme un isolant, avec une caractéristique isolante proche de celle de l'air immobile, alors qu'avec des diamètres supérieurs, l'air se met à circuler, l'air froid d'un côté se mélangeant à l'air chaud de l'autre, de sorte que l'air se comporte comme un conducteur. Cet effet est encore accentué quand le diamètre intérieur est inférieur à 10 mm, et il devient presque complet quand ce diamètre intérieur devient inférieur à 6 mm.For example, it is possible to use bamboo tubes whose internal diameter is less than 15 mm. It has been observed that in this case, the air remains immobile inside the tube, and therefore behaves like an insulator, with an insulating characteristic close to that of still air, whereas with larger diameters, the air begins to circulate, the cold air on one side mixing with the warm air on the other, so that the air behaves like a conductor. This effect is further accentuated when the inside diameter is less than 10 mm, and it becomes almost complete when this inside diameter becomes less than 6 mm.
Les tubes de bambou étant un produit naturel, la cavité interne du tube n'est généralement pas un cylindre circulaire parfait. Dans certaines sections cela peut s'approcher du cercle parfait, dans d'autres il s'agit plutôt d'une forme quelconque. Les différences existent entre deux tubes, mais également entre diverses sections d'un même tube. Le critère à retenir est donc celui qui représente le mieux la capacité de l'air à se déplacer à l'intérieur de la cavité. Par ailleurs, il faut trouver une mesure simple, pour ne pas rendre trop compliqué le tri à faire à la récolte des bambous. Une solution satisfaisante consiste en un cylindre circulaire plein calibré au diamètre retenu (15, 10 ou 6 mm par exemple) d'environ 5 cm de long, qu'on cherche à introduire à l'intérieur du tube bambou. S'il rentre, l'intérieur du tube est trop grand, s'il ne rentre pas le tube peut être retenu. Ce cylindre gabarit peut être en bois, en métal ou en plastique, ou d'autres matériaux suffisamment durs pour ne pas trop s'éroder à l'usage. L'homme du métier comprendra qu'un tel test reste imparfait, et par exemple un tube présentant une cavité de 9 mm de large et 20 mm de long risque de moins bien conserver l'air immobile qu'une cavité de 10 mm de diamètre. Ce genre d'exceptions, suffisamment flagrant et en même temps assez rare, sera écarté par un contrôle visuel. Bamboo tubes being a natural product, the internal cavity of the tube is not usually a perfect circular cylinder. In some sections it can approach the perfect circle, in others it is more of a form. The differences exist between two tubes, but also between various sections of the same tube. The criterion to be retained is therefore that which best represents the capacity of the air to move inside the cavity. In addition, it is necessary to find a simple measure, not to make too difficult the sort to be made to the harvest of the bamboos. A satisfactory solution consists of a solid circular cylinder calibrated to the retained diameter (15, 10 or 6 mm for example) of about 5 cm long, which one seeks to introduce inside the bamboo tube. If it returns, the inside of the tube is too big, if it does not fit the tube can be retained. This jig cylinder can be made of wood, metal or plastic, or other materials hard enough not to erode too much with use. Those skilled in the art will understand that such a test remains imperfect, and for example a tube with a cavity 9 mm wide and 20 mm long may be less able to preserve the still air than a cavity 10 mm in diameter. . These kinds of exceptions, sufficiently flagrant and at the same time quite rare, will be rejected by a visual control.
Pour des poutres, comprenant des tubes bambou longs, de la longueur des poutres, par exemple de plus d'un mètre de long, le test de sélection ne peut être réalisé qu'en bout de tube. Néanmoins l'homme du métier comprendra aisément que si on élargit la cavité en extrémité de tube pour d'autres raisons (mode d'assemblage ou autre), l'effet recherché sera néanmoins obtenu en grande partie si la dimension de la cavité est suffisamment petite sur une grande partie de la longueur des tubes. En cas d'un tel élargissement par usinage ou autre, le test devra donc être fait plus profondément, à partir de la section non élargie. For beams, including long bamboo tubes, the length of the beams, for example more than one meter long, the selection test can not be realized at the end of the tube. Nevertheless, those skilled in the art will readily understand that if the cavity is widened at the end of the tube for other reasons (assembly mode or otherwise), the desired effect will nevertheless be obtained in large part if the cavity dimension is sufficiently small over a large part of the length of the tubes. In case of such enlargement by machining or otherwise, the test should be done more deeply, from the non-enlarged section.
Comme illustré à la figure 8, on peut aussi passer les tubes sur un tour, de sorte à calibrer leur diamètre extérieur. En n'ayant que des tubes de par exemple 30 mm de diamètre extérieur, quand on les assemble, on se rapproche très nettement de la proportion théorique d'espace entre les tubes (voir fig. 2). Il ne reste alors plus qu'à laisser l'espace nécessaire au liant, toutes les imperfections ayant été éliminées par l'usinage des tubes. Il en résulte une bien meilleure résistance des poutres ou briques obtenues  As illustrated in Figure 8, one can also pass the tubes on a lathe, so as to calibrate their outside diameter. By having only tubes of for example 30 mm outside diameter, when they are assembled, one approaches very clearly the theoretical proportion of space between the tubes (see Fig. 2). All that remains is to leave the necessary space for the binder, all the imperfections having been eliminated by machining the tubes. This results in a much better resistance of the beams or bricks obtained
Une telle dimension de 30 mm, combinée à un diamètre interne de 15 mm résulte en une épaisseur de paroi de 7,5 mm environ. Avec un diamètre interne de 10 mm, on obtient une épaisseur de paroi de 10 mm environ Un diamètre extérieur de 25 mm, combinée à un diamètre interne de 9 mm résulte en une épaisseur de paroi de 7 mm environ.  Such a dimension of 30 mm, combined with an internal diameter of 15 mm results in a wall thickness of about 7.5 mm. With an internal diameter of 10 mm, a wall thickness of about 10 mm is obtained. An outer diameter of 25 mm, combined with an internal diameter of 9 mm results in a wall thickness of about 7 mm.
On peut choisir aussi un diamètre de calibrage de 20 mm, avec par exemple une dimension de la cavité 20 de 8 mm, résultant en une épaisseur de paroi de 6 mm, permettant ainsi d'inclure un plus grand nombre de tubes 2. En effet lors de la sélection des tubes 2, il faut s'assurer que tous les tubes sélectionnés ont la capacité après calibrage de présenter une forme extérieure de cylindre circulaire. Plus le diamètre de calibrage sera choisi élevé, et plus il sera difficile de trouver les tubes respectant le critère.  It is also possible to choose a calibration diameter of 20 mm, for example with a cavity dimension of 8 mm, resulting in a wall thickness of 6 mm, thus making it possible to include a larger number of tubes 2. when selecting the tubes 2, it must be ensured that all the selected tubes have the capacity after calibration to have an outer circular cylinder shape. The higher the calibration diameter is chosen, the more difficult it will be to find the tubes that meet the criterion.
Il est entendu qu'un élément constructif constitué de tels tubes de forte épaisseur, ou calibrés, et comprenant par exception l'un ou l'autre tube de faible épaisseur ou de cavité interne plus grande, par exemple destiné à recevoir des gaines de passage de câbles, ne sort pas du cadre de l'invention.  It is understood that a constructive element consisting of such thick tubes, or calibrated, and including by exception one or the other tube of smaller thickness or larger internal cavity, for example intended to receive ducts passage of cables, is not beyond the scope of the invention.
Selon un autre mode de réal isation , le d iamètre interne peut être cal ibré également. Cela présente un intérêt pour les tubes 2 ayant une cavité 20 très petite, par exemple inférieure à 5 mm. Dans ce cas, la quantité d'air qui y est contenue devient très faible. Or la résistivité thermique de l'air immobile est de l'ordre de 0,02 W/m/K, meilleure que celle du bambou qui est plutôt de l'ordre de 0,1 W/m/K ; si la quantité d'air est très faible, il en résulterait donc une performance d'isolation thermique de l'élément constructif plus faible. Il est alors utile de calibrer le diamètre interne également, permettant ainsi de garantir une qualité d'isolation recherchée en garantissant un minimum d'espace rempli d'air immobile. According to another embodiment, the internal d iameter can be cal ibré also. This is of interest for tubes 2 having a very small cavity 20, for example less than 5 mm. In this case, the amount of air that is there contained becomes very weak. However, the thermal resistivity of the immobile air is of the order of 0.02 W / m / K, better than that of bamboo which is rather of the order of 0.1 W / m / K; if the amount of air is very low, it would therefore result in a thermal insulation performance of the weaker building element. It is therefore useful to calibrate the internal diameter also, thus ensuring a desired quality of insulation by ensuring a minimum of space filled with still air.
Ainsi plus on a une forte épaisseur des tubes sélectionnés, plus on a une possibilité de calibrer les dimensions, et ainsi optimiser les caractéristiques des éléments constructifs 1 obtenus.  Thus, the greater the thickness of the selected tubes, the more it is possible to calibrate the dimensions, and thus to optimize the characteristics of the construction elements 1 obtained.
Les éléments constructifs 1 peuvent présenter une longueur nettement plus grande que la section de l'élément constructif 1 , par exemple de l'ordre de deux mètres, pour une section présentant une plus grande dimension d'environ 20 cm. En ayant une longueur nettement plus grande que la section, ces éléments constructifs 1 peuvent être utilisés comme des poutres 1 .  The construction elements 1 may have a length significantly greater than the section of the construction element 1, for example of the order of two meters, for a section having a larger dimension of about 20 cm. Having a length significantly greater than the section, these constructive elements 1 can be used as beams 1.
Par exemple ces poutres 1 peuvent alors constituer un mur par assemblage de poutres 1 verticales adjacentes, chaque poutre 1 ayant la hauteur du mur à construire.  For example, these beams 1 may then constitute a wall by assembly of adjacent vertical beams 1, each beam 1 having the height of the wall to be built.
Ou alors ces poutres peuvent constituer un mur 1 1 par assemblage de poutres 1 horizontales (voir fig. 6). On dispose alors une première poutre 1 horizontale au sol, éventuellement une deuxième dans son prolongement et une troisième, jusqu'à obtenir la longueur souhaitée du mur 1 1 . La dernière poutre 1 doit être coupée à longueur. La chute 17 peut être utilisée pour être disposée sur la première poutre 1 posée, ce qui peut avoir comme effet que les joints de poutres 1 posées bout à bout seront décalés d'une rangée de poutres 1 à l'autre.  Or, these beams can constitute a wall 1 1 by assembly of horizontal beams 1 (see Fig. 6). There is then a first horizontal beam 1 on the ground, possibly a second in its extension and a third, until the desired length of the wall 1 1. The last beam 1 must be cut to length. The chute 17 may be used to be disposed on the first beam 1 placed, which may have the effect that the beams of beams 1 laid end to end will be shifted from one row of beams 1 to another.
Ces poutres 1 peuvent aussi être disposées verticales, espacées l'une de l'autre, l'espace étant alors rempli par des matières isolantes.  These beams 1 can also be arranged vertical, spaced apart from each other, the space then being filled with insulating materials.
Enfin les poutres peuvent constituer une structure, par des poutres 1 verticales, horizontales et obliques, les éléments de remplissage du mur pouvant alors y être attachés, selon le principe de construction de type « maisons alsaciennes ».  Finally, the beams may constitute a structure, by vertical beams 1, horizontal and oblique, the wall filling elements can then be attached to it, according to the principle of construction type "Alsatian houses".
On peut également disposer des panneaux complets à insérer dans des constructions poteau poutre (pour remplir les espaces) et ainsi servir en même temps d'isolant et de contreventement. Un élément constructif 1 peut alors présenter par exemple une épaisseur de 100 mm, une largeur de 1 m, et une longueur de 2 m, et être utilisé comme panneau de remplissage entre des poutres verticales et/ou obliques selon l'invention. De tels panneaux peuvent également être utilisés seuls, sans poutres. It is also possible to have complete panels to be inserted into post beam construction (to fill the spaces) and thus serve at the same time as insulation and bracing. A construction element 1 may then have, for example, a thickness of 100 mm, a width of 1 m, and a length of 2 m, and may be used as a filler panel between vertical and / or oblique beams according to the invention. Such panels can also be used alone, without beams.
La fig. 7 illustre une filière d'extrusion par laquelle des éléments constructifs 1 selon l'invention peuvent être extrudés. On y distingue la filière 6 proprement dite, ainsi qu'un côté d'alimentation 7 en tiges de bambou 8, le cas échéant calibrés, et en liant 3, et un côté de sortie 9 d'une poutre. Du côté de sortie 9, une scie 10 est disposée, pour couper les éléments constructifs 1 à la longueur souhaitée. Selon les applications, cette longueur pourra être de l'ordre de 100 à 150 mm, pour des élément constructifs 1 devant être utilisés comme des briques traditionnelles ; ou alors la longueur sera de plusieurs mètres, pour des éléments constructifs 1 utilisés comme poutres. Toutes les longueurs intermédiaires sont également possibles ; par exemple une longueur comprise entre 500 mm et 1500 mm peut être utile pour la construction d'un complément de mur latéral juste sous le toit. Fig. 7 illustrates an extrusion die by which constructive elements 1 according to the invention can be extruded. It distinguishes the die 6 itself, and a supply side 7 in bamboo rods 8, where appropriate calibrated, and connecting 3, and an output side 9 of a beam. On the output side 9, a saw 10 is disposed, to cut the constructive elements 1 to the desired length. Depending on the applications, this length may be of the order of 100 to 150 mm, for constructive elements 1 to be used as traditional bricks; or the length will be several meters, for constructive elements 1 used as beams. All intermediate lengths are also possible; for example a length of between 500 mm and 1500 mm may be useful for the construction of a complement of side wall just under the roof.
La fig. 9 illustre un mode de réalisation préféré, dans lequel on a ajouté un vibreur 19 juste avant la filière 6. La fonction de ce vibreur 19 est de réduire les interstices 12 entre les tubes 2 de bambou. Cela est particulièrement intéressant avec des tubes 2 de bambou calibrés, pour lesquels les interstices 12 peuvent se rapprocher nettement de leur valeur théorique minimale. On obtient ainsi des éléments constructifs 1 particulièrement résistants, et de propriétés thermiques optimales. Fig. 9 illustrates a preferred embodiment, in which a vibrator 19 has been added just before the die 6. The function of this vibrator 19 is to reduce the interstices 12 between the tubes 2 of bamboo. This is particularly interesting with calibrated bamboo tubes 2, for which the interstices 12 can be close to their minimum theoretical value. This gives the construction elements 1 particularly resistant, and optimal thermal properties.
Bien que l'invention ait été décrite en liaison avec des structures particulières, elle n'y est nullement limitée et on peut y apporter de nombreuses variantes, telles que déclinées dans les revendications ci-après. Although the invention has been described in connection with particular structures, it is in no way limited and many variations can be made, as declined in the claims below.
Les combinaisons des différentes réalisations représentées sur les dessins ou décrites ci-dessus ne sortent pas du cadre de l'invention.  The combinations of the different embodiments shown in the drawings or described above are not outside the scope of the invention.
Les numéros de référence suivants sont utilisés dans la présente demande, ainsi que sur les dessins annexés : The following reference numbers are used in this application, as well as in the accompanying drawings:
1 . élément constructif 2. tube de bambou 1. constructive element 2. bamboo tube
3. liant  3. binder
4. parement  4. siding
5. tirant  5. pulling
6. filière  6. die
7. côté d'alimentation  7. power side
8. tige de bambou  8. bamboo stem
9. côté de sortie  9. exit side
10. scie  10. saw
11. mur  11. wall
12. espace entre tubes de bambou  12. space between bamboo tubes
13. rainure supérieure  13. upper groove
14. nervure supérieure  14. upper vein
15. nervure inférieure  15. lower rib
16. rainure inférieure  16. lower groove
17. chute  17. fall
18. cadre  18. frame
19. vibreur  19. vibrator
20. section interne du tube ou cavité  20. internal section of the tube or cavity
Les signes de référence insérés après les caractéristiques techniques mentionnées dans les revendications ont pour seul but de faciliter la compréhension de ces dernières et n'en limitent aucunement la portée. The reference signs inserted after the technical features mentioned in the claims are only intended to facilitate the understanding of the latter and in no way limit the scope.

Claims
Revendications claims
Elément constructif (1 ) de construction pour bâtiment caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une pluralité de tubes de bambou (2) présentant chacun une cavité (20) et une paroi, disposés côte à côte et adjacents dans le plan de section des tubes, et un moyen de liaison (3, Construction building element (1) characterized in that it comprises a plurality of bamboo tubes (2) each having a cavity (20) and a wall, arranged side by side and adjacent in the section plane of the tubes, and a connecting means (3,
4, 5, 18) apte à maintenir lesdits tubes de bambou (2) côte à côte et adjacents, lesdits tubes de bambou (2) présentant une forte épaisseur de paroi, le rapport entre ladite épaisseur de paroi et la dimension de ladite cavité (20) étant au moins égale à 0,4, 5, 18) adapted to hold said bamboo tubes (2) side by side and adjacent, said bamboo tubes (2) having a large wall thickness, the ratio between said wall thickness and the dimension of said cavity ( 20) being at least 0,
5, ladite dimension étant mesurée par l'introduction dans la cavité (20) d'un gabarit cylindrique circulaire d'environ 50mm de long à l'une des extrémités du tube de bambou (2), et l'épaisseur de paroi étant définie par la moitié de la différence entre le diamètre extérieur moyen du tube de bambou (2) et la dimension de ladite cavité intérieure (20). 5, said dimension being measured by introducing into the cavity (20) a circular cylindrical template about 50mm long at one end of the bamboo tube (2), and the wall thickness being defined by half the difference between the average outside diameter of the bamboo tube (2) and the dimension of said inner cavity (20).
Elément constructif (1 ) selon la revendication précédente, dans lequel ledit rapport est au moins égal à deux tiers. Construction element (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein said ratio is at least equal to two thirds.
Elément constructif (1 ) selon la revendication précédente, dans lequel les tubes de bambou présentent une forme extérieure calibrée selon une forme cylindrique circulaire. Construction element (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein the bamboo tubes have an outer shape calibrated in a circular cylindrical shape.
Elément constructif (1 ) selon la revendication précédente, dans lequel les tubes de bambou présentent une cavité d'une dimension interne au moins égale à 5 mm, et ne dépassant pas 25 mm, de préférence 15, de préférence 10 mm, de préférence 6 mm. Construction element (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein the bamboo tubes have a cavity with an internal dimension of at least 5 mm, and not exceeding 25 mm, preferably 15, preferably 10 mm, preferably 6 mm. mm.
Elément constructif (1 ) selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel ledit moyen de liaison est un liant (3), par exemple une chaux éteinte, une dolomie, une résine, un béton végétal ou un bioplastique à base de bois ou de végétaux, disposé entre les tubes de bambou (2) de manière à maintenir lesdits tubes de bambou (2) côte à côte et adjacents. Construction element (1) according to one of the preceding claims wherein said connecting means is a binder (3), for example slaked lime, a dolomite, a resin, a plant concrete or a bioplastic based on wood or plants disposed between the bamboo tubes (2) so as to maintain said bamboo tubes (2) side by side and adjacent.
6. Elément constructif (1 ) selon la revendication 1 dans lequel ledit moyen de liaison est un moyen mécanique (4, 5, 18), par exemple un cadre (18) en bois ou une sangle métallique, qui entoure lesdits tubes de sorte à les maintenir côte à côte et adjacents. 6. Construction element (1) according to claim 1 wherein said connecting means is a mechanical means (4, 5, 18), for example a frame (18) in wood or metal strap, which surrounds said tubes so as to keep them side by side and adjacent.
7. Elément constructif (1 ) selon l'une des revendications précédentes comportant une dimension, appelée longueur, plus grande que les autres dimensions dudit élément constructif (1 ), et les tubes de bambou (2) sont disposés dans un sens perpendiculaire à ladite longueur. 7. Construction element (1) according to one of the preceding claims having a dimension, called length, larger than the other dimensions of said constructive element (1), and the bamboo tubes (2) are arranged in a direction perpendicular to said length.
8. Elément constructif (1 ) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3 comportant une dimension, appelée longueur, plus grande que les autres dimensions dudit élément constructif (1 ), et les tubes de bambou (2) sont disposés dans le sens de ladite longueur. 8. Construction element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 3 having a dimension, called length, larger than the other dimensions of said construction element (1), and the bamboo tubes (2) are arranged in the direction of said length.
9. Elément constructif (1 ) selon la revendication précédente dans lequel la section perpendiculaire à ladite longueur présente une nervure (14) sur un de ses côtés, et une rainure (16) sur son côté opposé, de sorte que ladite nervure (1 4) est apte à s'introduire dans la rainure (1 6) d'un élément constructif (1 ) adjacent. 9. Construction element (1) according to the preceding claim wherein the section perpendicular to said length has a rib (14) on one of its sides, and a groove (16) on its opposite side, so that said rib (1 4 ) is able to be introduced into the groove (1 6) of an adjacent construction element (1).
10. Elément constructif (1 ) selon la revendication précédente, dans lequel ladite section présente une rainure (13) disposée entre deux nervures (14) d'un côté de ladite section et une nervure (15) disposée entre deux rainures (16) sur son côté opposé, ladite rainure (13) et les deux nervures (14) d'un côté étant aptes à coopérer avec ladite nervure (15) et les deux rainures (16) du côté opposé d'un élément constructif (1 ) adjacent pour établir une liaison de type nervure (14, 15) et rainure (13, 16). 10. Construction element (1) according to the preceding claim, wherein said section has a groove (13) disposed between two ribs (14) on one side of said section and a rib (15) disposed between two grooves (16) on its opposite side, said groove (13) and the two ribs (14) on one side being adapted to cooperate with said rib (15) and the two grooves (16) on the opposite side of an adjacent constructive element (1) for establishing a rib (14, 15) and groove (13, 16) connection.
1 1 . Elément constructif (1 ) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, comprenant en plus au moins un parement (4) disposé sur un côté dudit élément constructif (1 ) de sorte que ledit parement (4) soit apparent quand ledit élément constructif (1 ) est posé en vue de la construction dudit bâtiment, de préférence comprenant deux parements (4) de part et d'autre desdits tubes de bambou (2), et des moyens de maintien (5) disposés de sorte à maintenir l'espacement entre lesdits parements (4). 1 1. Construction element (1) according to one of the preceding claims, further comprising at least one facing (4) disposed on one side of said constructive element (1) so that said facing (4) is apparent when said constructive element (1) is laid for the construction of said building, preferably comprising two claddings (4) on either side of said bamboo tubes (2), and holding means (5) arranged to maintain the spacing between said siding (4).
12. Utilisation d'un élément constructif (1 ) selon l'une des revendications précédentes comme brique ou poutre à pose horizontale, comme poutre verticale, comme poutre oblique ou comme panneau de remplissage. 12. Use of a construction element (1) according to one of the claims as a horizontal beam or beam, as a vertical beam, as an oblique beam or as a filler panel.
13. Procédé de fabrication d'un élément constructif (1 ) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 8 par extrusion, comprenant une phase d'alimentation, une phase d'extrusion, et une phase de sciage. 13. A method of manufacturing a construction element (1) according to one of claims 1 to 8 by extrusion, comprising a feed phase, an extrusion phase, and a sawing phase.
14. Procédé de fabrication selon la revendication précédente, comprenant en outre une étape de sélection des tubes selon leur dimension intérieure et leur épaisseur, et une étape de calibrage extérieur, optionnellement comprenant en plus une étape de calibrage intérieur. 14. The manufacturing method according to the preceding claim, further comprising a step of selecting the tubes according to their internal dimension and their thickness, and an external calibration step, optionally further comprising an internal calibration step.
15. Procédé de fabrication selon l'une des deux revendications précédentes, comprenant en outre une phase de vibration avant ou pendant l'extrusion, de sorte à réduire le plus possible les interstices entre les tubes. 15. Manufacturing method according to one of the two preceding claims, further comprising a vibration phase before or during extrusion, so as to reduce as much as possible the interstices between the tubes.
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