WO2011149355A1 - Decontamination of contaminated food products - Google Patents
Decontamination of contaminated food products Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011149355A1 WO2011149355A1 PCT/NL2011/050380 NL2011050380W WO2011149355A1 WO 2011149355 A1 WO2011149355 A1 WO 2011149355A1 NL 2011050380 W NL2011050380 W NL 2011050380W WO 2011149355 A1 WO2011149355 A1 WO 2011149355A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- food products
- hydrogen peroxide
- decontamination
- process according
- previous
- Prior art date
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- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000005202 decontamination Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 230000003588 decontaminative effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 230000000845 anti-microbial effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000004599 antimicrobial Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical group OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lactic acid Chemical compound CC(O)C(O)=O JVTAAEKCZFNVCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004310 lactic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000014655 lactic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 14
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 13
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 13
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000013594 poultry meat Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 235000013330 chicken meat Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 8
- 241000287828 Gallus gallus Species 0.000 description 7
- 241000894006 Bacteria Species 0.000 description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000004965 peroxy acids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Peracetic acid Chemical compound CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009920 food preservation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 210000000689 upper leg Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UTLUCORTSA-N (+)-Neomenthol Chemical compound CC(C)[C@@H]1CC[C@@H](C)C[C@@H]1O NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UTLUCORTSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N DL-menthol Natural products CC(C)C1CCC(C)CC1O NOOLISFMXDJSKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DBVJJBKOTRCVKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Etidronic acid Chemical compound OP(=O)(O)C(O)(C)P(O)(O)=O DBVJJBKOTRCVKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000233866 Fungi Species 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010868 animal carcass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000249 desinfective effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000007598 dipping method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003906 humectant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940041616 menthol Drugs 0.000 description 2
- WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(O)=O WWZKQHOCKIZLMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010000060 Abdominal distension Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920001817 Agar Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 241000237519 Bivalvia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000938605 Crocodylia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000238424 Crustacea Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000195493 Cryptophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000192700 Cyanobacteria Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000305071 Enterobacterales Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000124008 Mammalia Species 0.000 description 1
- CVXHBROPWMVEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Peroxyoctanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(=O)OO CVXHBROPWMVEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 208000003251 Pruritus Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241000607142 Salmonella Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfobutanedioic acid Chemical class OC(=O)CC(C(O)=O)S(O)(=O)=O ULUAUXLGCMPNKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000726445 Viroids Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700605 Viruses Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008272 agar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000008055 alkyl aryl sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-ethylcaproic acid Natural products CCCCC(CC)C(O)=O OBETXYAYXDNJHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013475 authorization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000024330 bloating Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 210000001124 body fluid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000010839 body fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000711 cancerogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000315 carcinogenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000020639 clam Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013766 direct food additive Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 1
- BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydridophosphorus(.) (triplet) Chemical class [PH] BHEPBYXIRTUNPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052816 inorganic phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006210 lotion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003205 muscle Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001717 pathogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002085 persistent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012487 rinsing solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014102 seafood Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000003491 skin Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000003307 slaughter Methods 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001488 sodium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003871 sulfonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021653 sulphate ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O RYFMWSXOAZQYPI-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000406 trisodium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019801 trisodium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013311 vegetables Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
- A23B4/00—General methods for preserving meat, sausages, fish or fish products
- A23B4/14—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12
- A23B4/18—Preserving with chemicals not covered by groups A23B4/02 or A23B4/12 in the form of liquids or solids
- A23B4/24—Inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L3/00—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs
- A23L3/34—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals
- A23L3/3454—Preservation of foods or foodstuffs, in general, e.g. pasteurising, sterilising, specially adapted for foods or foodstuffs by treatment with chemicals in the form of liquids or solids
- A23L3/358—Inorganic compounds
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Definitions
- the invention is directed to the process for the decontamination of contaminated food products, in particular surface contaminated food products, in particular food products of animal origin.
- Decontamination is an important process for improving hygiene of food products of either plant or animal origin and in reducing carcass spoilage.
- the major cause of spoilage is due to accumulation of microorganisms, in particular bacteria.
- poultry carcasses have been found to have the highest accumulation of bacterial loading, which is mainly due to the way the animals are processed.
- Decontamination of animal carcasses involves the application of a substance at a specific step during the slaughter process in order to reduce the microbial contamination.
- Article 3(2) of Regulation 853/2004 of the European Parliament and Council specifies hygiene rules for foods of animal origin.
- the authorization of the use of any substance, other than water, to remove surface contamination from food products of animal origin, requires that it be approved in accordance with this regulation.
- EFSA European Food and Safety Authority
- EFSA European Food and Safety Authority
- EFSA European Food and Safety Authority
- Three main points to consider in determining the suitability of a substance are the safety of the substance, whether use of the substance would cause antimicrobial resistance and efficacy.
- a further consideration is the environmental impact of such substances when discharged and whether they pose an environmental risk.
- Aqueous chlorine, or more sodium hypochlorite solutions are widely used in the treatment of food products, in particular carcasses. However, it becomes less effective in alkaline conditions and in the presence of high levels of organic material. Chlorine dioxide is more effective than aqueous chlorine in removing microorganisms from poultry carcasses and does not have the same disadvantages. Further it is also less reactive with organic compounds such as fatty acids and their esters ("Handbook of food preservation", edited by M. Shafiur Rahman, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2007). However, the use of antimicrobial substances containing chlorine can lead the formation of chloro- organic compounds, several of which are persistent, bioaccumulable or carcinogenic.
- Peroxyacids is a substance commonly used for treating a range of food products including bovine and poultry carcasses. In particular, using a combination of peroxyacids with a low concentration of 25 to 40 ppm in chiller water was shown to be effective against microbes. This substance is a preferred alternative to antimicrobial agents comprising chlorine due to their good stability in the presence of organic material and that it decomposes to environmentally by-products ("Antimocrobials in food, 3 rd edition", P. Michael Davidson, John Nikolaos Sofos, Alfred Larry Branen, 2005).
- One of the main disadvantages of peroxyacids is their high rate of hydrolysis during storage at room temperature which leads to a loss in their effectiveness as antimicrobial agents.
- Inorganic phosphates, hydrogen peroxide and ozone are also used in the surface decontamination of food products and in particular carcasses.
- Trisodium phosphate is a substance officially accepted and widely used for decontaminating poultry carcases, since it does not perceptibly alter the food product. Typical concentrations used are from 10-12 % in aqueous solutions ("Handbook of food preservation", edited by M. Shafiur Rahman, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2007). However, there are concerns associated with discharging phosphorous compounds in the environment, as this can lead to algal blooms and disturbance of aquatic environments.
- Hydrogen peroxide is known as a very effective against a wide range of microbes and is a safe means of decontamination for food products.
- the minimum effective dose for poultry being 0.5 % (v/v) in water.
- concentrations used are 3 % hydrogen peroxide.
- H.S. Lillard and J. E. Thomson Journal of food Science, 48, pages 125-126, 2006
- concentrations of up 12,000 ppm was required to significantly reduce microbes on poultry carcasses.
- the carcasses were bleached and bloated using this treatment.
- US-A-4 683 618 describes a method of removing bacteria from poultry carcasses by deluging with water, spraying with an atomized high velocity solution of baking soda and water, deluging with water again, then spraying with an atomized high velocity solution of baking soda and water again, followed by spraying with an atomized mist of 3% hydrogen peroxide and lastly deluging with water.
- US-A-5 264 229 describes a process for reducing bacterial count of an animal based food product and increasing the shelf thereof by introducing hydrogen peroxide and surface active agents into the chiller water to wash off bacteria on the surface of the food product.
- the agents described are alkylaryl sulfonates, sulfates, sulfonates of oils and fatty acids, sulphate of alcohols and sulfosuccinates.
- US-A-5 208 057 describes a process for butchering and disinfecting fowl, wherein said fowl is treated with water comprising of a bromide and an antioxidant selected from a list including hydrogen peroxide.
- the maximum concentrations in the antimicrobial mixture for peroxyacids is 220 ppm as peroxyacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide is 110 ppm and l-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1- diphosphonic acid (HEDP) is 13 ppm.
- the disadvantages of this mixture are that it is a complex mixture comprising more than two components and the short shelf life of the antimicrobial agent due to the instability of the peroxyacids.
- RU-C-2 207 036 describes a method for decontamination of sugar and/or starch. No pH of the mixture is disclosed, but since it is intended to stay in the sugar/starch mixture and since it contains both KOH and an acid, the pH will be low, viz. around 7 or 8.
- CN-A-101 703 452 describes a disinfecting, itch-relieving hand lotion. It contains a humectant, menthol and ethanol, which would make it unsuitable for decontaminating food products.
- the present invention relates to the use of an improved process which is very simple, effective and efficient for the decontamination of food products. Surprisingly it was found that a high pH, viz. of 10 or more, results in activation of the oxidant, such as hydrogen peroxide.
- the invention is directed to a process for the decontamination of contaminated food products, comprising applying an aqueous antimicrobial solution to the surface of the food products, wherein said aqueous
- antimicrobial solution comprises an oxidant and an alkaline compound, wherein the solution has a pH of at least 10.
- the present invention uses a combination of an oxidizing agent and an alkaline component. The two products combined create a synergistic effect whereby very fast
- the amount of chemicals is very low, viz. it only needs a limited number of compounds of in principle two (although other components may be added), which are also present in low concentrations. This is highly advantageous because the amount of
- composition that needs to be rinsed off in a subsequent rinsing step is consequently also limited, thus resulting in saving of time and rinsing solution.
- the oxidant is an oxygen radical forming molecule, in particular hydrogen peroxide or ozone and more preferably hydrogen peroxide.
- the alkaline compound is selected from the group comprising of calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and preferably is calcium hydroxide.
- the aqueous antimicrobial solution comprises a hydrogen peroxide concentration from about 300 to 2500 ppm (all amounts mentioned herein are by weight, unless specified otherwise).
- the calcium hydroxide concentration is preferably from 0.1 to 1.0 wt.%, more preferably 0.15-0.25 wt.%.
- the pH of the resulting solution is at least 10, preferably from 10 to 12.
- an aqueous solution comprising an acid, such as lactic acid is applied to the surface of said food products to neutralize the antimicrobial solution.
- the surface of the contaminated food products is then rinsed with water.
- Appropriate methods of applying the aqueous solutions to the surface of the food product include dipping, immersion, spraying, foaming and gelling.
- the food products are dipped in the aqueous solutions for 4 minutes or less, more preferably 2 minutes or less and even more preferably 1 minute or less.
- the temperature of the solution is generally no greater than 40 °C, preferably it is around carcass temperature (35 to 40 °C).
- the aqueous solution is sprayed onto the surface of the food product.
- Parameters such as pressure, temperature and duration affect how efficiently the microorganisms are removed from the surface of the food product.
- Spray pressure is important because it may affect how much contamination is mechanically removed.
- the minimum spray pressure can be as low as 25 psi, however more effective results can be obtained due to the mechanical action of the spray on the surface of the food product at pressures greater than 50, 100, 150 psi and more preferably the spray pressure is greater than about 200 psi.
- spray action is best at a temperature of around 35-45 °C, e.g. about 40 °C.
- a temperature of around 35-45 °C e.g. about 40 °C.
- the solutions can be applied at a lower temperature and still remain effective in removing the microorganisms.
- Effective spray duration is at least 10 seconds, while improved effectiveness can be achieved by spray duration of about 30 seconds.
- a microbial total plate count is reduced to a value of less than 10 3 per gram product and may be even as small as zero.
- the invention is effective for all relevant microorganisms, in particular to enterobacteria, such as salmonella, camphilobacter, etc.
- the phrase "food products” refers to all types of animals and plants, wherein the forms of the animal, include the carcass, muscle, fat, organs, skin, bones and body fluids and like components that form the animal.
- Animals suitable to be processed for food products include poultry, mammals, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, snails, clams, crustaceans, or other edible forms of seafood.
- Plants suitable to be processed for food products include fruits, vegetables and edible fungus.
- the term “carcass” refers to a sacrificed animal prepared or being prepared for harvesting or recovering of food products of animal origin. The carcass can be processed further, such as skinned, headless, or the like.
- microorganism refers to any noncellular or unicellular (including colonial) organism. Microorganisms include all prokaryotes. Microorganisms include bacteria (including cyanobacteria), lichens, fungi, protozoa, virinos, viroids, viruses, phages, and some algae. As used herein, the term “microbe” is synonymous with microorganism.
- the process according to the invention has been found to be suitable for the decontamination of food products, particularly poultry and food processing apparatuses.
- composition of the invention is preferably free of at least one of humectant, menthol and ethanol, more preferably it is free of all these ingredients.
- Normal chicken pieces consisting of breast fillets and thighs were purchased from a supermarket and stored at room temperature for five days so as to obtain a high contamination.
- An antimicrobial solution was prepared comprising of 2 gram calcium hydroxide and 5 ml of 50 % hydrogen peroxide in 1 liter of water. The chicken pieces were dipped in the antimicrobial solution for different durations ranging from 10 sec to 1, 2 and 4 min respectively. The temperature of the antimicrobial solution was 35 °C.
- Hygicult agar slides were contacted with the chicken pieces and then incubated at 28 °C for three days. The incubated slides were then compared to the model chart to determine the microorganism density. The results are provided in table 1 below.
- Treatment times of 2 and 4 min resulted in a slimy layer on the surface of the chicken pieces. Following incubation for five days, still no microorganism growth was observed.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
Abstract
A process for the decontamination of contaminated food products, comprising applying an aqueous antimicrobial solution, wherein said antimicrobial solution comprising an oxidant and an alkaline compound. The process is especially suitable for the decontamination of food products such as poultry. The invention is further directed to an antimicrobial product comprising an aqueous solution of an oxygen radical producer and an alkaline compound and its use.
Description
Title: Decontamination of contaminated food products
The invention is directed to the process for the decontamination of contaminated food products, in particular surface contaminated food products, in particular food products of animal origin.
Decontamination is an important process for improving hygiene of food products of either plant or animal origin and in reducing carcass spoilage. The major cause of spoilage is due to accumulation of microorganisms, in particular bacteria. Of the animal carcasses processed for food products, poultry carcasses have been found to have the highest accumulation of bacterial loading, which is mainly due to the way the animals are processed.
Decontamination of animal carcasses involves the application of a substance at a specific step during the slaughter process in order to reduce the microbial contamination. Article 3(2) of Regulation 853/2004 of the European Parliament and Council specifies hygiene rules for foods of animal origin. The authorization of the use of any substance, other than water, to remove surface contamination from food products of animal origin, requires that it be approved in accordance with this regulation.
The European Food and Safety Authority (EFSA) has issued a guidance document (EFSA, 2006) which points out major components and data required to demonstrate that a substance intended to be used for the removing microbes from the surface of food products of animal origin is safe and efficacious. Three main points to consider in determining the suitability of a substance are the safety of the substance, whether use of the substance would cause antimicrobial resistance and efficacy. A further consideration is the environmental impact of such substances when discharged and whether they pose an environmental risk.
The use of substance(s) for decontamination treatments is regarded by the Scientific Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) to be efficacious when reduction in numbers of pathogenic target bacteria is statistically significant
when compared to the control (e.g. water). Further that this reduction also causes a reduction of related human illness (EFSA, 2008a).
Although no approvals have been currently granted within the EU, countries such as USA, Australia and Canada have permitted a range of substances to be used as antimicrobial agents. The following are a few examples.
Aqueous chlorine, or more sodium hypochlorite solutions are widely used in the treatment of food products, in particular carcasses. However, it becomes less effective in alkaline conditions and in the presence of high levels of organic material. Chlorine dioxide is more effective than aqueous chlorine in removing microorganisms from poultry carcasses and does not have the same disadvantages. Further it is also less reactive with organic compounds such as fatty acids and their esters ("Handbook of food preservation", edited by M. Shafiur Rahman, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2007). However, the use of antimicrobial substances containing chlorine can lead the formation of chloro- organic compounds, several of which are persistent, bioaccumulable or carcinogenic.
Peroxyacids is a substance commonly used for treating a range of food products including bovine and poultry carcasses. In particular, using a combination of peroxyacids with a low concentration of 25 to 40 ppm in chiller water was shown to be effective against microbes. This substance is a preferred alternative to antimicrobial agents comprising chlorine due to their good stability in the presence of organic material and that it decomposes to environmentally by-products ("Antimocrobials in food, 3rd edition", P. Michael Davidson, John Nikolaos Sofos, Alfred Larry Branen, 2005). One of the main disadvantages of peroxyacids is their high rate of hydrolysis during storage at room temperature which leads to a loss in their effectiveness as antimicrobial agents.
Inorganic phosphates, hydrogen peroxide and ozone are also used in the surface decontamination of food products and in particular carcasses.
Trisodium phosphate is a substance officially accepted and widely used for
decontaminating poultry carcases, since it does not perceptibly alter the food product. Typical concentrations used are from 10-12 % in aqueous solutions ("Handbook of food preservation", edited by M. Shafiur Rahman, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2007). However, there are concerns associated with discharging phosphorous compounds in the environment, as this can lead to algal blooms and disturbance of aquatic environments.
Washing carcasses with ozonated water does not cause visual defects or changes in sensory properties, such as flavour, in the treated products. However, the reduction in microorganisms is poor and it does not extend the shelf life ("Handbook of food preservation", edited by M. Shafiur Rahman, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2007).
Hydrogen peroxide is known as a very effective against a wide range of microbes and is a safe means of decontamination for food products. The minimum effective dose for poultry being 0.5 % (v/v) in water. At this concentration, a temporary bleaching and bloating of the carcasses is observed ("Handbook of food preservation", edited by M. Shafiur Rahman, Marcel Dekker Inc., 2007). Typically concentrations used are 3 % hydrogen peroxide. In a recent paper by H.S. Lillard and J. E. Thomson (Journal of food Science, 48, pages 125-126, 2006), it was reported that hydrogen peroxide
concentrations of up 12,000 ppm was required to significantly reduce microbes on poultry carcasses. The carcasses were bleached and bloated using this treatment.
US-A-4 683 618 describes a method of removing bacteria from poultry carcasses by deluging with water, spraying with an atomized high velocity solution of baking soda and water, deluging with water again, then spraying with an atomized high velocity solution of baking soda and water again, followed by spraying with an atomized mist of 3% hydrogen peroxide and lastly deluging with water.
US-A-5 264 229 describes a process for reducing bacterial count of an animal based food product and increasing the shelf thereof by introducing
hydrogen peroxide and surface active agents into the chiller water to wash off bacteria on the surface of the food product. The agents described are alkylaryl sulfonates, sulfates, sulfonates of oils and fatty acids, sulphate of alcohols and sulfosuccinates.
US-A-5 208 057 describes a process for butchering and disinfecting fowl, wherein said fowl is treated with water comprising of a bromide and an antioxidant selected from a list including hydrogen peroxide.
The decontamination of chicken carcases with a hydrogen peroxide solution stabilized with glycerol was studied by C. L. Wagenaar and J. M. A. Snijders (International Journal of Food Microbiology, 91, pages 205-208, 2004). They reported that a 3 % w/w solution was more effective in reducing colonisation of microbes than lower concentrations and that the appearance and "bloom" of the carcasses were unaffected by the treatments.
The use of a mixture comprising peroxyacetic acid, octanoic acid, acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide, peroxyoctanoic acid and 1-hydroxyethylidene- 1,1-diphosphonic acid has been approved for the use as an antimicrobial agent in treating carcasses in the USA (see Code of Federal Regulations - Title 21: Food and Drugs, Part 173 - Secondary Direct Food Additives Permitted in Food For Human Consumption, Subpart D - Specific Usage Additives, § 173.370 Peroxyacids). For the treatment of poultry carcasses, the maximum concentrations in the antimicrobial mixture for peroxyacids is 220 ppm as peroxyacetic acid, hydrogen peroxide is 110 ppm and l-hydroxyethylidene-1, 1- diphosphonic acid (HEDP) is 13 ppm. The disadvantages of this mixture are that it is a complex mixture comprising more than two components and the short shelf life of the antimicrobial agent due to the instability of the peroxyacids.
US-A-2005/0109981 describes aqueous decontamination
formulations that have pH values of less than 9. It is suggested that a lower pH value, i.e. preferably in the range of 7-8 is preferred. Also the amount of chemical compounds in these formulations is high, typically 12 wt.% or more.
RU-C-2 207 036 describes a method for decontamination of sugar and/or starch. No pH of the mixture is disclosed, but since it is intended to stay in the sugar/starch mixture and since it contains both KOH and an acid, the pH will be low, viz. around 7 or 8.
CN-A-101 703 452 describes a disinfecting, itch-relieving hand lotion. It contains a humectant, menthol and ethanol, which would make it unsuitable for decontaminating food products.
The present invention relates to the use of an improved process which is very simple, effective and efficient for the decontamination of food products. Surprisingly it was found that a high pH, viz. of 10 or more, results in activation of the oxidant, such as hydrogen peroxide.
Thus the invention is directed to a process for the decontamination of contaminated food products, comprising applying an aqueous antimicrobial solution to the surface of the food products, wherein said aqueous
antimicrobial solution comprises an oxidant and an alkaline compound, wherein the solution has a pH of at least 10. The present invention uses a combination of an oxidizing agent and an alkaline component. The two products combined create a synergistic effect whereby very fast
decontamination, e.g. in a matter of seconds, of the environment can be obtained. Because the present invention provides a very effective
decontamination, microbial activity of the decontaminated products is very low, as reflected by a low plate count. Thus improved shelf life of the decontaminated products is obtained, which is an important benefit of the present invention.
In accordance with the invention is that the amount of chemicals is very low, viz. it only needs a limited number of compounds of in principle two (although other components may be added), which are also present in low concentrations. This is highly advantageous because the amount of
composition that needs to be rinsed off in a subsequent rinsing step is
consequently also limited, thus resulting in saving of time and rinsing solution.
Preferably the oxidant is an oxygen radical forming molecule, in particular hydrogen peroxide or ozone and more preferably hydrogen peroxide.
The alkaline compound is selected from the group comprising of calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and preferably is calcium hydroxide.
In a preferred embodiment, the aqueous antimicrobial solution comprises a hydrogen peroxide concentration from about 300 to 2500 ppm (all amounts mentioned herein are by weight, unless specified otherwise). The calcium hydroxide concentration is preferably from 0.1 to 1.0 wt.%, more preferably 0.15-0.25 wt.%. The pH of the resulting solution is at least 10, preferably from 10 to 12.
Optionally, after the application of the solution in accordance with the invention an aqueous solution comprising an acid, such as lactic acid is applied to the surface of said food products to neutralize the antimicrobial solution.
Preferably, the surface of the contaminated food products is then rinsed with water.
Appropriate methods of applying the aqueous solutions to the surface of the food product include dipping, immersion, spraying, foaming and gelling. In a preferred method, the food products are dipped in the aqueous solutions for 4 minutes or less, more preferably 2 minutes or less and even more preferably 1 minute or less. Surprisingly very good results have been obtained on dipping the food products for about 10 seconds. The temperature of the solution is generally no greater than 40 °C, preferably it is around carcass temperature (35 to 40 °C).
Alternatively, the aqueous solution is sprayed onto the surface of the food product. Parameters such as pressure, temperature and duration affect how efficiently the microorganisms are removed from the surface of the food
product. Spray pressure is important because it may affect how much contamination is mechanically removed. The minimum spray pressure can be as low as 25 psi, however more effective results can be obtained due to the mechanical action of the spray on the surface of the food product at pressures greater than 50, 100, 150 psi and more preferably the spray pressure is greater than about 200 psi.
Typically spray action is best at a temperature of around 35-45 °C, e.g. about 40 °C. However if increased spray pressures are used, then the solutions can be applied at a lower temperature and still remain effective in removing the microorganisms.
Effective spray duration is at least 10 seconds, while improved effectiveness can be achieved by spray duration of about 30 seconds.
Surprisingly we have found that a microbial total plate count is reduced to a value of less than 103 per gram product and may be even as small as zero. The invention is effective for all relevant microorganisms, in particular to enterobacteria, such as salmonella, camphilobacter, etc.
As used herein, the phrase "food products" refers to all types of animals and plants, wherein the forms of the animal, include the carcass, muscle, fat, organs, skin, bones and body fluids and like components that form the animal. Animals suitable to be processed for food products include poultry, mammals, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, snails, clams, crustaceans, or other edible forms of seafood. Plants suitable to be processed for food products include fruits, vegetables and edible fungus. As used herein, the term "carcass" refers to a sacrificed animal prepared or being prepared for harvesting or recovering of food products of animal origin. The carcass can be processed further, such as skinned, headless, or the like.
As used herein, the term "microorganism" refers to any noncellular or unicellular (including colonial) organism. Microorganisms include all prokaryotes. Microorganisms include bacteria (including cyanobacteria),
lichens, fungi, protozoa, virinos, viroids, viruses, phages, and some algae. As used herein, the term "microbe" is synonymous with microorganism.
The process according to the invention has been found to be suitable for the decontamination of food products, particularly poultry and food processing apparatuses.
The composition of the invention is preferably free of at least one of humectant, menthol and ethanol, more preferably it is free of all these ingredients.
The invention is now elucidated on the basis of several examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Examples
Normal chicken pieces, consisting of breast fillets and thighs were purchased from a supermarket and stored at room temperature for five days so as to obtain a high contamination. An antimicrobial solution was prepared comprising of 2 gram calcium hydroxide and 5 ml of 50 % hydrogen peroxide in 1 liter of water. The chicken pieces were dipped in the antimicrobial solution for different durations ranging from 10 sec to 1, 2 and 4 min respectively. The temperature of the antimicrobial solution was 35 °C.
Hygicult agar slides were contacted with the chicken pieces and then incubated at 28 °C for three days. The incubated slides were then compared to the model chart to determine the microorganism density. The results are provided in table 1 below.
Table 1. Microorganism density for chicken fillets and thighs following antimicrobial treatment
Treatment Chicken Fillet N/cm2 Chicken Thighs N/cm2
Untreated 80 100
10 sec 0 1
1 min 0 0
2 min 0 0
4 min 0 0
Treatment times of 10 sec and 1 min resulted in no discolouration of the chicken pieces.
Treatment times of 2 and 4 min resulted in a slimy layer on the surface of the chicken pieces. Following incubation for five days, still no microorganism growth was observed.
Claims
1. A process for the decontamination of contaminated food products, comprising applying an aqueous antimicrobial solution to the surface of said food products, wherein said aqueous antimicrobial solution comprises an oxidant and an alkaline compound and has a pH of more than 10.
2. A process according to claim 1, wherein said oxidant is hydrogen peroxide or ozone, preferably hydrogen peroxide.
3. A process according to any of the previous claims, wherein the hydrogen peroxide concentration is from about 300 to 2500 ppm.
4. A process according to any of the previous claims, wherein said alkaline compound is selected from the group comprising of calcium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, preferably calcium hydroxide.
5. A process according to any of the previous claims, wherein the calcium hydroxide concentration is from 0.1 - 1.0 wt.%.
6. A process according to any of the previous claims, wherein the pH value of the aqueous antimicrobial solution is 10-12.
7. A process according to any of the previous claims, wherein the temperature of the aqueous antimicrobial solution is from 35-40 °C.
8. A process according to any of the previous claims, wherein the aqueous antimicrobial solution is applied for 1-60 seconds.
9. A process according to any of the previous claims, followed by a step wherein an aqueous solution comprising an acid, preferably lactic acid, is applied to said food products.
10. An antimicrobial product comprising an aqueous solution of an oxygen radical producer and an alkaline compound, wherein said oxidant is hydrogen peroxide or ozone, preferably hydrogen peroxide, wherein said alkaline component is selected from the group comprising of calcium
hydroxide, sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, and is preferably calcium hydroxide, wherein the concentration of said hydrogen peroxide is from about 300 to 2500 ppm and said calcium hydroxide is from 0.1 to 1 wt.%.
11. Use of an antimicrobial product according to claim 10 for the decontamination of food products and food processing apparatuses.
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NL2004778A NL2004778C2 (en) | 2010-05-28 | 2010-05-28 | Decontamination process of contaminated food products. |
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GB1512843A (en) * | 1975-05-13 | 1978-06-01 | Interox Chemicals Ltd | Bleaching |
US4683618A (en) | 1986-07-28 | 1987-08-04 | Brien Gerard T O | Reduction of bacteria count on poultry being processed into food at a poultry processing plant |
US5208057A (en) | 1991-11-12 | 1993-05-04 | Rohm And Haas Company | Process for butchering and disinfecting fowl |
US5264229A (en) | 1992-04-20 | 1993-11-23 | Degussa Corporation | Shelf life extension for commercially processed poultry/fowl and seafood products using a specialized hydrogen peroxide |
WO1999017624A1 (en) * | 1997-10-02 | 1999-04-15 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Preservative compositions and methods for mushrooms |
RU2207036C2 (en) | 2001-06-18 | 2003-06-27 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Государственный научно-исследовательский институт "Кристалл" | Method of decontamination of substances |
WO2003070003A1 (en) * | 2002-02-15 | 2003-08-28 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | A process to improve the quality of grains and seeds |
US20050109981A1 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2005-05-26 | Tucker Mark D. | Decontamination formulations for disinfection and sterilization |
US20080187600A1 (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2008-08-07 | Paul Wegner | Method of disinfecting food and food preparation areas |
CN101703452A (en) | 2009-11-16 | 2010-05-12 | 吴燕飞 | Disinfectant itching-relieving hand lotion and preparation method thereof |
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2010
- 2010-05-28 NL NL2004778A patent/NL2004778C2/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
2011
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GB1512843A (en) * | 1975-05-13 | 1978-06-01 | Interox Chemicals Ltd | Bleaching |
US4683618A (en) | 1986-07-28 | 1987-08-04 | Brien Gerard T O | Reduction of bacteria count on poultry being processed into food at a poultry processing plant |
US5208057A (en) | 1991-11-12 | 1993-05-04 | Rohm And Haas Company | Process for butchering and disinfecting fowl |
US5264229A (en) | 1992-04-20 | 1993-11-23 | Degussa Corporation | Shelf life extension for commercially processed poultry/fowl and seafood products using a specialized hydrogen peroxide |
WO1999017624A1 (en) * | 1997-10-02 | 1999-04-15 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Preservative compositions and methods for mushrooms |
US20050109981A1 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2005-05-26 | Tucker Mark D. | Decontamination formulations for disinfection and sterilization |
RU2207036C2 (en) | 2001-06-18 | 2003-06-27 | Федеральное государственное унитарное предприятие "Государственный научно-исследовательский институт "Кристалл" | Method of decontamination of substances |
US20080187600A1 (en) * | 2002-02-11 | 2008-08-07 | Paul Wegner | Method of disinfecting food and food preparation areas |
WO2003070003A1 (en) * | 2002-02-15 | 2003-08-28 | Regents Of The University Of Minnesota | A process to improve the quality of grains and seeds |
CN101703452A (en) | 2009-11-16 | 2010-05-12 | 吴燕飞 | Disinfectant itching-relieving hand lotion and preparation method thereof |
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Title |
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C. L. WAGENAAR, J. M. A. SNIJDERS, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY, vol. 91, 2004, pages 205 - 208 |
H.S. LILLARD, J. E. THOMSON, JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, vol. 48, 2006, pages 125 - 126 |
P. MICHAEL DAVIDSON, JOHN NIKOLAOS SOFOS, ALFRED LARRY BRANEN: "Antimocrobials in food", 2005 |
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