WO2011048937A1 - Conductive film using high concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles, and method for producing same - Google Patents

Conductive film using high concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles, and method for producing same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011048937A1
WO2011048937A1 PCT/JP2010/067389 JP2010067389W WO2011048937A1 WO 2011048937 A1 WO2011048937 A1 WO 2011048937A1 JP 2010067389 W JP2010067389 W JP 2010067389W WO 2011048937 A1 WO2011048937 A1 WO 2011048937A1
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copper
film
coating film
dispersion
heating
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PCT/JP2010/067389
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French (fr)
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
三津夫 川崎
仁 和田
将之 杉本
治 梶田
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国立大学法人京都大学
福田金属箔粉工業株式会社
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Priority to JP2011537195A priority Critical patent/JP6033545B2/en
Priority to CN201080047495.3A priority patent/CN102576584B/en
Publication of WO2011048937A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011048937A1/en

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/10Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern
    • H05K3/105Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern by conversion of non-conductive material on or in the support into conductive material, e.g. by using an energy beam
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/10Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern
    • H05K3/12Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which conductive material is applied to the insulating support in such a manner as to form the desired conductive pattern using thick film techniques, e.g. printing techniques to apply the conductive material or similar techniques for applying conductive paste or ink patterns
    • H05K3/1283After-treatment of the printed patterns, e.g. sintering or curing methods
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/11Treatments characterised by their effect, e.g. heating, cooling, roughening
    • H05K2203/1105Heating or thermal processing not related to soldering, firing, curing or laminating, e.g. for shaping the substrate or during finish plating
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/11Treatments characterised by their effect, e.g. heating, cooling, roughening
    • H05K2203/1157Using means for chemical reduction
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/12Using specific substances
    • H05K2203/125Inorganic compounds, e.g. silver salt
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H05ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05KPRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/14Related to the order of processing steps
    • H05K2203/1476Same or similar kind of process performed in phases, e.g. coarse patterning followed by fine patterning

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a conductor film composed mainly of copper nanoparticles (meaning nanometer-size copper fine particles) or copper oxide nanoparticles (meaning nanometer-size copper oxide fine particles) which are oxides thereof. And its manufacturing method.
  • copper nanoparticles and the copper oxide nanoparticles are collectively referred to as “copper nanoparticles”.
  • the melting point of the substance decreases as the material size is reduced. For this reason, when a high-concentration dispersion of metal-based nanoparticles (meaning nanometer-sized metal fine particles or metal compound fine particles) is coated and dried in a thin film on a substrate, and heat-treated with the substrate, the melting point of the bulk Sintering between particles proceeds at a temperature much lower than the melting point, for example, less than half the melting point expressed in absolute temperature, so-called “metal nanoparticle film” Hereinafter, simply referred to as “conductor film” in this specification is obtained.
  • metal-based nanoparticles meaning nanometer-sized metal fine particles or metal compound fine particles
  • Non-Patent Document 1 A high-concentration dispersion of metal-based nanoparticles is used as a raw material for metal-based nanoparticle films, and a technique using gold nanoparticles or silver nanoparticles as a raw material is known (Non-Patent Document 1). Therefore, a method for manufacturing a copper wiring board using copper or a copper oxide whose material unit price is lower than that of gold or silver has been studied (Patent Documents 1 to 4).
  • Patent Document 1 after a fine pattern is drawn using a dispersion of copper fine particles having a surface oxide layer, the copper fine particles or the copper oxide fine particles contained in the coating film are subjected to a reduction treatment at a relatively low temperature. And a method for forming a finely shaped conductor of a copper fine particle sintered body showing excellent conductivity by firing the produced copper fine particles.
  • Patent Documents 2 and 3 a conductive material manufactured using particles having a core / shell structure of copper and copper oxide (that is, a structure in which a central portion is copper and a skin portion is copper oxide) or particles made of copper oxide. Discloses a conductive substrate and a manufacturing method thereof. Prior to this research, the present inventors also added a surfactant or the like to the metal nanoparticle dispersion liquid having a “core / shell structure” in which the central part is a metal and the skin part is made of a metal oxide.
  • a metal fine particle dispersion liquid in which the core portion is made of pure copper (Cu) and the shell portion is made of cuprous oxide, that is, copper oxide (I) (Cu 2 O), and its A manufacturing method is disclosed (Patent Document 4).
  • a dispersion of metal nanoparticles as a main raw material of a conductor film is required to stably disperse over a long period of time in a state where aggregation is suppressed. Therefore, a surface treatment agent such as a surfactant is added.
  • a surface treatment agent such as a surfactant
  • various aggregation-inhibiting substances for suppressing aggregation such as surfactants, are impurities that are made of organic substances and impede conductivity. Therefore, they are not included in the final product dispersion as much as possible. Is required.
  • copper nanoparticles have the property of being easily oxidized.
  • the higher the purity of the substance the closer to the physical properties that the substance originally has, so that after applying a nano-particle dispersion of pure copper, which is zero-valent copper, onto the substrate, the bulk copper is obtained by sintering.
  • a high temperature treatment exceeding 300 ° C. is required in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and such a high temperature heat treatment is performed after the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion is applied on the substrate.
  • the heat-resistant temperature required for the substrate is a high temperature exceeding 300 ° C.
  • the material used as the base material of the conductor film such as a printed wiring board is generally a thermosetting resin (eg, epoxy resin) having a heat resistance of 200 ° C. or less, it is necessary to select a base material having a high heat resistance. Occurs.
  • a conductor film is formed using metal nanoparticles having a core / shell structure of copper and copper oxide (that is, a structure in which a central portion is copper and a skin portion is copper oxide) as a starting material.
  • metal nanoparticles having the core / shell structure are pure copper at the time of application onto the substrate, and sufficient heat energy for sintering is required in the conductor film forming step. In the case of such a mechanism, it is considered that the diffusion reaction proceeds as the temperature of the sintering process is higher and the sintering time is longer.
  • a copper sintered body obtained by lowering the sintering temperature in consideration of the heat-resistant temperature of the base material has insufficient diffusion between particles and has a structure with many pores, which is referred to as a volume resistivity (hereinafter referred to as specific resistance) of the conductor film. ) Is estimated to be large, but the examples of the same document have the same results.
  • a volume resistivity hereinafter referred to as specific resistance
  • Patent Document 3 it is inferred that reduced pure copper (Cu) having a low density is obtained by using a reducing dispersion, but since sintering is performed immediately thereafter, A large amount of heat energy is required to advance the diffusion reaction.
  • the copper nanoparticles in the dispersion In all the processes from coating and drying on a substrate to subsequent reduction to obtain a copper conductor film, strict control of the oxidation state is indispensable.
  • the oxidation state of copper is an aspect of the presence of copper that can be taken according to the valence of copper, and specifically indicates three types of copper oxide, zero-valent copper and monovalent and divalent copper oxide. .
  • pure copper is simply referred to as Cu, copper (I) oxide as Cu 2 O, and copper (II) oxide as CuO.
  • Patent Document 1 after applying a dispersion of copper fine particles having a surface oxide layer, hydrogen molecules in the presence of a metal or metal salt having a catalytic activity for hydrogenation reaction and a hydrocarbon having a hydrogen donating ability.
  • a metal or metal salt having a catalytic activity for hydrogenation reaction and a hydrocarbon having a hydrogen donating ability In an atmosphere containing the above, it is heated to a temperature of 150 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower, and the oxide film is reduced by a reduction reaction using hydrogen molecules as a reducing agent, thereby forming a sintered body layer of obtained copper fine particles. It is described that the steps are carried out in a series of heat treatment steps.
  • Example 1 after the dispersion of copper fine particles was applied, expensive palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were used as the metal having catalytic activity for the hydrogenation reaction.
  • An example of long-time treatment at 200 ° C. for 110 minutes is described as the heat treatment conditions (paragraph 123).
  • simply applying a dispersion of copper fine particles having a surface oxide layer on a substrate and performing a reduction treatment of the coating film cannot be said to have sufficiently controlled the oxidation state, but the reaction. Even if an expensive catalyst metal is used for the progress, a large amount of heat energy is still required.
  • the present inventors considered as follows.
  • a coating film of copper-based nanoparticles having a thickness of several hundred nm or more applied on a substrate is used as a conductor film by a reduction reaction.
  • removal of oxygen and water which are reduction products from the film is essential.
  • the reduction reaction proceeds from the surface of the membrane, if the reduction layer is formed first near the surface, this will prevent the mass transfer described above, and before the reduction reaction penetrates the entire membrane. The reaction stops.
  • the density of pure copper and copper oxide differ greatly, as a result of such material conversion, the film is inevitably contracted, and as a result, the film is cracked or broken.
  • the membrane before reduction has a porous structure with small compactness, and water that is a reducing agent or reduction byproduct can easily diffuse out of the membrane, such cracks and tears can be avoided.
  • Such a reduction film is considered to be inferior in denseness, weak in mechanical strength, and relatively easy to reduce conductivity by reoxidation in the atmosphere.
  • the present invention actively uses a chemical reduction reaction in which the reaction proceeds at a lower temperature than a physical diffusion reaction, and with a smaller thermal energy (that is, a short time and a low temperature treatment), the resistance is lower than before.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a conductive film and a method for manufacturing the same.
  • the present invention is similar to a so-called plating process in which the reduction reaction proceeds rather from the substrate side toward the coating film surface on the premise that the reduction reaction rather than the diffusion reaction proceeds preferentially. This is realized by the principle of setting reaction conditions for realizing a “directional reduction reaction”.
  • the manufacturing method of the first conductor film according to the present invention is as follows: Step Sa1 of preparing a highly concentrated dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles composed mainly of Cu 2 O, the coating film of Cu 2 O as a main component the high-concentration dispersion is coated and dried on a substrate Obtaining step Sa2, And Step Sa3-1 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 200 ° C. or less in atmospheric pressure, and Step Sa3-2 for heating the coating film in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of 250 ° C. or less. To do.
  • Step Sa3-1 is a step of controlling the oxidation state of the coating film, and is a step of once oxidizing the entire coating film to Cu 2 O. Through this process, step Sa3-2 becomes a process in which a chemical reduction reaction is superior to a physical diffusion reaction, and a copper conductor film can be formed at a low temperature.
  • the oxidation state of the coating film immediately before step Sa3-2 is that the entire coating film is Cu 2 O, in particular, that the oxidation has not progressed to CuO.
  • the oxidation state of the coating film immediately before step Sa3-2 is that the entire coating film is Cu 2 O, in particular, that the oxidation has not progressed to CuO.
  • the copper-based nanoparticles in step Sa1 of the method for producing the first conductor film are as follows: A surface layer having a thickness of 0.2 to 2 nm is composed of a Cu 2 O phase or a mixed phase of Cu 2 O and CuO; and The inside of the 0.2-2 nm thick surface layer is Cu phase, It is preferably composed of either a mixed phase of Cu and Cu 2 O or a Cu 2 O phase.
  • a so-called “core / shell structure of copper and copper oxide” is used as a starting material for forming the copper conductor film is included, but the Cu layer is dominant at the time of coating film formation. Even so, as described above, Cu 2 O becomes dominant immediately before the reduction step through the step Sa3-1.
  • step Sa3-2 Heating at atmospheric pressure in step Sa3-1;
  • the step of heating in a reducing atmosphere in step Sa3-2 may be repeated one or more times.
  • the method for producing the second conductor film according to the present invention includes: Step Sb1 for preparing a high-concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles containing Cu as a main component, and Step Sa2 for obtaining a coating film containing Cu as a main component by applying and drying the high-concentration dispersion on a substrate. , Step Sb3-1 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 200 ° C. or less in atmospheric pressure, and Step Sb3-2 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 250 ° C. or less in a reducing atmosphere. To do.
  • Step Sb3-1 is a step of controlling the oxidation state of the coating film, and is a step of once oxidizing the entire coating film to Cu 2 O.
  • step Sb3-2 becomes a process in which a chemical reduction reaction is superior to a physical diffusion reaction, and a copper conductor film can be formed at a low temperature. It becomes.
  • step Sb3-2 Heating at atmospheric pressure in step Sb3-1;
  • the step of heating in a reducing atmosphere in step Sb3-2 may be repeated one or more times.
  • the high-concentration dispersion does not substantially contain an aggregation inhibitor and an oxidation inhibitor for suppressing oxidation and aggregation. This can be realized by not intentionally adding in the process of adjusting the high concentration dispersion. Even when non-volatile organic impurities and other impurities are present in the high-concentration dispersant, the concentration may be maintained at 3 mass% or less. By suppressing the impurity concentration to 3 mass% or less, there is an effect that no crack or the like is generated in the film even after the heat treatment in the reducing atmosphere in step Sa3-2 or Sb3-2.
  • the “high concentration dispersion” means a concentration necessary for forming a conductor film, for example, 30 mass% of copper-based nanoparticles in the dispersion. It means that it is dispersed without sedimentation.
  • the solvent in the dispersion is preferably a ketone (carbonyl compound).
  • the step Sa1 of preparing the high-concentration dispersion in the first method for producing a conductive film may be performed by heating to a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point of the dispersion solvent, or under reduced pressure at a temperature equal to or lower than the boiling point of the dispersion solvent.
  • the internal atmosphere is preferably maintained in a non-oxidizing atmosphere by either (i) bubbling with an inert gas containing nitrogen or argon, or (ii) bubbling with a reducing gas.
  • the reducing gas means a gas having a property as a reducing agent, such as hydrogen gas.
  • the oxidation state of the coating film once becomes Cu 2 O by oxidation at atmospheric pressure after that, and then chemical reduction occurs from there. A pure copper conductor film is produced by the reaction.
  • step Sa1 which prepares a high concentration dispersion includes the process of disperse
  • Step Sa1 is not limited to the pulse laser method, but according to the pulse laser method, a dispersion liquid of high-concentration copper-based nanoparticles can be efficiently generated.
  • a high concentration dispersion can be obtained without adding an aggregation inhibitor or an oxidation inhibitor for suppressing oxidation and aggregation.
  • copper oxide i.e., Cu 2 O, CuO
  • copper hydroxides copper hydroxide
  • Cu (OH) 2 copper hydroxide 2
  • the amount of the copper compound is not particularly limited, but the particle size is important for determining the production efficiency. Even when laser light having the same energy density is irradiated, the smaller the particle size of the raw material copper compound powder, the more efficiently the copper-based nanoparticles having a smaller particle size can be obtained.
  • the dispersion solvent of the high-concentration dispersion in the first and second conductor film production methods is: (I) ⁇ -butyrolactone, diacetone alcohol, ketones containing cyclohexanenone, or (Ii) It is preferable to include an organic solvent belonging to any of high-boiling point alkanes including tetradecane.
  • the coating film in the manufacturing method of the first and second conductor films is any one selected from a spin coating method, a slit coating method, a relief printing method, an intaglio printing method, a screen printing method, an ink jet coating method, and a dispenser coating method.
  • a spin coating method a slit coating method
  • a relief printing method a relief printing method
  • an intaglio printing method a screen printing method
  • an ink jet coating method and a dispenser coating method.
  • a dispenser coating method is any one selected from a spin coating method, a slit coating method, a relief printing method, an intaglio printing method, a screen printing method, an ink jet coating method, and a dispenser coating method.
  • One is preferred. This is because any of these can be used as a coating technique for forming a conductive wiring pattern such as a printed wiring board.
  • the composition of the coating film in the first and second conductor film manufacturing methods is preferably composed mainly of Cu 2 O in the heating step (Sa3-2, Sb3-2) in the reducing atmosphere. It is important for the present invention not to perform a physical diffusion reaction (sintering) by oxidizing to Cu 2 O in advance but to cause a chemical reduction reaction in which the reaction proceeds at a lower temperature. Because it is a thought. In this sense, when a highly concentrated dispersion having a core / shell structure of copper and copper oxide is used as a starting material, and after the coating and drying on the substrate, the reduction treatment is performed immediately without oxidation, the oxidation state is strictly Control is not performed. Therefore, it cannot be said that the reaction conditions for realizing the “directional reduction reaction” have been set, and are different from the technical principle of the present invention. .
  • the heating step (Sa3-2, Sb3-2) in the reducing atmosphere in the first and second conductor film manufacturing methods is preferably performed at 160 ° C. or more and 250 ° C. or less in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. .
  • a copper conductor film having a specific resistance of 10 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m or less can be obtained even when the reduction treatment temperature is 160 ° C., and the reduction treatment temperature is 250 ° C.
  • a specific resistance value as low as 1.5 times or less of the specific resistance of bulk copper is a feature of the present invention that should be particularly noted.
  • the first copper conductor film according to the present invention is a conductor film for a conductive wiring pattern formed in an arbitrary pattern on a substrate, and has a specific resistance of 10 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m or less.
  • the thermal history is 200 ° C. or lower.
  • Such a copper conductor film is thought to have never existed in the past, and the method for producing a conductor film according to the present invention is considered to be one of effective means for obtaining such a conductor film.
  • a copper conductor film that has passed through an intrinsic semiconductor film as an intermediate stage in the formation process strongly suggests the possibility of being obtained by the production method of the present invention.
  • the second copper conductor film according to the present invention is a conductor film for a conductive wiring pattern formed in an arbitrary pattern on a substrate, and has a specific resistance of 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m or less.
  • the thermal history is 250 ° C. or less.
  • Such a copper conductor film is thought to have never existed in the past, and the method for producing a conductor film according to the present invention is considered to be one of effective means for obtaining such a conductor film.
  • a copper conductor film that has passed through an intrinsic semiconductor film as an intermediate stage in the formation process strongly suggests the possibility of being obtained by the production method of the present invention.
  • the conductor film according to the present invention has a specific resistance of 10 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m or less and is extremely conductive, it does not undergo a physical diffusion reaction but a chemical reduction reaction. Since this occurs preferentially, a copper conductor film can be sufficiently formed even at a low temperature reduction treatment of 200 ° C. or lower. For this reason, it can form on the base material which is not a special heat resistant material, such as on the printed wiring board which has the epoxy resin etc. which are prevailing widely as a main component. Moreover, compared with the conventional method, a manufacturing process is simple and manufacturing cost can be suppressed. Furthermore, if the upper limit of the temperature of the reduction treatment is allowed to about 250 ° C. by forming it on a base material of a heat resistant material such as polyimide resin, the specific resistance is as low as 3.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m or less. A copper conductor film having the following can be obtained.
  • Schematic of the manufacturing method of the 1st conductor film (and 2nd conductor film) of this invention Schematic diagram showing the concept of conductor film formation according to the present invention
  • the block diagram which shows an example of the hydrogen reduction apparatus used at the formation process of the conductor film of this invention
  • XRD X-ray diffraction
  • FIG. 1 shows an outline of a method for producing a first conductor film of the present invention.
  • the outline of each step will be summarized and described, and details including specific examples of each step will be described later as examples.
  • Step Sa1 Preparation of High Concentration Dispersion of Copper-Based Nanoparticles with Cu 2 O as Main Component
  • the first conductive film manufacturing method of the present invention performs strict control of the oxidation state of copper nanoparticles. Pure copper is easily oxidized, and zero-valent copper (Cu) undergoes an oxidation reaction over time, Cu ⁇ Cu 2 O ⁇ CuO This is because the oxidation state changes. There are several methods for controlling the oxidation state. Regardless of which method is employed, the copper nanoparticle dispersion finally obtained in step Sa1 has Cu 2 O as a main component. Made of a copper-based nanoparticle dispersion.
  • the copper-based nanoparticles finally prepared in step Sa1 have a high concentration up to a predetermined concentration. It is important that almost all of the particles are in the state of Cu 2 O. However, there is no problem that CuO is formed on the very surface layer.
  • the copper nanoparticle dispersion finally obtained in step Sa1 needs to be substantially free of an aggregation inhibitor and an oxidation inhibitor that suppresses copper oxidation. This is because these are organic substances that impede conductivity.
  • the average particle diameter of the copper nanoparticles in the copper nanoparticle dispersion is generally in the range of 1 to 100 nm, is high enough to obtain a conductor film, and is stable in an organic solvent. It is also necessary to be distributed.
  • Step Sa2 Application and drying step
  • the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion obtained in step Sa1 is applied onto a substrate and then dried to obtain a coating film.
  • the coating film of the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion applied on the base material is such that the surface layer of the copper-based nanoparticle is composed of a Cu 2 O phase or a mixed phase of Cu 2 O and CuO, and the inner layer of the surface layer is Cu And a mixed phase of Cu and Cu 2 O or a Cu 2 O phase.
  • base material refers not only to a resin film such as polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate, a glass substrate, and a ceramic substrate, but also to all insulating members that form a base on which a conductor film is formed.
  • a conductive member such as a metal substrate and is not limited to a plate-like one.
  • the component of the surface layer of the copper-based nanoparticles is ideally composed only of Cu 2 O and does not contain any CuO.
  • CuO may be mixed as long as it contains Cu 2 O.
  • the coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component has properties as an intrinsic semiconductor and is an insulator at room temperature. However, when heated slightly, it exhibits electronic conductivity. That is, in order to verify whether or not a coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component has been obtained, the resistivity may be measured by heating the coating film to a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower in the atmosphere.
  • the coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component develops properties as an intrinsic semiconductor film.
  • Intrinsic semiconductors generally exhibit electronic conductivity when electrons in the valence band are excited beyond the band gap into the conduction band by a small activation energy.
  • the coating film mainly composed of Cu 2 O is heated at a temperature of 200 ° C. or less and exhibits electronic conductivity corresponding to a specific resistance of 10 ⁇ ⁇ m or less, Cu 2 O It can be judged that the coating film which has a main component was obtained.
  • Step Sa3-1 Conductive film forming step (1) -Pre-oxidation treatment- First, a coating film, which is an intrinsic semiconductor mainly composed of Cu 2 O, is heated in the atmosphere at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower to excite electrons to develop electronic conductivity, and this state is maintained for a certain period of time. .
  • This state means that when electrons are supplied from any reducing agent in contact with the coating film, a situation where the electrons can easily move through the coating film is provided, and the oxidation state of the coating film is ensured. It means to oxidize to Cu 2 O.
  • Step Sa2-2 Conductor film formation step (2) -Reduction treatment- Next, a reducing agent is supplied to this coating film. Since electronic conductivity is expressed by heating the coating film in the above step Sa2-1, if a reducing agent is supplied in this state, electrons supplied from the reducing agent are injected into the coating film. As a result, electrons injected from the reducing agent move through the coating film and reach the interface between the substrate and the coating film, and Cu 2 O at the interface is reduced to zero-valent Cu. When the supply of electrons from the reducing agent is continuously performed, the interface moves from the substrate side to the surface direction, and the entire coating film becomes a dense reduced film without cracks.
  • FIG. 2 schematically shows the movement of the copper reduction layer by this electron injection. Electrons are injected from the reducing agent hydrogen to cause electron transfer to the substrate interface, a Cu reducing layer is formed at the interface, oxygen ions (O 2 ⁇ ) are diffused, and water is desorbed. Move toward the surface.
  • the coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component is a source of copper ions (Cu + ) and a diffusion medium of oxygen ions (O 2 ⁇ ) (a kind of It can be considered that the copper film that works as a solid electrolyte and grows from the film / substrate interface toward the film surface functions as an electrode that combines electrons supplied from the reducing agent and Cu + ions.
  • this process is a copper deposition and growth process itself using the Cu 2 O film as a “solid plating bath”.
  • a conductor film is formed by reduction of a partially oxidized copper film, a dense reduced film without cracks can be obtained even though material shrinkage is unavoidable. Only when such a reduction mode is developed.
  • oxygen on the surface of the ceramic is reduced due to bonding between hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on the surface of the resin film and the reduced copper film. It is presumed that a copper film with high adhesion strength is formed by bonding with the copper film formed.
  • the coating film does not give electronic conductivity (conduction)
  • the coating film is made of insulating CuO particles (not an intrinsic semiconductor) or when organic impurities remain, Cu 2 O nano
  • a reduction reaction (not necessarily accompanied by electron injection) at a defect site in a part or in a film where hydrogen molecules can diffuse takes precedence. In this case, when a conductor layer is first formed near the surface of the film, this becomes an obstacle to mass transfer, and the reduction reaction does not penetrate the entire film.
  • the entire film may be reduced, and a film having an apparent metallic copper gloss may be obtained.
  • a reduction film lacking such a compactness does not exhibit electrical conductivity because of its poor material continuity as a conductor, and its mechanical strength is weak. At the same time, it undergoes reoxidation in the atmosphere relatively easily. In the first place, it does not have a function as a conductive film having high conductivity.
  • Step Sa2-3 Conductor film formation process (3) (* Perform if necessary) -Reoxidation and reduction process- Even in the case where the main component of the coating film satisfies the condition of Cu 2 O, and thus the electronic conductivity expected of an intrinsic semiconductor is expressed, the “directional reduction reaction” as described above is actually ideal. However, the process does not always progress, and a sufficiently high conductivity may not be obtained by only one reduction treatment. In this case, the film after reduction is re-oxidized to Cu 2 O by reheating in the air, and then the above reduction treatment is repeated to gradually improve the conductivity, Material continuity and mechanical strength also increase dramatically.
  • a high-concentration dispersion of copper nanoparticles mainly composed of Cu 2 O is prepared as a starting material (Sa1), and coating and drying steps are performed.
  • a dense and low-resistance copper conductor film free from cracks can be obtained through (Sa2) and the conductor film forming step (Sa3).
  • Step Sb1 Preparation of High Concentration Dispersion of Copper-Based Nanoparticles with Cu as Main Component
  • the second conductor film manufacturing method of the present invention also has the above-described point that the oxidation state of copper-based nanoparticles is strictly controlled.
  • the first manufacturing method is the same as that of the first manufacturing method except that Cu is used as a starting material in the state of a high-concentration dispersion, and processing is performed to obtain a coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component after the coating film is formed.
  • Cu nanoparticles are dispersed in an organic solvent to prepare a dispersion. If necessary, the concentration is increased until a predetermined concentration is obtained. In this state, if the dispersion is left in the atmosphere, it is oxidized and changed to Cu 2 O. Here, however, the next step Sb2 is performed immediately with the oxidized state being unoxidized Cu.
  • Step Sb2 Coating and drying step
  • the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion obtained in step Sa1 is coated on a substrate and then dried to obtain a coating film.
  • the coating film of the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion applied on the substrate is made of Cu nanoparticles.
  • the component of the surface layer of the copper-based nanoparticle is substantially composed only of Cu at the stage where the high-concentration dispersion liquid of the copper-based nanoparticle is applied onto the substrate and dried.
  • Step Sb3-1 Conductive film formation step (1) -Pre-oxidation treatment-
  • the coating film obtained in step Sb2 is pure copper (however, it is not a dense film because it has not been subjected to a treatment such as sintering). Even if the reduction treatment is performed immediately in this state, the reduction occurs from the vicinity of the surface, The reaction stops immediately without penetrating the entire coating. Therefore, as in step Sa3-1, the coating film mainly composed of Cu is heated in the atmosphere at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower to oxidize the entire coating film to obtain Cu 2 O. The heating time may be about 10 minutes.
  • Step Sb3-2 Conductor film formation step (2) and [Step Sb3-3] Conductor film formation step (3) are the same as [Step Sa3-2] and [Step Sa3-3] described above, respectively. Therefore, it is omitted as the description is incorporated.
  • a high concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles mainly composed of Cu is prepared as a starting material (Sa1), and coating and drying steps ( A dense and low resistance copper conductor film free from cracks can be obtained through the Sa2) and conductor film forming step (Sa3).
  • the difference with the method described in patent document 4 is a difference in the oxidation characteristic of the copper-type nanoparticle to produce
  • the main feature is that the main component is.
  • the raw material copper compound powder that can be selected is no longer arbitrary.
  • the CuO fine powder having a large specific surface area described above is one of the raw material copper compounds suitable for this purpose.
  • the oxidation state of the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion prepared under such conditions is substantially stopped by Cu 2 O, which is a monovalent state, and then left for a long period (several months or longer).
  • CuO significantly grows only on the surface layer (thickness of 0.2 to 2 nm) and stops. Since it has such a composition and structure, the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion can maintain a dispersed state even when the concentration of fine particles is high.
  • a copper-based nanoparticle dispersion having the property that the nanoparticles are selectively and easily oxidized to Cu 2 O and the oxidation reaction stops there is used as the first sample.
  • a 2nd sample it produces by irradiating a pulse laser beam, and prepares the nanoparticle dispersion liquid with Cu maintained.
  • the first sample corresponds to the example in the above-described first embodiment
  • the second sample corresponds to the example in the above-described second embodiment.
  • the fine particles at this time may be nanoparticles that have almost completely had a Cu 2 O phase due to the progress of oxidation, or a Cu / O structure with a Cu 2 O phase on the surface and a Cu phase remaining in the center. Nanoparticle or a mixture of both. That is, it is important that the composition of the copper-based nanoparticles contained in the dispersion is copper-based nanoparticles that do not contain CuO in any case except for the surface layer.
  • the coating film is mainly composed of Cu 2 O, and the specific resistance is 10 ⁇ ⁇ m or less as an intrinsic semiconductor film at a heating temperature of 200 ° C. or less in the atmosphere. It is to show. If it has this characteristic, the manufacturing method is not limited to the laser method.
  • the physical properties of the obtained copper-based nanoparticles include the type of metal compound used as the raw material, the particle size of the metal compound, the amount of the metal compound, the type of organic solvent, the wavelength of the laser beam, the output of the laser beam, It can be controlled by appropriately selecting various conditions such as laser light irradiation time, temperature, stirring state of the metal compound, the type and amount of bubbling gas introduced into the organic solvent, and additives.
  • CuO, Cu 2 O, or Cu (OH) 2 can be cited as a copper compound that is a raw material for the copper-based nanoparticles. These may be used alone or in combination.
  • the amount of the copper compound is not particularly limited.
  • a ketone solvent such as acetone, which is an organic solvent that does not exhibit reducing properties, as the organic solvent in which the copper compound as a raw material is dispersed.
  • the size of the raw material is important. Even when the laser beam having the same energy density is irradiated, the smaller the particle size of the raw material copper compound powder, the more efficiently the copper-based nanoparticles having a smaller particle size can be obtained.
  • an Nd: YAG laser, excimer laser, semiconductor laser, dye laser, or the like can be used as the laser light.
  • pulse irradiation is desirable for irradiating many copper compounds with a high-energy laser under the same conditions.
  • limiting in the wavelength of a laser It is desirable to use the wavelength from which the production
  • a short-wavelength laser beam having a low effect as a heat ray is used.
  • the laser output be higher, even if it is irradiated with laser light of 3600 J or less (200 mJ / pulse or less, pulse width 10 ns, 10 Hz, beam diameter 10 mm). Can't get.
  • the laser irradiation time is not limited, but the generation amount of copper nanoparticles increases as the irradiation time increases. .
  • the dispersion concentration of the first sample was about 0.4 mass% immediately after preparation.
  • FIG. 5 shows the result of tracing the change of the absorption spectrum of this dispersion with time under the contact condition with the atmosphere at room temperature.
  • a spectrum a surface plasmon peak of Cu nanoparticles appears in the vicinity of a wavelength of 570 nm
  • Cu nanoparticles particle size of 50 nm or less
  • the produced copper-based nanoparticles are obtained in a state dispersed in an acetone solvent, but are adjusted to copper-based nanoparticles dispersed in a dispersion medium different from the organic solvent at the time of manufacture by using a method such as solvent replacement later.
  • the organic solvent is particularly important because it serves to control the reaction in the heating step for the purpose of concentration and to stably disperse the copper-based nanoparticles regardless of the addition of a surfactant or the like. Since the heating step of the dispersion usually requires a temperature of 100 ° C. or higher, it is desirable that the boiling point of the organic solvent is as high as possible. On the other hand, when the dispersed copper-based nanoparticles are used after being applied and dried, an excessively high boiling point is not desirable in order to promote volatilization of the organic solvent.
  • ketone solvents carbonyl compounds
  • acetone methyl ethyl ketone, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and cyclohexanone
  • dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone propylene Polar solvents such as glycol monoethyl ether and hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene and tetradecane
  • the temperature of the organic solvent in which the copper compound is dispersed is not particularly limited, but it is practically desirable that the liquid temperature during irradiation with laser light be 150 ° C. or lower, particularly 50 ° C. or lower.
  • the most desirable organic solvent overall is ⁇ -butyrolactone (boiling point 203 ° C.) belonging to ketones, which can cope with a wide range of heating temperatures.
  • ketones such as diacetone alcohol (boiling point 168 ° C.) and cyclohexaneone (boiling point 156 ° C.), or high-boiling point alkanes such as tetradecane.
  • bubbling of an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon or bubbling of reducing hydrogen gas can be used.
  • drying and bubbling the gas is preferable because the effect is enhanced.
  • the solvent instead of heating to a temperature above the boiling point, the solvent may be distilled off under reduced pressure at a temperature below the boiling point of the dispersion solvent.
  • Cu nanoparticles prepared by the laser method are protected by an oxide shell, which improves not only dispersibility (aggregation resistance) but also stability against oxidation in the atmosphere.
  • the copper-based nanoparticles according to the present invention have been prepared by preparing a dispersion of Cu 2 O by leaving it in the atmosphere for a long period of time, and a high concentration of the prepared copper-based nanoparticles.
  • the final state of the dispersion is different in that it is not a core / shell structure in the sense that the center is copper and the skin is copper oxide, but the entire particle is Cu 2 O (ie up to the center).
  • this dispersion is stirred during the laser beam irradiation.
  • a stirring method a general method such as a magnetic stirrer or a stirring blade is used. In order not to lower the irradiation efficiency, it is desirable to stir without generating bubbles as much as possible.
  • the copper compound as a raw material can be repeatedly irradiated with laser light. By removing the sediment component by a centrifugal operation or the like in the final step, the raw material powder and the copper-based nanoparticles can be separated.
  • the coating method is not particularly limited, and for example, spin coating method, slit coating method, letterpress printing method, intaglio printing method, screen printing method, ink jet coating method, dispenser coating method, etc. By selecting an optimum coating method, a pattern can be drawn with an arbitrary film thickness.
  • the substrate is not limited to a glass substrate, and a polyimide resin, a ceramic substrate, a metal substrate, or the like may be used.
  • FIG. 6 is a series of XPS spectra (Cu2p core spectrum and Cu Auger spectrum) showing the results.
  • FIGS. 8A to 8C show the analysis results of the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion immediately after preparation.
  • A shows a TEM image of the copper-based nanoparticle that has hardly undergone oxidation immediately after
  • (b) shows its particle size distribution
  • (c) shows an electron diffraction image.
  • FIGS. 8A to 8C show the analysis results of the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion liquid that has undergone oxidation for several days or more immediately after preparation at room temperature and in the atmosphere.
  • the shape of the almost unoxidized nanoparticles immediately after preparation is almost spherical, and has a particle size distribution as shown in FIG. 7 (b).
  • the average particle size is 11 nm.
  • generation is close to pure copper.
  • the shape of the nanoparticles subjected to atmospheric oxidation for a sufficiently long period of time was irregular as shown in FIG. 8 (a).
  • the approximate particle size distribution and average particle size (9 nm) As shown in FIG. 8 (b), it became similar to that immediately after preparation.
  • the electron beam diffraction image of FIG. 8 (c) it is the composition of the nanoparticles at this stage close to Cu 2 O as possible was demonstrated again.
  • FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example of a hydrogen reduction or atmospheric oxidation treatment apparatus used in the conductor film formation process of the present invention.
  • the heater 1 is a support table on which the substrate 2 is placed, and can be raised from room temperature to 250 ° C.
  • a coating film 3 is formed on the substrate 2 by a known coating method, whereby an arbitrary conductor film pattern is formed.
  • introduction valves 4, 6, 8 and flow meters 5, 7, 9 for introducing three gas systems of hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, and air into the reaction chamber. Further, there is one gas discharge system, and gas is discharged from the reaction chamber via the gas discharge valve 10.
  • the copper-based nanoparticles are selectively converted into Cu 2 O nanoparticles by long-term oxidation in the dispersion medium, and the coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component is 200 ° C. or less in the atmosphere. As a result of the heating, electronic conductivity as an intrinsic semiconductor is exhibited.
  • the method of forming a coating film mainly composed of Cu 2 O on the substrate is not limited to this method.
  • another method of copper-based nanoparticles formed by a laser method is the heating in the atmosphere of 200 ° C. or lower in the state of a coating applied on a substrate in an almost unoxidized state immediately after formation.
  • FIG. 9 shows the absorption spectra of the coating film before and after heating, showing this composition conversion and also the influence of the heating temperature.
  • the plasmon band By heating at 150 ° C., the plasmon band almost disappeared, indicating that a spectrum attributable to Cu 2 O was obtained.
  • the copper-based nanoparticle coating film according to the present invention is mainly composed of Cu 2 O can also be verified by determining whether or not electronic conductivity develops with increasing temperature. This is based on the property that Cu 2 O is an intrinsic semiconductor.
  • the expression of the reduction mode schematically shown in FIG. 2 is based on the premise that this electronic conductivity is obtained.
  • the resistance value of the coating film (average film thickness of several hundred nm) placed on the hot plate was measured as a function of the heating temperature. As a result, the surface resistance became several tens of M ⁇ at a temperature of about 150 ° C., and the resistance value further decreased to several M ⁇ or less at about 200 ° C. Each of these corresponds to a specific resistance of several ⁇ ⁇ m and one-tenth or less, and the properties as an intrinsic semiconductor were also verified by evaluation of electrical characteristics.
  • the coating film in which electronic conduction as an intrinsic semiconductor was confirmed was placed in a hydrogen stream at atmospheric pressure at the same temperature, and the change in the reduction state of the coating film was examined.
  • transparent glass was used for the substrate, and one of the two samples was placed upside down, and the change in the reflected color at the coating film / substrate interface was also observed simultaneously through the glass of the substrate.
  • the gloss derived from the reduced copper appears at the coating film / substrate interface earlier than the coating film surface, and the reduction treatment is further performed for several minutes.
  • the whole coating film was reduced. Thereby, the expression of the reduction mode shown in FIG. 2 was confirmed.
  • the number of repetitions of the reduction / reoxidation step necessary to reach the target specific resistance is reduced especially by extending the reoxidation time.
  • the second specific reduction can achieve the target specific resistance. did it.
  • the specific resistance finally reached by the above repetition was as shown in Table 2 below as a function of the processing temperature.
  • the target specific resistance of 10 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m or less can be obtained even at 160 ° C.
  • the specific resistance becomes 3.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m when the reduction treatment temperature is 220 ° C.
  • the specific resistance was 2.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m.
  • the specific resistance obtained by processing at 250 ° C. has achieved a specific resistance value as low as 1.5 times or less than that of bulk copper. It can be inferred that a dense copper film was obtained.
  • the result of having performed XRD about each coating film before and behind reduction is shown in FIG.
  • the coating film before reduction was Cu 2 O, and the coating film after the heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere was Cu. Further, as a peel test, it was confirmed that even if a tape was applied to the reduction film and peeled off, the reduction film did not peel off and had a practical adhesion strength.
  • Example 2 After confirming that the acetone dispersion of the copper-based nanoparticles prepared in Example 2 is Cu 2 O, a high-concentration dispersion is prepared by substituting ⁇ -butyrolactone and concentrating to 15 mass%. 5 parts by weight of copper acetate identified as an impurity was added to copper-based nanoparticles. A coating film was prepared in the form of a glass plate, dried, and then reduced into hydrogen at a temperature of 180 ° C. to form a film. The reduced film exhibited a copper color, but not only did not exhibit electropotential properties, but was easily peeled off when touched to the glass plate-like film, and did not have practical adhesion strength.
  • Example 1 in Example 1, after applying / drying a dispersion of copper nanoparticles having a core / shell structure, the coated dry film was immersed in a “reducing liquid” and the reduction reaction was recognized to have progressed to some extent. After that, it is heated to the sintering temperature and the sintering temperature is maintained for a certain time. That is, the reduction reaction and the sintering reaction are performed in separate steps, and after the coating and drying of the dispersion of the copper nanoparticles having the core / shell structure on the substrate, the heating during the reduction reaction is immersed in the reducing liquid.
  • the temperature is 120 to 200 ° C.
  • the holding time of the reduction reaction is 10 seconds to 60 minutes (paragraph 36)
  • the heating temperature during the subsequent sintering reaction is 120 ° C. to 300 ° C. (more preferably “140 ° C. to 200 ° C.”). )
  • the sintering time is 0.5 to 60 minutes (more preferably “2 to 20 minutes”), and the heat treatment process is divided into a reduction process and a sintering process, so the manufacturing process is complicated. Therefore, it is assumed that the manufacturing time becomes long and problems remain in terms of manufacturing cost.
  • the substrate on which the coating / drying film of the copper nanoparticle dispersion liquid having the core / shell structure is immersed in a reducing liquid that has been heated to a sintering temperature in advance, and is fixed for a certain time (for example, 1 In Example 2, it is described that the treatment was carried out for 30 minutes by submerging in a container filled with ethylene glycol (reducing liquid). ing.
  • the same heat treatment as in the second aspect is performed using the “copper oxide particle-coated substrate”.
  • Tables 1 and 2 (paragraphs 56 to 57) of Patent Document 2 the specific resistance of the conductor film that is finally obtained is 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 under the most favorable conditions.
  • the reason why the resistance value of the third example is higher than that of the other examples is that a coated substrate in which the oxidation state of the copper nanoparticles is not strictly controlled is used.
  • the sintering temperature is as low as 140 ° C., and the processing time is about 30 minutes.
  • Example 2 says that better results are obtained than Example 3.
  • a heat treatment time of about several minutes to 10 minutes under a hydrogen reducing atmosphere at 200 ° C. or lower is sufficient, and the final specific resistance is the most favorable condition of 3.5.
  • ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m which is a lower specific resistance than the conventional example.
  • This value is a conductor film having a specific resistance approximately twice the bulk specific resistance (1.7 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m).
  • the heat treatment time and other conditions are the same.
  • the temperature of the reduction treatment with hydrogen is 200 ° C. to 250 ° C.
  • the ultimate specific resistance is 2.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m with the most favorable condition. did.
  • This value is a conductor film having a specific resistance of about 1.3 times the bulk specific resistance.
  • the conventional method is based on the principle of first reducing copper oxide (I or II) to copper and then forming a sintered (fired) film by diffusion between particles.
  • the problem-solving mechanism itself is greatly different from the present invention in which Cu is obtained from Cu 2 O without performing an appropriate diffusion reaction.
  • the method for realizing this method is realized by a simple process using an existing apparatus that can perform atmospheric oxidation and reduction with a reducing gas in one apparatus, and undergoes a wet process as described above. Compared to the case, it is industrially superior in terms of continuous productivity and manufacturing cost.
  • the copper-based nanoparticles according to the present invention are produced by a laser method or the like, and a copper-based nanoparticle ink dispersed at a high concentration in a solvent is obtained in the subsequent process.
  • the nanoparticles are oxidized to CuO.
  • Cu 2 O which is the stage before the process
  • the conductive film using it exhibits a low specific resistance value of 10 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 8 ⁇ ⁇ m or less by a low temperature treatment of 200 ° C. or less. Therefore, since it is possible to use not a special heat-resistant material but a generally used electronic material as a base material, application as a wiring material in a wide range of electronics fields is expected.

Abstract

Disclosed are: a conductive film having low resistivity, which is obtained through a low temperature treatment in a short time; and a method for producing the conductive film. Specifically disclosed is a method for producing a conductive film, which comprises: a step Sa1 in which a high concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles that are mainly composed of Cu2O is prepared; a step Sa2 in which the high concentration dispersion is applied over a base and dried thereon, thereby obtaining a coating film that is mainly composed of Cu2O; a step Sa3-1 in which the coating film is heated at a temperature of not more than 200°C at atmospheric pressure; and a step Sa3-2 in which the coating film is heated at a temperature of not more than 250°C in a reducing atmosphere.

Description

銅系ナノ粒子高濃度分散液を用いた導体膜とその製造方法Conductor film using high concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles and method for producing the same
 本発明は、銅ナノ粒子(ナノメートルサイズの銅微粒子を意味する)又はその酸化物である銅酸化物ナノ粒子(ナノメートルサイズの銅酸化物の微粒子を意味する)を主成分とする導体膜とその製造方法に関する。以下、銅ナノ粒子と銅酸化物ナノ粒子を総称して「銅系ナノ粒子」とよぶ。 The present invention relates to a conductor film composed mainly of copper nanoparticles (meaning nanometer-size copper fine particles) or copper oxide nanoparticles (meaning nanometer-size copper oxide fine particles) which are oxides thereof. And its manufacturing method. Hereinafter, the copper nanoparticles and the copper oxide nanoparticles are collectively referred to as “copper nanoparticles”.
 物質の融点は、材料のサイズを微細化するにつれて低下する。このため、金属系ナノ粒子(ナノメートルサイズの金属微粒子又は金属化合物微粒子を意味する)の高濃度分散液を基材上に薄膜状に塗布及び乾燥し、基材と共に加熱処理すると、バルクの融点よりもはるかに低い温度、たとえば絶対温度で表した融点の半分以下の温度で粒子間の焼結が進行し、バルク金属薄膜に近い物性を発現した導体膜、いわゆる「金属系ナノ粒子膜」(以下、本明細書では単に「導体膜」とよぶ)が得られる。 The melting point of the substance decreases as the material size is reduced. For this reason, when a high-concentration dispersion of metal-based nanoparticles (meaning nanometer-sized metal fine particles or metal compound fine particles) is coated and dried in a thin film on a substrate, and heat-treated with the substrate, the melting point of the bulk Sintering between particles proceeds at a temperature much lower than the melting point, for example, less than half the melting point expressed in absolute temperature, so-called "metal nanoparticle film" Hereinafter, simply referred to as “conductor film” in this specification is obtained.
 金属系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液は、金属系ナノ粒子膜の原料となるものであり、金ナノ粒子や銀ナノ粒子を原料とする技術が知られている(非特許文献1)が、近年では、金や銀と比較して材料自体の単価が安価な銅或いは銅の酸化物を用いた銅配線基板の製造方法が研究されている(特許文献1~4)。 A high-concentration dispersion of metal-based nanoparticles is used as a raw material for metal-based nanoparticle films, and a technique using gold nanoparticles or silver nanoparticles as a raw material is known (Non-Patent Document 1). Therefore, a method for manufacturing a copper wiring board using copper or a copper oxide whose material unit price is lower than that of gold or silver has been studied (Patent Documents 1 to 4).
 特許文献1では、表面酸化層を有する銅微粒子の分散液を利用して、微細なパターン描画後、比較的に低い温度下で塗布膜中に含まれる銅微粒子または酸化銅微粒子に還元処理を施し、生成する銅微粒子を焼成して、優れた導電性を示す銅微粒子焼結体型の微細形状導電体を形成する方法等について開示している。 In Patent Document 1, after a fine pattern is drawn using a dispersion of copper fine particles having a surface oxide layer, the copper fine particles or the copper oxide fine particles contained in the coating film are subjected to a reduction treatment at a relatively low temperature. And a method for forming a finely shaped conductor of a copper fine particle sintered body showing excellent conductivity by firing the produced copper fine particles.
 特許文献2、3では、銅と酸化銅によるコア/シェル構造(すなわち、中心部が銅で表皮部が酸化銅である構造)を有する粒子、又は酸化銅からなる粒子を用いて製造される導電性基板及びその製造方法等について開示している。なお、この研究に先立ち、本件発明者らもまた、中心部が金属で表皮部が金属酸化物からなる「コア/シェル構造」を有する金属ナノ粒子分散液が、界面活性剤等を添加することなく優れた分散安定性を有することを見いだし、その具体例として、コア部が純銅(Cu)、シェル部が亜酸化銅すなわち酸化銅(I)(CuO)からなる金属微粒子分散液とその製造方法について開示している(特許文献4)。 In Patent Documents 2 and 3, a conductive material manufactured using particles having a core / shell structure of copper and copper oxide (that is, a structure in which a central portion is copper and a skin portion is copper oxide) or particles made of copper oxide. Discloses a conductive substrate and a manufacturing method thereof. Prior to this research, the present inventors also added a surfactant or the like to the metal nanoparticle dispersion liquid having a “core / shell structure” in which the central part is a metal and the skin part is made of a metal oxide. As a specific example, a metal fine particle dispersion liquid in which the core portion is made of pure copper (Cu) and the shell portion is made of cuprous oxide, that is, copper oxide (I) (Cu 2 O), and its A manufacturing method is disclosed (Patent Document 4).
 一般に、導体膜の主要な原料となる金属ナノ粒子の分散液は、凝集が抑制された状態で長期間にわたり安定して分散することが求められるため、界面活性剤などの表面処理剤を添加する場合が多い。その一方で、界面活性剤等、凝集を抑制するための種々の凝集抑制物質は、いずれも有機物からなり導電性を阻害する不純物であるため、最終生成物である分散液中には極力含まないことが要求される。 In general, a dispersion of metal nanoparticles as a main raw material of a conductor film is required to stably disperse over a long period of time in a state where aggregation is suppressed. Therefore, a surface treatment agent such as a surfactant is added. There are many cases. On the other hand, various aggregation-inhibiting substances for suppressing aggregation, such as surfactants, are impurities that are made of organic substances and impede conductivity. Therefore, they are not included in the final product dispersion as much as possible. Is required.
 このことに加えて、既に研究が先行している金ナノ粒子や銀ナノ粒子と比較して、銅ナノ粒子は酸化され易いという性質を有する。しかも、一般に物質は純度が高いほど、本来物質が有している物性に近づくために、0価の銅である純銅のナノ粒子分散液を基材上に塗布した後、焼結によりバルク銅に近い導体膜を得るためには、非酸化雰囲気中で少なくとも300℃を超える高温処理が必要であり、銅系ナノ粒子分散液を基材上に塗布した後でこのような高温の熱処理を行う場合、基材に要求される耐熱温度は、300℃を超える高温になる。しかし、プリント配線基板などの導体膜の基材となる材料は、一般に耐熱性が200℃以下の熱硬化性樹脂(たとえばエポキシ樹脂)などが用いられるため、耐熱性の高い基材を選択する必要が生じる。 In addition to this, compared with gold nanoparticles and silver nanoparticles that have already been studied, copper nanoparticles have the property of being easily oxidized. In addition, in general, the higher the purity of the substance, the closer to the physical properties that the substance originally has, so that after applying a nano-particle dispersion of pure copper, which is zero-valent copper, onto the substrate, the bulk copper is obtained by sintering. In order to obtain a close conductor film, a high temperature treatment exceeding 300 ° C. is required in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and such a high temperature heat treatment is performed after the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion is applied on the substrate. The heat-resistant temperature required for the substrate is a high temperature exceeding 300 ° C. However, since the material used as the base material of the conductor film such as a printed wiring board is generally a thermosetting resin (eg, epoxy resin) having a heat resistance of 200 ° C. or less, it is necessary to select a base material having a high heat resistance. Occurs.
特開2008-146999号公報JP 2008-146999 A 特開2009-218167号公報JP 2009-218167 A 特開2009-218497号公報JP 2009-218497 A 国際公開第2008/114866号パンフレットInternational Publication No. 2008/114866 Pamphlet
 以上のような背景から、比較的低温の熱処理により高い導電性を有する銅の導体膜を得るためには、酸化していない純金属状態の銅ナノ粒子を用いるのではなく、酸化銅などのような酸化物系銅ナノ粒子を用いることが好ましいと考えられる。なぜなら、酸化していない純金属状態の銅ナノ粒子を出発物質として導体膜を得る場合は、焼結という物理的な拡散反応によってバルク銅の生成が進行するため大きな熱エネルギーが必要となるのに対し、酸化銅を還元する反応は、物理的な拡散ではなく主に化学的な反応によって進行するからである。還元反応の際にも一定の熱エネルギーを加える必要はあるが、それは還元反応を促進するための補助的なものに過ぎない。 From the background as described above, in order to obtain a copper conductor film having high conductivity by heat treatment at a relatively low temperature, copper nanoparticles in a pure metal state not oxidized are not used, but copper oxide or the like is used. It is considered preferable to use simple oxide-based copper nanoparticles. This is because when a conductive film is obtained using copper nanoparticles in an unoxidized pure metal state, bulk copper is generated by a physical diffusion reaction called sintering, which requires a large amount of thermal energy. On the other hand, the reaction for reducing copper oxide proceeds mainly by chemical reaction, not physical diffusion. Although it is necessary to add a certain amount of heat energy during the reduction reaction, it is only an auxiliary to promote the reduction reaction.
 上述の特許文献2では、銅と酸化銅によるコア/シェル構造(すなわち、中心部が銅で表皮部が酸化銅である構造)を有する金属ナノ粒子を出発物質として導体膜の形成を行うことが記載されているが、コア/シェル構造を有する金属ナノ粒子を基材上に塗布した時点では大部分が純銅であり、導体膜形成工程において焼結のための十分な熱エネルギーが必要となる。このようなメカニズムによる場合、焼結工程の温度が高温であるほど、また焼結時間が長いほど、拡散反応が進行するものと思われる。基材の耐熱温度を考慮して焼結温度を低温にして得られる銅焼結体は粒子間の拡散が不十分で、孔の多い構造となり導体膜の体積固有抵抗(以下、比抵抗という。)は大きくなることが推察されるが、同文献の実施例はそのとおりの結果となっている。同様に、特許文献3では、還元性の分散液を用いることで塗膜は緻密性の低い還元された純銅(Cu)が得られると推察されるが、その後直ちに焼結を行っているため、拡散反応を進行させるために大きな熱エネルギーが必要になる。 In the above-mentioned Patent Document 2, a conductor film is formed using metal nanoparticles having a core / shell structure of copper and copper oxide (that is, a structure in which a central portion is copper and a skin portion is copper oxide) as a starting material. Although described, most of the metal nanoparticles having the core / shell structure are pure copper at the time of application onto the substrate, and sufficient heat energy for sintering is required in the conductor film forming step. In the case of such a mechanism, it is considered that the diffusion reaction proceeds as the temperature of the sintering process is higher and the sintering time is longer. A copper sintered body obtained by lowering the sintering temperature in consideration of the heat-resistant temperature of the base material has insufficient diffusion between particles and has a structure with many pores, which is referred to as a volume resistivity (hereinafter referred to as specific resistance) of the conductor film. ) Is estimated to be large, but the examples of the same document have the same results. Similarly, in Patent Document 3, it is inferred that reduced pure copper (Cu) having a low density is obtained by using a reducing dispersion, but since sintering is performed immediately thereafter, A large amount of heat energy is required to advance the diffusion reaction.
 しかし、酸化されやすい銅系ナノ粒子について物理的な拡散反応を極力低減して化学的な還元反応を行うためには、分散液中の銅ナノ粒子(厳密には純銅とは限らないので「銅系ナノ粒子」と表記するのが正しい。)が基材上に塗布乾燥され、その後還元されて銅の導体膜が得られるまでの全ての工程において、酸化状態の厳密な制御が不可欠となる。ここで、銅の酸化状態とは、銅の価数に応じて取りうる銅の存在態様であり、具体的には、0価の銅と、1価および2価の酸化銅の3種類を指す。本明細書では以下、単に、純銅をCu、酸化銅(I)をCuO、酸化銅(II)をCuOと記載する。 However, in order to perform a chemical reduction reaction by reducing the physical diffusion reaction as much as possible for the copper-based nanoparticles that are easily oxidized, the copper nanoparticles in the dispersion (strictly speaking, it is not necessarily pure copper. It is correct to be referred to as “system nanoparticle”.) In all the processes from coating and drying on a substrate to subsequent reduction to obtain a copper conductor film, strict control of the oxidation state is indispensable. Here, the oxidation state of copper is an aspect of the presence of copper that can be taken according to the valence of copper, and specifically indicates three types of copper oxide, zero-valent copper and monovalent and divalent copper oxide. . Hereinafter, pure copper is simply referred to as Cu, copper (I) oxide as Cu 2 O, and copper (II) oxide as CuO.
 上述の特許文献1では、表面酸化層を有する銅微粒子の分散液を塗布した後、水素添加反応に対する触媒活性を有する金属、または金属塩と、水素供与能を有する炭化水素の存在下、水素分子を含む雰囲気中、150℃以上、300℃以下の温度に加熱し、水素分子を還元剤として利用する還元反応により、酸化皮膜の還元を施し、得られる銅微粒子相互の焼結体層を形成する工程を一連の加熱処理工程で実施することが記載されている。しかし、実施例1では、銅微粒子の分散液を塗布した後、水素添加反応に対する触媒活性を有する金属として、高価なパラジウム(Pd)ナノ粒子を用いているためコストがかかり、また、水素雰囲気中の加熱処理の条件として200℃で110分間の長時間処理の例が記載されている(第123段落)。このように、単に表面酸化層を有する銅微粒子の分散液を用いて基材上に塗布し、塗膜の還元処理を行うだけでは、十分に酸化状態の制御を行ったとは言えず、反応を進行させるために高価な触媒金属を使用してもなお、大きな熱エネルギーを要する。 In the above-mentioned Patent Document 1, after applying a dispersion of copper fine particles having a surface oxide layer, hydrogen molecules in the presence of a metal or metal salt having a catalytic activity for hydrogenation reaction and a hydrocarbon having a hydrogen donating ability. In an atmosphere containing the above, it is heated to a temperature of 150 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower, and the oxide film is reduced by a reduction reaction using hydrogen molecules as a reducing agent, thereby forming a sintered body layer of obtained copper fine particles. It is described that the steps are carried out in a series of heat treatment steps. However, in Example 1, after the dispersion of copper fine particles was applied, expensive palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were used as the metal having catalytic activity for the hydrogenation reaction. An example of long-time treatment at 200 ° C. for 110 minutes is described as the heat treatment conditions (paragraph 123). In this way, simply applying a dispersion of copper fine particles having a surface oxide layer on a substrate and performing a reduction treatment of the coating film cannot be said to have sufficiently controlled the oxidation state, but the reaction. Even if an expensive catalyst metal is used for the progress, a large amount of heat energy is still required.
 この理由について、本発明者らは以下のように考察した。基板上に塗布された数百nm以上の厚さを有する銅系ナノ粒子の塗膜を還元反応によりこれを導体膜とする場合、膜中からの還元生成物である酸素及び水の除去(物質移動)が不可欠である。ところが、一般には、還元反応は膜表面から進行するため、表面近くで先に還元層が形成されてしまうと、これが上記の物質移動を妨げることになり、膜全体に還元反応が浸透する前に反応が停止してしまう。さらに、純銅と酸化銅では密度も大きく異なるため、このような物質変換の結果、膜は必然的に収縮を余儀なくされ、その結果、還元膜中で膜の亀裂・断裂が発生する。還元前の膜が、緻密性の小さなポーラスな構造を有し、もって還元剤や還元副生物である水が容易に膜外に拡散できるような場合は、こうした亀裂・断裂は避けることができるが、こうした還元膜は緻密性に劣り、機械的強度が弱く、また大気中で比較的容易に、再酸化により導電性を低下させると考えられる。 For this reason, the present inventors considered as follows. When a coating film of copper-based nanoparticles having a thickness of several hundred nm or more applied on a substrate is used as a conductor film by a reduction reaction, removal of oxygen and water which are reduction products from the film (substance Movement) is essential. However, in general, since the reduction reaction proceeds from the surface of the membrane, if the reduction layer is formed first near the surface, this will prevent the mass transfer described above, and before the reduction reaction penetrates the entire membrane. The reaction stops. Furthermore, since the density of pure copper and copper oxide differ greatly, as a result of such material conversion, the film is inevitably contracted, and as a result, the film is cracked or broken. If the membrane before reduction has a porous structure with small compactness, and water that is a reducing agent or reduction byproduct can easily diffuse out of the membrane, such cracks and tears can be avoided. Such a reduction film is considered to be inferior in denseness, weak in mechanical strength, and relatively easy to reduce conductivity by reoxidation in the atmosphere.
 本発明は、物理的な拡散反応よりも低温で反応が進行する化学的な還元反応を積極的に利用して、より小さな熱エネルギー(すなわち短時間かつ低温処理)によって、従来よりもさらに低抵抗な導体膜とその製造方法を提供することを課題とする。 The present invention actively uses a chemical reduction reaction in which the reaction proceeds at a lower temperature than a physical diffusion reaction, and with a smaller thermal energy (that is, a short time and a low temperature treatment), the resistance is lower than before. An object of the present invention is to provide a conductive film and a method for manufacturing the same.
 本発明は、拡散反応ではなく還元反応を優位に進行させることを前提として、その際、還元反応がむしろ基板側から塗膜表面に向かって進行するような、いわゆる鍍金(めっき)過程に類似した「方向性のある還元反応」を実現する反応条件の設定を行うという原理によって実現されるものである。 The present invention is similar to a so-called plating process in which the reduction reaction proceeds rather from the substrate side toward the coating film surface on the premise that the reduction reaction rather than the diffusion reaction proceeds preferentially. This is realized by the principle of setting reaction conditions for realizing a “directional reduction reaction”.
 本発明に係る第1の導体膜の製造方法は、
  CuOを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液を調製するステップSa1と、前記高濃度分散液を基材上に塗布及び乾燥してCuOを主成分とする塗膜を得るステップSa2と、
 大気圧中で前記塗膜を200℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSa3-1と、還元性雰囲気中で前記塗膜を250℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSa3-2とを備えることを特徴とする。
The manufacturing method of the first conductor film according to the present invention is as follows:
Step Sa1 of preparing a highly concentrated dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles composed mainly of Cu 2 O, the coating film of Cu 2 O as a main component the high-concentration dispersion is coated and dried on a substrate Obtaining step Sa2,
And Step Sa3-1 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 200 ° C. or less in atmospheric pressure, and Step Sa3-2 for heating the coating film in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature of 250 ° C. or less. To do.
 ステップSa3-1は、塗膜の酸化状態を制御する工程であり、塗膜の全体を一旦CuOまで酸化する工程である。この工程を経ることによって、ステップSa3-2は物理的な拡散反応よりも化学的な還元反応優位のプロセスとなり、低温による銅導体膜の形成が可能となる。 Step Sa3-1 is a step of controlling the oxidation state of the coating film, and is a step of once oxidizing the entire coating film to Cu 2 O. Through this process, step Sa3-2 becomes a process in which a chemical reduction reaction is superior to a physical diffusion reaction, and a copper conductor film can be formed at a low temperature.
 なお、この場合、ステップSa3-2の直前の塗膜の酸化状態は、塗膜全体がCuOであること、特に、CuOまで酸化が進行していないことが極めて重要である。但し、塗膜中のごく一部にCuOが形成されている程度であれば問題はない。 In this case, it is extremely important that the oxidation state of the coating film immediately before step Sa3-2 is that the entire coating film is Cu 2 O, in particular, that the oxidation has not progressed to CuO. However, there is no problem as long as CuO is formed in a very small part of the coating film.
 上記第1の導体膜の製造方法のステップSa1における銅系ナノ粒子は、
 0.2~2nm厚みの表面層が
  CuO相又は
  CuOとCuOとの混合相で構成されていること、及び、
 0.2~2nm厚みの表面層の内側は、
  Cu相、
  CuとCuOとの混合相、或いは
  CuO相のいずれか
で構成されていることが好ましい。なお、この場合、銅導体膜形成のための出発物質として、いわゆる「銅と酸化銅によるコア/シェル構造」を用いる場合を含むことになるが、塗膜形成時点で仮にCu層が支配的であっても、上述の通り、ステップSa3-1の工程を経ることにより、還元工程の直前にはCuOが支配的となる。
The copper-based nanoparticles in step Sa1 of the method for producing the first conductor film are as follows:
A surface layer having a thickness of 0.2 to 2 nm is composed of a Cu 2 O phase or a mixed phase of Cu 2 O and CuO; and
The inside of the 0.2-2 nm thick surface layer is
Cu phase,
It is preferably composed of either a mixed phase of Cu and Cu 2 O or a Cu 2 O phase. In this case, the case where a so-called “core / shell structure of copper and copper oxide” is used as a starting material for forming the copper conductor film is included, but the Cu layer is dominant at the time of coating film formation. Even so, as described above, Cu 2 O becomes dominant immediately before the reduction step through the step Sa3-1.
 上記第1の導体膜の製造方法では、ステップSa3-2の後、
 ステップSa3-1の大気圧で加熱するステップと、
 ステップSa3-2の還元性雰囲気下で加熱するステップとを1回以上繰り返しても良い。
In the first conductor film manufacturing method, after step Sa3-2,
Heating at atmospheric pressure in step Sa3-1;
The step of heating in a reducing atmosphere in step Sa3-2 may be repeated one or more times.
 これは、上述した「方向性のある還元反応」が理想的に進行するとは限らず、1回の還元処理のみでは十分高い導電性が得られない場合もあり、酸化と還元を再度繰り返すことで還元反応を基材と塗膜の境界部分から塗膜全体に浸透させるためのものである。このような酸化と還元のステップを追加することで導体膜としての組成の均一性が高まる結果、導体膜の導電性は一層向上し、物質的連続性と機械的強度も飛躍的に増加する。 This is because the above-mentioned “directional reduction reaction” does not necessarily proceed ideally, and a sufficiently high conductivity may not be obtained by only one reduction treatment, and by repeating oxidation and reduction again. This is for allowing the reduction reaction to permeate the entire coating film from the boundary between the substrate and the coating film. By adding such oxidation and reduction steps, the uniformity of the composition as the conductor film is increased. As a result, the conductivity of the conductor film is further improved, and the material continuity and mechanical strength are dramatically increased.
 本発明に係る第2の導体膜の製造方法は、
  Cuを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液を調製するステップSb1と、前記高濃度分散液を基材上に塗布及び乾燥してCuを主成分とする塗膜を得るステップSa2と、
 大気圧中で前記塗膜を200℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSb3-1と、還元性雰囲気中で前記塗膜を250℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSb3-2とを備えることを特徴とする。
The method for producing the second conductor film according to the present invention includes:
Step Sb1 for preparing a high-concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles containing Cu as a main component, and Step Sa2 for obtaining a coating film containing Cu as a main component by applying and drying the high-concentration dispersion on a substrate. ,
Step Sb3-1 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 200 ° C. or less in atmospheric pressure, and Step Sb3-2 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 250 ° C. or less in a reducing atmosphere. To do.
 ステップSb3-1は、塗膜の酸化状態を制御する工程であり、塗膜の全体を一旦CuOまで酸化する工程である。この工程を経ることによって、上記第1の導体膜の製造方法同様に、ステップSb3-2は物理的な拡散反応よりも化学的な還元反応優位のプロセスとなり、低温による銅導体膜の形成が可能となる。 Step Sb3-1 is a step of controlling the oxidation state of the coating film, and is a step of once oxidizing the entire coating film to Cu 2 O. Through this process, as in the first conductor film manufacturing method, step Sb3-2 becomes a process in which a chemical reduction reaction is superior to a physical diffusion reaction, and a copper conductor film can be formed at a low temperature. It becomes.
 上記第2の導体膜の製造方法では、ステップSb3-2の後、
 ステップSb3-1の大気圧で加熱するステップと、
 ステップSb3-2の還元性雰囲気下で加熱するステップとを1回以上繰り返しても良い。
In the second conductor film manufacturing method, after step Sb3-2,
Heating at atmospheric pressure in step Sb3-1;
The step of heating in a reducing atmosphere in step Sb3-2 may be repeated one or more times.
 この理由は上述のとおりである。 This reason is as described above.
 上記第1及び第2の導体膜の製造方法においては、高濃度分散液中に酸化や凝集を抑制するための凝集抑制物質及び酸化抑制物質を実質的に含まないことが好ましい。これは高濃度分散液の調整過程で意図的に添加しないことで実現できる。高濃度分散剤中に不揮発性有機不純物やその他の不純物が存在する場合でも、その濃度が、3mass%以下に保持されていれば差し支えない。不純物の濃度が3mass%以下に抑えることで、ステップSa3-2又はSb3-2における還元性雰囲気中での加熱処理後も膜中に亀裂などを生じさせないという効果が得られる。この理由は、本発明による導体膜の製造方法においては全ての工程が250℃以下の温度で実施され導体膜の製造工程が終了してしまうため、不揮発性有機物など除去できない物質は導電性を妨げる不純物となり、均一な還元反応(特に、方向性のある還元反応)を妨げる原因ともなるからである。 In the first and second conductive film manufacturing methods, it is preferable that the high-concentration dispersion does not substantially contain an aggregation inhibitor and an oxidation inhibitor for suppressing oxidation and aggregation. This can be realized by not intentionally adding in the process of adjusting the high concentration dispersion. Even when non-volatile organic impurities and other impurities are present in the high-concentration dispersant, the concentration may be maintained at 3 mass% or less. By suppressing the impurity concentration to 3 mass% or less, there is an effect that no crack or the like is generated in the film even after the heat treatment in the reducing atmosphere in step Sa3-2 or Sb3-2. The reason for this is that in the method for producing a conductor film according to the present invention, all steps are performed at a temperature of 250 ° C. or less, and the conductor film production process is completed. This is because it becomes an impurity and hinders a uniform reduction reaction (particularly a directional reduction reaction).
 また、上記第1及び第2の導体膜の製造方法において、「高濃度分散液」とは、導体膜を形成するために必要な程度の濃度、例えば分散液中の銅系ナノ粒子は30mass%まで、沈降無く分散していることを意味する。また、分散液中の溶媒はケトン系(カルボニル化合物)であることが好ましい。 In the first and second conductor film manufacturing methods, the “high concentration dispersion” means a concentration necessary for forming a conductor film, for example, 30 mass% of copper-based nanoparticles in the dispersion. It means that it is dispersed without sedimentation. The solvent in the dispersion is preferably a ketone (carbonyl compound).
 また、上記第1の導体膜の製造方法における高濃度分散液を調製するステップSa1は、分散溶媒の沸点以上の温度に加熱することにより、または分散溶媒の沸点以下の温度で減圧下にこの溶媒を留去することにより高濃度化する工程を含み、かつ、その加熱工程中、
 (i)窒素又はアルゴンを含む不活性ガスによるバブリング、又は
 (ii)還元性ガスによるバブリング
のいずれかにより内部の雰囲気が非酸化性雰囲気に保たれていることが好ましい。
The step Sa1 of preparing the high-concentration dispersion in the first method for producing a conductive film may be performed by heating to a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point of the dispersion solvent, or under reduced pressure at a temperature equal to or lower than the boiling point of the dispersion solvent. Including a step of increasing the concentration by distilling off, and during the heating step,
The internal atmosphere is preferably maintained in a non-oxidizing atmosphere by either (i) bubbling with an inert gas containing nitrogen or argon, or (ii) bubbling with a reducing gas.
 高濃度分散液中の銅系ナノ粒子の酸化状態をCuOまで進行させないためである。ここで、還元性ガスとは、例えば水素ガスのように、還元剤としての性質を有するガスを意味する。なお、上記(ii)の条件によって、高濃度分散液中の銅系ナノ粒子全部がCuまで還元されてもよい。この場合は、結果的に上記第2の導体膜の製造方法を実施することと等しい。また、既に述べたように、塗布乾燥後には塗膜がCuで構成されていても、その後大気圧で酸化することで一旦塗膜の酸化状態がCuOになり、そこから化学的な還元反応によって純銅の導体膜が生成される。 This is because the oxidation state of the copper-based nanoparticles in the high-concentration dispersion does not progress to CuO. Here, the reducing gas means a gas having a property as a reducing agent, such as hydrogen gas. Note that all the copper-based nanoparticles in the high-concentration dispersion may be reduced to Cu under the condition (ii). In this case, as a result, it is equivalent to implementing the manufacturing method of the said 2nd conductor film. Moreover, as already stated, even if the coating film is composed of Cu after coating and drying, the oxidation state of the coating film once becomes Cu 2 O by oxidation at atmospheric pressure after that, and then chemical reduction occurs from there. A pure copper conductor film is produced by the reaction.
 また、高濃度分散液を調製するステップSa1は、有機溶剤からなる分散溶媒中に、銅化合物を分散させ、その後分散溶媒中の銅化合物にレーザー光を照射する工程を含むことが好ましい。これはパルスレーザー法による分散液の製造方法を含む。ステップSa1は、パルスレーザー法に限らないが、パルスレーザー法によると、高濃度の銅系ナノ粒子の分散液を効率よく生成することができる。また、酸化や凝集を抑制するための凝集抑制物質や酸化抑制物質を添加することなく高濃度分散液を得ることができる。なお、レーザー照射前の銅系ナノ粒子の出発原料としては、銅酸化物(すなわち、CuO、CuO)或いは銅水酸化物(水酸化銅)(以下、Cu(OH))と記載する。)等が挙げられる。これらを単独で用いても、複数種混合して用いても良い。また、銅化合物の量は特に制限されないが、粒径は生成効率を決める上で重要である。同じエネルギー密度のレーザー光を照射する場合でも、原料の銅化合物粉体の粒径が小さいほど粒径の小さな銅系ナノ粒子が効率よく得られる。 Moreover, it is preferable that step Sa1 which prepares a high concentration dispersion includes the process of disperse | distributing a copper compound in the dispersion solvent which consists of organic solvents, and irradiating a laser beam to the copper compound in a dispersion solvent after that. This includes a method for producing a dispersion by a pulse laser method. Step Sa1 is not limited to the pulse laser method, but according to the pulse laser method, a dispersion liquid of high-concentration copper-based nanoparticles can be efficiently generated. Moreover, a high concentration dispersion can be obtained without adding an aggregation inhibitor or an oxidation inhibitor for suppressing oxidation and aggregation. As the starting material of the copper-based nanoparticles before laser irradiation, copper oxide (i.e., Cu 2 O, CuO) or copper hydroxides (copper hydroxide) (hereinafter, Cu (OH) 2) to as . ) And the like. These may be used alone or as a mixture of a plurality of types. The amount of the copper compound is not particularly limited, but the particle size is important for determining the production efficiency. Even when laser light having the same energy density is irradiated, the smaller the particle size of the raw material copper compound powder, the more efficiently the copper-based nanoparticles having a smaller particle size can be obtained.
 また、上記第1及び第2の導体膜の製造方法における上記高濃度分散液の分散溶媒は、
 (i)γ-ブチロラクトン、ジアセトンアルコール、シクロヘキサンノンを含むケトン類、又は、
 (ii)テトラデカンを含む高沸点アルカン
のいずれかに属する有機溶剤を含むことが好ましい。
In addition, the dispersion solvent of the high-concentration dispersion in the first and second conductor film production methods is:
(I) γ-butyrolactone, diacetone alcohol, ketones containing cyclohexanenone, or
(Ii) It is preferable to include an organic solvent belonging to any of high-boiling point alkanes including tetradecane.
 上記第1及び第2の導体膜の製造方法における塗膜は、スピン塗布法、スリット塗布法、凸版印刷法、凹版印刷法、スクリーン印刷法、インクジェット塗布法、ディスペンサー塗布法から選択されるいずれか一つによることが好ましい。これらはいずれもプリント配線基板などの導電配線パターン形成用の塗布技術として用いることができるからである。 The coating film in the manufacturing method of the first and second conductor films is any one selected from a spin coating method, a slit coating method, a relief printing method, an intaglio printing method, a screen printing method, an ink jet coating method, and a dispenser coating method. One is preferred. This is because any of these can be used as a coating technique for forming a conductive wiring pattern such as a printed wiring board.
 上記第1及び第2の導体膜の製造方法における塗膜の組成は、前記還元性雰囲気で加熱するステップ(Sa3-2、Sb3-2)において、CuOを主成分とすることが好ましい。事前にCuOまで酸化することで、物理的な拡散反応(焼結)を行うのではなく、より低温で反応が進行する化学的な還元反応を主体的に起こさせることが本発明の重要な思想だからである。この意味において、銅と酸化銅のコア/シェル構造を有する高濃度分散液を出発物質とし、基材上に塗布乾燥後、酸化を行うことなく直ちに還元処理を行う場合は、酸化状態の厳密な制御が行われておらず、ゆえに、「方向性のある還元反応」を実現する反応条件の設定がなされたものとはいえないものであり、本発明の技術的原理とは異質のものである。 The composition of the coating film in the first and second conductor film manufacturing methods is preferably composed mainly of Cu 2 O in the heating step (Sa3-2, Sb3-2) in the reducing atmosphere. It is important for the present invention not to perform a physical diffusion reaction (sintering) by oxidizing to Cu 2 O in advance but to cause a chemical reduction reaction in which the reaction proceeds at a lower temperature. Because it is a thought. In this sense, when a highly concentrated dispersion having a core / shell structure of copper and copper oxide is used as a starting material, and after the coating and drying on the substrate, the reduction treatment is performed immediately without oxidation, the oxidation state is strictly Control is not performed. Therefore, it cannot be said that the reaction conditions for realizing the “directional reduction reaction” have been set, and are different from the technical principle of the present invention. .
 また、上記第1及び第2の導体膜の製造方法における還元性雰囲気で加熱するステップ(Sa3-2、Sb3-2)は、水素ガス雰囲気中で160℃以上250℃以下に加熱することが好ましい。特に、酸化と還元工程を繰り返すことで、還元処理の温度が160℃の場合でも比抵抗10×10-8Ω・m以下の銅の導体膜が得られる点及び還元処理の温度が250℃の場合ではバルク銅の比抵抗に対して1.5倍以下という低い比抵抗値を達成できる点は、いずれも特筆すべき本発明の特徴である。 Further, the heating step (Sa3-2, Sb3-2) in the reducing atmosphere in the first and second conductor film manufacturing methods is preferably performed at 160 ° C. or more and 250 ° C. or less in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. . In particular, by repeating the oxidation and reduction steps, a copper conductor film having a specific resistance of 10 × 10 −8 Ω · m or less can be obtained even when the reduction treatment temperature is 160 ° C., and the reduction treatment temperature is 250 ° C. In some cases, a specific resistance value as low as 1.5 times or less of the specific resistance of bulk copper is a feature of the present invention that should be particularly noted.
 本発明に係る第1の銅の導体膜は、基材上に任意のパターンに形成された導電配線パターン用の導体膜であって、その比抵抗が10×10-8Ω・m以下の値を示すと共に、熱履歴が200℃以下であることを特徴とする。このような銅の導体膜は従来全く存在していなかったと考えられ、本発明に係る導体膜の製造方法は、このような導体膜を得るための有効な手段の一つと考えられる。このような導体膜のうち、特に、形成工程における中間段階として、真性半導体膜を経た銅の導体膜は、本発明の製造方法により得られた可能性を強く示唆するものである。 The first copper conductor film according to the present invention is a conductor film for a conductive wiring pattern formed in an arbitrary pattern on a substrate, and has a specific resistance of 10 × 10 −8 Ω · m or less. The thermal history is 200 ° C. or lower. Such a copper conductor film is thought to have never existed in the past, and the method for producing a conductor film according to the present invention is considered to be one of effective means for obtaining such a conductor film. Among such conductor films, in particular, a copper conductor film that has passed through an intrinsic semiconductor film as an intermediate stage in the formation process strongly suggests the possibility of being obtained by the production method of the present invention.
 本発明に係る第2の銅の導体膜は、基材上に任意のパターンに形成された導電配線パターン用の導体膜であって、その比抵抗が3.5×10-8Ω・m以下の値を示すと共に、熱履歴が250℃以下であることを特徴とする。このような銅の導体膜は従来全く存在していなかったと考えられ、本発明に係る導体膜の製造方法は、このような導体膜を得るための有効な手段の一つと考えられる。このような導体膜のうち、特に、形成工程における中間段階として、真性半導体膜を経た銅の導体膜は、本発明の製造方法により得られた可能性を強く示唆するものである。 The second copper conductor film according to the present invention is a conductor film for a conductive wiring pattern formed in an arbitrary pattern on a substrate, and has a specific resistance of 3.5 × 10 −8 Ω · m or less. The thermal history is 250 ° C. or less. Such a copper conductor film is thought to have never existed in the past, and the method for producing a conductor film according to the present invention is considered to be one of effective means for obtaining such a conductor film. Among such conductor films, in particular, a copper conductor film that has passed through an intrinsic semiconductor film as an intermediate stage in the formation process strongly suggests the possibility of being obtained by the production method of the present invention.
 本発明に係る導体膜は、比抵抗が10×10-8Ω・m以下の値を示す極めて導電性の高いものであるにもかかわらず、物理的な拡散反応ではなく化学的な還元反応が優位に起こるため、200℃以下の低温還元処理でも十分に銅の導体膜を形成することが可能となる。このため、広く普及しているエポキシ樹脂等を主成分とするプリント配線基板上など、特殊な耐熱性材料ではない基材上に形成することができる。また、従来の方法と比べ、製造工程が単純であり製造コストを抑えることができる。
 さらに、ポリイミド樹脂等の耐熱性材料の基材上に形成することで還元処理の温度の上限を250℃程度まで許容すれば、比抵抗3.5×10-8Ω・m以下という低い比抵抗を持つ銅の導体膜が得られる。
Although the conductor film according to the present invention has a specific resistance of 10 × 10 −8 Ω · m or less and is extremely conductive, it does not undergo a physical diffusion reaction but a chemical reduction reaction. Since this occurs preferentially, a copper conductor film can be sufficiently formed even at a low temperature reduction treatment of 200 ° C. or lower. For this reason, it can form on the base material which is not a special heat resistant material, such as on the printed wiring board which has the epoxy resin etc. which are prevailing widely as a main component. Moreover, compared with the conventional method, a manufacturing process is simple and manufacturing cost can be suppressed.
Furthermore, if the upper limit of the temperature of the reduction treatment is allowed to about 250 ° C. by forming it on a base material of a heat resistant material such as polyimide resin, the specific resistance is as low as 3.5 × 10 −8 Ω · m or less. A copper conductor film having the following can be obtained.
本発明の第1の導体膜(及び第2の導体膜)の製造方法の概略図Schematic of the manufacturing method of the 1st conductor film (and 2nd conductor film) of this invention 本発明に係る導体膜化の概念を表す模式図Schematic diagram showing the concept of conductor film formation according to the present invention 本発明の導体膜の形成工程で使用する水素還元装置の一例を示す構成図The block diagram which shows an example of the hydrogen reduction apparatus used at the formation process of the conductor film of this invention 粒子径の関数としてMie理論に基づいてシミュレーションした銅系ナノ粒子分散液の理論吸収スペクトル。(a)Cu相、(b)CuO相、(c)CuO相Theoretical absorption spectrum of a copper-based nanoparticle dispersion simulated based on Mie theory as a function of particle size. (A) Cu phase, (b) Cu 2 O phase, (c) CuO phase 室温、大気との接触条件下の約0.4mass%銅ナノ粒子分散液のアセトン分散液中の吸収スペクトルの時間変化Temporal change of absorption spectrum in acetone dispersion of about 0.4 mass% copper nanoparticle dispersion at room temperature and in contact with air 銅ナノ粒子の酸化状態の経時変化を示すX線光電子分光(以下、XPSと記載する。)スペクトル(Cu2p内殻スペクトルとCuオージェスペクトル)X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (hereinafter referred to as XPS) spectrum (Cu2p inner shell spectrum and Cu Auger spectrum) showing the time-dependent change in the oxidation state of copper nanoparticles 作成直後のほとんど酸化が進んでいない粒子の(a)透過型電子顕微鏡(以下、TEMと記載する。)像の一例、(b)TEM像に基づく粒子サイズ分布、(c)ナノ粒子の結晶性を示す電子線回折スポット(A) An example of a transmission electron microscope (hereinafter referred to as TEM) image of a particle that has hardly undergone oxidation immediately after its preparation, (b) Particle size distribution based on the TEM image, (c) Crystallinity of the nanoparticles Electron diffraction spot showing 大気下で数日以上の酸化を経た銅ナノ粒子の(a)TEM像の一例、(b)TEM像に基づく粒子サイズ分布、(c)ナノ粒子の結晶性を示す電子線回折スポットExample of (a) TEM image of copper nanoparticles that have been oxidized for several days or more in the atmosphere, (b) Particle size distribution based on TEM image, (c) Electron diffraction spot showing crystallinity of nanoparticles 作成直後のほとんど未酸化の状態で基板上に塗布された塗膜を、200℃以下で大気中加熱(時間は10分程度)した場合の、加熱温度に依存した塗膜の吸収スペクトルAbsorption spectrum of the coating film depending on the heating temperature when the coating film applied on the substrate in an almost unoxidized state immediately after preparation is heated in the atmosphere at 200 ° C. or less (time is about 10 minutes). 塗膜と加熱還元後のX線回折(以下、XRDと記載する。)図X-ray diffraction (hereinafter referred to as XRD) diagram after coating film and heat reduction 純銅フレーク粉を原料として作成した約0.4mass%銅ナノ粒子分散液の室温、大気との接触条件下における吸収スペクトルAbsorption spectrum of about 0.4mass% copper nanoparticle dispersion prepared from pure copper flake powder at room temperature and in contact with air 純銅フレーク粉を原料として作成した銅ナノ粒子を200℃以下で大気中加熱(時間は10分程度)した場合の、加熱温度に依存した塗膜の吸収スペクトルAbsorption spectrum of coating film depending on heating temperature when copper nanoparticles prepared using pure copper flake powder as raw material are heated in air at 200 ° C or lower (time is about 10 minutes) 光学顕微鏡の反射像による非導体膜表面構造Surface structure of non-conductive film by reflection image of optical microscope
(はじめに)-酸化状態の同定方法について-
 本発明を実施するにあたっては、銅系ナノ粒子の酸化状態の厳密な制御が特に重要になる。これに関する情報・知見を、銅系ナノ粒子が溶剤中に分散した状態で取得する有効な手法は、分散液(必要に応じて希釈されたもの)の吸光スペクトルもしくは吸収スペクトルである。そこで各実施形態について説明する前に、先ず、銅系ナノ粒子が、酸化状態により、Cu、CuO、およびCuOの三種類の組成を有する場合のそれぞれについて、粒子径の関数としての理論的な吸収スペクトルをMie理論に基づいて計算した結果を説明する。ナノ粒子を取り囲む媒体としてアセトンを想定し、その屈折率を計算に用いた。
(Introduction) -Oxidation state identification method-
In practicing the present invention, strict control of the oxidation state of the copper-based nanoparticles is particularly important. An effective method for obtaining information and knowledge related to this in a state where copper-based nanoparticles are dispersed in a solvent is an absorption spectrum or an absorption spectrum of a dispersion liquid (diluted as necessary). Therefore, before describing each embodiment, first, theoretically as a function of the particle diameter for each of the cases where the copper-based nanoparticles have three kinds of compositions of Cu, Cu 2 O, and CuO depending on the oxidation state. The result of calculating a simple absorption spectrum based on the Mie theory will be described. Acetone was assumed as the medium surrounding the nanoparticles, and the refractive index was used in the calculation.
 図4(a)~(c)は、粒子径の関数としてMie理論に基づいてシミュレーションした銅系ナノ粒子分散液の理論吸収スペクトルを示している。ここで、各図のスペクトルは、それぞれ下記のとおりである。
 (a)Cu
 (b)Cu
 (c)CuO
4 (a) to 4 (c) show theoretical absorption spectra of copper-based nanoparticle dispersions simulated based on the Mie theory as a function of particle diameter. Here, the spectrum of each figure is as follows.
(A) Cu
(B) Cu 2 O
(C) CuO
 この図より明らかなことは、吸収スペクトルの形状は、ナノ粒子の酸化状態(組成)により大きく変化すること、また粒子径によって(特に粒子径が大きくなったとき)スペクトルに顕著な変化が見られることである。よって、これらの理論スペクトルと、実験で得られた結果のスペクトルとを比較することにより、銅系ナノ粒子形成直後、さらには大気中で徐々に酸化されていく中でのナノ粒子の組成変化についての情報が得られる。 From this figure, it is clear that the shape of the absorption spectrum changes greatly depending on the oxidation state (composition) of the nanoparticles, and that the spectrum changes significantly depending on the particle size (especially when the particle size increases). That is. Therefore, by comparing these theoretical spectra with the spectra of the results obtained in the experiment, the composition change of the nanoparticles immediately after the formation of the copper-based nanoparticles and further gradually being oxidized in the atmosphere. Can be obtained.
(第1の実施形態)
-導体膜の製造方法(その1)-
 図1は、本発明の第1の導体膜の製造方法の概略を示している。ここでは各ステップの概要を要約して説明し、各ステップの具体例を含む詳細については実施例として後述する。
(First embodiment)
-Manufacturing method of conductor film (Part 1)-
FIG. 1 shows an outline of a method for producing a first conductor film of the present invention. Here, the outline of each step will be summarized and described, and details including specific examples of each step will be described later as examples.
[ステップSa1]CuOを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液の調製
 本発明の第1の導体膜の製造方法は、銅ナノ粒子の酸化状態の厳密な制御を行う。
 純銅は酸化されやすく、0価の銅(Cu)は、時間の経過につれて酸化反応が進行し、
  Cu→ CuO→ CuO
と酸化状態が変化するためである。酸化状態を制御するための方法はいくつかの方法があるが、いずれの方法を採るにせよ、ステップSa1で最終的に得られる銅ナノ粒子分散液は、粒子全体がCuOを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子分散液からなる。すなわち、出発物質の銅ナノ粒子又は銅系ナノ粒子がどのような構造及び酸化状態にあるものであっても、ステップSa1において最終的に調製される銅系ナノ粒子は、所定の濃度まで高濃度化され、かつ粒子のほぼ全体がCuOの状態となっていることが重要である。但し、ごく表面層にCuOが形成されていることは問題ない。
 それと共に、ステップSa1で最終的に得られる銅ナノ粒子分散液には、凝集抑制物質や銅の酸化を抑制する酸化抑制物質を実質的に含まないことが必要である。これらはいずれも導電性を阻害する有機物だからである。また、この銅系ナノ粒子分散液中の銅系ナノ粒子の平均粒径は概ね1~100nmの範囲であって、導体膜が得られる程度に高濃度であり、かつ有機溶剤中で安定的に分散されていることも必要である。
[Step Sa1] Preparation of High Concentration Dispersion of Copper-Based Nanoparticles with Cu 2 O as Main Component The first conductive film manufacturing method of the present invention performs strict control of the oxidation state of copper nanoparticles.
Pure copper is easily oxidized, and zero-valent copper (Cu) undergoes an oxidation reaction over time,
Cu → Cu 2 O → CuO
This is because the oxidation state changes. There are several methods for controlling the oxidation state. Regardless of which method is employed, the copper nanoparticle dispersion finally obtained in step Sa1 has Cu 2 O as a main component. Made of a copper-based nanoparticle dispersion. That is, regardless of the structure and oxidation state of the starting copper nanoparticles or the copper-based nanoparticles, the copper-based nanoparticles finally prepared in step Sa1 have a high concentration up to a predetermined concentration. It is important that almost all of the particles are in the state of Cu 2 O. However, there is no problem that CuO is formed on the very surface layer.
At the same time, the copper nanoparticle dispersion finally obtained in step Sa1 needs to be substantially free of an aggregation inhibitor and an oxidation inhibitor that suppresses copper oxidation. This is because these are organic substances that impede conductivity. The average particle diameter of the copper nanoparticles in the copper nanoparticle dispersion is generally in the range of 1 to 100 nm, is high enough to obtain a conductor film, and is stable in an organic solvent. It is also necessary to be distributed.
[ステップSa2]塗布及び乾燥工程
 ステップSa1で得られた銅系ナノ粒子分散液を基材上に塗布し、その後乾燥させて塗膜を得る工程である。基材上に塗布した銅系ナノ粒子分散液の塗膜が、銅系ナノ粒子の表面層がCuO相或いはCuOとCuOの混合相で構成され、表面層の内側の層がCu相或いはCuとCuOの混合相或いはCuO相で構成されるようにする。なお、本明細書において「基材」とは、ポリイミド、ポリエチレンテレフタレートなどの樹脂フィルムやガラス基板、セラミック基板など、その上に導体膜を形成する下地となる全ての絶縁性部材を指すだけでなく、金属基板など導電性部材も含み、かつ、板状のものに限られない。
[Step Sa2] Application and drying step In this step, the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion obtained in step Sa1 is applied onto a substrate and then dried to obtain a coating film. The coating film of the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion applied on the base material is such that the surface layer of the copper-based nanoparticle is composed of a Cu 2 O phase or a mixed phase of Cu 2 O and CuO, and the inner layer of the surface layer is Cu And a mixed phase of Cu and Cu 2 O or a Cu 2 O phase. In this specification, the term “base material” refers not only to a resin film such as polyimide and polyethylene terephthalate, a glass substrate, and a ceramic substrate, but also to all insulating members that form a base on which a conductor film is formed. In addition, it includes a conductive member such as a metal substrate and is not limited to a plate-like one.
 銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液を基材上に塗布し、乾燥した段階で、銅系ナノ粒子の表面層の成分は、理想的にはCuOのみで構成され、CuOを全く含まないことが好ましいが、CuOを含んでいればCuOが混入していても良い。CuOを主成分とする塗膜は真性半導体としての性質を有し、室温下では絶縁体であるが少し加熱すると電子的な伝導性を示すようになる。
 すなわち、CuOを主成分とする塗膜が得られたか否かを検証するには塗膜を大気中200℃以下の温度に加熱して比抵抗を測定すればよい。CuOを主成分とする塗膜は真性半導体膜としての性質を発現する。真性半導体は一般にわずかな活性化エネルギーによって価電子帯中の電子がバンドギャップを超えて伝導帯中へ励起され、電子的な伝導性を示すようになる。
 CuOを主成分とする塗膜を200℃以下の温度で加熱して10Ω・m以下の比抵抗に相当する電子的な伝導性を示すことが検証された場合には、CuOを主成分とする塗膜が得られたと判断することができる。
When a high-concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles is applied onto a substrate and dried, the component of the surface layer of the copper-based nanoparticles is ideally composed only of Cu 2 O and does not contain any CuO. Preferably, CuO may be mixed as long as it contains Cu 2 O. The coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component has properties as an intrinsic semiconductor and is an insulator at room temperature. However, when heated slightly, it exhibits electronic conductivity.
That is, in order to verify whether or not a coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component has been obtained, the resistivity may be measured by heating the coating film to a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower in the atmosphere. The coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component develops properties as an intrinsic semiconductor film. Intrinsic semiconductors generally exhibit electronic conductivity when electrons in the valence band are excited beyond the band gap into the conduction band by a small activation energy.
When it is verified that the coating film mainly composed of Cu 2 O is heated at a temperature of 200 ° C. or less and exhibits electronic conductivity corresponding to a specific resistance of 10 Ω · m or less, Cu 2 O It can be judged that the coating film which has a main component was obtained.
[ステップSa3-1]導体膜の形成工程(1)
-事前酸化処理-
 まず、CuOを主成分とする真性半導体である塗膜を大気中で200℃以下の温度で加熱して電子を励起して電子的な伝導性を発現させ、この状態を一定時間維持する。この状態は、塗膜と接する任意の還元剤から電子が供給された場合に、その電子が容易に塗膜中を移動できる状況が与えられることを意味すると共に、塗膜の酸化状態を確実にCuOまで酸化することを意味する。
[Step Sa3-1] Conductive film forming step (1)
-Pre-oxidation treatment-
First, a coating film, which is an intrinsic semiconductor mainly composed of Cu 2 O, is heated in the atmosphere at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower to excite electrons to develop electronic conductivity, and this state is maintained for a certain period of time. . This state means that when electrons are supplied from any reducing agent in contact with the coating film, a situation where the electrons can easily move through the coating film is provided, and the oxidation state of the coating film is ensured. It means to oxidize to Cu 2 O.
[ステップSa2-2]導体膜の形成工程(2)
-還元処理-
 次に、この塗膜に還元剤を供給する。上記ステップSa2-1により塗膜を加熱したことにより電子的な伝導性が発現しているため、この状態で還元剤を供給すれば還元剤から供給される電子が塗膜中に注入される。その結果、還元剤から注入された電子は塗膜中を移動して基材と塗膜との界面に達し、界面のCuOが0価のCuに還元される。そして、還元剤からの電子の供給が連続的に行われると界面は基材側から表面方向に移動し、塗膜全体が亀裂のない緻密な還元膜となる。
 なお、このとき同時に放出されるO2-イオンは、塗膜の表面に向かって拡散し、上記の電子注入後にプロトン化した水素と結合して水となり、還元反応系外(塗膜外)に除去される。このような過程が続くことにより、導体膜が基板から膜表面に向っての方向性を有して成長する。
[Step Sa2-2] Conductor film formation step (2)
-Reduction treatment-
Next, a reducing agent is supplied to this coating film. Since electronic conductivity is expressed by heating the coating film in the above step Sa2-1, if a reducing agent is supplied in this state, electrons supplied from the reducing agent are injected into the coating film. As a result, electrons injected from the reducing agent move through the coating film and reach the interface between the substrate and the coating film, and Cu 2 O at the interface is reduced to zero-valent Cu. When the supply of electrons from the reducing agent is continuously performed, the interface moves from the substrate side to the surface direction, and the entire coating film becomes a dense reduced film without cracks.
The O 2− ions released at the same time diffuse toward the surface of the coating film and combine with the protonated hydrogen after the above electron injection to form water, and outside the reduction reaction system (outside the coating film). Removed. By continuing such a process, the conductor film grows with a direction from the substrate toward the film surface.
 図2は、この電子注入による銅の還元層の移動の様子を模式的に示している。還元剤である水素から電子が注入されて基板界面への電子移動が生じ、界面でCuの還元層が形成され、酸素イオン(O2-)の拡散と水の脱離が生じ、還元層が表面方向へ向かって移動する。この現象は、別の見方をすると、上記の還元過程において、CuOを主成分とする塗膜は銅イオン(Cu)の供給源と酸素イオン(O2-)の拡散媒体(一種の固体電解質)として働き、膜/基板界面から膜表面に向かって成長する銅膜は、還元剤から供給された電子とCuイオンとを結びつけるいわば電極として機能すると考えることもできる。すなわち、この過程はCuO膜を「固体メッキ浴」とした銅の析出と成長過程そのものである。一般的に、部分的に酸化された銅膜の還元により導体膜を形成しようとすれば、本来ならば物質収縮が避けられないにもかかわらず、亀裂のない緻密な還元膜が得られるのは、このような還元様式が発現する場合に限られる。
 表面粗度の小さな平滑な面を持つ樹脂フィルムの場合、樹脂フィルム表面の水素や水酸基と還元された銅膜との間での結合により、また酸化物系セラミックの場合、セラミック表面の酸素が還元された銅膜との間での結合により、密着強度の高い銅膜になるものと推察する。
FIG. 2 schematically shows the movement of the copper reduction layer by this electron injection. Electrons are injected from the reducing agent hydrogen to cause electron transfer to the substrate interface, a Cu reducing layer is formed at the interface, oxygen ions (O 2− ) are diffused, and water is desorbed. Move toward the surface. From a different viewpoint, in the reduction process described above, the coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component is a source of copper ions (Cu + ) and a diffusion medium of oxygen ions (O 2− ) (a kind of It can be considered that the copper film that works as a solid electrolyte and grows from the film / substrate interface toward the film surface functions as an electrode that combines electrons supplied from the reducing agent and Cu + ions. In other words, this process is a copper deposition and growth process itself using the Cu 2 O film as a “solid plating bath”. In general, if a conductor film is formed by reduction of a partially oxidized copper film, a dense reduced film without cracks can be obtained even though material shrinkage is unavoidable. Only when such a reduction mode is developed.
In the case of a resin film with a smooth surface with a small surface roughness, oxygen on the surface of the ceramic is reduced due to bonding between hydrogen and hydroxyl groups on the surface of the resin film and the reduced copper film. It is presumed that a copper film with high adhesion strength is formed by bonding with the copper film formed.
 一方、塗膜が電子的な伝導性(導通)を与えない条件、例えば塗膜が(真性半導体ではなく)絶縁性のCuO粒子からなる場合、或いは有機不純物などが残留することによりCuOナノ粒子間の電子的連結が阻害されている場合などには、上記のような、基板側から膜表面に向けた方向性のある還元膜の成長は期待できず、むしろ水素と接する膜表面に近い部分、あるいは水素分子が拡散できる膜中の欠陥サイトでの還元反応(必ずしも電子注入を伴わない)が優先する。この場合、膜の表面近くでまず導体層の形成が起こると、これが物質移動の障害となって、膜全体に還元反応が浸透しない。 On the other hand, when the coating film does not give electronic conductivity (conduction), for example, when the coating film is made of insulating CuO particles (not an intrinsic semiconductor) or when organic impurities remain, Cu 2 O nano When electronic coupling between particles is hindered, growth of a directional reduction film from the substrate side toward the film surface cannot be expected as described above, but rather is close to the film surface in contact with hydrogen. A reduction reaction (not necessarily accompanied by electron injection) at a defect site in a part or in a film where hydrogen molecules can diffuse takes precedence. In this case, when a conductor layer is first formed near the surface of the film, this becomes an obstacle to mass transfer, and the reduction reaction does not penetrate the entire film.
 例外としてこうした場合でも膜全体が還元され、見かけ上は特有の金属銅光沢を有した膜が得られる場合がある。それは、還元前の塗膜が非常に隙間が多く、緻密性に欠けるポーラスであるために、還元剤としての水素分子や還元反応生成物としての水が容易に膜中を拡散できる状況にある場合である。ただし、このような緻密性に欠ける還元膜は、導体としての物質的連続性に乏しいために導電性は発現せず、機械的強度も弱いと同時に、比較的容易に大気中で再酸化を受け、高い導電性を有した導体膜としての機能はそもそも有しない。 As an exception, even in such a case, the entire film may be reduced, and a film having an apparent metallic copper gloss may be obtained. This is because when the film before reduction is porous with very large gaps and lacks compactness, hydrogen molecules as the reducing agent and water as the reduction reaction product can easily diffuse through the film. It is. However, a reduction film lacking such a compactness does not exhibit electrical conductivity because of its poor material continuity as a conductor, and its mechanical strength is weak. At the same time, it undergoes reoxidation in the atmosphere relatively easily. In the first place, it does not have a function as a conductive film having high conductivity.
[ステップSa2-3]導体膜の形成工程(3)(※必要により行う)
-再酸化及び再還元処理-
 塗膜の主成分がCuOという条件を満たし、よって真性半導体に期待される電子的な伝導性が発現する場合においても、実際には上述のような「方向性のある還元反応」が理想的に進行するとは限らず、1回の還元処理のみでは十分高い導電性が得られない場合もある。この場合には、還元後の塗膜を大気中で再加熱することによりCuOまで再酸化して、続いて上記の還元処理を繰り返すことにより、次第に導電性が向上し、導体膜としての物質的連続性と機械的強度も飛躍的に増加する。これは、再酸化の過程において、酸素分子は、導体としてのつながりが不十分な部分と優先的に反応し、その部分を再びCuO相に引き戻すこと、或いは膜全体が、真性半導体の性質を示す、より緻密なCuO膜に変換されるからである。こうして電子的な伝導性が一層向上した膜を再び還元すると、本発明に係る(基材界面から表面方向への)方向性のある還元反応がより完全な形で発現し、物質的・電気的連結の度合い、すなわち導体としての連続性が向上する導体膜となる。もちろんこの工程は最初の還元処理(1)、(2)で十分に緻密な膜が得られた場合には不要である。
[Step Sa2-3] Conductor film formation process (3) (* Perform if necessary)
-Reoxidation and reduction process-
Even in the case where the main component of the coating film satisfies the condition of Cu 2 O, and thus the electronic conductivity expected of an intrinsic semiconductor is expressed, the “directional reduction reaction” as described above is actually ideal. However, the process does not always progress, and a sufficiently high conductivity may not be obtained by only one reduction treatment. In this case, the film after reduction is re-oxidized to Cu 2 O by reheating in the air, and then the above reduction treatment is repeated to gradually improve the conductivity, Material continuity and mechanical strength also increase dramatically. This is because, in the process of reoxidation, oxygen molecules preferentially react with a portion having insufficient connection as a conductor, and the portion is pulled back to the Cu 2 O phase again, or the entire film is an intrinsic semiconductor property. This is because it is converted into a denser Cu 2 O film. When the film having further improved electronic conductivity is reduced again, the directional reduction reaction (from the substrate interface to the surface direction) according to the present invention is manifested in a more complete form. It becomes a conductor film which improves the degree of connection, that is, continuity as a conductor. Of course, this step is unnecessary when a sufficiently dense film is obtained by the first reduction treatments (1) and (2).
-第1の実施形態の効果-
 以上のように、本発明に係る第1の導体膜の製造方法によると、CuOを主成分とする銅ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液を出発物質として調製し(Sa1)、塗布及び乾燥工程(Sa2)、導体膜形成工程(Sa3)を経ることで亀裂のない緻密で低抵抗な銅導体膜が得られる。
-Effect of the first embodiment-
As described above, according to the first conductor film manufacturing method of the present invention, a high-concentration dispersion of copper nanoparticles mainly composed of Cu 2 O is prepared as a starting material (Sa1), and coating and drying steps are performed. A dense and low-resistance copper conductor film free from cracks can be obtained through (Sa2) and the conductor film forming step (Sa3).
(第2の実施形態)
-導体膜の製造方法(その2)-
 第2の実施形態で説明する導体膜の製造方法のうち、全体的なステップについては第1の実施形態と同様であるため図1のフローを援用して説明する。また、ここでも各ステップの概要を要約して説明し、各ステップの具体例を含む詳細については実施例として後述する。
(Second Embodiment)
-Manufacturing method of conductor film (Part 2)-
In the conductor film manufacturing method described in the second embodiment, the overall steps are the same as those in the first embodiment, and therefore the description will be made with the aid of the flow of FIG. Here, the outline of each step is also summarized and described, and details including specific examples of each step will be described later as examples.
[ステップSb1]Cuを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液の調製
 本発明の第2の導体膜の製造方法も、銅系ナノ粒子の酸化状態の厳密な制御を行う点は上述の第1の製造方法同様であるが、高濃度分散液の状態ではCuを出発物質とし、塗膜形成後にCuOを主成分とする塗膜が得られるような処理を行う点が異なる。
[Step Sb1] Preparation of High Concentration Dispersion of Copper-Based Nanoparticles with Cu as Main Component The second conductor film manufacturing method of the present invention also has the above-described point that the oxidation state of copper-based nanoparticles is strictly controlled. The first manufacturing method is the same as that of the first manufacturing method except that Cu is used as a starting material in the state of a high-concentration dispersion, and processing is performed to obtain a coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component after the coating film is formed.
 まず、Cuナノ粒子を有機溶媒に分散させ、分散液を調製する。必要により、所定の濃度が得られるまで高濃度化を行う。なお、この状態で分散液を大気中に放置等すれば酸化されCuOに変化するが、ここでは酸化状態が未酸化のCuの状態で、直ちに次のステップSb2を行う。 First, Cu nanoparticles are dispersed in an organic solvent to prepare a dispersion. If necessary, the concentration is increased until a predetermined concentration is obtained. In this state, if the dispersion is left in the atmosphere, it is oxidized and changed to Cu 2 O. Here, however, the next step Sb2 is performed immediately with the oxidized state being unoxidized Cu.
[ステップSb2]塗布及び乾燥工程
 ステップSa1で得られた銅系ナノ粒子分散液を基材上に塗布し、その後乾燥させて塗膜を得る工程である。上述のステップSa2とは異なり、基材上に塗布した銅系ナノ粒子分散液の塗膜が、Cuナノ粒子で構成されるようにする。
[Step Sb2] Coating and drying step In this step, the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion obtained in step Sa1 is coated on a substrate and then dried to obtain a coating film. Unlike step Sa2 described above, the coating film of the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion applied on the substrate is made of Cu nanoparticles.
 すなわち、銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液を基材上に塗布し、乾燥した段階で、銅系ナノ粒子の表面層の成分は、実質的にCuのみで構成されている。ただし、分散液の状態で意図的に酸化を進行させないという意味に止まり、一部酸化が進行していることは差し支えない。 That is, the component of the surface layer of the copper-based nanoparticle is substantially composed only of Cu at the stage where the high-concentration dispersion liquid of the copper-based nanoparticle is applied onto the substrate and dried. However, this means that the oxidation does not proceed intentionally in the state of the dispersion, and there is no problem that the oxidation has partially progressed.
[ステップSb3-1]導体膜の形成工程(1)
-事前酸化処理-
 ステップSb2で得られた塗膜は純銅(但し、焼結等の処理を行っていないため緻密な膜ではない)であり、この状態で直ちに還元処理を行っても、還元は表面近傍から起こり、塗膜全体に浸透せず、すぐに反応が停止する。そこで、ステップSa3-1同様、Cuでを主成分とする塗膜を大気中で200℃以下の温度で加熱することで塗膜全体を酸化してCuOを得る。なお、この加熱時間は10分程度でよい。
[Step Sb3-1] Conductive film formation step (1)
-Pre-oxidation treatment-
The coating film obtained in step Sb2 is pure copper (however, it is not a dense film because it has not been subjected to a treatment such as sintering). Even if the reduction treatment is performed immediately in this state, the reduction occurs from the vicinity of the surface, The reaction stops immediately without penetrating the entire coating. Therefore, as in step Sa3-1, the coating film mainly composed of Cu is heated in the atmosphere at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower to oxidize the entire coating film to obtain Cu 2 O. The heating time may be about 10 minutes.
[ステップSb3-2]導体膜の形成工程(2)及び[ステップSb3-3]導体膜の形成工程(3)は、それぞれ、上述の[ステップSa3-2]及び[ステップSa3-3]と同様であるため、説明を援用することとして省略する。 [Step Sb3-2] Conductor film formation step (2) and [Step Sb3-3] Conductor film formation step (3) are the same as [Step Sa3-2] and [Step Sa3-3] described above, respectively. Therefore, it is omitted as the description is incorporated.
-第2の実施形態の効果-
 以上のように、本発明に係る第2の導体膜の製造方法によると、Cuを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液を出発物質として調製し(Sa1)、塗布及び乾燥工程(Sa2)、導体膜形成工程(Sa3)を経ることで亀裂のない緻密で低抵抗な銅導体膜が得られる。
-Effect of the second embodiment-
As described above, according to the second conductor film manufacturing method of the present invention, a high concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles mainly composed of Cu is prepared as a starting material (Sa1), and coating and drying steps ( A dense and low resistance copper conductor film free from cracks can be obtained through the Sa2) and conductor film forming step (Sa3).
 以下、第1及び第2の実施形態の具体例について、実施例を用いて説明する。 Hereinafter, specific examples of the first and second embodiments will be described using examples.
-銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液の調製-
 原料銅化合物粉として、CuO粉末(BET比表面積=13m/g)を作製、使用し、公知のパルスレーザー法(例えば、特許文献4参照)を用いて、ごく標準的な条件で銅系ナノ粒子のアセトン分散液を調製した。
-Preparation of high concentration dispersion of copper nanoparticles-
A CuO powder (BET specific surface area = 13 m 2 / g) was prepared and used as a raw material copper compound powder, and a copper-based nano-particle was formed under very standard conditions using a known pulse laser method (for example, see Patent Document 4). An acetone dispersion of particles was prepared.
 なお、特許文献4に記載されている方法との差は、生成する銅系ナノ粒子の酸化特性の違いである。すなわち、本発明における出発物質である銅系ナノ粒子は、特許文献4等に記載のコア/シェル構造に限定されず、むしろ、その分散液の塗布から得られる塗膜が最終的にCuOを主成分とすることが最大の特徴である。このような特徴を有する銅系ナノ粒子をレーザー法で調製する場合、選択できる原料の銅化合物粉はもはや任意ではない。上述した比表面積の大きなCuO微粉末は、この目的に適う原料銅化合物の一つである。 In addition, the difference with the method described in patent document 4 is a difference in the oxidation characteristic of the copper-type nanoparticle to produce | generate. That is, the copper-based nanoparticles that are the starting material in the present invention are not limited to the core / shell structure described in Patent Document 4 or the like, but rather, the coating film obtained by applying the dispersion is finally Cu 2 O. The main feature is that the main component is. When copper-based nanoparticles having such characteristics are prepared by a laser method, the raw material copper compound powder that can be selected is no longer arbitrary. The CuO fine powder having a large specific surface area described above is one of the raw material copper compounds suitable for this purpose.
 こうした条件のもとで調製した銅系ナノ粒子分散液の酸化状態は、1価の状態であるCuOで実質的に停止し、その後長期(数ヶ月以上)に放置しても、ナノ粒子の表面層(厚さにして0.2~2nm)のみにCuOが有意に成長して停止する。こうした組成と構造を有するため、上記銅系ナノ粒子分散液は微粒子濃度を高濃度にしても分散状態を維持することができるものである。 The oxidation state of the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion prepared under such conditions is substantially stopped by Cu 2 O, which is a monovalent state, and then left for a long period (several months or longer). CuO significantly grows only on the surface layer (thickness of 0.2 to 2 nm) and stops. Since it has such a composition and structure, the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion can maintain a dispersed state even when the concentration of fine particles is high.
 このように、ナノ粒子が選択的に、かつ容易にCuOまで酸化され、そこで酸化反応が停止するという性質を有する銅系ナノ粒子分散液を第1の試料とする。また、第2の試料として、パルスレーザー光を照射して作製し、Cuに維持したままのナノ粒子分散液を調製する。なお、第1の試料は上述した第1の実施形態における実施例に相当し、第2の試料は上述した第2の実施形態における実施例に相当する。 In this way, a copper-based nanoparticle dispersion having the property that the nanoparticles are selectively and easily oxidized to Cu 2 O and the oxidation reaction stops there is used as the first sample. Moreover, as a 2nd sample, it produces by irradiating a pulse laser beam, and prepares the nanoparticle dispersion liquid with Cu maintained. The first sample corresponds to the example in the above-described first embodiment, and the second sample corresponds to the example in the above-described second embodiment.
 このときの微粒子は、酸化の進行度合により、ほぼ完全にCuO相をもつに至ったナノ粒子、或いは中心部にCu相が残存し、表面部がCuO相のコア/シェル構造をもつナノ粒子、或いは両者の混合したナノ粒子のいずれかとなる。すなわち、分散液中に含まれる銅系ナノ粒子の組成は、表面層を除いては、いずれの場合にもCuOを含まない銅系ナノ粒子であることが、重要である。 The fine particles at this time may be nanoparticles that have almost completely had a Cu 2 O phase due to the progress of oxidation, or a Cu / O structure with a Cu 2 O phase on the surface and a Cu phase remaining in the center. Nanoparticle or a mixture of both. That is, it is important that the composition of the copper-based nanoparticles contained in the dispersion is copper-based nanoparticles that do not contain CuO in any case except for the surface layer.
 なお、上述のとおり公知のパルスレーザー法に基づいて調製した銅系ナノ粒子分散液を用いているが、本発明を実施する上で最も重要なことは、出発物質としての分散液よりもむしろ、基材上に塗布乾燥した後、加熱還元工程の前の段階で、塗膜がCuOを主成分とし、大気中200℃以下の加熱温度で、真性半導体膜として10Ω・m以下の比抵抗を示すということである。この特徴を有するものであれば、その製造法はレーザー法には限定されない。  Although the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion prepared based on the known pulse laser method as described above is used, the most important thing in carrying out the present invention is rather than the dispersion as a starting material, After coating and drying on the substrate, in the stage before the heat reduction process, the coating film is mainly composed of Cu 2 O, and the specific resistance is 10 Ω · m or less as an intrinsic semiconductor film at a heating temperature of 200 ° C. or less in the atmosphere. It is to show. If it has this characteristic, the manufacturing method is not limited to the laser method.
 レーザー法を用いる場合、得られる銅系ナノ粒子の物性は、原料となる金属化合物の種類、金属化合物の粒子径、金属化合物の量、有機溶剤の種類、レーザー光の波長、レーザー光の出力、レーザー光の照射時間、温度、金属化合物の攪拌状態、有機溶剤中に導入するバブリングガスの種類とその量、添加物などの諸条件を適宜選択することによって制御できる。その場合の銅系ナノ粒子の原料である銅化合物としては、CuO、CuO、或いはCu(OH)が挙げられる。これらを単独で用いても、複数種用いても良い。銅化合物の量は特に制限されない。原料である銅化合物を分散させる有機溶剤には還元性を示さない有機溶剤であるアセトン等のケトン系溶剤を用いることが望ましい。原料の大きさは重要である。同じエネルギー密度のレーザー光を照射する場合でも、原料の銅化合物粉体の粒径が小さいほど粒径の小さな銅系ナノ粒子が効率よく得られる。 When using the laser method, the physical properties of the obtained copper-based nanoparticles include the type of metal compound used as the raw material, the particle size of the metal compound, the amount of the metal compound, the type of organic solvent, the wavelength of the laser beam, the output of the laser beam, It can be controlled by appropriately selecting various conditions such as laser light irradiation time, temperature, stirring state of the metal compound, the type and amount of bubbling gas introduced into the organic solvent, and additives. In this case, CuO, Cu 2 O, or Cu (OH) 2 can be cited as a copper compound that is a raw material for the copper-based nanoparticles. These may be used alone or in combination. The amount of the copper compound is not particularly limited. It is desirable to use a ketone solvent such as acetone, which is an organic solvent that does not exhibit reducing properties, as the organic solvent in which the copper compound as a raw material is dispersed. The size of the raw material is important. Even when the laser beam having the same energy density is irradiated, the smaller the particle size of the raw material copper compound powder, the more efficiently the copper-based nanoparticles having a smaller particle size can be obtained.
 レーザー光は、Nd:YAGレーザー、エキシマレーザー、半導体レーザー、色素レーザーなどを用いることができる。また、高エネルギーのレーザーを同じ条件で多くの銅化合物に照射するためにはパルス照射が望ましい。レーザーの波長に制限はないが、銅系ナノ粒子の生成効率が高くなる波長を用いるのが望ましく、その波長は原料の銅化合物の種類により異なる。生成効率は、銅化合物の吸収係数がなるべく大きくなるような波長とすることが望ましく、ナノサイズの銅ナノ粒子の結晶成長を抑制するためには、熱線としての効果が低い短波長のレーザー光を使用することが望ましい。例えば、銅ナノ粒子の生成効率を考慮すると、レーザーの出力は高い方が望ましく、3600J以下(200mJ/pulse以下、パルス幅10ns、10Hz、ビーム径10mm)のレーザー光を照射しても銅ナノ粒子を得ることができない。8000J以上(440mJ/pulse以上、パルス幅10ns、10Hz、ビーム径10mm)のレーザー光を照射する場合、レーザーの照射時間に制限はないが、照射時間が長いほど銅ナノ粒子の生成量は多くなる。 As the laser light, an Nd: YAG laser, excimer laser, semiconductor laser, dye laser, or the like can be used. In addition, pulse irradiation is desirable for irradiating many copper compounds with a high-energy laser under the same conditions. Although there is no restriction | limiting in the wavelength of a laser, It is desirable to use the wavelength from which the production | generation efficiency of a copper-type nanoparticle becomes high, The wavelength changes with kinds of the copper compound of a raw material. It is desirable that the generation efficiency be a wavelength at which the absorption coefficient of the copper compound is as large as possible. In order to suppress crystal growth of nano-sized copper nanoparticles, a short-wavelength laser beam having a low effect as a heat ray is used. It is desirable to use it. For example, considering the production efficiency of copper nanoparticles, it is desirable that the laser output be higher, even if it is irradiated with laser light of 3600 J or less (200 mJ / pulse or less, pulse width 10 ns, 10 Hz, beam diameter 10 mm). Can't get. When irradiating a laser beam of 8000 J or more (440 mJ / pulse or more, pulse width 10 ns, 10 Hz, beam diameter 10 mm), the laser irradiation time is not limited, but the generation amount of copper nanoparticles increases as the irradiation time increases. .
 第1の試料の分散液濃度は調製直後において約0.4mass%であった。
 図5は、この分散液の吸収スペクトルを、室温下、大気との接触条件で、時間とともに変化する様子を追跡した結果を示している。調製直後には、図4(a)の理論スペクトルと合致するCuナノ粒子(粒径50nm以下)に帰属されるスペクトル(波長570nm付近にCuナノ粒子の表面プラズモンピークが現れる)が得られた。その後時間とともにスペクトルは大きく変化し、約1日経過した後にはプラズモンピークはごく小さくなり、図4 (b)のCuOナノ粒子のそれに近いスペクトルに変化した。さらに数日の後には、Cuのプラズモンピークはほぼ消失し、ナノ粒子の組成は、ほぼ完全にCuOとなった。
The dispersion concentration of the first sample was about 0.4 mass% immediately after preparation.
FIG. 5 shows the result of tracing the change of the absorption spectrum of this dispersion with time under the contact condition with the atmosphere at room temperature. Immediately after the preparation, a spectrum (a surface plasmon peak of Cu nanoparticles appears in the vicinity of a wavelength of 570 nm) attributed to Cu nanoparticles (particle size of 50 nm or less) consistent with the theoretical spectrum of FIG. After that, the spectrum changed greatly with time, and after about 1 day, the plasmon peak became very small and changed to a spectrum close to that of the Cu 2 O nanoparticles in FIG. Further, after several days, the plasmon peak of Cu almost disappeared, and the composition of the nanoparticles became almost completely Cu 2 O.
 生成した銅系ナノ粒子は、アセトン溶剤中に分散した状態で得られるが、後に溶媒置換などの方法を用いることにより、製造時の有機溶剤とは異なる分散媒に分散した銅系ナノ粒子に調整することもできる。有機溶剤は、この濃縮を目的とする加熱工程における反応の制御、さらに銅系ナノ粒子を、界面活性剤などの添加に依らず安定に分散させる役割を果たすため、特に重要である。分散液の加熱工程は通常100℃以上の温度を必要とするため、有機溶剤の沸点はできるだけ高いことが望ましい。一方で、分散した銅系ナノ粒子を塗布乾燥して利用する場合、有機溶剤の揮発を促すためには、過剰に高い沸点は望ましくない。 The produced copper-based nanoparticles are obtained in a state dispersed in an acetone solvent, but are adjusted to copper-based nanoparticles dispersed in a dispersion medium different from the organic solvent at the time of manufacture by using a method such as solvent replacement later. You can also The organic solvent is particularly important because it serves to control the reaction in the heating step for the purpose of concentration and to stably disperse the copper-based nanoparticles regardless of the addition of a surfactant or the like. Since the heating step of the dispersion usually requires a temperature of 100 ° C. or higher, it is desirable that the boiling point of the organic solvent is as high as possible. On the other hand, when the dispersed copper-based nanoparticles are used after being applied and dried, an excessively high boiling point is not desirable in order to promote volatilization of the organic solvent.
 応用面からは、銅系ナノ粒子に特別な界面活性剤などで保護層を設ける必要がないので、電子回路等に利用する際に容易に銅に還元されることから望ましい。このような要求を満たす分散媒としての有機溶剤には、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、γ-ブチロラクトン、シクロヘキサノンなどのケトン系溶剤(カルボニル化合物)を使用することが好ましいが、ジメチルアセトアミド、N-メチルピロリドン、プロピレングリコールモノエチルエーテルなどの極性溶剤やトルエン、テトラデカンなどの炭化水素系溶剤も用いることができる。銅化合物を分散させた有機溶剤の温度は特に制限されないが、実用上、レーザー光を照射中の液温としては、150℃以下、特に50℃以下にするのが望ましい。 In terms of application, it is not necessary to provide a protective layer on the copper-based nanoparticles with a special surfactant or the like, and therefore it is desirable because it is easily reduced to copper when used in an electronic circuit or the like. As the organic solvent as a dispersion medium satisfying such requirements, ketone solvents (carbonyl compounds) such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, γ-butyrolactone, and cyclohexanone are preferably used, but dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, propylene Polar solvents such as glycol monoethyl ether and hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene and tetradecane can also be used. The temperature of the organic solvent in which the copper compound is dispersed is not particularly limited, but it is practically desirable that the liquid temperature during irradiation with laser light be 150 ° C. or lower, particularly 50 ° C. or lower.
 これらの観点から、総合的に最も望ましい有機溶剤は、ケトン類に属するγ-ブチロラクトン(沸点203℃)で、幅広い加熱温度に対応できる。その他、ジアセトンアルコール(沸点168℃)、シクロヘキサンノン(沸点156℃)などのケトン類、あるいはテトラデカンなどの高沸点アルカンである。 銅系ナノ粒子がCuOを含まないという条件を保ちながら高濃度化を行う場合、加熱工程における有機溶剤内部の雰囲気は非酸化性雰囲気に保つ必要がある。これには、窒素やアルゴンなどの不活性ガスのバブリング、あるいは還元性の水素ガスのバブリングを利用できる。また加熱工程中に、有機溶剤中の水分の除去、大気中の水分を容器溶剤に取り込まないためにも、上記ガスを乾燥してバブリングすることで効果が高まり、望ましい。ただし、沸点以上の温度に加熱することに代えて、分散溶媒の沸点以下の温度で減圧下にこの溶媒を留去してもよい。 From these viewpoints, the most desirable organic solvent overall is γ-butyrolactone (boiling point 203 ° C.) belonging to ketones, which can cope with a wide range of heating temperatures. In addition, ketones such as diacetone alcohol (boiling point 168 ° C.) and cyclohexaneone (boiling point 156 ° C.), or high-boiling point alkanes such as tetradecane. When the concentration is increased while maintaining the condition that the copper-based nanoparticles do not contain CuO, the atmosphere inside the organic solvent in the heating step needs to be maintained in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. For this purpose, bubbling of an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon or bubbling of reducing hydrogen gas can be used. Also, in order to remove moisture in the organic solvent and not take moisture in the atmosphere into the container solvent during the heating process, drying and bubbling the gas is preferable because the effect is enhanced. However, instead of heating to a temperature above the boiling point, the solvent may be distilled off under reduced pressure at a temperature below the boiling point of the dispersion solvent.
 出発物質として、Cuナノ粒子の分散液を用いる場合は、予め酸化状態がCuOに至るまで酸化反応を進行させておく必要があるが、高濃度に調製したCuナノ粒子を室温下で大気中で長期間(例えば約1日程度)放置するとCuOを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液が得られる。 When using a dispersion of Cu nanoparticles as a starting material, it is necessary to advance the oxidation reaction until the oxidation state reaches Cu 2 O in advance. When left for a long time (for example, about 1 day), a high-concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles mainly composed of Cu 2 O can be obtained.
 なお、特許文献4には、同レーザー法で調製したCuナノ粒子が酸化物シェルで保護され、これにより、分散性(耐凝集性)のみならず、大気中での酸化に対する安定性が向上することが記載されているが、本発明に係る銅系ナノ粒子は、その後長期間大気中に放置することでCuOの分散液を調製しており、調製される銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液の最終状態は、中心部が銅で表皮部が酸化銅という意味でのコア/シェル構造ではなく、粒子全体が(すなわち中心部まで)CuOである点で相違する。 In Patent Document 4, Cu nanoparticles prepared by the laser method are protected by an oxide shell, which improves not only dispersibility (aggregation resistance) but also stability against oxidation in the atmosphere. However, the copper-based nanoparticles according to the present invention have been prepared by preparing a dispersion of Cu 2 O by leaving it in the atmosphere for a long period of time, and a high concentration of the prepared copper-based nanoparticles. The final state of the dispersion is different in that it is not a core / shell structure in the sense that the center is copper and the skin is copper oxide, but the entire particle is Cu 2 O (ie up to the center).
 また、この分散液はレーザー光照射中は攪拌されていることが望ましい。攪拌方法はマグネチックスターラや攪拌羽根等の一般的な方法が用いられる。また、照射効率を下げないために、できる限り気泡を発生させずに攪拌するのが望ましい。さらに、分散液を循環させることにより、原料である銅化合物が繰り返しレーザー光の照射を受けることもできる。最終工程で遠心分離操作などにより沈降成分を取り除くことで、原料粉と銅系ナノ粒子を分離することができる。 Further, it is desirable that this dispersion is stirred during the laser beam irradiation. As a stirring method, a general method such as a magnetic stirrer or a stirring blade is used. In order not to lower the irradiation efficiency, it is desirable to stir without generating bubbles as much as possible. Furthermore, by circulating the dispersion, the copper compound as a raw material can be repeatedly irradiated with laser light. By removing the sediment component by a centrifugal operation or the like in the final step, the raw material powder and the copper-based nanoparticles can be separated.
-塗布及び乾燥工程-
 次に、調製した銅系ナノ粒子のアセトン分散液について、長時間酸化を経たものをガラス基板上に塗布し、その後乾燥する。塗布方法は特に限定されるものではなく、例えばスピン塗布法、スリット塗布法、凸版印刷法、凹版印刷法、スクリーン印刷法、インクジェット塗布法、ディスペンサー塗布法など、膜厚や形成するパターンに応じて最適な塗布法を選択することにより、任意の膜厚でパターンを描画することができる。また、基板はガラス基板に限られず、ポリイミド樹脂やセラミック基板、金属基板などを用いても良い。
-Application and drying process-
Next, what prepared the acetone dispersion liquid of the copper-type nanoparticle which passed through oxidation for a long time is apply | coated on a glass substrate, and is dried after that. The coating method is not particularly limited, and for example, spin coating method, slit coating method, letterpress printing method, intaglio printing method, screen printing method, ink jet coating method, dispenser coating method, etc. By selecting an optimum coating method, a pattern can be drawn with an arbitrary film thickness. The substrate is not limited to a glass substrate, and a polyimide resin, a ceramic substrate, a metal substrate, or the like may be used.
 次に、乾燥した塗膜についてXPSにより表面分析を行い、分散液中に含まれるナノ粒子の酸化状態の経時変化を調べた。また、比較のため、その調製直後のものについても測定した。
 図6はその結果を示す一連のXPSスペクトル(Cu2p内殻スペクトルとCuオージェスペクトル)である。
Next, surface analysis was performed on the dried coating film by XPS, and changes with time in the oxidation state of the nanoparticles contained in the dispersion were examined. For comparison, the measurement was also performed on the product immediately after its preparation.
FIG. 6 is a series of XPS spectra (Cu2p core spectrum and Cu Auger spectrum) showing the results.
 図6の結果から、調製後数日を経過する間に、ゼロ価のCuはほぼ完全にCuOに酸化されること、またこの間、CuOは殆ど存在しないことがわかる。1週間以上経過した試料では、二価の銅酸化物のピークがはっきりと認められるようになるが、その強度は相対的に小さいものに止まる。XPSの原理によれば、このとき見られる二価の銅酸化物のシグナルは、ナノ粒子の表面層(厚み0.2~2nm)に由来する。すなわち、数週間以上大気と接触したにもかかわらず、銅系ナノ粒子の構造は、粒子内部がほぼ完全にCuOの状態が維持され、その表面層の一部がCuOまで酸化されているにとどまっている。なお、その後の実験でも、このような構造は数ヶ月以上持続することが確認された。 From the results of FIG. 6, it can be seen that zero-valent Cu is almost completely oxidized to Cu 2 O during several days after preparation, and that CuO is hardly present during this period. In a sample that has passed for one week or more, a peak of a divalent copper oxide is clearly recognized, but the intensity is relatively small. According to the XPS principle, the divalent copper oxide signal observed at this time is derived from the surface layer (thickness 0.2 to 2 nm) of the nanoparticles. In other words, despite the contact with the atmosphere for several weeks or more, the structure of the copper-based nanoparticles is almost completely maintained in the state of Cu 2 O inside the particles, and a part of the surface layer is oxidized to CuO. Stays on. In subsequent experiments, it was confirmed that such a structure could last for several months.
 図7(a)~(c)は調製直後の銅系ナノ粒子分散液の解析結果を示している。(a)は直後のほとんど酸化が進んでいない銅系ナノ粒子のTEM像、(b)はその粒径分布、(c)は電子線回折像を、それぞれ示している。
 図8(a)~(c)は調製直後から室温・大気下において数日以上の酸化を経た銅系ナノ粒子分散液の解析結果を示している。
7A to 7C show the analysis results of the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion immediately after preparation. (A) shows a TEM image of the copper-based nanoparticle that has hardly undergone oxidation immediately after, (b) shows its particle size distribution, and (c) shows an electron diffraction image.
FIGS. 8A to 8C show the analysis results of the copper-based nanoparticle dispersion liquid that has undergone oxidation for several days or more immediately after preparation at room temperature and in the atmosphere.
 図7(a)に示すように、調製直後の、ほとんど未酸化状態のナノ粒子の形状は球形に近く、図7(b)に示すような粒径分布を有する。平均的な粒径は11nmである。また、生成直後のナノ粒子の組成が純銅に近いことは、図7(c)に示した電子線回折像からも裏付けられる。一方、十分長期間、大気酸化を経たナノ粒子の形状は、図8(a)に示すように、大なり小なり不規則化したが、おおよその粒径分布や平均的な粒径(9nm)は、図8(b)に示すように、調製直後のものと類似したものとなった。さらに、図8(c)の電子線回折像から、この段階のナノ粒子の組成が限りなくCuOに近いことが再び証明された。 As shown in FIG. 7 (a), the shape of the almost unoxidized nanoparticles immediately after preparation is almost spherical, and has a particle size distribution as shown in FIG. 7 (b). The average particle size is 11 nm. Moreover, it is supported also from the electron beam diffraction image shown in FIG.7 (c) that the composition of the nanoparticle immediately after production | generation is close to pure copper. On the other hand, the shape of the nanoparticles subjected to atmospheric oxidation for a sufficiently long period of time was irregular as shown in FIG. 8 (a). However, the approximate particle size distribution and average particle size (9 nm) As shown in FIG. 8 (b), it became similar to that immediately after preparation. Further, the electron beam diffraction image of FIG. 8 (c), it is the composition of the nanoparticles at this stage close to Cu 2 O as possible was demonstrated again.
-導体膜の形成工程(1)-
(装置構成)
 図3は、本発明の導体膜の形成工程で使用する水素還元や大気酸化の処理装置の一例を示す構成図である。ヒーター1は、基材2を載置する支持台であり、室温から250℃まで上昇させることができる。基材2の上に、公知の塗布法によって塗膜3が形成され、これによって任意の導体膜のパターンが形成される。装置内には水素ガスと窒素ガスと大気の3系統のガスを反応室内に導入するための導入弁4,6,8及び流量計5,7,9がそれぞれ設けられている。また、ガス排出系統は1系統であり、反応室からガス排出弁10を介してガスが排出される。
-Conductive film formation process (1)-
(Device configuration)
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an example of a hydrogen reduction or atmospheric oxidation treatment apparatus used in the conductor film formation process of the present invention. The heater 1 is a support table on which the substrate 2 is placed, and can be raised from room temperature to 250 ° C. A coating film 3 is formed on the substrate 2 by a known coating method, whereby an arbitrary conductor film pattern is formed. In the apparatus, there are provided introduction valves 4, 6, 8 and flow meters 5, 7, 9 for introducing three gas systems of hydrogen gas, nitrogen gas, and air into the reaction chamber. Further, there is one gas discharge system, and gas is discharged from the reaction chamber via the gas discharge valve 10.
 上記のごとく、銅系ナノ粒子は、分散媒中における長期の酸化により、選択的にCuOナノ粒子に変換され、CuOを主成分とするその塗膜は、大気中、200℃以下の加熱により、真性半導体としての電子的な伝導性を発現する。 As described above, the copper-based nanoparticles are selectively converted into Cu 2 O nanoparticles by long-term oxidation in the dispersion medium, and the coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component is 200 ° C. or less in the atmosphere. As a result of the heating, electronic conductivity as an intrinsic semiconductor is exhibited.
 ただし、CuOを主成分とする塗膜を基材上に形成する方法は、この手法に限定されない。すなわち、本発明に係る、レーザー法で形成した銅系ナノ粒子の他の方法は、形成直後のほとんど未酸化の状態で基板上に塗布された塗膜の状態において、200℃以下の大気中加熱(時間は10分程度)による方法もある。このような方法によってもCuOを主成分とする塗膜が得られる。 However, the method of forming a coating film mainly composed of Cu 2 O on the substrate is not limited to this method. In other words, according to the present invention, another method of copper-based nanoparticles formed by a laser method is the heating in the atmosphere of 200 ° C. or lower in the state of a coating applied on a substrate in an almost unoxidized state immediately after formation. There is also a method based on (time is about 10 minutes). Also by such a method, a coating film containing Cu 2 O as a main component can be obtained.
 図9は、加熱前後の塗膜の吸収スペクトルであり、この組成変換を示すと同時に加熱温度の影響も示している。150℃の加熱により、プラズモンバンドはほぼ消失し、CuOに帰属できるスペクトルが得られたことを示す。 FIG. 9 shows the absorption spectra of the coating film before and after heating, showing this composition conversion and also the influence of the heating temperature. By heating at 150 ° C., the plasmon band almost disappeared, indicating that a spectrum attributable to Cu 2 O was obtained.
 本発明に係る銅系ナノ粒子の塗膜がもっぱらCuOを主成分とすることは、温度の増加とともに電子的な伝導性が発現するかどうかを判定することによっても検証することができる。これは、CuOが真性半導体であるという性質に基づいている。図2に模式的に示した還元様式の発現は、この電子的な伝導性が得られた状態であることを前提としている。このような電子的な伝導性(導通状態)の発現を確かめるために、ホットプレート上に置いた塗膜(平均膜厚数百nm)の抵抗値を、加熱温度の関数として測定した。その結果、約150℃の温度で、表面抵抗は数十MΩとなり、約200℃では数MΩ以下までさらに抵抗値が減少した。これらはそれぞれ比抵抗に換算して、数Ω・m、およびその10分の1以下に相当するものであり、真性半導体としての性質が電気的特性の評価によっても検証された。 That the copper-based nanoparticle coating film according to the present invention is mainly composed of Cu 2 O can also be verified by determining whether or not electronic conductivity develops with increasing temperature. This is based on the property that Cu 2 O is an intrinsic semiconductor. The expression of the reduction mode schematically shown in FIG. 2 is based on the premise that this electronic conductivity is obtained. In order to confirm the expression of such electronic conductivity (conducting state), the resistance value of the coating film (average film thickness of several hundred nm) placed on the hot plate was measured as a function of the heating temperature. As a result, the surface resistance became several tens of MΩ at a temperature of about 150 ° C., and the resistance value further decreased to several MΩ or less at about 200 ° C. Each of these corresponds to a specific resistance of several Ω · m and one-tenth or less, and the properties as an intrinsic semiconductor were also verified by evaluation of electrical characteristics.
-導体膜の形成工程(2)-
 このようにして、真性半導体としての電子的導通が確認された塗膜を、同温度において、今度は大気圧の水素気流中に置き、塗膜の還元状態の変化を調べた。このとき、基板には透明ガラスを使用し、二つの試料の一方を裏返しに置き、基板のガラスを通して、塗膜/基板界面の反射色の変化も同時に観察した。その結果、例えば約180℃の処理温度において、数分以内に、塗膜表面よりも塗膜/基板界面の方で先に、還元された銅に由来する光沢が表れ、さらに数分間還元処理を続けることにより、塗膜全体が還元された。これにより、図2に示した還元様式の発現が確かめられた。
-Conductive film formation process (2)-
Thus, the coating film in which electronic conduction as an intrinsic semiconductor was confirmed was placed in a hydrogen stream at atmospheric pressure at the same temperature, and the change in the reduction state of the coating film was examined. At this time, transparent glass was used for the substrate, and one of the two samples was placed upside down, and the change in the reflected color at the coating film / substrate interface was also observed simultaneously through the glass of the substrate. As a result, for example, at a processing temperature of about 180 ° C., within several minutes, the gloss derived from the reduced copper appears at the coating film / substrate interface earlier than the coating film surface, and the reduction treatment is further performed for several minutes. By continuing, the whole coating film was reduced. Thereby, the expression of the reduction mode shown in FIG. 2 was confirmed.
-導体膜の形成工程(3)-
 ただし、この1回の還元処理で得られる銅膜の比抵抗は、必ずしも目的とするレベル(10×10-8Ω・m以下)には到達しなかった。そこで、同還元膜を再び大気中で加熱・再酸化した後に、同様な還元処理を繰り返したところ、その繰り返しにより、次第に導電性が向上し、よりバルク銅に近い、目的とするレベルの比抵抗を示す高導電性銅膜が得られることがわかった。一例として、加熱温度を180℃、水素還元および再酸化の時間をそれぞれ5分間とした場合の、上記の繰り返しの回数と到達比抵抗の関係は、以下の表1に示すようになった。
-Conductor film formation process (3)-
However, the specific resistance of the copper film obtained by this one reduction treatment did not necessarily reach the target level (10 × 10 −8 Ω · m or less). Therefore, the same reduction treatment was repeated after the reduced film was heated and re-oxidized in the air again. As a result, the conductivity gradually improved, and the specific resistance of the target level closer to that of bulk copper was obtained. It was found that a highly conductive copper film showing As an example, when the heating temperature is 180 ° C., the hydrogen reduction time and the reoxidation time are each 5 minutes, the relationship between the number of repetitions described above and the ultimate specific resistance is as shown in Table 1 below.
[表1]
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-I000001
[Table 1]
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-I000001
 目的とする比抵抗に到達するために必要な還元/再酸化工程の繰返し回数は、特に再酸化の時間の延長により減少し、例えば2回目の還元で、目的とする比抵抗を達成することができた。また、上記繰り返しにより、最終的に到達できる比抵抗は、処理温度の関数として以下の表2に示すとおりとなった。これにより、目的とする10×10-8Ω・m以下の比抵抗は、160℃の処理でも得られることがわかった。
 更に、バルクの銅の比抵抗である1.7×10-8Ω・m(室温)に近づけるため、還元処理の温度を220℃とすると比抵抗は3.0×10-8Ω・mとなり、還元処理の温度を250℃とすると比抵抗は2.2×10-8Ω・mとなった。特に、250℃で処理して得られた比抵抗はバルク銅の比抵抗に対して1.5倍以下という低い比抵抗値を達成しており、このことから、少なくとも相対密度95%以上の高密度の銅膜が得られたと推察できる。
The number of repetitions of the reduction / reoxidation step necessary to reach the target specific resistance is reduced especially by extending the reoxidation time. For example, the second specific reduction can achieve the target specific resistance. did it. In addition, the specific resistance finally reached by the above repetition was as shown in Table 2 below as a function of the processing temperature. As a result, it was found that the target specific resistance of 10 × 10 −8 Ω · m or less can be obtained even at 160 ° C.
Furthermore, in order to approach the specific resistance of bulk copper, which is 1.7 × 10 −8 Ω · m (room temperature), the specific resistance becomes 3.0 × 10 −8 Ω · m when the reduction treatment temperature is 220 ° C. When the reduction treatment temperature was 250 ° C., the specific resistance was 2.2 × 10 −8 Ω · m. In particular, the specific resistance obtained by processing at 250 ° C. has achieved a specific resistance value as low as 1.5 times or less than that of bulk copper. It can be inferred that a dense copper film was obtained.
[表2]
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-I000002
[Table 2]
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-I000002
-結晶性評価-
 還元前後の各塗膜についてXRDを行った結果を、図10に示す。還元前の塗膜は、CuOであり、水素雰囲気下で加熱処理した後の塗膜はCuであった。また、剥離試験として、この還元膜にテープを貼り、引き剥がしても還元膜のはがれが無く、実用的な密着強度を有していることを確認できた。
-Crystallinity evaluation-
The result of having performed XRD about each coating film before and behind reduction is shown in FIG. The coating film before reduction was Cu 2 O, and the coating film after the heat treatment in a hydrogen atmosphere was Cu. Further, as a peel test, it was confirmed that even if a tape was applied to the reduction film and peeled off, the reduction film did not peel off and had a practical adhesion strength.
 さらに、比較のため、本発明に係る、CuOを主成分とする塗膜の重要性を確認するための実験を行った。 Furthermore, for comparison, an experiment for confirming the importance of the coating film mainly composed of Cu 2 O according to the present invention was conducted.
(比較例1)
 まず、酸化銅の代わりに、銅フレーク粉を原料粉として、同じパルスレーザー法で形成した銅ナノ粒子分散液について調べた。そのアセトン分散液の大気による酸化特性を吸収スペクトルの変化を利用して観察したところ、図11に示すように、Cuナノ粒子に付随する表面プラズモンピークが明確に残存するレベルで、それ以上の酸化の進行は停止した。ところが、この分散液中のナノ粒子の酸化状態をXPS表面分析法で調べたところ、二価の銅酸化物の信号のみが観測された。この一見相反する結果は、銅ナノ粒子が、XPSの分析深さに相当する数nm以上の厚さのCuOシェルで覆われた構造を有することを示唆するものと考えられる。
(Comparative Example 1)
First, copper nanoparticle dispersions formed by the same pulse laser method using copper flake powder as raw material powder instead of copper oxide were examined. When the oxidation characteristics of the acetone dispersion liquid in the atmosphere were observed using the change in absorption spectrum, as shown in FIG. 11, the oxidation was further performed at a level where the surface plasmon peak associated with the Cu nanoparticles clearly remained. The progress stopped. However, when the oxidation state of the nanoparticles in this dispersion was examined by XPS surface analysis, only a signal of a divalent copper oxide was observed. This seemingly contradictory result is thought to suggest that the copper nanoparticles have a structure covered with a CuO shell having a thickness of several nm or more corresponding to the XPS analysis depth.
 また同じく、銅フレーク粉を原料として形成した銅ナノ粒子を、形成直後のほとんど酸化されていない状態で基板上に塗布し、その大気中加熱(~200℃)による酸化を試みたところ、図12に示すように、CuOへの選択的酸化は認められず、図4(c)の理論スペクトルに示したCuOに近い組成が確認された。 Similarly, copper nanoparticles formed from copper flake powder as a raw material were applied on a substrate in a state of being hardly oxidized immediately after formation, and oxidation was attempted by heating in the atmosphere (up to 200 ° C.). As shown in FIG. 4, selective oxidation to Cu 2 O was not recognized, and a composition close to CuO shown in the theoretical spectrum of FIG. 4C was confirmed.
 さらに、このようなCuOリッチな組成を有する塗膜を大気中、200℃以下の温度で加熱しても、もはや電子的導通の発現は確認できず、その後の水素還元によっても、目的とするレベルの比抵抗を有する導体膜は得られないことがわかった。 Furthermore, even when a coating film having such a CuO-rich composition is heated in the atmosphere at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower, the onset of electronic conduction can no longer be confirmed, and the target level can be achieved by subsequent hydrogen reduction. It was found that a conductor film having a specific resistance of 5 cannot be obtained.
 またガラス板上の同還元膜に触れると容易にはがれ、実用的な密着強度を有していなかった。さらに、図13に示すように、その膜を光学顕微鏡による反射像で観察すると、表面に多くの亀裂があり、導電経路を遮断し、非導体膜であることを確認した。 Moreover, when the same reducing film on the glass plate was touched, it peeled off easily and did not have practical adhesion strength. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 13, when the film was observed with a reflection image by an optical microscope, it was confirmed that there were many cracks on the surface, the conductive path was blocked, and the film was a non-conductive film.
(比較例2)
 実施例2で調製した銅系ナノ粒子のアセトン分散液を、CuOであることを確認後、γ-ブチロラクトンと置換し、15mass%に濃縮した高濃度分散液を調製し、これに有機物由来の不純物と同定した酢酸銅を、銅系ナノ粒子に対して5重量部添加させた。これをガラス板状に塗膜を調製し、乾燥させ、次に180℃の温度で、水素中で還元させ膜化させた。還元した膜は銅色を呈したが、道電性を発現しないだけなく、ガラス板状の膜に触れると容易にはがれ、実用的な密着強度を有していなかった。
(Comparative Example 2)
After confirming that the acetone dispersion of the copper-based nanoparticles prepared in Example 2 is Cu 2 O, a high-concentration dispersion is prepared by substituting γ-butyrolactone and concentrating to 15 mass%. 5 parts by weight of copper acetate identified as an impurity was added to copper-based nanoparticles. A coating film was prepared in the form of a glass plate, dried, and then reduced into hydrogen at a temperature of 180 ° C. to form a film. The reduced film exhibited a copper color, but not only did not exhibit electropotential properties, but was easily peeled off when touched to the glass plate-like film, and did not have practical adhesion strength.
(比較例3)
 特許文献2に記載された方法は、凝集抑制物質や酸化抑制物質などの保護剤を用いない点、銅/酸化銅コアシェル粒子又は酸化銅粒子を含む分散液を基板上に塗布乾燥後、塗膜を還元して導体膜を得ている点で一致する。しかし、同文献記載の方法は、銅/酸化銅コアシェル粒子の製造原料(第22段落)或いは実施例3(第52~53段落)の記載を仔細に検討しても酸化銅の価数が不明である点から判断して、本発明のように「酸化状態の厳密な制御」が行われていると認められるものではなく、また還元性液体への浸漬及び加熱による還元及び焼結工程にグリセリンやエチレングリコールなどを例とする「還元性液体」を用いている点で、本発明とは解決課題及び解決手段が本質的に相違するものと考えられる。
(Comparative Example 3)
The method described in Patent Document 2 does not use a protective agent such as an aggregation inhibitor or an oxidation inhibitor, and after coating and drying a dispersion containing copper / copper oxide core-shell particles or copper oxide particles on a substrate, a coating film It agrees in that a conductive film is obtained by reducing However, according to the method described in this document, the valence of copper oxide is unknown even if the description of the raw material for producing copper / copper oxide core-shell particles (paragraph 22) or Example 3 (paragraphs 52 to 53) is studied in detail. Judging from this point, it is not recognized that “strict control of the oxidation state” is performed as in the present invention, and glycerol is used in the reduction and sintering processes by immersion in a reducing liquid and heating. In view of the use of a “reducing liquid” such as ethylene glycol or the like, it is considered that the present invention is essentially different from the present invention in solving problems and solution means.
 同文献中、実施例1では、コア/シェル構造を有する銅ナノ粒子の分散液を塗布/乾燥後、塗布乾燥膜を「還元性液体」へ浸漬し、還元反応がある程度進行したものと認められた後、焼結温度まで加熱してその焼結温度を一定時間維持する。すなわち、還元反応と焼結反応とをそれぞれ別工程で行っており、基板上にコア/シェル構造を有する銅ナノ粒子の分散液を塗布乾燥後、還元性液体に浸漬させる還元反応の際の加熱温度が120~200℃、還元反応の保持時間は10秒~60分(第36段落)、その後の焼結反応の際の加熱温度が120℃~300℃(より好ましくは「140℃~200℃」)、焼結時間は0.5~60分(より好ましくは「2~20分」)とし、熱処理工程が、還元工程と焼結工程の2つに分かれているため、製造工程は複雑になり、製造時間は長くなり、製造コストの点で課題が残るものと推測する。 In Example 1, in Example 1, after applying / drying a dispersion of copper nanoparticles having a core / shell structure, the coated dry film was immersed in a “reducing liquid” and the reduction reaction was recognized to have progressed to some extent. After that, it is heated to the sintering temperature and the sintering temperature is maintained for a certain time. That is, the reduction reaction and the sintering reaction are performed in separate steps, and after the coating and drying of the dispersion of the copper nanoparticles having the core / shell structure on the substrate, the heating during the reduction reaction is immersed in the reducing liquid. The temperature is 120 to 200 ° C., the holding time of the reduction reaction is 10 seconds to 60 minutes (paragraph 36), and the heating temperature during the subsequent sintering reaction is 120 ° C. to 300 ° C. (more preferably “140 ° C. to 200 ° C.”). )) The sintering time is 0.5 to 60 minutes (more preferably “2 to 20 minutes”), and the heat treatment process is divided into a reduction process and a sintering process, so the manufacturing process is complicated. Therefore, it is assumed that the manufacturing time becomes long and problems remain in terms of manufacturing cost.
 また、第2の態様においては予め焼結温度まで加熱した還元性液体に、コア/シェル構造を有する銅ナノ粒子分散液の塗布乾燥膜が形成された基板を浸漬し、一定時間(例えば、1~60分、より好ましくは2~20分)間維持するとしており、実施例2では、エチレングリコール(還元性液体)が満たされた容器の中に沈めて30分処理を行った、と記載している。また、第3の態様においては、「酸化銅粒子塗布基板」を用いて第2の態様同様の加熱処理を行っている。しかし、特許文献2の表1,表2(第56~57段落)によると、最終的に得られる結果物である導体膜の比抵抗は、最も好条件のもので1.5×10-7Ω・mであったと記載されている。ここで、第3の実施例の抵抗値が他の実施例と比べて高いのは銅ナノ粒子の酸化状態の厳密な制御が行われていない塗布基板が用いられたためと考えられる。第2の実施例では、焼結温度も140℃と低い温度で処理時間も30分程度を実現している。もっとも、体積抵抗率は不明であるため本発明との比較はできないが、実施例2は、実施例3と比べて良好な結果が得られているとしている。 In the second embodiment, the substrate on which the coating / drying film of the copper nanoparticle dispersion liquid having the core / shell structure is immersed in a reducing liquid that has been heated to a sintering temperature in advance, and is fixed for a certain time (for example, 1 In Example 2, it is described that the treatment was carried out for 30 minutes by submerging in a container filled with ethylene glycol (reducing liquid). ing. In the third aspect, the same heat treatment as in the second aspect is performed using the “copper oxide particle-coated substrate”. However, according to Tables 1 and 2 (paragraphs 56 to 57) of Patent Document 2, the specific resistance of the conductor film that is finally obtained is 1.5 × 10 −7 under the most favorable conditions. It is described that it was Ω · m. Here, it is considered that the reason why the resistance value of the third example is higher than that of the other examples is that a coated substrate in which the oxidation state of the copper nanoparticles is not strictly controlled is used. In the second embodiment, the sintering temperature is as low as 140 ° C., and the processing time is about 30 minutes. However, since the volume resistivity is unknown, it cannot be compared with the present invention, but Example 2 says that better results are obtained than Example 3.
 これに対し、本発明の実施例では上述の通り、200℃以下の水素還元雰囲気下で数分間~10分間程度の熱処理時間で良く、かつ最終到達比抵抗が最も好条件のもので3.5×10-8Ω・mであり、従来例と比較して低い比抵抗が得られた。この値はバルク比抵抗(1.7×10-8Ω・m)の2倍程度の比抵抗の導体膜である。 On the other hand, in the embodiment of the present invention, as described above, a heat treatment time of about several minutes to 10 minutes under a hydrogen reducing atmosphere at 200 ° C. or lower is sufficient, and the final specific resistance is the most favorable condition of 3.5. × 10 −8 Ω · m, which is a lower specific resistance than the conventional example. This value is a conductor film having a specific resistance approximately twice the bulk specific resistance (1.7 × 10 −8 Ω · m).
 更に、熱処理時間等の諸条件は同様として水素による還元処理の温度を200℃~250℃とした場合、最終到達比抵抗が最も好条件のもので2.2×10-8Ω・mを達成した。この値はバルク比抵抗の1.3倍程度の比抵抗の導体膜である。 Furthermore, the heat treatment time and other conditions are the same. When the temperature of the reduction treatment with hydrogen is 200 ° C. to 250 ° C., the ultimate specific resistance is 2.2 × 10 −8 Ω · m with the most favorable condition. did. This value is a conductor film having a specific resistance of about 1.3 times the bulk specific resistance.
 以上のように、従来方法は、先ず酸化銅(IやII)を銅に還元し、その後、粒子同士の拡散による焼結(焼成)膜化させるという原理に基いており、焼結という物理的な拡散反応を行うことなくCuOからCuを得る本発明とは課題解決のメカニズムそのものが大きく異なるものである。さらに、この方法を実現するための方法は、大気酸化と還元性ガスによる還元を一つの装置で行える既存の装置を利用した簡便な工程によって実現するものであり、上記のような湿式プロセスを経る場合と比べて連続生産性や製造コストの点で工業的に優位である。 As described above, the conventional method is based on the principle of first reducing copper oxide (I or II) to copper and then forming a sintered (fired) film by diffusion between particles. The problem-solving mechanism itself is greatly different from the present invention in which Cu is obtained from Cu 2 O without performing an appropriate diffusion reaction. Furthermore, the method for realizing this method is realized by a simple process using an existing apparatus that can perform atmospheric oxidation and reduction with a reducing gas in one apparatus, and undergoes a wet process as described above. Compared to the case, it is industrially superior in terms of continuous productivity and manufacturing cost.
 本発明に係る銅系ナノ粒子は、レーザー法などで作製し、その後の工程で溶媒中に高濃度に分散させた銅系ナノ粒子インクが得られるものであり、ナノ粒子はCuOまで酸化が進行する前の段階であるCuOで維持することで、それを使用する導体膜は、200℃以下の低温処理により、10×10-8Ω・m以下の低比抵抗値を示す。そのため、特殊な耐熱性材料ではなく、一般的に使用されている電子材料を基材として使用することができるために、広範囲なエレクトロニクス分野の配線材料としての適用が期待される。
 更に、還元処理の温度を250℃とした場合、2.2×10-8Ω・mを達成する。従って、基材の耐熱温度が250℃を許容する場合には、バルク銅の比抵抗に対して1.5倍以下という低い比抵抗値を達成できる。
 従って、本発明を実施した場合の産業上の利用可能性は極めて大きい。
The copper-based nanoparticles according to the present invention are produced by a laser method or the like, and a copper-based nanoparticle ink dispersed at a high concentration in a solvent is obtained in the subsequent process. The nanoparticles are oxidized to CuO. By maintaining it with Cu 2 O, which is the stage before the process, the conductive film using it exhibits a low specific resistance value of 10 × 10 −8 Ω · m or less by a low temperature treatment of 200 ° C. or less. Therefore, since it is possible to use not a special heat-resistant material but a generally used electronic material as a base material, application as a wiring material in a wide range of electronics fields is expected.
Furthermore, when the reduction treatment temperature is 250 ° C., 2.2 × 10 −8 Ω · m is achieved. Therefore, when the heat resistance temperature of the base material allows 250 ° C., a specific resistance value as low as 1.5 times or less of the specific resistance of bulk copper can be achieved.
Therefore, the industrial applicability when the present invention is implemented is extremely large.

Claims (17)

  1. CuOを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液を調製するステップSa1と、
     前記高濃度分散液を基材上に塗布及び乾燥してCuOを主成分とする塗膜を得るステップSa2と、
     大気圧中で前記塗膜を200℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSa3-1と、
     還元性雰囲気中で前記塗膜を200℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSa3-2と
    を備えることを特徴とする導体膜の製造方法。
    Step Sa1 for preparing a high-concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles mainly composed of Cu 2 O;
    Step Sa2 for obtaining a coating film mainly composed of Cu 2 O by applying and drying the high-concentration dispersion on a substrate;
    Step Sa3-1 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower in atmospheric pressure;
    And a step Sa3-2 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower in a reducing atmosphere.
  2. CuOを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液を調製するステップSa1と、
     前記高濃度分散液を基材上に塗布及び乾燥してCuOを主成分とする塗膜を得るステップSa2と、
     大気圧中で前記塗膜を200℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSa3-1と、
     還元性雰囲気中で前記塗膜を250℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSa3-2と
    を備えることを特徴とする導体膜の製造方法。
    Step Sa1 for preparing a high-concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles mainly composed of Cu 2 O;
    Step Sa2 for obtaining a coating film mainly composed of Cu 2 O by applying and drying the high-concentration dispersion on a substrate;
    Step Sa3-1 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower in atmospheric pressure;
    And a step Sa3-2 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 250 ° C. or lower in a reducing atmosphere.
  3. 前記ステップSa1における銅系ナノ粒子は、
     0.2~2nm厚みの表面層が
      CuO相又は
      CuOとCuOとの混合相で構成されていると共に、0.2~2nm厚みの表面層の内側は、
      Cu相、
      CuとCuOとの混合相、或いは
      CuO相のいずれか
    で構成されていることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の導体膜の製造方法。
    The copper-based nanoparticles in step Sa1 are:
    The surface layer having a thickness of 0.2 to 2 nm is composed of a Cu 2 O phase or a mixed phase of Cu 2 O and CuO, and the inside of the surface layer having a thickness of 0.2 to 2 nm is
    Cu phase,
    The method for producing a conductor film according to claim 1, wherein the conductor film is composed of either a mixed phase of Cu and Cu 2 O or a Cu 2 O phase.
  4. ステップSa3-2の後、
     ステップSa3-1の大気圧で加熱するステップと、
     ステップSa3-2の還元性雰囲気下で加熱するステップとを1回以上繰り返すことを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか1項に記載の導体膜の製造方法。
    After step Sa3-2,
    Heating at atmospheric pressure in step Sa3-1;
    4. The method for producing a conductor film according to claim 1, wherein the step of heating in a reducing atmosphere in step Sa3-2 is repeated one or more times.
  5. Cuを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液を調製するステップSb1と、
      前記高濃度分散液を基材上に塗布及び乾燥してCuを主成分とする塗膜を得るステップSa2と、
     大気圧中で前記塗膜を200℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSb3-1と、
     還元性雰囲気中で前記塗膜を200℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSb3-2と
    を備えることを特徴とする導体膜の製造方法。
    Step Sb1 for preparing a high-concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles mainly composed of Cu;
    Step Sa2 for obtaining a coating film containing Cu as a main component by applying and drying the high-concentration dispersion on a substrate;
    Step Sb3-1 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower in atmospheric pressure;
    And a step Sb3-2 of heating the coating film at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower in a reducing atmosphere.
  6. Cuを主成分とする銅系ナノ粒子の高濃度分散液を調製するステップSb1と、
      前記高濃度分散液を基材上に塗布及び乾燥してCuを主成分とする塗膜を得るステップSa2と、
     大気圧中で前記塗膜を200℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSb3-1と、
     還元性雰囲気中で前記塗膜を250℃以下の温度で加熱するステップSb3-2と
    を備えることを特徴とする導体膜の製造方法。
    Step Sb1 for preparing a high-concentration dispersion of copper-based nanoparticles mainly composed of Cu;
    Step Sa2 for obtaining a coating film containing Cu as a main component by applying and drying the high-concentration dispersion on a substrate;
    Step Sb3-1 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 200 ° C. or lower in atmospheric pressure;
    And a step Sb3-2 for heating the coating film at a temperature of 250 ° C. or lower in a reducing atmosphere.
  7. ステップSb3-2の後、
     ステップSb3-1の大気圧で加熱するステップと、
     ステップSb3-2の還元性雰囲気下で加熱するステップとを1回以上繰り返すことを特徴とする請求項5又は6記載の導体膜の製造方法。
    After step Sb3-2
    Heating at atmospheric pressure in step Sb3-1;
    7. The method of manufacturing a conductor film according to claim 5, wherein the step of heating in a reducing atmosphere in step Sb3-2 is repeated one or more times.
  8. 前記高濃度分散液は、
     酸化や凝集を抑制するための凝集抑制物質及び酸化抑制物質を実質的に含まないことを特徴とする請求項1、2、5又は6記載の導体膜の製造方法。
    The high concentration dispersion is
    The method for producing a conductor film according to claim 1, 2, 5, or 6, characterized by substantially not containing an aggregation inhibitor and an oxidation inhibitor for suppressing oxidation and aggregation.
  9. 前記高濃度分散液を調製するステップSa1は、分散溶媒の沸点以上の温度に加熱することにより、または分散溶媒の沸点以下の温度で減圧下にこの溶媒を留去することにより高濃度化する工程を含み、かつ、その加熱工程中、
     (i)窒素又はアルゴンを含む不活性ガスによるバブリング、又は
     (ii)還元性ガスによるバブリング
    のいずれかにより内部の雰囲気が非酸化性雰囲気に保たれていることを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の導体膜の製造方法。
    Step Sa1 for preparing the high-concentration dispersion is a step of increasing the concentration by heating to a temperature equal to or higher than the boiling point of the dispersion solvent or by distilling off the solvent under reduced pressure at a temperature equal to or lower than the boiling point of the dispersion solvent. And during the heating step,
    The internal atmosphere is maintained in a non-oxidizing atmosphere by either (i) bubbling with an inert gas containing nitrogen or argon, or (ii) bubbling with a reducing gas. The manufacturing method of the conductor film of description.
  10. 前記高濃度分散液を調製するステップSa1は、有機溶剤からなる分散溶媒中に、銅化合物を分散させ、その後分散溶媒中の銅化合物にレーザー光を照射する工程を含むことを特徴とする請求項1又は2記載の導体膜の製造方法。 The step Sa1 for preparing the high-concentration dispersion includes a step of dispersing a copper compound in a dispersion solvent composed of an organic solvent, and then irradiating the copper compound in the dispersion solvent with laser light. 3. A method for producing a conductor film according to 1 or 2.
  11. 請求項1、2、5又は6における高濃度分散液の分散溶媒は、
     (i)γ-ブチロラクトン、ジアセトンアルコール、シクロヘキサンノンを含むケトン類、又は、
     (ii)テトラデカンを含む高沸点アルカン
    のいずれかに属する有機溶剤を含むことを特徴とする導体膜の製造方法。
    The dispersion solvent of the high-concentration dispersion according to claim 1, 2, 5, or 6 is:
    (I) γ-butyrolactone, diacetone alcohol, ketones containing cyclohexanenone, or
    (Ii) A method for producing a conductor film comprising an organic solvent belonging to any of high-boiling alkanes containing tetradecane.
  12. 前記塗膜は、
    スピン塗布法、スリット塗布法、凸版印刷法、凹版印刷法、スクリーン印刷法、インクジェット塗布法、ディスペンサー塗布法から選択されるいずれか一つによることを特徴とする請求項1、2、5又は6記載の導体膜の製造方法。
    The coating film
    7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method is selected from a spin coating method, a slit coating method, a relief printing method, an intaglio printing method, a screen printing method, an ink jet coating method, and a dispenser coating method. The manufacturing method of the conductor film of description.
  13. 前記塗膜の組成は、前記還元性雰囲気で加熱するステップ(Sa3-2、Sb3-2)において、CuOを主成分とすることを特徴とする請求項1、2、5又は6記載の導体膜の製造方法。 The composition of the coating film according to claim 1, 2, 5, or 6, characterized in that Cu 2 O is a main component in the heating step (Sa3-2, Sb3-2) in the reducing atmosphere. A method for producing a conductor film.
  14. 前記還元性雰囲気で加熱するステップ(Sa3-2、Sb3-2)は、水素ガス雰囲気中で160℃以上250℃以下に加熱することを特徴とする請求項1、2、5又は6記載の導体膜の製造方法。 7. The conductor according to claim 1, wherein the heating in the reducing atmosphere (Sa3-2, Sb3-2) is performed at 160 ° C. or more and 250 ° C. or less in a hydrogen gas atmosphere. A method for producing a membrane.
  15. 基材上に任意のパターンに形成された導電配線パターン用の導体膜であって、その比抵抗が10×10-8Ω・m以下の値を示すと共に、熱履歴が200℃以下であることを特徴とする銅の導体膜。 A conductive film for a conductive wiring pattern formed in an arbitrary pattern on a substrate, having a specific resistance of 10 × 10 −8 Ω · m or less and a thermal history of 200 ° C. or less. Copper conductor film characterized by
  16. 基材上に任意のパターンに形成された導電配線パターン用の導体膜であって、その比抵抗が3.5×10-8Ω・m以下の値を示すと共に、熱履歴が250℃以下であることを特徴とする銅の導体膜。 A conductive film for a conductive wiring pattern formed in an arbitrary pattern on a substrate, having a specific resistance of 3.5 × 10 −8 Ω · m or less and a thermal history of 250 ° C. or less. A copper conductive film characterized by being.
  17. 前記銅の導体膜であって、形成工程における中間段階として、真性半導体膜を経たものであることを特徴とする請求項15又は16記載の銅の導体膜。 17. The copper conductor film according to claim 15, wherein the copper conductor film has undergone an intrinsic semiconductor film as an intermediate stage in the forming process.
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