WO2010095711A1 - 蓄電デバイス用電極及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
蓄電デバイス用電極及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010095711A1 WO2010095711A1 PCT/JP2010/052536 JP2010052536W WO2010095711A1 WO 2010095711 A1 WO2010095711 A1 WO 2010095711A1 JP 2010052536 W JP2010052536 W JP 2010052536W WO 2010095711 A1 WO2010095711 A1 WO 2010095711A1
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- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- storage device
- peak
- whisker
- fiber
- Prior art date
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- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 88
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
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- QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonaoxidotritungsten Chemical compound O=[W]1(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O[W](=O)(=O)O1 QGLKJKCYBOYXKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 60
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000002186 photoelectron spectrum Methods 0.000 claims description 15
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- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 110
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- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 5
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 5
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 4
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 235000000177 Indigofera tinctoria Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229940097275 indigo Drugs 0.000 description 3
- COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N indigo powder Natural products N1C2=CC=CC=C2C(=O)C1=C1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2N1 COHYTHOBJLSHDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- VLCQZHSMCYCDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tribenuron methyl Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)NC(=O)N(C)C1=NC(C)=NC(OC)=N1 VLCQZHSMCYCDJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 tungsten nitride Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052724 xenon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenon atom Chemical compound [Xe] FHNFHKCVQCLJFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFEAOSSMQHGXMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 12007-10-2 Chemical compound [W].[W]=[B] OFEAOSSMQHGXMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010021143 Hypoxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013558 reference substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten carbide Chemical compound [W+]#[C-] UONOETXJSWQNOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/46—Metal oxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode for a storage device and a method of manufacturing the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to an electrode for a storage device comprising a porous layer comprising a fiber or whisker containing tungsten oxide having a predetermined peak in the valence band photoelectron spectrum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and its manufacture
- the present invention relates to a method and a storage device.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an electrode for a storage device which can exhibit excellent cycle durability performance, a method of manufacturing the same, and a storage device.
- An electrode for a storage battery device comprises a porous layer having at least one of a fiber containing tungsten oxide and whiskers, and a valence electron obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the fiber and the whiskers.
- the band photoelectron spectrum has a peak within 1 eV from the Fermi level of the tungsten oxide.
- An electricity storage device includes the electrode for an electricity storage device and an electrolyte.
- a raw material or a base material containing a constituent metal of a tungsten oxide-containing fiber and whisker is heat-treated in the presence of a trace amount of oxygen, Forming at least one of the fiber and the whisker.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a storage device electrode according to an embodiment of the present invention
- (a) shows a partial perspective view of the storage device electrode
- (b) shows a cross-sectional view of the storage device electrode
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing another example of the storage device electrode according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing an example of a storage device using the storage device electrode according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the valence band photoelectron spectrum of the surface of the whisker in the storage device electrode of each example.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the W4f photoelectron spectrum of the surface of the whisker in the electrode for a storage device of each example.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results (reflection spectrum) of the whiskers in the electrodes for storage devices of the respective examples by visible light spectroscopy.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the result (pseudo-transmission spectrum) of the Kubelka-Munk (K-M) conversion of FIG.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing a CV curve of the storage device electrode of Example 2.
- FIG. 9 is a graph showing a CV curve of the storage device electrode of Example 5.
- FIG. 10 is a graph showing the relationship between the peak intensity ratio near the Fermi level and the battery characteristics in Examples 6 to 10.
- FIG. 11 is a graph showing the relationship between the 34 eV / 36 eV peak intensity ratio and the battery characteristics in Examples 6 to 10.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the relationship between the asymmetry index ⁇ and the battery characteristics in Examples 6 to 10.
- FIG. 13 is a graph showing the relationship between the O1s peak 1/4 value width and the battery characteristics in Examples 6 to 10.
- main component means that the content is 50% by mass or more based on the total amount of components in each part. Also, the dimensional proportions of the drawings are exaggerated for the convenience of the description, and may differ from the actual proportions.
- the electrode for a storage battery device of the present embodiment includes a porous layer having at least one of a fiber containing tungsten oxide and a whisker.
- the valence band photoelectron spectrum of at least one of the above-described fiber containing tungsten oxide and whiskers by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has a peak within 1 eV from the Fermi level of tungsten oxide.
- fibers and whiskers containing tungsten oxide have a peak within 1 eV from the Fermi level in the valence band photoelectron spectrum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, they can exhibit excellent cycle durability performance Become.
- a fiber or whisker having such a peak basically contains a PC structure (Pentagonal Column) or a CS structure (Crystallographic Shear) which can be formed by oxygen deficiency as a main component.
- the PC structure is a dominant structural change in a strongly reducing atmosphere or high pressure state, and can be exemplified by WO 7 , W 5 O 14 , W 12 O 34 , W 17 O 47 , and W 18 O 49 .
- the CS structure is a dominant structural change at high temperature, and the CS structure transition can be adjusted stepwise between WO 2.88- WO 3 .
- WO 3 , ⁇ 102 ⁇ CS structure, and ⁇ 103 ⁇ CS structure can be exemplified.
- the fiber and whisker according to the present embodiment preferably include a W 18 O 49 structure as a main component. In this case, since the above peak appears sharply, the functions of both the active material and the current collector can be exhibited.
- Fermi level is a parameter determined from the condition that the sum of f ( ⁇ ) representing Fermi-Dirac distribution for all ⁇ is equal to the total number of particles, and the bonding energy is 0 Indicates the energy to be
- the valence band photoelectron spectrum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy can be measured, for example, using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer.
- the Fermi level is a least squares method using a spectrum obtained by taking the spectrum near the Fermi level and performing convolution integration with the Gaussian function with the energy resolution of the device to the Fermi-Dirac function of the measurement temperature taking into account the inclination of the density of states. It can be determined by fitting.
- the fiber preferably has an average diameter of about 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m and a length of about 1 ⁇ m to 10 cm.
- the whisker preferably has an average diameter of about 0.01 to 10 ⁇ m and a length of about 1 to 1000 ⁇ m.
- the whiskers generally have a configuration of only a trunk, but may also have a branch-like, mall-like, or pill-like configuration.
- whiskers can basically be formed on any part of the surface of the storage device electrode, as long as the formation of the whiskers does not hinder the original use of the storage device electrode and other manufacturing processes.
- the electrode for a storage device is not particularly limited, but the valence band photoelectron spectrum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of at least one of the above-mentioned fiber and whisker is the Fermi level of tungsten oxide.
- the rising of the peak is started.
- the start of the peak rise of the spectrum that is, the peak rise on the lower energy side than the Fermi level allows the fiber and whisker to exhibit excellent cycle durability performance.
- the above fibers and whiskers exhibit more excellent conductivity and responsiveness.
- the intensity of the peak in the vicinity of the Fermi level of tungsten oxide is 1/20 or more with respect to the intensity of the peak within the range of 5 to 10 eV, more preferably Is 1/10 or more, more preferably 1/5 or more.
- the peak in the vicinity of the Fermi level refers to a peak present at less than 1 eV from the Fermi level.
- the excellent cycle durability performance is exhibited when the peak intensity in the vicinity of such Fermi level is 1/20 or more of the peak within the range of 5-10 eV, specifically the intensity of the maximum peak near 6 eV. It is possible to obtain more suitable conductivity as an electrode.
- the electrode for a storage device is not particularly limited, but the W4f photoelectron spectrum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of at least one of the fiber and the whisker has a range of 33 to 34 eV and 35 to 36 eV.
- the intensity at 34 eV of the peak within the range of 33 to 34 eV is at least 1/20 the intensity at 36 eV of the peak within the range of 35 to 36 eV preferable. More preferably, it is 1/10 or more and 2 or less, more preferably 1/5 or more and 1.3 or less.
- the intensity at 34 eV of the peak in the range of 33 to 34 eV is 1/20 or more of the intensity at 36 eV of the peak in the range of 35 to 36 eV, more preferable conductivity as an electrode can be obtained.
- the strength is 2 or less.
- the intensity at 34 eV of the peak in the range of 33 to 34 eV is 1/10 or more of the intensity at 36 eV of the peak in the range of 35 to 36 eV.
- more excellent cycle durability performance can be exhibited. it can.
- the electrode for a storage device is not particularly limited, but the spectrum of the reflection spectrum by visible light spectroscopy analysis of at least one of the above-mentioned fiber and whisker by Kubelka-Munk conversion is in the range of 500 to 600 nm. It is desirable to have the largest peak within. When the maximum peak is in the range of 500 to 600 nm, not only better cycle durability performance can be exhibited, but also better conductivity and responsiveness can be exhibited. Furthermore, the potential window is wide (stable in a wide voltage range), and higher quality stability can be ensured.
- the “Kuberka-Munk transformation” means a transformation using the Kubelka-Munk function (Kubelka-Munk (KM) function (f (R ⁇ )), where the KM function is It is expressed by equation (1).
- the reflection intensity ratio r ⁇ is r ' ⁇ (sample) / r' ⁇ (standard powder), "r ' ⁇ (Sample)” and “r' ⁇ (standard powder)” as Ya sample It represents the reflection intensity of the standard powder.
- the electrode for a storage device is not particularly limited, but the peak within the range of 525 to 535 eV by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of at least one of the above-mentioned fiber and whisker is minimized by the Doniach-Sunjic equation.
- the asymmetry index ⁇ is preferably 0.07 or more.
- the peak of 525 to 535 eV indicates the state of 1s electrons of oxygen (O). If the asymmetry index ⁇ is 0.07 or more, not only can better cycle durability performance be exhibited, but also better conductivity and responsiveness can be exhibited, and high-speed discharge capacity is large. Become.
- This formula is a theoretical formula of the inner shell spectrum of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and reflects the interaction between the inner shell electron and the electron of Fermi level.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the inventors found that the asymmetry index ⁇ of this equation greatly contributes to the cell performance by repeating experiments. Parameters are obtained by least squares fitting the XPS peak in the range of 525 to 535 eV corresponding to O1s electrons by the Dononiach-Sunjic equation. And the asymmetry index ⁇ , which represents interference with Fermi level electrons, is strongly correlated with the performance of the battery.
- the electrode for a storage device is not particularly limited, but the lower 1/4 of the peak in the range of 525 to 535 eV according to X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of at least one of the above-mentioned fiber and whisker
- the value range is preferably 2.5 to 4.0 eV.
- the lower 1 ⁇ 4 value width of the peak is 2.5 to 4.0 eV, not only can better cycle durability performance can be exhibited, but also superior conductivity and responsiveness can be exhibited, and high speed The discharge capacity is large.
- the porous layer 1 composed of at least one of the above-mentioned fiber and whisker 1a is a metal containing tungsten.
- the porous layer 1 is a metal containing tungsten.
- it is formed on a substrate 2 of ceramic.
- excellent cycle durability performance can be exhibited.
- the adhesion between the fiber or whisker 1a and the base material 2 is further improved, and the electrical contact is also improved, so that the internal resistance as an electrode can be reduced.
- it is excellent in electroconductivity and can also exhibit more excellent responsiveness.
- the metal containing tungsten is not limited to tungsten alone.
- alloys containing cobalt, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, titanium, vanadium, niobium, molybdenum and the like in addition to metals and metal compounds constituting whiskers and fibers containing tungsten oxide can be mentioned. That is, an alloy composed of tungsten and at least one of cobalt, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, titanium, vanadium, niobium and molybdenum can be used.
- tungsten nitride, tungsten carbide, tungsten boride etc. can be mentioned, for example.
- a metal layer 3 containing the above-mentioned whisker or fiber component metal is provided on the surface.
- tungsten can be used as a constituent metal of whiskers or fibers as in the case of the above-mentioned base material 2. That is, the metal layer 3 may be tungsten alone, or may be an alloy of tungsten and at least one of cobalt, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, titanium, vanadium, niobium, and molybdenum.
- the excellent cycle durability performance can be exhibited, but also the electrical resistance at the interface is reduced, by forming the substrate made of such tungsten metal etc. and the whisker made of tungsten oxide continuously formed. And the conductivity is excellent. Further, a material having another composition excellent in physical strength and conductivity can be used as the core material 4 while maintaining the adhesion between the whisker and the fiber and the base material. Therefore, for example, the internal resistance as an electrode can be reduced, and more excellent responsiveness can be exhibited. Also, the physical strength can be improved.
- Examples of the core material 4 include metals such as iron, cobalt, nickel, niobium, molybdenum, platinum and titanium, and high melting point ceramics such as aluminum oxide and silicon oxide.
- the base 2 and the core 4 may be porous.
- various shapes can be adopted as long as the fibers and whiskers such as metal mesh and foam metal can be disposed in addition to the flat plate.
- the raw material or the base material containing the constituent metals of the above-mentioned fibers and whiskers is heat-treated in the presence of a trace amount of oxygen to at least one of the above-mentioned fibers or whiskers.
- the raw material or the base material those containing the constituent metals of the whisker and the fiber can be used.
- a flat plate or porous plate made of tungsten can be used.
- a flat plate or a porous plate made of an alloy of tungsten and at least one of cobalt, chromium, manganese, iron, nickel, titanium, vanadium, niobium and molybdenum may be used.
- a flat plate or a porous plate provided with the metal layer 3 and the core 4 shown in FIG. 2 may be used.
- the raw material is heated in the presence of a trace amount of oxygen, for example, in an inert gas atmosphere having an oxygen concentration of 1 to 100000 ppm by volume, preferably 100 to 10000 ppm by volume.
- the heating temperature is 800 to 1600 ° C., preferably 900 to 1200 ° C.
- the heating time is 1 minute to 100 hours, preferably 1 to 10 hours. It is preferable to use argon as the inert gas.
- the raw material is heated at 30 to 1100 ° C. for 1 minute to 10 hours in an oxygen-containing argon stream with an oxygen concentration of 100 to 10000 volume ppm, preferably 5000 to 10000 volume ppm.
- the flow rate of oxygen-containing argon is preferably set to 1 to 5000 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). It is then heated in a stream of pure argon at 800-1600 ° C. for 1 minute to 100 hours. Thus, whiskers and fibers containing tungsten oxide can be formed.
- the flow rate of pure argon is preferably 1 to 5000 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.).
- pure argon it is preferable to use one having an argon purity of 99.5% or more, and more preferable to use one having an argon purity of 99.99% or more.
- about pure argon supply can be stopped on the way.
- the flow rate of pure argon is preferably 10 to 5000 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). That is, after installing the raw material in the reaction furnace, heating is started under air without degassing in the furnace. Then, simultaneously with the start of the heating, the temperature in the furnace is raised while supplying pure argon, and heating is performed at the above temperature for the above time.
- the whisker and the fiber can be formed by continuously reducing the oxygen concentration with the start of heating the raw material and heating the raw material at the oxygen concentration.
- the above-mentioned raw material is heated at 30 to 1100 ° C. for 1 minute to 10 hours in an argon stream containing oxygen at a high concentration of 2000 to 20000 ppm by volume.
- the flow rate of argon containing high concentration of oxygen is preferably 1 to 5000 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.).
- the film is heated at 800 to 1600 ° C. for 1 minute to 100 hours in an argon flow containing oxygen at a low concentration of 100 to 8000 ppm by volume.
- whiskers and fibers containing tungsten oxide can be formed.
- the oxygen concentration in argon containing low concentration oxygen needs to be lower than the oxygen concentration in argon containing high concentration oxygen.
- the flow rate of argon containing a low concentration of oxygen is preferably 1 to 5000 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Furthermore, the supply of argon containing a low concentration of oxygen can be discontinued halfway.
- the amount of inert gas introduced is determined according to the size and shape of the reaction furnace and the base material. For example, when the capacity of the reaction furnace is 3 L, 0. 0. It is desirable to supply at 1 to 5 L / min.
- the electricity storage device of the present embodiment includes the electrode for an electricity storage device and an electrolyte. With such a configuration, excellent cycle durability performance can be exhibited.
- the storage device electrode can be applied to the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the electrode for electrical storage devices can also be used as an electrode itself, it can also be combined with materials, such as another active material, for example.
- the positive electrode may be combined with a coating layer containing an active material that develops a capacity on the high potential side.
- the negative electrode may be combined with a coating layer containing an active material which is stable on the low potential side and develops a capacity. It is also possible to use the same composition for both electrodes.
- non-aqueous electrolyte solution can be mentioned.
- the non-aqueous electrolytic solution has advantages of high voltage resistance and easy to obtain a high capacity as compared with the aqueous electrolytic solution.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution is high in viscosity and low in diffusion rate of the electrolyte solution as compared with the aqueous electrolyte solution, there is a great advantage in combination with the electrode for a storage device capable of smooth diffusion in the electrode.
- an organic electrolyte solution, an ionic liquid, etc. can be mentioned.
- the electrolyte for example, it is desirable to use a solid or gel electrolyte.
- a solid or gel electrolyte As the electrolyte, for example, it is desirable to use a solid or gel electrolyte.
- Such a configuration has the advantage of being easy to handle in terms of cell safety and cycle characteristics.
- solid or gel electrolytes generally have low ion conductivity compared to liquid electrolytes, there is a great advantage in combining with an electrode for storage devices having excellent responsiveness.
- solid or gel electrolytes include polymer-based, gel-based and solid acids.
- FIG. 3 shows an example of an electrochemical capacitor using the storage device electrode of the present embodiment.
- the left figure of FIG. 3 shows an example of a wound type cell, and the right figure shows an example of a laminated cell.
- the positive electrode 6 is provided on one surface of the separator 5, and the negative electrode 7 is provided on the other surface.
- the laminate of the separator 5, the positive electrode 6 and the negative electrode 7 is sealed in the package 8 together with the electrolyte (electrolyte solution).
- Example 1 First, a flat plate of tungsten metal as a substrate was placed in an electric furnace capable of atmosphere control. Next, in an oxygen-containing argon stream, heating was performed at a temperature rising rate of 550 ° C./hour up to 100 ° C. At this time, the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 1% by volume (10,000 ppm by volume), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Then, the oxygen-containing argon was changed to pure argon, and heated to 1100 ° C. at a heating rate of 550 ° C./hour in a pure argon gas flow, and further kept at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the flow rate of the pure argon gas flow was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Also, the supply of pure argon gas was stopped when reaching 200.degree. Thereafter, the electrode was naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain an electrode for a storage device of this example.
- the electrode of this example is referred to as “sample 1”.
- the sample 1 When the sample 1 was visually confirmed, it was yellow. Moreover, when observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the average length of the formed whisker was about 30 micrometers, and the obtained electrode was 1 cm x 1 cm, and thickness was 0.1 mm.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- Example 2 The same operation as in Example 1 was performed, except that the supply of argon gas was stopped at the same time as reaching 1100 ° C., to obtain an electrode for a storage battery device of this example.
- the electrode of this example is referred to as “sample 2”.
- the sample 2 When the sample 2 was visually confirmed, it was purple. Moreover, when observed by SEM, the average length of the formed whisker was about 30 micrometers, and the obtained electrode was 1 cm x 1 cm, and thickness was 0.1 mm.
- Example 3 The same operation as in Example 1 was performed, except that the supply of argon gas was stopped at the same time as reaching 300 ° C., to obtain an electrode for a storage battery device of this example.
- the electrode of this example is referred to as “sample 3”.
- the sample 3 When the sample 3 was visually confirmed, it was greenish-amber. Moreover, when observed by SEM, the average length of the formed whisker was about 30 micrometers, and the obtained electrode was 1 cm x 1 cm, and thickness was 0.1 mm.
- Example 4 A tungsten metal flat plate as a substrate was placed in an electric furnace capable of atmosphere control. Next, heating was started from the state of the atmosphere, and heating was performed to 1100 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 1100 ° C./hour while holding pure argon immediately after the start of heating, and further kept at 1100 ° C. for 8 hours. At this time, the flow rate of pure argon was 300 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Thereafter, the electrode was naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain an electrode for a storage device of this example. Hereinafter, the electrode of this example is referred to as “sample 4”.
- the average length of the formed whisker was about 30 micrometers, and the obtained electrode was 1 cm x 1 cm, and thickness was 0.1 mm.
- Example 5 The same operation as in Example 4 was performed except that the holding time at 1100 ° C. was set to 2 hours, to obtain an electrode for a storage battery device of this example.
- the electrode of this example is referred to as “sample 5”.
- the sample 5 When the sample 5 was visually confirmed, it was indigo color. Moreover, when observed by SEM, the average length of the formed whisker was about 30 micrometers, and the obtained electrode was 1 cm x 1 cm, and thickness was 0.1 mm.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 are a graph showing the valence band photoelectron spectrum of the whisker surface of each of the samples 1 to 5, and a graph showing the W4f photoelectron spectrum of the whisker surface.
- the peak intensity around the Fermi level of sample 1 and sample 3 is 2/43 and 1/25 of the intensity of the maximum peak within the range of 5 to 10 eV, and 1/20 It was less than. Further, in the sample 4, the peak intensity in the vicinity of the Fermi level was 4/15 with respect to the intensity of the maximum peak in the range of 5-10 eV, which was 1 ⁇ 5 or more. Furthermore, in sample 2 and sample 5, the peak intensity in the vicinity of the Fermi level is 1/6 and 1/11 with respect to the intensity of the maximum peak within the range of 5-10 eV, and is 1/20 or more.
- strength in 34 eV of the sample 1 and the sample 3 was 1/37 and less than 1/20 with respect to the intensity
- the intensity at 34 eV was 5/11 and 1 ⁇ 5 or more the intensity at 36 eV.
- the intensity at 34 eV was 5/17 and 1/8, and 1/20 or more of the intensity at 36 eV.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the results (reflection spectrum) of visible light spectroscopy of whiskers of each sample. Although characteristic peaks were present in Sample 1 showing yellow and Sample 3 showing indigo, almost no characteristic peaks were observed in the remaining three samples.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the result (pseudo transmission spectrum) of the Kubelka-Munk (K-Munk) conversion of the reflection spectrum of FIG. From this spectrum, it was confirmed that Sample 2 and Sample 4 showing purple had the largest peak in the range of 500 to 600 nm.
- cyclic voltammetry was measured using a three-electrode cell in which the electrode for a storage device of Example 2 and Example 5 is a test electrode and the lithium foil is an auxiliary electrode and a reference electrode. .
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- the electrode for a storage device of Example 2 has very excellent cycle durability performance. Further, even when the voltage range was expanded from 1.7 to 3.0 V to the lower potential side of 1.5 to 3.0 V, a CV curve without deterioration could be obtained.
- the storage device electrode of Example 5 also obtained a relatively stable CV curve in the voltage range of 1.7 to 3.0 V, but the voltage range of 1.5 to 3.0 V was obtained. It was confirmed that when it was spread to the low potential side, some deterioration occurred.
- Example 6 A tungsten metal flat plate as a substrate was placed in an electric furnace capable of atmosphere control, and heated to 100 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 550 ° C./hour in an argon stream containing high concentration of oxygen. At this time, the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 1% by volume (10,000 ppm by volume), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Next, in an argon gas flow containing a low concentration of oxygen, the temperature was raised to 1100 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 550 ° C./hour, and further maintained at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 0.05% by volume (500 ppm by volume), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Then, after holding at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours, the current of the electric furnace was stopped and slow cooling was performed. During slow cooling, the supply of argon gas containing low concentration of oxygen was stopped when reaching 200 ° C. Thereafter, the electrode was naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain an electrode for a storage device of this example. Hereinafter, the electrode of this example is referred to as “sample 6”.
- the sample 6 When the sample 6 was visually confirmed, it was purple. Moreover, when observed by SEM, the average length of the formed whisker was about 30 micrometers, and the obtained electrode was 1 cm x 1 cm, and thickness was 0.1 mm.
- Example 7 A tungsten metal flat plate as a substrate was placed in an electric furnace capable of atmosphere control, and heated to 100 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 550 ° C./hour in an argon stream containing high concentration of oxygen. At this time, the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 1% by volume (10,000 ppm by volume), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Next, in an argon gas flow containing a low concentration of oxygen, the temperature was raised to 1100 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 550 ° C./hour, and further maintained at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 0.1% by volume (1000 ppm by volume), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Then, after holding at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours, the current of the electric furnace was stopped and slow cooling was performed. During slow cooling, the supply of argon gas containing low concentration of oxygen was stopped when reaching 200 ° C. Thereafter, the electrode was naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain an electrode for a storage device of this example. Hereinafter, the electrode of this example is referred to as “sample 7”.
- the sample 7 When the sample 7 was visually confirmed, it was purple. Moreover, when observed by SEM, the average length of the formed whisker was about 30 micrometers, and the obtained electrode was 1 cm x 1 cm, and thickness was 0.1 mm.
- Example 8 A tungsten metal flat plate as a substrate was placed in an electric furnace capable of atmosphere control, and heated to 100 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 550 ° C./hour in an argon stream containing high concentration of oxygen. At this time, the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 1% by volume (10,000 ppm by volume), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Next, in an argon gas flow containing a low concentration of oxygen, the temperature was raised to 1100 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 550 ° C./hour, and further maintained at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 0.4% by volume (4000% by volume), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Then, after holding at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours, the current of the electric furnace was stopped and slow cooling was performed. During slow cooling, the supply of argon gas containing low concentration of oxygen was stopped when reaching 200 ° C. Thereafter, the electrode was naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain an electrode for a storage device of this example. Hereinafter, the electrode of this example is referred to as “sample 8”.
- the sample 8 When the sample 8 was visually confirmed, it was purple. Moreover, when observed by SEM, the average length of the formed whisker was about 30 micrometers, and the obtained electrode was 1 cm x 1 cm, and thickness was 0.1 mm.
- Example 9 A tungsten metal flat plate as a substrate was placed in an electric furnace capable of atmosphere control, and heated to 100 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 550 ° C./hour in an argon stream containing high concentration of oxygen. At this time, the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 1% by volume (10,000 ppm by volume), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Next, in an argon gas flow containing a low concentration of oxygen, the temperature was raised to 1100 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 550 ° C./hour, and further maintained at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 0.6% by volume (6000 ppm by volume), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Then, after holding at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours, the current of the electric furnace was stopped and slow cooling was performed. During slow cooling, the supply of argon gas containing low concentration of oxygen was stopped when reaching 200 ° C. Thereafter, the electrode was naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain an electrode for a storage device of this example. Hereinafter, the electrode of this example is referred to as “sample 9”.
- the sample 9 When the sample 9 was visually confirmed, it was indigo color. Moreover, when observed by SEM, the average length of the formed whisker was about 30 micrometers, and the obtained electrode was 1 cm x 1 cm, and thickness was 0.1 mm.
- Example 10 A tungsten metal flat plate as a substrate was placed in an atmosphere-controllable electric furnace, and heated to 100 ° C. at a heating rate of 550 ° C./hour in an argon stream containing high concentration of oxygen. At this time, the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 1% by volume (10,000 ppm by volume), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Next, in an argon gas flow containing a low concentration of oxygen, the temperature was raised to 1100 ° C. at a temperature rising rate of 550 ° C./hour, and further maintained at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours.
- the oxygen concentration in the oxygen-containing argon stream was 0.8% by volume (8000 volume ppm), and the flow rate was 15 cm 3 / min (1 atm, 25 ° C.). Then, after holding at 1100 ° C. for 2 hours, the current of the electric furnace was stopped and slow cooling was performed. During slow cooling, the supply of argon gas containing low concentration of oxygen was stopped when reaching 200 ° C. Thereafter, the electrode was naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain an electrode for a storage device of this example. Hereinafter, the electrode of this example is referred to as “sample 10”.
- the sample 10 When the sample 10 was visually confirmed, it was greenish amber. Moreover, when observed by SEM, the average length of the formed whisker was about 30 micrometers, and the obtained electrode was 1 cm x 1 cm, and thickness was 0.1 mm.
- the cell using the storage device electrode of Example 6 to Example 10 was charged and discharged in the range of 1.2 to 3 V. First, high-speed charge and discharge was performed twice at 10 mA / cm 2 , and the second discharge capacity was measured. Next, charge and discharge were repeated 100 times at 1 mA / cm 2 , and the capacity retention rate after 100 cycles was measured. The obtained results are shown in Table 1 and FIGS. 10 to 13.
- the Fermi level peak intensity ratio means the ratio of the peak intensity within 1 eV from the Fermi level to the peak intensity within the range of 5-10 eV.
- the 34 eV / 36 eV peak intensity ratio means the ratio of the intensity at 34 eV of the peak in the range of 33 to 34 eV to the intensity at 36 eV of the peak in the range of 35 to 36 eV.
- the asymmetry index ⁇ means a parameter in the Dononiach-Sunjic equation.
- the O1s peak 1/4 value width means the lower 1/4 value width of the peak at the peak in the range of 525 to 535 eV.
- the present invention is not limited to these descriptions, and various modifications and improvements can be made by those skilled in the art. It is self-explanatory.
- the invention can also be applied to an electric double layer type capacitor, an electrochemical capacitor and other chargeable storage devices.
- the electrode for a storage battery device of the present invention is provided with a porous layer composed of fibers and / or whiskers containing, as a main component, a tungsten oxide having a predetermined peak in the valence band photoelectron spectrum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Therefore, an electrode for a storage device and a storage device capable of exhibiting excellent cycle durability performance can be provided.
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Abstract
Description
まず、本発明の実施形態に係る蓄電デバイス用電極について詳細に説明する。本実施形態の蓄電デバイス用電極は、タングステン酸化物を含有するファイバ及びウィスカの少なくともいずれか一方を有する多孔質層を備える。そして、タングステン酸化物を含有する上記ファイバ及びウィスカの少なくともいずれか一方のX線光電子分光分析による価電子帯光電子スペクトルは、タングステン酸化物のフェルミ準位から1eV以内にピークを有する。
(式中、R∞は絶対反射率、Kは吸光係数、Sは散乱係数である。)
(式中、r∞は標準粉体に対する試料の反射強度の比(反射強度比)、Kは吸光係数、Sは散乱係数である。)
次に、上記蓄電デバイス用電極の製造方法について詳細に説明する。本実施形態の蓄電デバイス用電極の製造方法では、上記ファイバ及びウィスカの構成金属を含む原料又は基材原料を、微量の酸素存在下で加熱処理して、上記ファイバ及びウィスカの少なくともいずれか一方を形成する。
次に、本発明の一実施形態に係る蓄電デバイスについて詳細に説明する。本実施形態の蓄電デバイスは、上記蓄電デバイス用電極と、電解質と、を備えているものである。このような構成とすることにより、優れたサイクル耐久性能を発揮することができるものとなる。
まず、基材としてのタングステン金属平板を、雰囲気制御が可能な電気炉内に配置した。次に、酸素含有アルゴン気流中、100℃まで昇温速度550℃/時で加熱した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は1体積%(10000体積ppm)とし、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。
次いで、酸素含有アルゴンから純アルゴンに変え、純アルゴンガス気流中、昇温速度550℃/時で1100℃まで加熱し、更に、1100℃で2時間保持した。なお、純アルゴンガス気流の流量は、15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。また、純アルゴンガスの供給を200℃到達時に停止した。
しかる後、室温まで自然冷却して、本例の蓄電デバイス用電極を得た。以下、本例の電極を「サンプル1」という。
アルゴンガスの供給を1100℃に達すると同時に停止したこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行い、本例の蓄電デバイス用電極を得た。以下、本例の電極を「サンプル2」という。
アルゴンガスの供給を300℃に達すると同時に停止したこと以外は、実施例1と同様の操作を行い、本例の蓄電デバイス用電極を得た。以下、本例の電極を「サンプル3」という。
基材としてのタングステン金属平板を、雰囲気制御が可能な電気炉内に配置した。次に、大気の状態から加熱を開始し、加熱開始直後から純アルゴンを供給しながら、昇温速度1100℃/時で1100℃まで加熱し、更に1100℃で8時間保持した。この際、純アルゴンの流量は、300cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。
しかる後、室温まで自然冷却して、本例の蓄電デバイス用電極を得た。以下、本例の電極を「サンプル4」という。
1100℃における保持時間を2時間としたこと以外は、実施例4と同様の操作を行い、本例の蓄電デバイス用電極を得た。以下、本例の電極を「サンプル5」という。
各サンプル1~5を、X線光電子分光法を実行するX線光電子分光分析装置(アルバック・ファイ株式会社製、QUANTUM2000)を用いて、X線光電子分光分析を行った。図4及び図5は、各サンプル1~5のウィスカ表面の価電子帯光電子スペクトルを示すグラフ及びウィスカ表面のW4f光電子スペクトルを示すグラフである。
基材としてのタングステン金属平板を、雰囲気制御が可能な電気炉内に配置し、高濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴン気流中、100℃まで昇温速度550℃/時で加熱した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は1体積%(10000体積ppm)とし、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。
次いで、低濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴンガス気流中、昇温速度550℃/時で1100℃まで加熱し、更に、1100℃で2時間保持した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は0.05体積%(500体積ppm)とし、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。そして、1100℃で2時間保持後は電気炉の電流を止め、徐冷を行った。なお、徐冷中、低濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴンガスの供給は200℃到達時に停止した。
しかる後、室温まで自然冷却して、本例の蓄電デバイス用電極を得た。以下、本例の電極を「サンプル6」という。
基材としてのタングステン金属平板を、雰囲気制御が可能な電気炉内に配置し、高濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴン気流中、100℃まで昇温速度550℃/時で加熱した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は1体積%(10000体積ppm)とし、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。
次いで、低濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴンガス気流中、昇温速度550℃/時で1100℃まで加熱し、更に、1100℃で2時間保持した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は0.1体積%(1000体積ppm)とし、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。そして、1100℃で2時間保持後は電気炉の電流を止め、徐冷を行った。なお、徐冷中、低濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴンガスの供給は200℃到達時に停止した。
しかる後、室温まで自然冷却して、本例の蓄電デバイス用電極を得た。以下、本例の電極を「サンプル7」という。
基材としてのタングステン金属平板を、雰囲気制御が可能な電気炉内に配置し、高濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴン気流中、100℃まで昇温速度550℃/時で加熱した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は1体積%(10000体積ppm)とし、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。
次いで、低濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴンガス気流中、昇温速度550℃/時で1100℃まで加熱し、更に、1100℃で2時間保持した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は0.4体積%(4000体積ppm)とし、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。そして、1100℃で2時間保持後は電気炉の電流を止め、徐冷を行った。なお、徐冷中、低濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴンガスの供給は200℃到達時に停止した。
しかる後、室温まで自然冷却して、本例の蓄電デバイス用電極を得た。以下、本例の電極を「サンプル8」という。
基材としてのタングステン金属平板を、雰囲気制御が可能な電気炉内に配置し、高濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴン気流中、100℃まで昇温速度550℃/時で加熱した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は1体積%(10000体積ppm)とし、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。
次いで、低濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴンガス気流中、昇温速度550℃/時で1100℃まで加熱し、更に、1100℃で2時間保持した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は0.6体積%(6000体積ppm)、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。そして、1100℃で2時間保持後は電気炉の電流を止め、徐冷を行った。なお、徐冷中、低濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴンガスの供給は200℃到達時に停止した。
しかる後、室温まで自然冷却して、本例の蓄電デバイス用電極を得た。以下、本例の電極を「サンプル9」という。
基材としてのタングステン金属平板を、雰囲気制御可能な電気炉内に配置し、高濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴン気流中、100℃まで昇温速度550℃/時で加熱した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は1体積%(10000体積ppm)とし、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。
次いで、低濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴンガス気流中、昇温速度550℃/時で1100℃まで加熱し、更に、1100℃で2時間保持した。この際、酸素含有アルゴン気流中の酸素濃度は0.8体積%(8000体積ppm)、流量は15cm3/分(1atm、25℃)とした。そして、1100℃で2時間保持後は電気炉の電流を止め、徐冷を行った。なお、徐冷中、低濃度の酸素を含有したアルゴンガスの供給は200℃到達時に停止した。
しかる後、室温まで自然冷却して、本例の蓄電デバイス用電極を得た。以下、本例の電極を「サンプル10」という。
各サンプル6~10をX線光電子分光法を実行するX線光電子分光分析装置(アルバック・ファイ株式会社製、QUANTUM2000)を用いて、X線光電子分光分析を行った。
1a ファイバ、ウィスカ
2 基材
3 金属層
4 芯材
5 セパレータ
6 正極
7 負極
8 外装体
10 蓄電デバイス用電極
Claims (14)
- タングステン酸化物を含有するファイバ及びウィスカの少なくともいずれか一方を有する多孔質層を備え、
前記ファイバ及びウィスカのX線光電子分光分析による価電子帯光電子スペクトルが、前記タングステン酸化物のフェルミ準位から1eV以内にピークを有することを特徴とする蓄電デバイス用電極。 - 前記ファイバ及びウィスカのX線光電子分光分析による価電子帯光電子スペクトルが、前記タングステン酸化物のフェルミ準位において前記ピークの立ち上がりが開始されており、且つ、前記1eV以内のピークの強度が、5~10eVの範囲内のピークの強度に対して1/20以上であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極。
- 前記ファイバ及びウィスカのX線光電子分光分析によるW4f光電子スペクトルが、33~34eVの範囲内及び35~36eVの範囲内の双方にピークを有することを特徴とする請求項1又は2に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極。
- 前記33~34eVの範囲内のピークの34eVにおける強度が、前記35~36eVの範囲内のピークの36eVにおける強度に対して1/20以上であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極。
- 前記33~34eVの範囲内のピークの34eVにおける強度が、前記35~36eVの範囲内のピークの36eVにおける強度に対して1/10以上であることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極。
- 前記ファイバ及びウィスカの可視光分光分析による反射スペクトルのクベルカ-ムンク変換によるスペクトルが、500~600nmの範囲内に最大ピークを有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれか一項に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極。
- 前記ファイバ及びウィスカのX線光電子分光分析による525~535eVの範囲内のピークをDoniach-Sunjic式により最小二乗近似させたとき、非対称性指数αが0.07以上であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれか一項に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極。
- 前記ファイバ及びウィスカのX線光電子分光分析による525~535eVの範囲内のピークにおけるピークの下1/4値幅が、2.5~4.0eVであることを特徴とする請求項1乃至7のいずれか一項に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極。
- 前記多孔質層が、タングステンを含む金属又はセラミックの基材上に形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1乃至8のいずれか一項に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極。
- 前記多孔質層が、前記ウィスカ又はファイバの構成金属を含む金属層を表面に備えた基材上に形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1乃至8のいずれか一項に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極。
- 請求項1乃至10のいずれか一項に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極と、電解質と、を備えていることを特徴とする蓄電デバイス。
- 前記電解質が、非水系電解液であることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の蓄電デバイス。
- 前記電解質が、固体又はゲル状体であることを特徴とする請求項11に記載の蓄電デバイス。
- タングステン酸化物を含有するファイバ及びウィスカの構成金属を含む原料又は基材原料を、微量の酸素存在下で加熱処理して、前記ファイバ及びウィスカの少なくともいずれか一方を形成する工程を有することを特徴とする、請求項1乃至10のいずれか一項に記載の蓄電デバイス用電極の製造方法。
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