WO2009112715A1 - Building, for example a dwelling - Google Patents

Building, for example a dwelling Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2009112715A1
WO2009112715A1 PCT/FR2009/000150 FR2009000150W WO2009112715A1 WO 2009112715 A1 WO2009112715 A1 WO 2009112715A1 FR 2009000150 W FR2009000150 W FR 2009000150W WO 2009112715 A1 WO2009112715 A1 WO 2009112715A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wall
building
air
space
outside
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/FR2009/000150
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Edouard Serras
Daniel Bezes
Claude Ramey
Original Assignee
Edouard Serras
Daniel Bezes
Claude Ramey
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Edouard Serras, Daniel Bezes, Claude Ramey filed Critical Edouard Serras
Publication of WO2009112715A1 publication Critical patent/WO2009112715A1/en

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E04B1/7608—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only comprising a prefabricated insulating layer, disposed between two other layers or panels
    • E04B1/7612—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only comprising a prefabricated insulating layer, disposed between two other layers or panels in combination with an air space
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D5/00—Hot-air central heating systems; Exhaust gas central heating systems
    • F24D5/005—Hot-air central heating systems; Exhaust gas central heating systems combined with solar energy
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D5/00—Hot-air central heating systems; Exhaust gas central heating systems
    • F24D5/12—Hot-air central heating systems; Exhaust gas central heating systems using heat pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0075—Systems using thermal walls, e.g. double window
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F5/00—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater
    • F24F5/0075—Systems using thermal walls, e.g. double window
    • F24F2005/0082—Facades
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A30/00—Adapting or protecting infrastructure or their operation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/13—Hot air central heating systems using heat pumps
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
    • Y02B30/90—Passive houses; Double facade technology

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a building, for example individual or collective housing or for commercial use or offices, etc.
  • this type of building includes external walls made of stones, bricks or blocks, the outer face of which may have a coating of appearance such as a coating for example and whose inner face may have a coating of thermal and sound insulation and an aspect coating (paint, wallpaper, fabric, paneling, etc.).
  • the invention aims in particular to provide a simple, effective and economical solution to these problems.
  • a building for example an individual or collective dwelling, comprising external walls, a roof and at least one floor, the external walls comprising an internal wall formed of bricks or blocks of stone or the like laid and attached to each other, means delimiting with the inner wall an air circulation space, and a thermally insulating outer wall, fixed on the inner wall at a distance therefrom, characterized in that means are provided for taking air outside the building and circulating it in the aforementioned space, the circulation of outside air in this space being controlled by valves or solenoid valves controlled according to the outside air temperatures and air in the building and a set temperature.
  • the internal brick or stone block wall forms a framework capable of supporting floor floors and the roof as well as the outer wall, and also serves as a means of heat exchange with the inside and outside the building, which allows to regulate the temperature and the relative humidity in the building by consuming a minimum of energy or without consuming any energy at all.
  • Means are provided for measuring the temperature of the outside air and the temperature inside the building and for setting a set temperature inside the building, in order to control opening and closing means comprising valves or external air intake solenoid valves in the aforementioned circulation space, as a function of the differences between the measured temperatures and the set temperature, and regulate the temperature of the inner wall.
  • the outside air can circulate by natural convection in the aforementioned space, when the temperature difference between the outside and the inside of the building lends itself, which allows to heat or cool the internal wall of the building without consuming energy.
  • Fans may also be provided to circulate the outside air in the aforementioned space and possibly in a heat exchanger and / or in a heat pump.
  • the air circulation space may be formed between the inner and outer walls of the outer walls.
  • this space is delimited by an intermediate wall located between the inner and outer walls and which also serves to support and fix fluid conduits and electrical cables, these conduits and cables being preferably between the intermediate wall and the outer wall.
  • This intermediate wall may comprise a reflective coating on its face facing the inner wall.
  • Means are also provided for heating or cooling air taken outside before injecting it into the building, these means may include for example a solar water heater installed on the roof of the building and feeding a balloon. hot water and / or a heat pump with double flow which allows to heat or cool, as needed, the air taken outside.
  • the outer wall comprises a prefabricated shell formed for example of plastic or by panels assembled to each other, these panels being delimited by cleats and filled with a thermally insulating material.
  • This outer wall optionally has on its outer face an impervious coating for protection against rain and / or a coating of a particular material absorbing heat.
  • the outer face of this outer wall may also carry means for attaching or fixing an appearance coating, which may be formed for example of stone plates hung on a set of rails fixed on the outer wall, these plates the stone being advantageously of the same type as the molded blocks of the inner wall, the appearance coating may also include wooden boards or planks or panels for laying a coating.
  • an appearance coating which may be formed for example of stone plates hung on a set of rails fixed on the outer wall, these plates the stone being advantageously of the same type as the molded blocks of the inner wall, the appearance coating may also include wooden boards or planks or panels for laying a coating.
  • Another air circulation space may be formed on the outer face of the outer wall, for example between this wall and the decorative coating fixed on this wall and means are provided for circulating the outside air in this other space and to recover his heat.
  • the air in this other space can be heated by the sun at a much higher temperature than the air outside the building. It is therefore interesting to recover the heat of this relatively hot air to heat the interior of the building, by circulation along the internal walls of the outer walls or by means of a heat pump or a heat exchanger.
  • FIG. a schematic vertical sectional view of an exterior wall of a building according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a partial vertical sectional view of an outer wall according to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 are partial views in horizontal section of a re-entrant angle and an angle out of the outer wall;
  • FIG. 5 is a vertical sectional view of an outer wall, illustrating the integration of a window block;
  • - Figure 6 is a partial horizontal sectional view of an outer wall, illustrating the integration of a door block
  • - Figure 7 is a partial vertical sectional view of an outer wall, illustrating the integration of an intermediate floor
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a heating and ventilation or air conditioning system of the building according to the invention.
  • reference numeral 10 denotes an exterior wall of a building according to the invention, this wall extending between the floor 12 and the roof 14 of the building and comprising a bearing internal wall 16 formed of solid bricks or blocks 18 of stone or the like which are placed and fixed one on the other as in a traditional brick or stone wall, an intermediate wall 20 of marine plywood or light prefabricated material which is spaced from the inner wall 16 of a few centimeters to delimit with it an air circulation space 22, and an outer wall 24 which is thermally insulating and which extends parallel to the intermediate wall 20, at a determined distance therefrom, for example from 8 or 10 cm, to define therewith a space 26 for accommodating conduits 28 of fluids and electric cables, which are fixed on the intermediate wall 20.
  • the internal walls 16, intermediate 20 and outer 24 are substantially continuous and airtight, the intermediate 20 and outer walls 24 being fixed on the inner carrier wall 16.
  • the outer wall 24 is advantageously prefabricated in a sealed plastic material, its outer face which may comprise a decorative coating or a coating of a heat-absorbing material.
  • the outer wall 24 comprises a prefabricated shell formed of panels 30 of large size, which are juxtaposed and secured to one another and which are delimited peripherally, horizontally and vertically, by cleats 32, by example in wood. These panels are filled with a thermally insulating material 34 of a conventional type, such as, for example, glass wool or rockwool, or any other suitable type, this material being however relatively preferably lightly.
  • the panels 30 are fixed to the supporting wall 16 for example by horizontal rods which connect the cleats 32 of the panels to the horizontal and vertical connections of the inner wall 16.
  • the inner face of the intermediate wall 20 may be covered with a waterproof film 36 which also has reflective properties, such as for example an aluminum foil, a metallized film, etc.
  • the outer face of the panels 30 is covered with an impervious coating 38 which provides protection against rain and on which or through which are fixed means 40 for supporting an aspect coating 42.
  • This coating may be made of the same material as the blocks 18 of the inner wall 16 and comprises, for example, plates 44 hung on horizontal rails forming part of the support means 40.
  • a space 46 for circulating air may be provided between the appearance coating and the panels 26 of the outer wall.
  • Diagram shows an air intake in the lower part of the wall, connected by a controlled valve or a solenoid valve 47 to the space 22 to admit outside air, and an air outlet mouth in the upper part of the wall, connected to the space 22 by a valve or a solenoid valve 47 for the discharge into the atmosphere of the air which has circulated in the space 22.
  • Other valves or solenoid valves are provided to return this air to a heat exchanger of heat or a heat pump when it is useful, as described below with reference to FIG. 8.
  • the inner wall 16 has a thickness of about 10 cm
  • the space 22 between the inner wall 16 and the intermediate wall 20 has a thickness of 2 cm
  • the intermediate wall has a thickness of 1 cm
  • the space 26 has a thickness of 8 cm
  • the thickness of the panels 30 is of the order of 10 cm
  • the thickness of the space 46 is 2 cm
  • the plates 44 of the aspect coating have a thickness of 2 to 3 cm for example.
  • the appearance coating may be formed of wooden planks, for example if the building is a cottage, or panels intended to be covered with a decorative coating.
  • Fig. 3 which is a horizontal section of a tapered portion of an outer wall 10 according to the invention
  • the inner wall 16 of the wall is formed of rectangular blocks 48 having at least one flat vertical face 50 on the side of the wall. inside the building.
  • the re-entrant angle 54 of the inner wall wall is formed of a superposition of blocks 56 arranged alternately in two perpendicular directions, each block 56 having the same length as the aforementioned blocks 48 and a larger width and comprising cylindrical passages vertical 58 which are aligned from one block to another at the corner of the wall to form vertical links 60 by means of a frame 62 and a hydraulic binder such as cement for example, which fills the cylindrical passages 58, these links being spaced from each other by 2 m for example and having passages for the establishment of horizontal hooking rods of the walls 20 and 24.
  • each block 56 comprises two vertical cylindrical passages 58 receiving vertical links 60 so that the angle of the inner wall 16 comprises three vertical links separated by a small distance and which are connected horizontally two two in place.
  • Horizontal chaining is also formed in the inner bearing wall 16 as shown in the upper part of FIGS. 1 and 5, by means of blocks having horizontal cylindrical passages communicating with each other and in which one place a frame and that is filled with hydraulic binder, these horizontal links being connected to the aforementioned vertical links.
  • Figure 4 shows a similar arrangement to that of Figure 3, the only difference being that the wall 10 forms a salient angle and not a re-entrant angle.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the integration of a window block 66 in the inner wall 16 of a wall according to the invention, this window block comprising a glazed wall 68, preferably double-glazed, a shutter 70 that can be rolled up in a box 72 outside by means of a crank 74 or a drive means with an electric motor.
  • a cutout corresponding to the window block 66 is provided in the walls 20 and 24 and is delimited by a frame 76 mounted between cleats 32 of the outer wall 24.
  • FIG. 6 The integration of a door block 78 into the inner wall wall 16 is illustrated in FIG. 6, the door block 78 comprising a leaf 80 mounted inside a fixed frame 82 forming the frame, which is embedded in a corresponding shape opening of the inner wall 16, this opening being delimited vertically by blocks 84 in the shape of "L".
  • An aperture of corresponding shape is formed in the outer wall 20 and is delimited by a frame 86 fixed to cleats 32 of the outer wall 24.
  • Figure 7 schematically illustrates the connection of an intermediate floor 88 to the outer walls 10 of the building.
  • the periphery of the floor 88 has a vertical flange 90 having a horizontal chaining 92 and received in molded elements 94 of the inner wall 16 of the wall 10, these molded elements
  • the molded elements 94 having an "L" section and a width twice that of the blocks 48 forming the inner wall 16.
  • the molded elements 94 are placed end to end so as to form a continuous housing groove of the periphery 90 of the intermediate floor 88. Outside air ducts circulating in the spaces 22 are carried by the intermediate wall 20 and bypass the floor flange 90 or the floor support horizontal chaining.
  • the floor itself comprises a supporting structure 96 connected to the peripheral edge 90 of the floor and having on its upper face a floor covering 98.
  • a covering 100 forming a ceiling covering is fixed on the lower face of the floor 88.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of a building ventilation, heating and cooling system, this installation comprising in particular an air-air heat exchanger 102 in which counter-current 104 is circulated in parts such as kitchen, bathroom and toilet, and air
  • the spaces 22 between the inner and intermediate walls of the walls 10 are used to circulate air taken outside the building to regulate the temperature of the inner walls as needed.
  • the air 104 is taken from the upper part of the building and then passes through a filter 108 before being admitted into the heat exchanger 102.
  • the air 106 taken outside also passes through a filter 110 before being admitted into the exchanger 102.
  • a heat exchange takes place between the air 104 taken from inside the building and the air 106. taken outside, then the air 104 is rejected outside the building as indicated in 112 and the air 106 taken outside the building is injected inside the building as indicated in 114, for example in rooms such as a living room and bedrooms. It is also possible to circulate the air 114 in the floor or floors to ensure low temperature heating by the ground.
  • the circulation of the air 104 taken inside the building can be provided by means of a fan 116 mounted for example at the outlet of the exchanger 102, the circulation of the outside air 106 being done by natural convection and / or by means of a fan 118 mounted at the outlet of the exchanger 102.
  • Heating or air conditioning means 120 are mounted on the outside air outlet of the heat exchanger 102 to increase or lower, if necessary, the temperature of this outside air. when the outside temperature is relatively low or relatively high, respectively. These means 120 may be traversed by the air 104 taken inside the building before its introduction into the heat exchanger 102, as well as by the outside air which has circulated in the spaces 22 of the external walls and by the air that circulated in the floors for heating the building.
  • the means 120 advantageously comprise a heat pump with reversible operation, which makes it possible either to heat the air taken outside by taking heat from the air 104 sucked into the interior of the building before it passes through the room.
  • exchanger 102 that is to cool the air taken from the outside by giving it heat to the air 104 taken from the inside, the heat exchanger 102 allowing, in addition, to preheat the air taken outside, or to lower the temperature of this air by heat exchange with the air taken from inside the building.
  • the heat pump system 120 is operated for a very short time and preferably when the efficiency of the heat pump is at a maximum, most of the temperature regulation being ensured by the circulation of the heat pump. outside air at selected times in the spaces 22 between the intermediate walls and the inner walls of the outer walls.
  • the building may be equipped with a controlled mechanical ventilation, which is controlled by a presence detector in the building, to operate in slow motion when no one is in the building.
  • the space 46 between the appearance coating 42 and the sealing lining 30 of the insulating wall 24 can also be used to circulate outside air by natural convection along a wall heated by the sun, this outside air. heated being then sent to the heat pump means 120 to give up its heat.
  • the air circulation spaces 22 and 46 can be equipped in the lower part and in the upper part with collectors formed of horizontal inlet and outlet air tubes respectively and comprising valves or solenoid valves which are controlled, as well as the means 120 for heating or air conditioning, depending on the differences Te outside air temperature, Ti inside the building and a set temperature Tc inside the building.
  • This set of valves or solenoid valves makes it possible to select the external wall or walls in which outside air is circulated according to their orientation and their exposure to the sun, according to whether it is desired to heat or cool the internal walls. of these walls.
  • the space 26 formed between the intermediate wall 20 and the insulating wall 24 allows the assembly and fixing of all the fluid conduits 28 and all the electric cables on the intermediate wall 20, after installation and fixing thereof. on the inner wall 16 and before placing and fixing the insulating wall 24.
  • the invention also applies to buildings whose outer walls comprise an insulating outer wall carrying and an inner wall of bricks, stones or the like, which is carrier or not.
  • the invention is applicable to the construction of new buildings and the improvement of existing buildings, essentially by placing a prefabricated insulating shell on the walls of these buildings and by mounting the aforementioned means of heating, cooling and circulation of 'air.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)

Abstract

Building, for example a single or multiple dwelling or an office building, of which the exterior walls (10) comprise a load-bearing inner wall (16) formed of bricks or stone blocks or the like, an insulating outer wall (24), and an intermediate wall (20), the intermediate and inner walls being continuous and airtight and defining between them a space (22) which is equipped with electrically operated valves and in which air extracted from the outside is circulated so as to regulate the temperature of the inner wall (16).

Description

BATIMENT , PAR EXEMPLE D'HABITATION BUILDING, FOR EXAMPLE OF HOUSING
L'invention concerne un bâtiment, par exemple d'habitation individuelle ou collective ou à usage commercial ou de bureaux, etc.The invention relates to a building, for example individual or collective housing or for commercial use or offices, etc.
Dans les constructions traditionnelles, ce type de bâtiment comprend des murs extérieurs en pierres, en briques ou en parpaings, dont la face extérieure peut comporter un revêtement d'aspect tel qu'un enduit par exemple et dont la face intérieure peut comporter un revêtement d'isolation thermique et phonique et un revêtement d'aspect (peinture, papier peint, tissu, lambris, etc.).In traditional constructions, this type of building includes external walls made of stones, bricks or blocks, the outer face of which may have a coating of appearance such as a coating for example and whose inner face may have a coating of thermal and sound insulation and an aspect coating (paint, wallpaper, fabric, paneling, etc.).
On propose maintenant d'intégrer dans les murs de ces bâtiments ou dans leurs revêtements intérieurs différents conduits tels par exemple que des passages de câbles, des tuyaux d'eau sanitaire, des conduits de chauffage et/ou de ventilation, etc. Cette intégration se fait souvent au détriment de l'isolation thermique et phonique et complique la construction en augmentant largement son coût.It is now proposed to integrate into the walls of these buildings or in their interior cladding different ducts such as cable ducts, sanitary water pipes, heating ducts and / or ventilation, etc.. This integration is often at the expense of thermal and sound insulation and complicates the construction by increasing its cost.
Par ailleurs, ces bâtiments doivent être équipés de moyens de chauffage ou de climatisation, qui sont en eux-mêmes onéreux et dont le fonctionnement consomme beaucoup d'énergie.In addition, these buildings must be equipped with heating or air conditioning, which are in themselves expensive and whose operation consumes a lot of energy.
L'invention a notamment pour but d'apporter une solution simple, efficace et économique à ces problèmes.The invention aims in particular to provide a simple, effective and economical solution to these problems.
Elle a pour objet un bâtiment dont la construction est économique et qui répond aux normes les plus sévères d'isolation thermique et phonique.Its purpose is a building whose construction is economical and which meets the highest standards of thermal and sound insulation.
Elle a également pour objet un bâtiment de ce type, dans lequel l'intégration de moyens de chauffage, de ventilation, d'amenée et de retour de fluides et d'alimentation en électricité ne pose aucun problème.It also relates to a building of this type, in which the integration of heating means, ventilation, supply and return of fluids and electricity supply is no problem.
Elle a encore pour objet un bâtiment de ce type, qui est avantageusement au moins en partie préfabriqué et qui permet une auto- régulation simple et peu coûteuse de la température interne du bâtiment en toutes saisons.It also relates to a building of this type, which is advantageously at least partially prefabricated and which allows a self- simple and inexpensive regulation of the building's internal temperature in all seasons.
Elle a encore pour objet des moyens d'aménagement d'un bâtiment existant, permettant de l'équiper d'un chauffage et d'une climatisation efficaces et à faible consommation d'énergie.It also relates to the means of development of an existing building, to equip it with heating and air conditioning efficient and low energy consumption.
Elle propose, à cet effet, un bâtiment, par exemple d'habitation individuelle ou collective, comprenant des murs extérieurs, une toiture et au moins un plancher, les murs extérieurs comprenant une paroi interne formée de briques ou de blocs de pierre ou analogue posés et fixés les uns sur les autres, des moyens délimitant avec la paroi interne un espace de circulation d'air, et une paroi externe thermiquement isolante, fixée sur la paroi interne à distance de celle-ci, caractérisé en ce que des moyens sont prévus pour prélever de l'air à l'extérieur du bâtiment et le faire circuler dans l'espace précité, la circulation de l'air extérieur dans cet espace étant contrôlée par des clapets ou des électrovannes commandés en fonction des températures de l'air extérieur et de l'air dans le bâtiment et d'une température de consigne.It proposes, for this purpose, a building, for example an individual or collective dwelling, comprising external walls, a roof and at least one floor, the external walls comprising an internal wall formed of bricks or blocks of stone or the like laid and attached to each other, means delimiting with the inner wall an air circulation space, and a thermally insulating outer wall, fixed on the inner wall at a distance therefrom, characterized in that means are provided for taking air outside the building and circulating it in the aforementioned space, the circulation of outside air in this space being controlled by valves or solenoid valves controlled according to the outside air temperatures and air in the building and a set temperature.
Dans le bâtiment selon l'invention, la paroi interne en briques ou en blocs de pierre forme une ossature capable de supporter des planchers d'étage et la toiture ainsi que la paroi externe, et sert également de moyen d'échange thermique avec l'intérieur et l'extérieur du bâtiment, ce qui permet de réguler la température et l'humidité relative dans le bâtiment en consommant un minimum d'énergie ou sans consommer d'énergie du tout. Des moyens sont prévus pour mesurer la température de l'air extérieur et la température à l'intérieur du bâtiment et pour fixer une température de consigne à l'intérieur du bâtiment, afin de commander en ouverture et en fermeture des moyens comprenant des clapets ou des électrovannes d'admission d'air extérieur dans l'espace de circulation précité, en fonction des différences entre les températures mesurées et la température de consigne, et réaliser une régulation de la température de la paroi interne.In the building according to the invention, the internal brick or stone block wall forms a framework capable of supporting floor floors and the roof as well as the outer wall, and also serves as a means of heat exchange with the inside and outside the building, which allows to regulate the temperature and the relative humidity in the building by consuming a minimum of energy or without consuming any energy at all. Means are provided for measuring the temperature of the outside air and the temperature inside the building and for setting a set temperature inside the building, in order to control opening and closing means comprising valves or external air intake solenoid valves in the aforementioned circulation space, as a function of the differences between the measured temperatures and the set temperature, and regulate the temperature of the inner wall.
L'air extérieur peut circuler par convection naturelle dans l'espace précité, lorsque la différence de température entre l'extérieur et l'intérieur du bâtiment s'y prête, ce qui permet de chauffer ou de rafraîchir la paroi interne du bâtiment sans consommer d'énergie. Des ventilateurs peuvent également être prévus pour faire circuler l'air extérieur dans l'espace précité et éventuellement dans un échangeur thermique et/ou dans une pompe à chaleur. L'espace de circulation d'air peut être formé entre les parois interne et externe des murs extérieurs.The outside air can circulate by natural convection in the aforementioned space, when the temperature difference between the outside and the inside of the building lends itself, which allows to heat or cool the internal wall of the building without consuming energy. Fans may also be provided to circulate the outside air in the aforementioned space and possibly in a heat exchanger and / or in a heat pump. The air circulation space may be formed between the inner and outer walls of the outer walls.
Dans un mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention, cet espace est délimité par une paroi intermédiaire située entre les parois interne et externe et qui sert également au support et à la fixation des conduits de fluide et des câbles électriques, ces conduits et câbles étant de préférence entre la paroi intermédiaire et la paroi externe.In a preferred embodiment of the invention, this space is delimited by an intermediate wall located between the inner and outer walls and which also serves to support and fix fluid conduits and electrical cables, these conduits and cables being preferably between the intermediate wall and the outer wall.
Cette paroi intermédiaire peut comporter un revêtement réfléchissant sur sa face en regard de la paroi interne.This intermediate wall may comprise a reflective coating on its face facing the inner wall.
Elle est par exemple en contreplaqué ou en un matériau léger de construction et est fixée sur la paroi interne.It is for example plywood or a lightweight construction material and is fixed on the inner wall.
Des moyens sont également prévus pour chauffer ou rafraîchir de l'air prélevé à l'extérieur avant de l'injecter dans le bâtiment, ces moyens pouvant comprendre par exemple un chauffe-eau solaire installé sur le toit du bâtiment et alimentant un ballon d'eau chaude et/ou une pompe à chaleur à double flux qui permet de chauffer ou refroidir, en fonction des besoins, l'air prélevé à l'extérieur.Means are also provided for heating or cooling air taken outside before injecting it into the building, these means may include for example a solar water heater installed on the roof of the building and feeding a balloon. hot water and / or a heat pump with double flow which allows to heat or cool, as needed, the air taken outside.
Avantageusement, la paroi externe comprend une coque préfabriquée formée par exemple en matière plastique ou par des panneaux assemblés les uns aux autres, ces panneaux étant délimités par des tasseaux et remplis d'une matière thermiquement isolante. Cette paroi externe comporte éventuellement sur sa face externe un revêtement imperméable de protection contre la pluie et/ou un enduit d'un matériau particulier absorbant la chaleur.Advantageously, the outer wall comprises a prefabricated shell formed for example of plastic or by panels assembled to each other, these panels being delimited by cleats and filled with a thermally insulating material. This outer wall optionally has on its outer face an impervious coating for protection against rain and / or a coating of a particular material absorbing heat.
La face externe de cette paroi externe peut également porter des moyens d'accrochage ou de fixation d'un revêtement d'aspect, qui peut être formé par exemple de plaques de pierre accrochées sur un ensemble de rails fixés sur la paroi externe, ces plaques de pierre étant avantageusement du même type que les blocs moulés de la paroi interne, le revêtement d'aspect pouvant également comprendre des plaques ou planches de bois ou des panneaux de pose d'un enduit.The outer face of this outer wall may also carry means for attaching or fixing an appearance coating, which may be formed for example of stone plates hung on a set of rails fixed on the outer wall, these plates the stone being advantageously of the same type as the molded blocks of the inner wall, the appearance coating may also include wooden boards or planks or panels for laying a coating.
Un autre espace de circulation d'air peut être formé sur la face externe de la paroi externe, par exemple entre cette paroi et le revêtement décoratif fixé sur cette paroi et des moyens sont prévus pour faire circuler l'air extérieur dans cet autre espace et pour récupérer sa chaleur. L'air qui se trouve dans cet autre espace peut être chauffé par le soleil à une température bien supérieure à celle de l'air à l'extérieur du bâtiment. Il est donc intéressant de récupérer la chaleur de cet air relativement chaud pour chauffer l'intérieur du bâtiment, par circulation le long des parois internes des murs extérieurs ou par l'intermédiaire d'une pompe à chaleur ou d'un échangeur de chaleur.Another air circulation space may be formed on the outer face of the outer wall, for example between this wall and the decorative coating fixed on this wall and means are provided for circulating the outside air in this other space and to recover his heat. The air in this other space can be heated by the sun at a much higher temperature than the air outside the building. It is therefore interesting to recover the heat of this relatively hot air to heat the interior of the building, by circulation along the internal walls of the outer walls or by means of a heat pump or a heat exchanger.
L'invention sera mieux comprise et d'autres caractéristiques, détails et avantages de celle-ci apparaîtront plus clairement à la lecture de la description qui suit, faite à titre d'exemple en référence aux dessins annexés dans lesquels : - la figure 1 est une vue schématique en coupe verticale d'un mur extérieur d'un bâtiment selon l'invention ;The invention will be better understood and other characteristics, details and advantages thereof will appear more clearly on reading the description which follows, given by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. a schematic vertical sectional view of an exterior wall of a building according to the invention;
- la figure 2 est une vue partielle en coupe verticale d'un mur extérieur selon le mode de réalisation préféré de l'invention ;- Figure 2 is a partial vertical sectional view of an outer wall according to the preferred embodiment of the invention;
- les figures 3 et 4 sont des vues partielles en coupe horizontale d'un angle rentrant et d'un angle sortant du mur extérieur ; - la figure 5 est une vue en coupe verticale d'un mur extérieur, illustrant l'intégration d'un bloc fenêtre ;- Figures 3 and 4 are partial views in horizontal section of a re-entrant angle and an angle out of the outer wall; - Figure 5 is a vertical sectional view of an outer wall, illustrating the integration of a window block;
- la figure 6 est une vue partielle en coupe horizontale d'un mur extérieur, illustrant l'intégration d'un bloc porte ; - la figure 7 est une vue partielle en coupe verticale d'un mur extérieur, illustrant l'intégration d'un plancher intermédiaire ;- Figure 6 is a partial horizontal sectional view of an outer wall, illustrating the integration of a door block; - Figure 7 is a partial vertical sectional view of an outer wall, illustrating the integration of an intermediate floor;
- la figure 8 est une vue schématique d'une installation de chauffage et de ventilation ou de climatisation du bâtiment selon l'invention.- Figure 8 is a schematic view of a heating and ventilation or air conditioning system of the building according to the invention.
Aux figures 1 et 2, la référence 10 désigne un mur extérieur d'un bâtiment selon l'invention, ce mur s'étendant entre le sol 12 et la toiture 14 du bâtiment et comprenant une paroi interne porteuse 16 formée de briques pleines ou de blocs 18 de pierre ou analogue qui sont posés et fixés les uns sur les autres comme dans un mur traditionnel en briques ou en pierres de taille, une paroi intermédiaire 20 en contreplaqué marine ou en matériau léger préfabriqué qui est écartée de la paroi interne 16 de quelques centimètres pour délimiter avec elle un espace 22 de circulation d'air, et une paroi externe 24 qui est thermiquement isolante et qui s'étend parallèlement à la paroi intermédiaire 20, à une distance déterminée de celle-ci, par exemple de 8 ou 10 cm, pour délimiter avec celle-ci un espace 26 de logement de conduits 28 de fluides et de câbles électriques, qui sont fixés sur la paroi intermédiaire 20.In FIGS. 1 and 2, reference numeral 10 denotes an exterior wall of a building according to the invention, this wall extending between the floor 12 and the roof 14 of the building and comprising a bearing internal wall 16 formed of solid bricks or blocks 18 of stone or the like which are placed and fixed one on the other as in a traditional brick or stone wall, an intermediate wall 20 of marine plywood or light prefabricated material which is spaced from the inner wall 16 of a few centimeters to delimit with it an air circulation space 22, and an outer wall 24 which is thermally insulating and which extends parallel to the intermediate wall 20, at a determined distance therefrom, for example from 8 or 10 cm, to define therewith a space 26 for accommodating conduits 28 of fluids and electric cables, which are fixed on the intermediate wall 20.
Les parois interne 16, intermédiaire 20 et externe 24 sont sensiblement continues et étanches à l'air, les parois intermédiaire 20 et externe 24 étant fixées sur la paroi interne porteuse 16. La paroi externe 24 est avantageusement préfabriquée en un matériau plastique étanche, sa face extérieure pouvant comporter un enduit décoratif ou un enduit d'un matériau absorbant la chaleur.The internal walls 16, intermediate 20 and outer 24 are substantially continuous and airtight, the intermediate 20 and outer walls 24 being fixed on the inner carrier wall 16. The outer wall 24 is advantageously prefabricated in a sealed plastic material, its outer face which may comprise a decorative coating or a coating of a heat-absorbing material.
Dans l'exemple représenté, la paroi externe 24 comprend une coque préfabriquée formée de panneaux 30 de grande taille, qui sont juxtaposés et solidarisés les uns avec les autres et qui sont délimités en périphérie, horizontalement et verticalement, par des tasseaux 32, par exemple en bois. Ces panneaux sont remplis d'une matière thermiquement isolante 34 d'un type classique, tel par exemple que de la laine de verre ou de la laine de roche, ou de n'importe quel autre type approprié, cette matière étant toutefois de préférence relativement légère. Les panneaux 30 sont fixés à la paroi porteuse 16 par exemple par des tiges horizontales qui relient les tasseaux 32 des panneaux aux chaînages horizontaux et verticaux de la paroi interne 16.In the example shown, the outer wall 24 comprises a prefabricated shell formed of panels 30 of large size, which are juxtaposed and secured to one another and which are delimited peripherally, horizontally and vertically, by cleats 32, by example in wood. These panels are filled with a thermally insulating material 34 of a conventional type, such as, for example, glass wool or rockwool, or any other suitable type, this material being however relatively preferably lightly. The panels 30 are fixed to the supporting wall 16 for example by horizontal rods which connect the cleats 32 of the panels to the horizontal and vertical connections of the inner wall 16.
La face interne de la paroi intermédiaire 20 peut être recouverte d'un film étanche 36 qui a également des propriétés réfléchissantes, comme par exemple une feuille d'aluminium, un film métallisé, etc.The inner face of the intermediate wall 20 may be covered with a waterproof film 36 which also has reflective properties, such as for example an aluminum foil, a metallized film, etc.
La face externe des panneaux 30 est recouverte d'un revêtement imperméable 38 qui assure une protection contre la pluie et sur lequel ou au travers duquel sont fixés des moyens 40 de support d'un revêtement d'aspect 42.The outer face of the panels 30 is covered with an impervious coating 38 which provides protection against rain and on which or through which are fixed means 40 for supporting an aspect coating 42.
Ce revêtement peut être réalisé dans le même matériau que les blocs 18 de la paroi interne 16 et comprend par exemple des plaques 44 accrochées sur des rails horizontaux faisant partie des moyens de support 40. Un espace 46 de circulation d'air peut être ménagé entre le revêtement d'aspect et les panneaux 26 de la paroi externe.This coating may be made of the same material as the blocks 18 of the inner wall 16 and comprises, for example, plates 44 hung on horizontal rails forming part of the support means 40. A space 46 for circulating air may be provided between the appearance coating and the panels 26 of the outer wall.
On a représenté schématiquement une prise d'air en partie inférieure du mur, reliée par un clapet commandé ou une électrovanne 47 à l'espace 22 pour y admettre de l'air extérieur, et une bouche de sortie d'air en partie supérieure du mur, reliée à l'espace 22 par un clapet ou une électrovanne 47 pour le rejet à l'atmosphère de l'air qui a circulé dans l'espace 22. D'autres clapets ou électrovannes sont prévus pour renvoyer cet air vers un échangeur de chaleur ou une pompe à chaleur lorsque cela est utile, comme décrit ci-dessous en référence à la figure 8.Diagram shows an air intake in the lower part of the wall, connected by a controlled valve or a solenoid valve 47 to the space 22 to admit outside air, and an air outlet mouth in the upper part of the wall, connected to the space 22 by a valve or a solenoid valve 47 for the discharge into the atmosphere of the air which has circulated in the space 22. Other valves or solenoid valves are provided to return this air to a heat exchanger of heat or a heat pump when it is useful, as described below with reference to FIG. 8.
Dans l'exemple de la figure 2, la paroi interne 16 a une épaisseur d'environ 10 cm, l'espace 22 entre la paroi interne 16 et la paroi intermédiaire 20 a une épaisseur de 2 cm, la paroi intermédiaire a une épaisseur de 1 à 2 cm, l'espace 26 a une épaisseur de 8 cm, l'épaisseur des panneaux 30 est de l'ordre de 10 cm, l'épaisseur de l'espace 46 est de 2 cm et les plaques 44 du revêtement d'aspect ont une épaisseur de 2 à 3 cm par exemple. En variante, le revêtement d'aspect peut être formé de planches de bois, par exemple si le bâtiment est un chalet, ou de panneaux destinés à être recouverts d'un enduit décoratif.In the example of Figure 2, the inner wall 16 has a thickness of about 10 cm, the space 22 between the inner wall 16 and the intermediate wall 20 has a thickness of 2 cm, the intermediate wall has a thickness of 1 cm 2, the space 26 has a thickness of 8 cm, the thickness of the panels 30 is of the order of 10 cm, the thickness of the space 46 is 2 cm and the plates 44 of the aspect coating have a thickness of 2 to 3 cm for example. Alternatively, the appearance coating may be formed of wooden planks, for example if the building is a cottage, or panels intended to be covered with a decorative coating.
En figure 3, qui est une coupe horizontale d'une partie en angle rentrant d'un mur extérieur 10 selon l'invention, la paroi interne 16 du mur est formée de blocs rectangulaires 48 ayant au moins une face verticale plane 50 du côté de l'intérieur du bâtiment.In Fig. 3, which is a horizontal section of a tapered portion of an outer wall 10 according to the invention, the inner wall 16 of the wall is formed of rectangular blocks 48 having at least one flat vertical face 50 on the side of the wall. inside the building.
L'angle rentrant 54 de la paroi interne du mur est formé d'une superposition de blocs 56 disposés en alternance dans deux directions perpendiculaires, chaque bloc 56 ayant la même longueur que les blocs 48 précités et une largeur plus importante et comprenant des passages cylindriques verticaux 58 qui sont alignés d'un bloc à l'autre à l'angle du mur pour former des chaînages verticaux 60 au moyen d'une armature 62 et d'un liant hydraulique tel que du ciment par exemple, qui remplit les passages cylindriques 58, ces chaînages étant écartés les uns des autres de 2 m par exemple et comportant des passages pour la mise en place des tiges horizontales d'accrochage des parois 20 et 24.The re-entrant angle 54 of the inner wall wall is formed of a superposition of blocks 56 arranged alternately in two perpendicular directions, each block 56 having the same length as the aforementioned blocks 48 and a larger width and comprising cylindrical passages vertical 58 which are aligned from one block to another at the corner of the wall to form vertical links 60 by means of a frame 62 and a hydraulic binder such as cement for example, which fills the cylindrical passages 58, these links being spaced from each other by 2 m for example and having passages for the establishment of horizontal hooking rods of the walls 20 and 24.
Dans l'exemple de la figure 3, chaque bloc 56 comprend deux passages cylindriques verticaux 58 recevant des chaînages verticaux 60 de sorte que l'angle de la paroi interne 16 comprend trois chaînages verticaux séparés d'une distance faible et qui sont reliés horizontalement deux à deux de place en place.In the example of FIG. 3, each block 56 comprises two vertical cylindrical passages 58 receiving vertical links 60 so that the angle of the inner wall 16 comprises three vertical links separated by a small distance and which are connected horizontally two two in place.
Des chaînages horizontaux sont également formés dans la paroi interne porteuse 16 comme représenté en partie supérieure des figures 1 et 5, au moyen de blocs comportant des passages cylindriques horizontaux communiquant les uns avec les autres et dans lesquels on place une armature et que l'on remplit de liant hydraulique, ces chaînages horizontaux étant raccordés aux chaînages verticaux précités.Horizontal chaining is also formed in the inner bearing wall 16 as shown in the upper part of FIGS. 1 and 5, by means of blocks having horizontal cylindrical passages communicating with each other and in which one place a frame and that is filled with hydraulic binder, these horizontal links being connected to the aforementioned vertical links.
On retrouve en figure 4 une disposition semblable à celle de la figure 3, la seule différence étant que le mur 10 forme un angle saillant et non un angle rentrant.Figure 4 shows a similar arrangement to that of Figure 3, the only difference being that the wall 10 forms a salient angle and not a re-entrant angle.
La figure 5 illustre l'intégration d'un bloc fenêtre 66 dans la paroi interne 16 d'un mur selon l'invention, ce bloc fenêtre comportant une paroi vitrée 68 de préférence à double vitrage, un volet roulant 70 enroulable dans un caisson 72 extérieur au moyen d'une manivelle 74 ou d'un moyen d'entraînement à moteur électrique.FIG. 5 illustrates the integration of a window block 66 in the inner wall 16 of a wall according to the invention, this window block comprising a glazed wall 68, preferably double-glazed, a shutter 70 that can be rolled up in a box 72 outside by means of a crank 74 or a drive means with an electric motor.
Une découpe correspondant au bloc fenêtre 66 est prévue dans les parois 20 et 24 et est délimitée par un cadre 76 monté entre des tasseaux 32 de la paroi externe 24.A cutout corresponding to the window block 66 is provided in the walls 20 and 24 and is delimited by a frame 76 mounted between cleats 32 of the outer wall 24.
L'intégration d'un bloc porte 78 dans la paroi interne 16 du mur est illustrée en figure 6, le bloc porte 78 comprenant un battant 80 monté à l'intérieur d'un cadre fixe 82 formant le dormant, qui est encastré dans une ouverture de forme correspondante de la paroi interne 16, cette ouverture étant délimitée verticalement par des blocs 84 en forme de "L".The integration of a door block 78 into the inner wall wall 16 is illustrated in FIG. 6, the door block 78 comprising a leaf 80 mounted inside a fixed frame 82 forming the frame, which is embedded in a corresponding shape opening of the inner wall 16, this opening being delimited vertically by blocks 84 in the shape of "L".
Une ouverture de forme correspondante est formée dans la paroi externe 20 et est délimitée par un cadre 86 fixé à des tasseaux 32 de la paroi externe 24.An aperture of corresponding shape is formed in the outer wall 20 and is delimited by a frame 86 fixed to cleats 32 of the outer wall 24.
La figure 7 illustre schématiquement la liaison d'un plancher intermédiaire 88 aux murs extérieurs 10 du bâtiment.Figure 7 schematically illustrates the connection of an intermediate floor 88 to the outer walls 10 of the building.
La périphérie du plancher 88 comporte un rebord vertical 90 comportant un chaînage horizontal à armature 92 et reçu dans des éléments moulés 94 de la paroi interne 16 du mur 10, ces éléments moulésThe periphery of the floor 88 has a vertical flange 90 having a horizontal chaining 92 and received in molded elements 94 of the inner wall 16 of the wall 10, these molded elements
94 ayant une section en "L" et une largeur double de celle des blocs 48 formant la paroi interne 16. Les éléments moulés 94 sont placés bout à bout de façon à former une gorge continue de logement de la périphérie 90 du plancher intermédiaire 88. Des conduits de passage d'air extérieur circulant dans les espaces 22 sont portés par la paroi intermédiaire 20 et contournent le rebord 90 du plancher ou le chaînage horizontal de support du plancher.94 having an "L" section and a width twice that of the blocks 48 forming the inner wall 16. The molded elements 94 are placed end to end so as to form a continuous housing groove of the periphery 90 of the intermediate floor 88. Outside air ducts circulating in the spaces 22 are carried by the intermediate wall 20 and bypass the floor flange 90 or the floor support horizontal chaining.
Le plancher lui-même comprend une structure porteuse 96 raccordée au rebord périphérique 90 du plancher et comportant sur sa face supérieure un revêtement de sol 98. Un revêtement 100 formant un habillage de plafond est fixé sur la face inférieure du plancher 88.The floor itself comprises a supporting structure 96 connected to the peripheral edge 90 of the floor and having on its upper face a floor covering 98. A covering 100 forming a ceiling covering is fixed on the lower face of the floor 88.
De nombreuses variantes de réalisation et d'accrochage des planchers intermédiaires 88 sont possibles, l'accrochage ayant lieu à chaque fois sur des blocs prévus à cet effet dans la paroi interne 16 des murs extérieurs et comportant ou recevant un chaînage horizontal.Many alternative embodiments and attachment of the intermediate floors 88 are possible, the attachment taking place each time on blocks provided for this purpose in the inner wall 16 of the outer walls and having or receiving a horizontal chaining.
La figure 8 représente schématiquement une installation de ventilation, de chauffage et de rafraîchissement du bâtiment, cette installation comprenant notamment un échangeur de chaleur air-air 102 dans lequel on fait circuler, à contre courant, de l'air 104 prélevé dans des pièces telles qu'une cuisine, une salle de bains et des toilettes, et de l'airFIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of a building ventilation, heating and cooling system, this installation comprising in particular an air-air heat exchanger 102 in which counter-current 104 is circulated in parts such as kitchen, bathroom and toilet, and air
106 prélevé à l'extérieur du bâtiment. Les espaces 22 entre les parois internes et intermédiaires des murs 10 sont utilisés pour faire circuler de l'air prélevé en dehors du bâtiment afin de réguler la température des parois internes en fonction des besoins. L'air 104 est prélevé en partie supérieure du bâtiment et passe ensuite à travers un filtre 108 avant d'être admis dans l'échangeur de chaleur 102.106 taken outside the building. The spaces 22 between the inner and intermediate walls of the walls 10 are used to circulate air taken outside the building to regulate the temperature of the inner walls as needed. The air 104 is taken from the upper part of the building and then passes through a filter 108 before being admitted into the heat exchanger 102.
L'air 106 prélevé à l'extérieur passe également à travers un filtre 110 avant d'être admis dans l'échangeur 102. Un échange de chaleur a lieu entre l'air 104 prélevé à l'intérieur du bâtiment et l'air 106 prélevé à l'extérieur, puis l'air 104 est rejeté à l'extérieur du bâtiment comme indiqué en 112 et l'air 106 prélevé à l'extérieur du bâtiment est injecté à l'intérieur du bâtiment comme indiqué en 114, par exemple dans des pièces telles qu'une salle de séjour et des chambres. On peut aussi faire circuler l'air 114 dans le ou les planchers pour assurer un chauffage basse température par le sol. La circulation de l'air 104 prélevé à l'intérieur du bâtiment peut être assurée au moyen d'un ventilateur 116 monté par exemple en sortie de l'échangeur 102, la circulation de l'air extérieur 106 se faisant par convection naturelle et/ou au moyen d'un ventilateur 118 monté en sortie de l'échangeur 102. Des moyens 120 de chauffage ou de climatisation sont montés sur la sortie d'air extérieur de l'échangeur de chaleur 102 pour augmenter ou abaisser si nécessaire la température de cet air extérieur lorsque la température extérieure est relativement basse ou relativement élevée, respectivement. Ces moyens 120 peuvent être traversés par l'air 104 prélevé à l'intérieur du bâtiment avant son introduction dans l'échangeur de chaleur 102, ainsi que par l'air extérieur qui a circulé dans les espaces 22 des murs extérieurs et par l'air qui a circulé dans les planchers pour le chauffage du bâtiment. Les moyens 120 comprennent avantageusement une pompe à chaleur à fonctionnement réversible, ce qui permet, soit de chauffer l'air prélevé à l'extérieur en prélevant de la chaleur sur l'air 104 aspiré à l'intérieur du bâtiment avant son passage dans l'échangeur 102, soit de refroidir l'air prélevé à l'extérieur en lui faisant céder de la chaleur à l'air 104 prélevé à l'intérieur, l'échangeur de chaleur 102 permettant, de façon supplémentaire, soit de préchauffer l'air prélevé à l'extérieur, soit d'abaisser la température de cet air par échange thermique avec l'air prélevé à l'intérieur du bâtiment.The air 106 taken outside also passes through a filter 110 before being admitted into the exchanger 102. A heat exchange takes place between the air 104 taken from inside the building and the air 106. taken outside, then the air 104 is rejected outside the building as indicated in 112 and the air 106 taken outside the building is injected inside the building as indicated in 114, for example in rooms such as a living room and bedrooms. It is also possible to circulate the air 114 in the floor or floors to ensure low temperature heating by the ground. The circulation of the air 104 taken inside the building can be provided by means of a fan 116 mounted for example at the outlet of the exchanger 102, the circulation of the outside air 106 being done by natural convection and / or by means of a fan 118 mounted at the outlet of the exchanger 102. Heating or air conditioning means 120 are mounted on the outside air outlet of the heat exchanger 102 to increase or lower, if necessary, the temperature of this outside air. when the outside temperature is relatively low or relatively high, respectively. These means 120 may be traversed by the air 104 taken inside the building before its introduction into the heat exchanger 102, as well as by the outside air which has circulated in the spaces 22 of the external walls and by the air that circulated in the floors for heating the building. The means 120 advantageously comprise a heat pump with reversible operation, which makes it possible either to heat the air taken outside by taking heat from the air 104 sucked into the interior of the building before it passes through the room. exchanger 102, that is to cool the air taken from the outside by giving it heat to the air 104 taken from the inside, the heat exchanger 102 allowing, in addition, to preheat the air taken outside, or to lower the temperature of this air by heat exchange with the air taken from inside the building.
Dans cette installation, on ne fait fonctionner le système 120 à pompe à chaleur que très peu de temps et de préférence quand le rendement de la pompe à chaleur est maximal, l'essentiel de la régulation de température étant assuré par la circulation de l'air extérieur à des moments choisis dans les espaces 22 entre les parois intermédiaires et les parois internes des murs extérieurs.In this installation, the heat pump system 120 is operated for a very short time and preferably when the efficiency of the heat pump is at a maximum, most of the temperature regulation being ensured by the circulation of the heat pump. outside air at selected times in the spaces 22 between the intermediate walls and the inner walls of the outer walls.
Le bâtiment peut être équipé d'une ventilation mécanique contrôlée, qui est commandée par un détecteur de présence dans le bâtiment, pour fonctionner au ralenti lorsqu'aucune personne ne se trouve dans le bâtiment.The building may be equipped with a controlled mechanical ventilation, which is controlled by a presence detector in the building, to operate in slow motion when no one is in the building.
Il est également intéressant de préchauffer l'air prélevé à l'extérieur avant de le faire passer dans les moyens 120 de mise à température et de l'injecter dans le bâtiment, ce préchauffage étant réalisé par échange de chaleur avec l'air intérieur prélevé dans le bâtiment et/ou avec de l'eau chaude stockée dans un ballon et produite par un chauffe- eau solaire installé par exemple sur le toit du bâtiment.It is also advantageous to preheat the air taken outside before passing it into the means 120 for heating and injecting it into the building, this preheating being carried out by heat exchange with the indoor air sampled. in the building and / or with hot water stored in a balloon and produced by a solar water heater installed for example on the roof of the building.
L'espace 46 entre le revêtement d'aspect 42 et le revêtement étanche 30 de la paroi isolante 24 peut aussi être utilisé pour faire circuler de l'air extérieur par convection naturelle le long d'un mur chauffé par le soleil, cet air extérieur chauffé étant ensuite envoyé vers les moyens 120 à pompe à chaleur pour y céder sa chaleur.The space 46 between the appearance coating 42 and the sealing lining 30 of the insulating wall 24 can also be used to circulate outside air by natural convection along a wall heated by the sun, this outside air. heated being then sent to the heat pump means 120 to give up its heat.
Les espaces 22 et 46 de circulation d'air peuvent être équipés en partie inférieure et en partie supérieure de collecteurs formés de tubes horizontaux d'admission et de sortie d'air respectivement et comportant des clapets ou des électrovannes qui sont commandés, ainsi que les moyens 120 de chauffage ou de climatisation, en fonction des différences des températures Te de l'air extérieur, Ti à l'intérieur du bâtiment et d'une température Tc de consigne à l'intérieur du bâtiment. Cet ensemble de clapets ou d'électrovannes permet de sélectionner le ou les murs extérieurs dans lesquels on fait circuler de l'air extérieur en fonction de leur orientation et de leur exposition au soleil, selon que l'on souhaite réchauffer ou rafraîchir les parois internes de ces murs. L'espace 26 ménagé entre la paroi intermédiaire 20 et la paroi isolante 24 permet le montage et la fixation de tous les conduits de fluides 28 et de tous les câbles électriques sur la paroi intermédiaire 20, après mise en place et fixation de celle-ci sur la paroi interne 16 et avant mise en place et fixation de la paroi isolante 24. L'invention s'applique également aux bâtiments dont les murs extérieurs comprennent une paroi externe isolante porteuse et une paroi interne en briques, pierres ou analogues, qui est porteuse ou non.The air circulation spaces 22 and 46 can be equipped in the lower part and in the upper part with collectors formed of horizontal inlet and outlet air tubes respectively and comprising valves or solenoid valves which are controlled, as well as the means 120 for heating or air conditioning, depending on the differences Te outside air temperature, Ti inside the building and a set temperature Tc inside the building. This set of valves or solenoid valves makes it possible to select the external wall or walls in which outside air is circulated according to their orientation and their exposure to the sun, according to whether it is desired to heat or cool the internal walls. of these walls. The space 26 formed between the intermediate wall 20 and the insulating wall 24 allows the assembly and fixing of all the fluid conduits 28 and all the electric cables on the intermediate wall 20, after installation and fixing thereof. on the inner wall 16 and before placing and fixing the insulating wall 24. The invention also applies to buildings whose outer walls comprise an insulating outer wall carrying and an inner wall of bricks, stones or the like, which is carrier or not.
L'invention est applicable à la construction de bâtiments neufs et à l'amélioration de bâtiments existants, essentiellement par pose d'une coque préfabriquée isolante sur les murs de ces bâtiments et par montage des moyens précités de chauffage, de rafraîchissement et de circulation d'air. The invention is applicable to the construction of new buildings and the improvement of existing buildings, essentially by placing a prefabricated insulating shell on the walls of these buildings and by mounting the aforementioned means of heating, cooling and circulation of 'air.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
1. Bâtiment, par exemple d'habitation individuelle ou collective, comprenant des murs extérieurs (10), une toiture (14) et au moins un plancher, les murs extérieurs (10) comprenant une paroi interne (16) formée de briques ou de blocs de pierre ou analogue posés et fixés les uns sur les autres, des moyens délimitant avec la paroi interne un espace (22) de circulation d'air, et une paroi externe (24) thermiquement isolante, fixée sur la paroi interne à distance de celle-ci, caractérisé en ce que des moyens sont prévus pour prélever de l'air (102) à l'extérieur du bâtiment et le faire circuler dans l'espace précité (22), la circulation de l'air extérieur dans l'espace (22) précité étant contrôlée par des clapets ou électrovannes (47) commandés en fonction de la température de l'air extérieur, de la température dans le bâtiment et d'une température de consigne à l'intérieur du bâtiment.1. A building, for example an individual or collective dwelling, comprising outer walls (10), a roof (14) and at least one floor, the outer walls (10) comprising an inner wall (16) formed of bricks or blocks of stone or the like laid and fixed on one another, means delimiting with the inner wall an air circulation space (22), and an outer thermally insulating wall (24) fixed on the inner wall at a distance of the latter, characterized in that means are provided for withdrawing air (102) from outside the building and circulating it in the aforesaid space (22), the circulation of the outside air in the space (22) above being controlled by valves or solenoid valves (47) controlled according to the temperature of the outside air, the temperature in the building and a set temperature inside the building.
2. Bâtiment selon la revendication 1 , caractérisé en ce que l'espace (22) de circulation d'air est délimité par une paroi intermédiaire (20) fixée sur la paroi interne, entre celle-ci et la paroi externe isolante (24). 2. Building according to claim 1, characterized in that the space (22) of air circulation is delimited by an intermediate wall (20) fixed on the inner wall, between the latter and the insulating outer wall (24). .
3. Bâtiment selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la paroi intermédiaire (20) comprend un revêtement réfléchissant sur sa face en regard de la paroi interne (16).3. Building according to claim 2, characterized in that the intermediate wall (20) comprises a reflective coating on its face facing the inner wall (16).
4. Bâtiment selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que la paroi intermédiaire (20) supporte, sur sa face en regard de la paroi externe, des conduits de fluide et des câbles électriques.4. Building according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the intermediate wall (20) supports, on its face facing the outer wall, fluid conduits and electrical cables.
5. Bâtiment selon l'une des revendications 2 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la paroi intermédiaire (20) est en contreplaqué ou en matériau léger.5. Building according to one of claims 2 to 4, characterized in that the intermediate wall (20) is plywood or lightweight material.
6. Bâtiment selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend des moyens pour chauffer de l'air (106) prélevé à l'extérieur, tels par exemple qu'un chauffe-eau solaire, et/ou des moyens (120), tels par exemple qu'une pompe à chaleur, pour chauffer ou refroidir de l'air prélevé à l'extérieur du bâtiment et pour injecter cet air dans le bâtiment.6. Building according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises means for heating air (106) taken from the outside, such as for example a solar water heater, and / or some means (120), such as for example a heat pump, for heating or cooling air taken outside the building and for injecting that air into the building.
7. Bâtiment selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la paroi externe (24) comprend une coque préfabriquée.7. Building according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outer wall (24) comprises a prefabricated shell.
8. Bâtiment selon l'une des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que la face externe de la paroi externe (24) comporte un enduit de matériau absorbant la chaleur. 8. Building according to one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the outer face of the outer wall (24) comprises a coating of heat-absorbing material.
9. Bâtiment selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce qu'un espace (46) de circulation d'air est ménagé sur la face extérieure de la paroi isolante (24) et en ce que des moyens sont prévus pour faire circuler de l'air extérieur par convection naturelle dans cet espace et pour récupérer la chaleur de l'air sortant de cet espace. 9. Building according to claim 8, characterized in that a space (46) of air circulation is provided on the outer face of the insulating wall (24) and in that means are provided to circulate the outside air by natural convection in this space and to recover heat from the air coming out of this space.
PCT/FR2009/000150 2008-02-12 2009-02-11 Building, for example a dwelling WO2009112715A1 (en)

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2954969A1 (en) * 2010-01-05 2011-07-08 Edouard Serras METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE WITHIN A HOUSING BUILDING
FR2973101A1 (en) * 2011-03-21 2012-09-28 Edouard Serras METHOD AND DEVICE FOR REGULATING TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN A BUILDING
FR2989981A1 (en) * 2012-04-30 2013-11-01 Edouard Serras Parallelepiped construction elements for use as e.g. bricks, to construct thermally insulating bearing walls of low energy consumption building, have internal air circulation channels communicated with internal channels of adjacent elements
FR3008437A1 (en) * 2013-07-15 2015-01-16 Acome Soc Cooperative Et Participative Sa Cooperative De Production A Capital Variable PARIETODYNAMIC PANEL AND ITS CONSTRUCTION METHOD
EP4350097A1 (en) 2022-10-04 2024-04-10 Irid3 S.r.l. Dynamic insulation wall assembly and respective control method

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2417726A1 (en) * 1978-02-20 1979-09-14 Mann Jean Pierre THERMAL EXCHANGER DEVICE FOR THE AIR CONDITIONING OF A BUILDING
EP0618335A1 (en) * 1993-03-30 1994-10-05 Thermophonie S.A. Wall element with dynamic insulation for the ventilation of buildings in view of making them more comfortable and economic

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2417726A1 (en) * 1978-02-20 1979-09-14 Mann Jean Pierre THERMAL EXCHANGER DEVICE FOR THE AIR CONDITIONING OF A BUILDING
EP0618335A1 (en) * 1993-03-30 1994-10-05 Thermophonie S.A. Wall element with dynamic insulation for the ventilation of buildings in view of making them more comfortable and economic

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2954969A1 (en) * 2010-01-05 2011-07-08 Edouard Serras METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING TEMPERATURE WITHIN A HOUSING BUILDING
WO2011083257A1 (en) * 2010-01-05 2011-07-14 Edouard Serras Method and device for regulating the temperature inside a dwelling
FR2973101A1 (en) * 2011-03-21 2012-09-28 Edouard Serras METHOD AND DEVICE FOR REGULATING TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN A BUILDING
WO2012146846A1 (en) * 2011-03-21 2012-11-01 Edouard Serras Method and device for regulating the temperature and relative humidity in a building
FR2989981A1 (en) * 2012-04-30 2013-11-01 Edouard Serras Parallelepiped construction elements for use as e.g. bricks, to construct thermally insulating bearing walls of low energy consumption building, have internal air circulation channels communicated with internal channels of adjacent elements
FR3008437A1 (en) * 2013-07-15 2015-01-16 Acome Soc Cooperative Et Participative Sa Cooperative De Production A Capital Variable PARIETODYNAMIC PANEL AND ITS CONSTRUCTION METHOD
EP4350097A1 (en) 2022-10-04 2024-04-10 Irid3 S.r.l. Dynamic insulation wall assembly and respective control method

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